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Appendix a Soviet and Russian Planetary Missions

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Appendix a Soviet and Russian Planetary Missions Appendix A Soviet and Russian planetary missions Grouped under launch windows Related deep space Zond missions included Date Target Designator Outcome 10 Oct 1960 Mars ¯yby Unannounced Third-stage failure, reached 120 km 14 Oct 1960 Mars ¯yby Unannounced Similar 4 Feb 1961 Venus lander Tyzhuli sputnik Fourth-stage failure 12 Feb 1961 Venus lander A.I.S./Venera 1 Contact lost, passed Venus 100,000 km 25 Aug 1962 Venus lander Unannounced Fourth-stage failure 1 Sep 1962 Venus lander Unannounced Fourth-stage failure 12 Sep 1962 Venus ¯yby Unannounced Third-stage explosion before orbit 24 Oct 1962 Mars ¯yby Unannounced Third-stage explosion before orbit 1 Nov1962 Mars ¯yby Mars 1 Passed Mars, May 1963 4 Nov1962 Mars lander Unannounced Fourth-stage failure 11 Nov1963 Technology test Cosmos 21 Zond mission, fourth-stage failure 19 Feb 1964 Technology test Unannounced Zond mission, third-stage failure 27 Mar 1964 Venus ¯yby Cosmos 27 Fourth-stage failure 1 Apr 1964 Venus lander Zond 1 Passed Venus, contact lost 30 Nov1964 Mars ¯yby Zond 2 Contact lost 18 Jul 1965 Technology test Zond 3 Passed moon on deep space trajectory 12 Nov1965 Venus ¯yby Venera 2 Passed Venus, contact lost 16 Nov1965 Venus lander Venera 3 Reached surface of Venus, contact lost 23 Nov1965 Venus lander Cosmos 96 Fourth-stage failure (26 Nov1965 Venus ¯yby Unannounced Unable to launch during window) 12 June 1967 Venus lander Venera 4 Parachute descent (93 min) 17 June 1967 Venus lander Cosmos 167 Fourth-stage failure 5 Jan 1969 Venus lander Venera 5 Parachute descent (53 min) 10 Jan 1969 Venus lander Venera 6 Parachute descent (51 min) 334 Appendix A Date Target Designator Outcome 27 Mar 1969 Mars orbiter Unannounced Second-stage failure 2 Apr 1969 Mars orbiter Unannounced First-stage failure 17 Aug 1970 Venus lander Venera 7 Soft-landed, 23 min transmission 22 Aug 1970 Venus lander Cosmos 359 Orbital failure 10 May 1971 Mars orbiter Cosmos 419 Fourth-stage failure 19 May 1971 Lander/orbiter Mars 2 Orbited Mars, landing failed 28 May 1971 Lander/orbiter Mars 3 Orbited Mars, signals from surface 27 Mar 1972 Venus lander Venera 8 Soft-landed, 63 min transmission 31 Mar 1972 Venus lander Cosmos 482 Orbital failure 21 July 1973 Mars orbiter Mars 4 Passed by at 1,300 km, pictures taken 25 July 1973 Mars orbiter Mars 5 Orbited Mars successfully 5 Aug 1973 Mars lander Mars 6 Lander made descent pro®le 9 Aug 1973 Mars lander Mars 7 Failed to deploy lander, ¯ew past 8 Jun 1975 Venus lander Venera 9 Soft-landed, 56 min transmission 14 Jun 1975 Venus lander Venera 10 Soft-landed, 66 min transmission 9 Sep 1978 Venus lander Venera 11 Soft-landed, 95 min transmission 14 Sep 1978 Venus lander Venera 12 Soft-landed, 110 min trasnsmission 30 Oct 1981 Venus lander Venera 13 Soft-landed, transmitted 127 min 4 Nov1981 Venus lander Venera 14 Soft-landed, transmitted 57 min 2 June 1983 Venus orbiter Venera 15 Radar mapper 7 June 1983 Venus orbiter Venera 16 Radar mapper 15 Dec 1984 Venus lander VEGA 1 Lander (56 min transmission), balloon 21 Dec 1984 Venus lander VEGA 2 Lander (57 min transmission), balloon 7 Jul 1988 Mars orbiter Phobos 1 Contact lost September 12 Jul 1988 Mars orbiter Phobos 2 Intercepted Phobos, landing failed 16 Nov1996 Orbiter/lander Mars 8 Fourth-stage failure Appendix B Where are they now? Table B.1. Landing coordinates of Soviet spacecraft on other worlds Probe Latitude Longitude Region Venus Venera 3 À20Nto20N60 to 80E (impacted) Venera 4 19N38 Eisila (destroyed during descent) Venera 5 3S18 Navka Planitia (destroyed during descent) Venera 6 5S23 Navka Planitia (destroyed during descent) Venera 7 5S 351 Navka Planitia Venera 8 10S 335 Navka Planitia Venera 9 31.7N 290.8 Beta Regio Venera 10 16N 291 Beta Regio Venera 11 14S 299 Navka Planitia Venera 12 7S 294 Navka Planitia Venera 13 7300S 303110 Navka Planitia Venera 14 13150S 310090 Navka Planitia VEGA 1 7110N 177480 Mermaid Plains VEGA 2 6270S 18150 Aphrodite Mountains Mars Mars 2 44.2S 213W Eridania Mars 3 44.9S 160.08W Electris and Phaetonis Mars 6 23.9S 19.4W Mare Erythraeum 336 Appendix B Table B.2. Interplanetary missions orbiting the Sun Venera 1 Mars 1 Zond 1 Zond 2 Zond 3 Venera 2 Mars 4 Mars 6 Mars 7 orbiter Mars 7 lander VEGA 1 VEGA 2 Phobos 1 Table B.3. Orbiting Venus Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 15 Venera 16 Table B.4. Orbiting Mars Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 5 Phobos 2 (Phobos 2 APS) Table B.5. Crushed in Venusian atmosphere VEGA 1 balloon VEGA 2 balloon Appendix 2 337 Ishtar Lakshmi Descent of Venera 4 Maxwell Montes Beta Regio  Venera 9 Atalanta Planitia  Venera 10  VEGA 1 Phoebe Navka Planitia Mermaid Plains Regio  Venera 13  Venera 7 Venera 12   Venera 8  VEGA 2  Venera Venera 11  14 Aphrodite Descent of Venera 5 Descent of Venera 6 Location of Venus probes Appendix C Bibliography BOOKS Babakin, N.G., Banketov, A.N. and Smorkalov, V.N.: G.N. Babakin, life and works. Adamant, Moscow, 1996. Burchitt, Wilfred and Purdy, Anthony: Gagarin. Panther, London, 1961. Borisov, M.: The craters of Babakin. Znanie, Moscow, 1982. Cattermole, Peter and Moore, Patrick: Atlas of Venus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997. De Galiana, Thomas: Concise Collins Encyclopaedia of Astronautics. Collins, Glasgow, 1968. Gatland, Kenneth: Robot explorers. Blandford, London, 1974. Glushko, Valentin P: ± Development of rocketry and space technology in the USSR. USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosti, Moscow, 1973. ± Rocket engines GDL-OKB. USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosti, Moscow, 1979. Harford, Jim: Korolev. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996. Kieer, H.H., Jakovsky, B.M., Snyder, C.W. and Matthews, M.S.: Mars. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 1992. Marov, Mikhail Y. and Grinspoon, David H.: The planet Venus. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1998 Moore, Patrick: On Mars. Cassell, London, 1998. Moore, Patrick: The Guinness book of astronomy, 5th edition. Guinness Publishing, En®eld, UK, 1995. Perminov, Vladimir: The dicult road to Mars ± a brief history of Mars exploration in the Soviet Union. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 15. NASA, Washington DC, 1999. Riabchikov, Yevgeni: Russians in space. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1972. Sagdeev, Roald Z.: The making of a Soviet scientist. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994. Semeonov, Yuri: RKK Energiya dedicated to Sergei P. Korolev 1946±96. RKK Energiya, Moscow, 1996. Siddiqi, Assif: The challenge to Apollo. NASA, Washington DC, 2000. Sidorenko, A.V. (ed.): Poverkhnost Marsa. Nauka, Moscow, 1980. 340 Appendix C Stoiko, Michael: Soviet rocketry ± the ®rst decade of achievement. David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK, 1970. Surkov, Yuri: Exploration of terrestrial planets from spacecraft ± instrumentation, investigation, interpretation, 2nd edition. Wiley/Praxis, Chichester, UK, 1997. Turnill, Reginald: Observer's book of unmanned space¯ight. Frederick Warne, London, 1974. USSR probes space. Novosti, Moscow, 1967. Yumansky, S.P.: Kosmonautika ± Segondniya i zavtra. Prosveshchenie, Moscow, 1986. JOURNAL ARTICLES, ARTICLES, REPORTS, PAPERS, BROCHURES AND SIMILAR PUBLICATIONS Balebanov, V.M., Zakharov, A.V., Kovtunenko, V.M., Kremev, R.S., Rogovsky, G.N., Sagdeev, R.Z. and Chugarinova, T.A.: Phobos multi-disciplinary mission. Academy of Sciences, Space Research Institute, Moscow, 1985. Ball, Andrew: Automatic interplanetary stations. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 7th June 2003. Ball, Andrew: Phobos Grunt ± an update. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 5th June 2004. Barsukov, V.L.: Basic results of Venus studies by VEGA landers. Institute of Space Research, Moscow, 1987. Basilevsky, Alexander: The planet next door. Sky and Telescope, April 1989. Beatty, J. Kelly: A radar tour of Venus. Sky and Telescope, May/June 1985. Belitsky, Boris: How the soft landing on Mars was accomplished. Soviet Weekly, 15th January 1972. Bond, Peter: Mars and Phobos. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 3rd June 1989 Breus, Tamara: Venus ± the only non-magnetic planet with a magnetic tail. Institute for Space Research, Moscow, undated. Burnham, Darren and Salmon, Andy: ± Mars 96 ± Russia's return to the red planet. Space¯ight, vol. 38, #8, August 1996. ± On the long and winding road to Mars. Space¯ight, vol. 38, #11, November 1996. Carrier, W. David III: Soviet rover systems. Paper presented at space programmes and technology conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Huntsville, AL, 24th±26th March 1992. Lunar Geotechnical Institute, Lakeland, FL. Central Intelligence Agency: Soviet options for a manned Mars landing mission ± an intelligence assessment. Director of Intelligence, CIA, Washington DC, 1989. Clark, Phillip S.: ± Launch failures on the Soviet Union's space probe programme. Space¯ight, vol. 19, #7±8, July±August 1977. ± The Soviet Mars programme. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 39, #1, January 1986. ± The Soviet Venera programme. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 38, #2, February 1985 (referred to as Clark, 1985±6). ± Block D. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 5th June 1999. Congress of the United States: Soviet space programs, 1976±80 ± unmanned space activities. 99th Congress, Washington DC, 1985. Corneille, Philip: Mapping the planet Mars. Space¯ight, vol. 47, July 2005. Appendix C 341 Covault, Craig: Soviets in Houston reveal new lunar, Mars, asteroid ¯ights. Aviation Week and Space Technology, 1st April 1985. Dollfus, A., Ksanformaliti, L.V. and Moroz, V.I.: Simultaneous polarimetry of Mars from Mars 5 spacecraft and ground-based telescopes, in M.J. Rycroft (ed.): COSPAR Space Research, papers, vol. XVII, 1976. European Space Agency (ESA) & Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales: VESTA ± a mission to the small bodies of the solar system: report on the phase A study.
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