Dsc Pub Edited
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 Official Name Spacecraft / 1958 “Pioneer” Mass[Luna] No
Deep Space Chronicle: Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 Official Spacecraft / Mass Launch Date / Launch Place / Launch Vehicle / Nation / Design & Objective Outcome* Name No. Time Pad No. Organization Operation 1958 “Pioneer” Able 1 38 kg 08-17-58 / 12:18 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 127 U.S. AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 1 c. 360 kg 09-23-58 / 09:03:23 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-3 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer Able 2 38.3 kg 10-11-58 / 08:42:13 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 130 U.S. NASA / AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 2 c. 360 kg 10-11-58 / 23:41:58 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-4 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer 2 Able 3 39.6 kg 11-08-58 / 07:30 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 129 U.S. NASA / AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 3 c. 360 kg 12-04-58 / 18:18:44 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-5 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer 3 - 5.87 kg 12-06-58 / 05:44:52 ETR / 5 Juno II / AM-11 U.S. NASA / ABMA lunar flyby U 1959 Luna 1 Ye-1 / 4 361.3 kg 01-02-59 / 16:41:21 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-6 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact P Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, andPlanetary Probes1958–2000 ofAllDeepSpace,Lunar, Master Table Pioneer 4 - 6.1 kg 03-03-59 / 05:10:45 ETR / 5 Juno II / AM-14 U.S. -
Why Do We Explore?
Why Do We Explore? Lesson Six Why Do We Explore? About This Lesson Students will work in small teams, each of which will be given a different reason why humans explore. Each team will become the expert on their one reason and will add a letter and summary sentence to an EXPLORE poster using their reason for exploration. With all the reasons on the poster, the word EXPLORE will be complete. Students will be using the skills of working in cooperative learning teams, reading, summarizing, paraphrasing, and creating a sentence that will best represent their reason for exploration. Students will also be illustrating and copying other teams sentences so that each student will have a small copy of the large class- room poster for reference or extension purposes. The teacher will lead a discussion that relates the reasons humans explore to the planned and possible future missions to Mars. Objectives Students will: v review the seven traditional reasons why people explore v write a summary of their reason why humans explore v illustrate their exploration summaries v relate the reasons for exploration to the missions to Mars Background Students do not always realize that the steps in future exploration are built on a tradition of Why Do We Explore? exploration that is as old as humans. This lesson is intended to introduce the concept of exploration through the seven traditional reasons that express why humans have always been explorers. Social scientists know that everyone, no matter how young or old, is constantly exploring the world and how it works. Space exploration, including the possible missions to Mars, has opened up a whole new world for us to explore. -
Mars Exploration: an Overview of Indian and International Mars Missions Nayamavalsa Scariah1, Dr
Taurian Innovative Journal/Volume 1/ Issue 1 Mars exploration: An overview of Indian and International Mars Missions NayamaValsa Scariah1, Dr. Mili Ghosh2, Dr.A.P.Krishna3 Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi Abstract- Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. It is 1. Introduction also known as red planet because of its iron oxide content. There are lots of missions have been launched to Mars is also known as red planet, because of the mars for better understanding of our neighboring planet. reddish iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a There are lots of unmanned spacecraft including reddish appearance. It is the fourth planet from sun. orbiters, landers and rovers have been launched into mars since early 1960. Sputnik was the first satellite The term sol is used to define duration of solar day on launched in 1957 by Soviet Union. After seven failure Mars. A mean Martian solar day or sol is 24 hours 39 missions to Mars, Mariner 4 was the first satellite which minutes and 34.244 seconds. Many space missions to reached the Martian orbiter successfully. The Viking 1 Mars have been planned and launched for Mars was the first lander reached on Mars on 1975. India exploration (Table:1) but most of them failed without successfully launched a spacecraft, Mangalyan (Mars completing the task specially in early attempts th Orbiter Mission) on 5 November, 2013, with five whereas some NASA missions were very payloads to Mars. India was the first nation to successful(such as the twin Mars Exploration Rovers, successfully reach Mars on its first attempt. -
Appendix 1: Venus Missions
Appendix 1: Venus Missions Sputnik 7 (USSR) Launch 02/04/1961 First attempted Venus atmosphere craft; upper stage failed to leave Earth orbit Venera 1 (USSR) Launch 02/12/1961 First attempted flyby; contact lost en route Mariner 1 (US) Launch 07/22/1961 Attempted flyby; launch failure Sputnik 19 (USSR) Launch 08/25/1962 Attempted flyby, stranded in Earth orbit Mariner 2 (US) Launch 08/27/1962 First successful Venus flyby Sputnik 20 (USSR) Launch 09/01/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Sputnik 21 (USSR) Launch 09/12/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Cosmos 21 (USSR) Launch 11/11/1963 Possible Venera engineering test flight or attempted flyby Venera 1964A (USSR) Launch 02/19/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Venera 1964B (USSR) Launch 03/01/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Cosmos 27 (USSR) Launch 03/27/1964 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Zond 1 (USSR) Launch 04/02/1964 Venus flyby, contact lost May 14; flyby July 14 Venera 2 (USSR) Launch 11/12/1965 Venus flyby, contact lost en route Venera 3 (USSR) Launch 11/16/1965 Venus lander, contact lost en route, first Venus impact March 1, 1966 Cosmos 96 (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Possible attempted landing, craft fragmented in Earth orbit Venera 1965A (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Flyby attempt (launch failure) Venera 4 (USSR) Launch 06/12/1967 Successful atmospheric probe, arrived at Venus 10/18/1967 Mariner 5 (US) Launch 06/14/1967 Successful flyby 10/19/1967 Cosmos 167 (USSR) Launch 06/17/1967 Attempted atmospheric probe, stranded in Earth orbit Venera 5 (USSR) Launch 01/05/1969 Returned atmospheric data for 53 min on 05/16/1969 M. -
Mariner to Mercury, Venus and Mars
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109 Mariner to Mercury, Venus and Mars Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA’s Jet carry a host of scientific instruments. Some of the Propulsion Laboratory designed and built 10 space- instruments, such as cameras, would need to be point- craft named Mariner to explore the inner solar system ed at the target body it was studying. Other instru- -- visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for ments were non-directional and studied phenomena the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for such as magnetic fields and charged particles. JPL additional close observations. The final mission in the engineers proposed to make the Mariners “three-axis- series, Mariner 10, flew past Venus before going on to stabilized,” meaning that unlike other space probes encounter Mercury, after which it returned to Mercury they would not spin. for a total of three flybys. The next-to-last, Mariner Each of the Mariner projects was designed to have 9, became the first ever to orbit another planet when two spacecraft launched on separate rockets, in case it rached Mars for about a year of mapping and mea- of difficulties with the nearly untried launch vehicles. surement. Mariner 1, Mariner 3, and Mariner 8 were in fact lost The Mariners were all relatively small robotic during launch, but their backups were successful. No explorers, each launched on an Atlas rocket with Mariners were lost in later flight to their destination either an Agena or Centaur upper-stage booster, and planets or before completing their scientific missions. -
2012.07.1.4X12239 Page 1 of 16 GLEX
GLEX-2012.07.1.4x12239 Mars—On the Path or In the Way? Brent Sherwood Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, USA, [email protected] Explore Mars may not be the highest and best use of government-funded human space flight. However, Explore Mars is pervasively accepted as the ultimate goal for human space flight. This meme has become refractory within the human space flight community despite dramatic contextual changes since Apollo: human space flight is no longer central to commonly-held national priorities, NASA’s fraction of the federal budget has diminished 8 fold, over 60 enabling technology challenges have been identified, and the stunning achievements of robotic Mars exploration have accelerated. The Explore Mars vision has not kept pace with these changes. An unprecedented budgetary commitment would have to be sustained for an unprecedented number of decades to achieve the Explore Mars goal. Further, the goal’s justification as uniquely able to definitively determine Mars habitability is brittle, and not driving current planning in any case; yet NASA owns the choice of this goal and has authority to change it. Three alternative goals for government investment in human space flight meet NASA’s own expressed rationale at least as well as Explore Mars, some with far greater capacity to regain the cultural centrality of human space flight and to grow by attracting private capital. At a minimum the human space flight advocacy community should address the pragmatics of choosing such a vulnerable goal. I. INTRODUCTION1 Mars by explorers using ever-better robots, who are Explore Mars is a refractory meme, but is it a vision or a now directly investigating the planet’s habitability. -
Determination of Optimal Earth-Mars Trajectories to Target the Moons Of
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Aerospace Engineering DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL EARTH-MARS TRAJECTORIES TO TARGET THE MOONS OF MARS A Thesis in Aerospace Engineering by Davide Conte 2014 Davide Conte Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science May 2014 ii The thesis of Davide Conte was reviewed and approved* by the following: David B. Spencer Professor of Aerospace Engineering Thesis Advisor Robert G. Melton Professor of Aerospace Engineering Director of Undergraduate Studies George A. Lesieutre Professor of Aerospace Engineering Head of the Department of Aerospace Engineering *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT The focus of this thesis is to analyze interplanetary transfer maneuvers from Earth to Mars in order to target the Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos. Such analysis is done by solving Lambert’s Problem and investigating the necessary targeting upon Mars arrival. Additionally, the orbital parameters of the arrival trajectory as well as the relative required ΔVs and times of flights were determined in order to define the optimal departure and arrival windows for a given range of date. The first step in solving Lambert’s Problem consists in finding the positions and velocities of the departure (Earth) and arrival (Mars) planets for a given range of dates. Then, by solving Lambert’s problem for various combinations of departure and arrival dates, porkchop plots can be created and examined. Some of the key parameters that are plotted on porkchop plots and used to investigate possible transfer orbits are the departure characteristic energy, C3, and the arrival v∞. -
Managing Software Development – the Hidden Risk * Dr
Managing Software Development – The Hidden Risk * Dr. Steve Jolly Sensing & Exploration Systems Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company *Based largely on the work: “Is Software Broken?” by Steve Jolly, NASA ASK Magazine, Spring 2009; and the IEEE Fourth International Conference of System of Systems Engineering as “System of Systems in Space 1 Exploration: Is Software Broken?”, Steve Jolly, Albuquerque, New Mexico June 1, 2009 Brief history of spacecraft development • Example of the Mars Exploration Program – Danger – Real-time embedded systems challenge – Fault protection 2 Robotic Mars Exploration 2011 Mars Exploration Program Search: Search: Search: Determine: Characterize: Determine: Aqueous Subsurface Evidence for water Global Extent Subsurface Bio Potential Minerals Ice Found Found of Habitable Ice of Site 3 Found Environments Found In Work Image Credits: NASA/JPL Mars: Easy to Become Infamous … 1. [Unnamed], USSR, 10/10/60, Mars flyby, did not reach Earth orbit 2. [Unnamed], USSR, 10/14/60, Mars flyby, did not reach Earth orbit 3. [Unnamed], USSR, 10/24/62, Mars flyby, achieved Earth orbit only 4. Mars 1, USSR, 11/1/62, Mars flyby, radio failed 5. [Unnamed], USSR, 11/4/62, Mars flyby, achieved Earth orbit only 6. Mariner 3, U.S., 11/5/64, Mars flyby, shroud failed to jettison 7. Mariner 4, U.S. 11/28/64, first successful Mars flyby 7/14/65 8. Zond 2, USSR, 11/30/64, Mars flyby, passed Mars radio failed, no data 9. Mariner 6, U.S., 2/24/69, Mars flyby 7/31/69, returned 75 photos 10. Mariner 7, U.S., 3/27/69, Mars flyby 8/5/69, returned 126 photos 11. -
Getting to Mars How Close Is Mars?
Getting to Mars How close is Mars? Exploring Mars 1960-2004 Of 42 probes launched: 9 crashed on launch or failed to leave Earth orbit 4 failed en route to Mars 4 failed to stop at Mars 1 failed on entering Mars orbit 1 orbiter crashed on Mars 6 landers crashed on Mars 3 flyby missions succeeded 9 orbiters succeeded 4 landers succeeded 1 lander en route Score so far: Earthlings 16, Martians 25, 1 in play Mars Express Mars Exploration Rover Mars Exploration Rover Mars Exploration Rover 1: Meridiani (Opportunity) 2: Gusev (Spirit) 3: Isidis (Beagle-2) 4: Mars Polar Lander Launch Window 21: Jun-Jul 2003 Mars Express 2003 Jun 2 In Mars orbit Dec 25 Beagle 2 Lander 2003 Jun 2 Crashed at Isidis Dec 25 Spirit/ Rover A 2003 Jun 10 Landed at Gusev Jan 4 Opportunity/ Rover B 2003 Jul 8 Heading to Meridiani on Sunday Launch Window 1: Oct 1960 1M No. 1 1960 Oct 10 Rocket crashed in Siberia 1M No. 2 1960 Oct 14 Rocket crashed in Kazakhstan Launch Window 2: October-November 1962 2MV-4 No. 1 1962 Oct 24 Rocket blew up in parking orbit during Cuban Missile Crisis 2MV-4 No. 2 "Mars-1" 1962 Nov 1 Lost attitude control - Missed Mars by 200000 km 2MV-3 No. 1 1962 Nov 4 Rocket failed to restart in parking orbit The Mars-1 probe Launch Window 3: November 1964 Mariner 3 1964 Nov 5 Failed after launch, nose cone failed to separate Mariner 4 1964 Nov 28 SUCCESS, flyby in Jul 1965 3MV-4 No. -
Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966 Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D. -
Ella Carlsson Sjöberg
The red planet Mars Ella Carlsson Sjöberg KTH 2014-02-04 Outline • History • Mars 101 • The rovers • Water • DRM • Mars on Earth History • Nergal – Ares ♂ - Mars • Schiaparelli 1877 • Lowell 1895 • War of the Worlds 1938 Marsnik 1 (Mars 1960A) - 10 October 1960 - Flyby (launch failure) Marsnik 2 (Mars 1960B) - 14 October 1960 - Flyby (launch failure) Sputnik 22 - 24 October 1962 - Flyby (failure after launch) Mars 1 - 1 November 1962 – Fly by (lost contact) Sputnik 24 - 4 November 1962 - Lander (failure after launch) Mariner 3 - 5 November 1964 – Flyby (failure after launch) Mariner 4 - 28 November 1964 - Flyby Zond 2 - 30 November 1964 - Flyby (contact lost) Zond 3 - 18 July 1965 – Flyby of the Moon (missed launch window for Mars) Mariner 6 - 25 February 1969 - Flyby Mariner 7 - 27 Mars 1969 - Flyby Mars 1969A - 27 Mars 1969 - Satellite (launch failure) Mars 1969B - 2 April 1969 - Satellite (launch failure) Mariner 8 - 8 May 1971 - Satellite (launch failure) Kosmos 419 - 10 May 1971 – Satellite (launch failure) Mars 2 - 19 May 1971 - Satellite/lander (lost on the surface of Mars) Mars 3 - 28 May 1971 - Satellite/lander Mariner 9 - 30 May 1971 - Satellite Mars 4 - 21 July 1973 - Satellite -> Flyby Mars 5 - 25 July 1973 - Satellite Mars 6 - 5 August 1973 - Lander (contact lost) Mars 7 - 9 August 1973 - Lander -> Flyby (hard ware malfunction) Viking 1 - 20 August 1975 – Satellite/lander Viking 2 - 9 September 1975 –Satellite/lander Phobos 1 - 7 July 1988 - Satellite/Phobos-Lander (program error) Phobos 2 - 12 July 1988 - Satellite/Phobos-lander -
MISSION POSSIBLE KORABL 4 LAUNCH About Half of All Mars Missions Have
Russia/U.S.S.R. U.S. Japan U.K./ESA member states Russia/China India MISSION POSSIBLE KORABL 4 LAUNCH About half of all Mars missions have KORABL 5 ) The frst U.S. succeeded. Here’s a complete history, up s KORAB e L 11 to Mars t spacecraft EARTH a to the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter d mysteriously lost ORBIT MARS 1 h power eight hours c n KORA after launch u BL 13 FAILURE SUCCESS a L ( MARINER 3 s Flyby Orbiter Lander 0 MA 6 RINER 4 9 1 ZOND 2 MARINER 6 IN TRANSIT MARS 1969A MARINER 7 MARS 1969B MARINER 8 S H KOSMOS 419 MA R T RS 2 ORBITER/LANDER The frst man-made object MARS 3 ORBITER/LAN DER A R to land on Mars. s MARINER 9 MARS But contact was lost 0 The frst 7 ORBIT 20 seconds after A MARS 9 4 successful touchdown M 1 Mars surface MARS 5 E exploration found all elements MARS 6 FLYBY/LAND ER essential to MARS 7 FLYBY/LANDER life VIKING 1 ORBITER/LANDER VIKING 2 ORBITER/LANDER s 0 PHOBOS 1 ORBITER/LANDER 8 9 PHOBOS 2 ORBITER/LANDER 1 Pathfinder’s Sojourner was the MARS OBSERVER frst wheeled MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR vehicle deployed on another planet s MARS 96 ORBITER/LANDER 0 9 MARS PATHFINDER 9 1 NOZOMI MARS CLIMATE ORBITER ONGOING ONGOING 2 PROBES/MARS POLAR LANDER The Phoenix ONGOING DEEP SPACE ONGOING lander frst MARS ODYSSEY confrmed the ONGOING presence of water /BEAGLE 2 LANDER MARS EXPRESS ORBITER in soil samples s RIT MARS EXPLORATION ROVER–SPI ONGOING 0 0 OVER–OPPORTUNITY 0 MARS EXPLORATION R ONGOING 2 ITER MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORB ENIX MARS LANDER PHO Curiosity descended on the -GRUNT/YINGHUO-1 PHOBOS frst “sky crane,” a s B/CURIOSITY highly precise landing DID YOU KNOW? The early missions had 0 MARS SCIENCE LA 1 system for large up to seven diferent names.