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Appendix a Soviet and Russian Planetary Missions

Appendix a Soviet and Russian Planetary Missions

Appendix A

Soviet and Russian planetary missions

Grouped under launch windows Related deep space Zond missions included

Date Target Designator Outcome

10 Oct 1960 ¯yby Unannounced Third-stage failure, reached 120 km 14 Oct 1960 Mars ¯yby Unannounced Similar 4 Feb 1961 Tyzhuli Fourth-stage failure 12 Feb 1961 Venus lander A.I.S./ 1 lost, passed Venus 100,000 km 25 Aug 1962 Venus lander Unannounced Fourth-stage failure 1 Sep 1962 Venus lander Unannounced Fourth-stage failure 12 Sep 1962 Venus ¯yby Unannounced Third-stage explosion before orbit 24 Oct 1962 Mars ¯yby Unannounced Third-stage explosion before orbit 1 Nov1962 Mars ¯yby Passed Mars, May 1963 4 Nov1962 Mars lander Unannounced Fourth-stage failure 11 Nov1963 Technology test 21 Zond mission, fourth-stage failure 19 Feb 1964 Technology test Unannounced Zond mission, third-stage failure 27 Mar 1964 Venus ¯yby Cosmos 27 Fourth-stage failure 1 Apr 1964 Venus lander Zond 1 Passed Venus, contact lost 30 Nov1964 Mars ¯yby Contact lost 18 Jul 1965 Technology test Passed on deep space trajectory 12 Nov1965 Venus ¯yby Passed Venus, contact lost 16 Nov1965 Venus lander Reached surface of Venus, contact lost 23 Nov1965 Venus lander Cosmos 96 Fourth-stage failure (26 Nov1965 Venus ¯yby Unannounced Unable to launch during window) 12 June 1967 Venus lander descent (93 min) 17 June 1967 Venus lander Cosmos 167 Fourth-stage failure 5 Jan 1969 Venus lander Venera 5 Parachute descent (53 min) 10 Jan 1969 Venus lander Parachute descent (51 min) 334 Appendix A

Date Target Designator Outcome

27 Mar 1969 Mars orbiter Unannounced Second-stage failure 2 Apr 1969 Mars orbiter Unannounced First-stage failure 17 Aug 1970 Venus lander Venera 7 Soft-landed, 23 min transmission 22 Aug 1970 Venus lander Cosmos 359 Orbital failure 10 May 1971 Mars orbiter Cosmos 419 Fourth-stage failure 19 May 1971 Lander/orbiter Orbited Mars, failed 28 May 1971 Lander/orbiter Orbited Mars, signals from surface 27 Mar 1972 Venus lander Soft-landed, 63 min transmission 31 Mar 1972 Venus lander Cosmos 482 Orbital failure 21 July 1973 Mars orbiter Passed by at 1,300 km, pictures taken 25 July 1973 Mars orbiter Orbited Mars successfully 5 Aug 1973 Mars lander Lander made descent pro®le 9 Aug 1973 Mars lander Failed to deploy lander, ¯ew past 8 Jun 1975 Venus lander Soft-landed, 56 min transmission 14 Jun 1975 Venus lander Venera 10 Soft-landed, 66 min transmission 9 Sep 1978 Venus lander Soft-landed, 95 min transmission 14 Sep 1978 Venus lander Soft-landed, 110 min trasnsmission 30 Oct 1981 Venus lander Soft-landed, transmitted 127 min 4 Nov1981 Venus lander Soft-landed, transmitted 57 min 2 June 1983 Venus orbiter mapper 7 June 1983 Venus orbiter Venera 16 Radar mapper 15 Dec 1984 Venus lander Lander (56 min transmission), balloon 21 Dec 1984 Venus lander Lander (57 min transmission), balloon 7 Jul 1988 Mars orbiter 1 Contact lost September 12 Jul 1988 Mars orbiter Intercepted Phobos, landing failed 16 Nov1996 Orbiter/lander Mars 8 Fourth-stage failure Appendix B

Where are they now?

Table B.1. Landing coordinates of Soviet on other worlds

Probe Region

Venus Venera 3 À20Nto20N60 to 80E (impacted) Venera 4 19N38 Eisila (destroyed during descent) Venera 5 3S18 Navka Planitia (destroyed during descent) Venera 6 5S23 Navka Planitia (destroyed during descent) Venera 7 5S 351 Navka Planitia Venera 8 10S 335 Navka Planitia Venera 9 31.7N 290.8 Venera 10 16N 291 Beta Regio Venera 11 14S 299 Navka Planitia Venera 12 7S 294 Navka Planitia Venera 13 7300S 303110 Navka Planitia Venera 14 13150S 310090 Navka Planitia VEGA 1 7110N 177480 Mermaid Plains VEGA 2 6270S 18150 Aphrodite Mountains

Mars Mars 2 44.2S 213W Eridania Mars 3 44.9S 160.08W Electris and Phaetonis Mars 6 23.9S 19.4W Mare Erythraeum 336 Appendix B

Table B.2. Interplanetary missions orbiting the

Venera 1 Mars 1 Zond 1 Zond 2 Zond 3 Venera 2 Mars 4 Mars 6 Mars 7 orbiter Mars 7 lander VEGA 1 VEGA 2

Table B.3. Orbiting Venus

Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 15 Venera 16

Table B.4. Orbiting Mars

Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 5 Phobos 2 (Phobos 2 APS)

Table B.5. Crushed in Venusian atmosphere

VEGA 1 balloon VEGA 2 balloon Appendix 2 337

Ishtar Lakshmi

Descent of Venera 4

Beta Regio

 Venera 9 Atalanta Planitia  Venera 10

 VEGA 1 Phoebe Navka Planitia Mermaid Plains Regio  Venera 13  Venera 7 Venera 12   Venera 8  VEGA 2  Venera Venera 11  14 Aphrodite

Descent of Venera 5 Descent of Venera 6

Location of Venus probes Appendix C

Bibliography

BOOKS

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JOURNAL ARTICLES, ARTICLES, REPORTS, PAPERS, BROCHURES AND SIMILAR PUBLICATIONS

Balebanov, V.M., Zakharov, A.V., Kovtunenko, V.M., Kremev, R.S., Rogovsky, G.N., Sagdeev, R.Z. and Chugarinova, T.A.: Phobos multi-disciplinary mission. Academy of Sciences, Institute, Moscow, 1985. , Andrew: Automatic interplanetary stations. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 7th June 2003. Ball, Andrew: Phobos Grunt ± an update. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 5th June 2004. , V.L.: Basic results of Venus studies by VEGA landers. Institute of Space Research, Moscow, 1987. Basilevsky, : The planet next door. Sky and Telescope, April 1989. Beatty, J. Kelly: A radar tour of Venus. Sky and Telescope, May/June 1985. Belitsky, : How the soft landing on Mars was accomplished. Soviet Weekly, 15th January 1972. , Peter: Mars and Phobos. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 3rd June 1989 Breus, Tamara: Venus ± the only non-magnetic planet with a magnetic tail. Institute for Space Research, Moscow, undated. , Darren and Salmon, Andy: ± ± 's return to the red planet. Space¯ight, vol. 38, #8, August 1996. ± On the long and winding road to Mars. Space¯ight, vol. 38, #11, November 1996. Carrier, W. David III: Soviet rover systems. Paper presented at space programmes and technology conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Huntsville, AL, 24th±26th March 1992. Lunar Geotechnical Institute, Lakeland, FL. Central Intelligence Agency: Soviet options for a manned mission ± an intelligence assessment. Director of Intelligence, CIA, Washington DC, 1989. , Phillip S.: ± Launch failures on the Soviet Union's programme. Space¯ight, vol. 19, #7±8, July±August 1977. ± The Soviet Mars programme. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 39, #1, January 1986. ± The Soviet Venera programme. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 38, #2, February 1985 (referred to as Clark, 1985±6). ± Block D. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 5th June 1999. Congress of the : Soviet space programs, 1976±80 ± unmanned space activities. 99th Congress, Washington DC, 1985. Corneille, Philip: Mapping the planet Mars. Space¯ight, vol. 47, July 2005. Appendix C 341

Covault, Craig: Soviets in Houston reveal new lunar, Mars, ¯ights. Aviation Week and Space Technology, 1st April 1985. , A., Ksanformaliti, L.V. and Moroz, V.I.: Simultaneous polarimetry of Mars from Mars 5 spacecraft and ground-based telescopes, in M.J. Rycroft (ed.): COSPAR Space Research, papers, vol. XVII, 1976. (ESA) & Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales: ± a mission to the small bodies of the solar system: report on the phase A study. Paris, 1988. of the interplanetary automatic stations Venera 2 and Venera 3. Pravda, 6th March 1966, translated for NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, 1966. Friedman, Louis: To Mars via Kamchatka. Unpublished paper by the Planetary Society. Goldman, Stuart: The legacy of Phobos 2. Sky and Telescope, February 1990. Gordon, Ye®m and Komissarov, Dmitry: Illyshin-18, -20, -22 ± a versatile turboprop transport. Midland Counties, Hinckley, UK, 2004. Gorin, Peter A.: Rising from a cradle ± Soviet perceptions of space¯ight before Gagarin, in Roger Launius, John Logsdon and Robert (eds): Reconsidering Sputnik ± forty years since the Soviet . Harwood, Amsterdam, 2000. Gringauz, K.I., Bezrukih, V.V. and Mustatov, L.S.: observations with the aid of the interplanetary station Venera 3. Kosmicheski Issledovanya, vol. 5,d2, translated by NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, 1967. Hansson, : V.I. Vernadsky, 1863±1945. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 2nd June 1990. Hansson, Anders: The Mars environment in Russia. Paper presented to the British Inter- planetary Society, 12th June 1993. Hansson, Anders: Russian . Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 25th May 2002. Huntress, W.T., Moroz, V.I. and Shevalev, I.L.: Lunar and robotic exploration missions in the 20th century. Space Science Review, vol. 107, 2003. IKI (Institute of Space Research): The Soviet programme of for the period ending in the year 2000 ± plans, projects and international cooperation. Part 2: The planets and small planets of the solar system. Institute of Space Research, USSR Academy of Sciences, 1987. Illyin, Stanislav: From project VEGA to project Phobos. Novosti Press Agency Soviet Science and Technology Almanac, 1987. Ivanovsky, Oleg: Memoir, in John Rhea (ed.): Roads to space ± an oral history of the Soviet space programme. McGraw-Hill, London, 1995. Johnson, Nicholas L.: Soviet atmospheric and surface Venus probes. Space¯ight, vol. 20,d6, June 1978. Kemurdzhian, A.L., Gromov, V.V., Kazhakalo, I.F., Kozlov, G.V., Komissarov, V.I., Korepanov, G.N., Martinov, B.N., Malenkov, V.I., Mityskevich, K.V., Mishkinyuk, V.K. et al.: Soviet developments of planet rovers 1964±1990. CNES and Editions Cepa- dues: Missions, technologies and design of planetary mobile vehicles, proceedings of con- ference, Toulouse, September 1992. Kerzhanovich, Viktor V.: Improved analysis of descent module measurements. Icarus, vol. 30. Khrushchev, Sergei: The ®rst satellite ± a retrospective view from the future, in Roger Launius, John Logsdon and Robert Smith (eds): Reconsidering Sputnik ± forty years since the Soviet satellite. Harwood, Amsterdam, 2000. 342 Appendix C

Kidger, Neville: ± Phobos mission ends in failure. , #27, May 1989. ± Phobos update. Zenit, #25, March 1989. ± Project Phobos ± a bold Soviet mission. Space¯ight, vol. 30, #7, July 1988. Klaes, Larry: Soviet planetary exploration. Space¯ight, vol. 32, d8, August 1990. Kondratyev, K.Ya. and Bunakova, A.M.: The meteorology of Mars. Hydrometeorological Press, Leningrad, 1973, as translated by NASA, TTF 816. Kopik, A.: Big plans at NPO . Novosti Kosmonautiki, vol 15, d10, 2005. Kotelnikov, V.A., Petrov, B.N. and Tikhonov, A.N.: Top man in the theory of cosmonautics. Science in the USSR, d1, 1981. Kovtunenko, Vyacheslav M., Kremev, Roald S., Rogovsky, G.N. and Sukhanov, K.G.: Combined programme of Mars exploration using automatic spacecraft. Babakin Research Centre, Moscow, 1987. Kovtunenko, Vyacheslav M.: Achievements of science and engineering of the USSR in the exploration of the planet Venus by the use of spacecraft. Intercosmos Council, Moscow, 1985. Kovtunenko, V., Kremev, R., Rogovsky, G. and Ivshchenko, Y.: Prospects for using mobile vehicles in missions to Mars and other planets. Babakin Research Centre, Moscow, published by CNES and Editions Cepadues: Missions, technologies and design of planetary mobile vehicles, proceedings of conference, Toulouse, September 1992. Kulikov, Stanislav: Top priority space projects. Aerospace Journal, November±December 1996. Kuzmin, Ruslan and Skrypnik, Gerard: A unique map of Venus. Novosti Press Agency Soviet Science and Technology Almanac, 1987. Langereux, Pierre: Les quatre sondes Franco-Sovie tiques VESTA vont explorer Mars et huit petits corps. Air et Cosmos, d1117, novembre 1986. Lardier, Christian: Revision des future programmes martiens. Air et Cosmos, vol 1518, 12 mai 1995. Lardier, Christian: CADB devoile le moteur nucleare RD-0410. Air et Cosmos, vol. 1571, 21 juin 1996. Lardier, Christian: Les nouveaux projets de la NPO Lavochkine. Air et Cosmos, vol. 1609, 18 avril 1997. Lardier, Christian: Le Jimo, version russe. Air et Cosmos, vol. 1955, 22 octobre 2004. Lenorovitz, Je€rey M.: designing spacecraft for Soviet interplanetary missions. Aviation Week amd Space Technology, 7th October 1985. Lepage, Andrew L.: The mystery of Zond 2. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 46, d10, October 1993. Les moteurs nucle aires de l'eÁre sovie tique. Air et Cosmos, vol. 1810, 21 septembre 2001. Lovell, : ± The story of Jodrell Bank. Oxford University Press, London, 1968; ± Out of the zenith ± Jodrell Bank, 1957±70. Oxford University Press, London, 1973. Mars 96 sera le dernier poids lourd martien. Air et Cosmos, vol. 1587, 15 novembre 1996. Moroz, V.I.: The . Space Science Review, vol. 19, 1976. Moroz, V.I., Huntress, W.T. and Shevalev, I.L.: Planetary missions of the 20th century. Cosmic Research, vol. 40, d5, 2002. Oberg, Jim: The probe that fell to Earth. New Scientist, 6th March 1999. On course to meet the . Soviet Weekly, 21st December 1985. One day we shall ¯y to Mars. Soviet Weekly, 27th August 1977. Phelan, Dominic: Russian still aims for Mars. Space¯ight, vol. 46,d1, January 2004. Appendix C 343

Poliakov, Dr Valeri: Remarks made at presentation in British Interplanetary Society, London, 22nd May 2002. Popov, G.A., Obukhov, V.A., Kulikov, S.D., Goroshkov, I.N. and Upensky, G.R.: State of the art for the Phobos Soil return mission. Paper presented to 54th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, , 29th September±3rd October 2003. Prismakov, Vladimir, Abramorsky, Yevgeni and Kavelin, Sergei: Vyacheslav Kovtunenko ± his life and place in the history of astronautics. American Astronautical Society, history series, vol. 26, 1997. Rachuk, Vladimir: Best rocket engines from Voronezh. Aerospace Journal, November/Decem- ber 1996. Results of the Phobos project. Soviet Science and Technology Almanac 90. Novosti, Moscow, 1990. Robertson, Donald F.: Venus ± a prime soviet objective. Space¯ight, vol. 34, d5, May 1992. Sagdeev, Roald: 's comet ± the VEGA story. Space¯ight, vol. 28,d11, November 1986. Salmon, Andy: Mars 96 ± the invasion. Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 1st June 1996. Salmon, Andy and Ball, Andrew: The OKB-1planetary missions . Paper presented to the British Interplanetary Society, 2nd June 2001. Science and space. Novosti, Moscow, 1985. Serebrennikov, V.A., Stekolshikov, Y.G., Iljin, M.N. and Shevaliov, I.L.: Design concepts and utilization of the propulsion system of the spacecraft in the Phobos project. Institute of Space Research, Moscow, 1988. Siddiqi, Asif: Deep space chronicle. NASA, Washington DC, 2001. Siddiqi, Asif: A secret uncovered ± the Soviet decision to land cosmonauts on the moon. Space¯ight, vol. 46, d5, May 2004. Smid, Henk: Soviet and control. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 44, d11, November 1991. Soviet space odyssey. Sky and Telescope, October 1985. Telegin, Y.: Preparing for the Mars 94 mission. Space¯ight, vol. 35, d9, September 1993. Tyulin, Georgi: Memoirs, in John Rhea (ed.): Roads to space ± an oral history of the Soviet space programme. McGraw-Hill, London, 1995. Varfolomeyev, Timothy: ± The Soviet Venus programme. Space¯ight, vol. 35, #2, February 1993. ± The Soviet Mars programme. Space¯ight, vol. 35, #7, July 1993 ± Soviet rocketry that conquered space. Space¯ight, in 13 parts: 1 Vol. 37, # 8 August 1995; 2 Vol. 38, #2, February 1996; 3 Vol. 38, #6, June 1996; 4 Vol. 40, #1, January 1998; 5 Vol. 40, #3, March 1998; 6 Vol. 40, #5, May 1998; 7 Vol. 40, #9, September 1998; 8 Vol. 40, #12, December 1998; 9 Vol. 41, #5, May 1999; 10 Vol. 42, #4, April 2000; 11 Vol. 42, #10 October 2000; 12 Vol. 43, #1, January 2001; 13 Vol. 43, #4 April 2001 (referred to as Varfolomeyev, 1995±2001). Veha reveals Venus' secrets. Soviet Weekly, 7th December 1985. 344 Appendix C

Venus ± 470C in the Sun! Soviet Weekly, 16th September 1972. Zaitsev, Yuri: Preparing for Mars ± a simulated manned mission to the red planet is about to begin. Space¯ight, vol. 47, d1, January 2005. Zaitsev, Yuri: The successes of Phobos 2. Space¯ight, vol. 31, d11, November 1989. Zygielbaum, Joseph L. (ed.): Destination Venus ± communiqueÂs and papers from the Soviet press, 12th February to 3rd March 1961. Astronautics Information, Translation 20. Jet Propul- sion Laboratory, Pasadena California.

BOOKLETS

Road to the red planet. Novosti, Moscow, 1988. Road to the stars. Novosti, Moscow, 1986. Science and space. Novosti, Moscow, 1985. Soviet space research. Novosti, Moscow, 1970. Soviet space studies. Novosti, Moscow, 1983. USSR probes space. Novosti, Moscow, 1967.

INTERNET

Darling, David: Gavril Tikhov at http://www.daviddarling.info.encyclopedia/t/tikov Grahn, Sven: www.svengrahn.ppe.se ± Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities; ± Soviet/Russian OKIK ground station sites; ± The Soviet/Russian deep space network; ± Yevpatoria ± as the US saw it in the 60s; ± A Soviet Venus probe fails ± and I stumble across it. Hendrickx, Bart: Soviet Venus lander revealed, Friends and Partners in Space posting, 30th August 2001. Mitchell, Don P. (2003±4): ± Soviet interplanetary propulsion systems; ± Inventing the interplanetary probe; ± Soviet space cameras; ± Soviet telemetry systems; ± Remote scienti®c sensors; ± Biographies; ± Plumbing the ; ± Drilling into the surface of Venus; ± Radio science and Venus; ± The Venus Halley missions at http://www.mentallandscape.com NASA: Mars 5, NASA NSSDC master catalogue http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database. NASA, Washington DC, 2005. Oberg, Jim: Are women up to the job of exploring Mars? MSNBC, 11th February 2005. Present Russian Mars plans: http://www.energia.ru.english/Energiya/mars Zak, Anatoli: Martian expedition, http://www.russianspaceweb.com Appendix C 345

PERIODICALS AND JOURNALS CONSULTED

Air et Cosmos. Aviation Week and Space Technology. Ciel et Espace. Flight International. Icarus. Soviet Weekly. Space Science Review. Space¯ight. Index

A-4, German rocket 18À19 Boganov, Alexander 3 Aelita, novel 3 Bogomolov, Alexei 200À1, 216 Aelita, spaceship (MEK) 300À3 Boguslavsky, Yevgeni 58 Afanasayev, Sergei 86, 165, 241, 269 Bozhko, Andrei 293, 326 Alexandrov, Yuri 199 Bratslavets, Petr 45, 59 , probe 235À6 Brezhnev, Leonid 85 Asyushkin, V.A. 128 Automatic Interplanetary Station 51À6 Chelomei, Vladimir Avduyevsky, Vsevolod 57, 192 Early life 39 Kosmoplan 40À1 Babakin, Georgi UR-500 rocket 89À94 Early life, 82 UR-700, UR-700M, UR-900 rocket New Mars, Venus probe design, 87À8 designs 302 Redesign after Venera 3 97 Death 303 New Mars probe designs 120À4 Chertok, Boris 64, 327 1971 missions 128 , cooperation with 318 Death and assessment 140À1 , mission 266 Sample return studies 239À241 Cosmos missions Baklanov, Oleg 269 Cosmos 27 70 Barmin, Vladimir 187À8 Barsukov, Valeri 117, 223, 242 Cosmos 96 94 Bazilevsky, Alexander 204 Cosmos 167 102 2 119, 287 Cosmos 359 113 Belitsky, Boris 266 Cosmos 483 117 Belkovsky, Mark 295 Cosmos 419 139 Biosphere experiments 292À3 Cosmos 954 282 Blagonravov, Anatoli 25, 302 Cosmos 1066 299 Block I 29À31 Cosmos 1818 299 Block L 29À31, 64 Cosmos 1867 299 Bochka, the 293À6, 326 Cuba, missile crisis 63 348 Index

Demin, Yevgeni 295 Istomin, Vadim 135À6, 189 Dolginov, Shmaia 46À7 Ivanovsky, Oleg 83À4 DZhVS, long duration Venus lander 308À9 Jodrell Bank 54À5, 75, 99À100, 223 Jupiter icy mission 320 Energiya, design bureau 303 Jupiter missions 318À319 Mars designs 304À8 ERTA, nuclear engine 304 KbKHA Voronezh 298À9 Keldysh, Mstislav Feoktistov, Konstantin P. 36À8, 291, 326 Early interplanetary programme 26À8 First Cosmic Ship 25À6 Early life 43À4 Florensky, Kyril 88 On nature of Venus 97 France, cooperation with Death and assessment 181 Mars 2À3 135, 139 5M project 241 Original Venus balloon project 211À213 Manned Mars programme 300 Proposed Mars balloons 267, 270 KMV programme 36 Kemurdzhian, Alexander 134À5, 248 Vesta mission 310À313 Collaboration with Russian Federation Kerzhanovich, Viktor 88À9 314 Khrushchev, Nikita First Mars probes 49 Overthrow 85 Gas Dynamics Laboratory, Leningrad 17 Kondratyuk, Yuri 6À7, 325 GIRD group 5À6, 17À18 Koptev, Yuri 132À3, 285 Glushko, Valentin Korolev, Sergei Early life 3 Early life 17 Gas Dynamics Laboratory 17 GIRD group 19 In Germany 19 In Germany 19 Upper stage for R-7 24 R-7 rocket 19À21 UR-500 Proton rocket 90 4 À Satellite project 21 Becomes chief designer 165 Early interplanetary programme 23À31 Reorganizes Soviet space programme 166 Tracking system 29À35 Zenith of Soviet space programme 235 Early manned Mars programme 35À6 Nuclear engines 298À9 First Mars probes 46À9 Death 303 First Venus probes 49À57 Goldin, Dan 284, 320 2MV and 3MV series 56À8 Goroshkov, Igor 317 1962 launchings 60À8 Gorshkov, Leonid 305 Handover to Lavochkin 83À6 Grigoriev, Anatoli 295À6 Death and assessment 107À8 Gringauz, Konstantin 46À7 TMK spaceship 291À3 Groza, experiment 190 Contribution 325À7 Koronas project 318 Halley, comet 212, 227À232 Kosberg, Semyon 24 Hansson, Anders 316 Kosmoplan 40À1 Kovtunenko, Vyacheslav Institute for Space Research (IKI) 86À7, Early life 243À4 166 Appointed to Lavochkin 244 Ion engines Phobos 2 260 On Zond 1 69À70 Later Mars projects 269 On Zond 2 75 Death 270 Index 349

Kozlov, Dmitri 73 Mars 7 157À8 Krasnopolsky, Vladimir 61 Mars 8 281À4 Kremev, Roald 260 Mars 69 123À8 Kryukov, Sergei 141À2, 165, 241À3 Mars 71S 128À139 Ksinformaliti, Leonid 190 Mars 94 266À9 Kubasov, Valeri 36 Mars 96 269À284 Kulikov, Stanislav 124, 270, 284 Mars 98 269À275 Kurt, Vladimir 71À2, 184 Mars 500 experiment 295 Kuzmin, Arkady 149 Mars Aster mission 313 283, 286À7 Lavochkin design bureau, see OKB-301 Mars Glob 270 Lavochkin 284 Lavochkin, Semyon 81À2 Mars Grunt 321 Lavrov, Illya 292 283 4 Lebedinsky, Alexander 61 À Linkin, Vyacheslav217 Mars Odyssey 283 Lomonosov, Mikhail 9 Mars Path®nder 284 Lomonosov, space probe 235, 284 Mars Lander 283À4 , Percival 13 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 284, 287 Mars Together mission 314 , American spacecraft 209 Marsokhod 241, 273À5 Maksimov, Gleb Yuri MARSPOST 305À6 Early interplanetary programme 27À8 Mars, planet 8K78 29 At time of the 13À15 Early manned Mars programme 36À8 First probes 46À9 Handover to OKB Lavochkin 83 1962 set of launches 62À8 Manovtsev, Gherman 293 Nature of, following Mars 2À3 152À3 Marov, Mikhail 102, 173, 234, 330 Nature of, following 4 87 Mariner, American spaceship Martinov, Georgi 8 62 MEK 300À3 62 Mikhnevich, Vera 59À60 76 Ministry of General Machine Building 76, 87 85À6, 269 Mariner 6À7 127 296À8 138À9 Mishin, Vasili 165, 299, 301À2 139, 142, 152 3 À MK-700 rocket 302 120 Modul missions 307À8 Mars 1 64À8 Moroz, Vasili 122, 153 Mars 2À3 128À153 Mukhin, Lev188 À9 Orbital missions 146À153 Results 149À153 Mars 2 142À3 N-1 rocket 35À6, 241, 326 Mars 3 144À6 Nazarova, Tatiana 46, 67 Mars 4À7 154À165 Results 164À5 OKB-1 design bureau Mars 4 157 Founded 19 Mars 5 161±5 Early manned Mars designs 36À9 Mars 6 157À161 Handover to OKB-301 Lavochkin 81, 327 350 Index

OKB-301 design bureau (Lavochkin) Sputnik 21À2 First involvement in interplanetary Surkov, Yuri 14, 223 probes, 81À5 Suslov, Mikhail 25À6 Redesigns after Venera 2,3, 97 Susser, G.S. 58 Chief designers 286 284 Tikhonravov, Mikhail 18, 326 Ortel, Dieter 201 In Poland 19 In Germany 19 Perminov, Vladimir 83, 146, 216, 261 R-7 rocket 20 Petrov, Georgi 86 Satellite project 21 Perelman, Yakov4 À5, 325 Early interplanetary programmes 23À31 Petrov, Boris 213 Tikhov, Gavril 9À15, 87, 314, 325À6, 331 Phobos, moon 246 mission 318 Phobos, missions TMK spaceship 36À9, 291À2, 326, 331 Phobos 1 251À2 Tolstoy, Alexei 3 Phobos 2 253À261 TOS spaceship 38 Phobos 3 266, 285, 313 Tracking ships 31À5, 47À8, 106À7, 270, Results from Phobos 2 261À6 281À3 Phobos Grunt 316À8, 325 Tracking system 31À5, 106À7, 184 Pickhadze, Konstantin 286 Tsander, Friedrich 5À6, 325 Pilyugin, Nikolai 129À130, 299 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin 1À3, 325 Plamya i Lyod mission 319 Tsiolkovsky, space probe 318À319 PrOP-M Mars rovers 134À5 Tyzhuli Sputnik 51 PrOP-V penetrometers 188, 194 Proton rocket 89À94, 121 Ulybyshev, Boris 293 Requali®cation, 127À8 UMVL design 165, 244À5 UR-500 rocket (Proton) 89À93, 121 R-7 rocket 19À21 Requali®cation 127À8 Raushenbakh, Boris 52 UR-700, UR-700M, UR-900 rocket 302 RD-253 engine 90À1 RD-410, RD-0140, RD-0411 engine 298À9, VEGA mission 213À232 302, 304 Venera 1 51À6 Regatta mission 320 Venera 2À394À7 Russian Space Agency 285 Venera 4 98À102 Ryazansky, Mikhail 31À2, 146 Venera 5À6 102À106 Rynin, Nikolai 7À8 Venera 7 111À115 Rzhiga, Oleg 114À5, 199 Venera 8 115À120 Venera 9À10 171À183 , Carl 227, 251, 259, 328 Venera 9 174À6 Sagdeev, Roald 166À7, 213, 227, 241, 253, Venera 10 176À8 260, 309 Venera 11À12 184À191 Salyut space stations 296À8 Venera 13À14 191À199 Saturn missions 318 Venera 13 192À3 Selivanov, 69, 136, 155À6, 251 Venera 14 193À4 Shargei, Alexander, see Kondratyuk, Yuri Venera 15À16 199À210 Solntseva, Yuliya 3 Venerakhod 308 Sphinx (also SFINCCS) 293À5 Venus, planet 284 At time of space age, 8À13 Index 351

First Venus probes, 49À57 YaERD engines 299 1962 launches, 60À2 Yevpatoria, Crimea 29À35 Nature after Venera 3 97 Nature after Venera 4 101À2 Nature after Venera 5À6 104À6 Zond series Nature after Venera 7 115 Origins, 56À9 Nature after Venera 8 119 First missions, 69À70 Nature after Venera 10À11 181 Zond 1 70À2 Nature after Venera 11À12 188À191 Zond 2 73À6, 299 Nature after Venera 13À14 197À199 Zond 3 76À8 Nature after Venera 15À16 205À210 Nature after VEGA 222À3 227 Summary of results of Soviet exploration 1MV series 28, 43À6, 57 232À5 2MV series 56À7, 60À8 Vernadsky Institute 14, 146, 241, 292 2T-212 transistor 156 Vernadsky, V.I. 292 3MV series 57À8 Verne, Jules 2À3 Missions to Venus 68À72 Vernov, Sergei 46, 70 Missions to Mars 73 6 Vesta, asteroid 310 À 4M, project 241 Vesta, mission 310À313 Viking, American Mars probes 154, 167À8 4V series 87, 171À2 , Alexander 241À2 5M, project 242À3 5NM, project 239À241 Worlds, war of the (debate in Soviet space 5VK series 213 programme) 167À8, 239À243, 246, 8K78 rocket 29À31, 328 325 8K78M rocket 72À3 Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin Binding: Stein + Lehmann, Berlin

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