Étude De L'atmosphère De Vénus À L'aide D'un Modèle De Réfraction Lors

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Étude De L'atmosphère De Vénus À L'aide D'un Modèle De Réfraction Lors Étude de l’atmosphère de Vénus à l’aide d’un modèle de réfraction lors du passage devant le Soleil des 5-6 Juin 2012 Christophe Pere To cite this version: Christophe Pere. Étude de l’atmosphère de Vénus à l’aide d’un modèle de réfraction lors du pas- sage devant le Soleil des 5-6 Juin 2012. Autre. Université Côte d’Azur, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016AZUR4063. tel-01477867 HAL Id: tel-01477867 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01477867 Submitted on 27 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE´ NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS - UFR Sciences E´cole doctorale no 364 : Sciences Fondamentales et Appliqu´e es THE`SE pour obtenir le titre de Docteur en Sciences de l’UNIVERSITE´ Nice Sophia Antipolis Sp´ecialit´e: “SCIENCES DE LA PLANETE` ET DE L’UNIVERS” pr´esent´eeet soutenue publiquement par Christophe PERE Etude´ de l’atmosph`ere de V´enus `al’aide d’un mod`ele de r´efraction lors du passage devant le Soleil du 5-6 Juin 2012 Directeur de th`ese : Paolo TANGA Co-directeur de th`ese : Thomas WIDEMANN le 23 septembre 2016 Jury M. Guy Libourel, Professeur, Universit´eNice Sophia Antipolis Pr´esident de Jury M. Emmanuel Marcq, Maˆıtre de Conf´erences, UVSQ Rapporteur M. Colin Wilson, Chercheur, Oxford University Rapporteur M. Jean-Philippe Beaulieu, Directeur de recherche, IAP Examinateur M. Tristan Guillot, Directeur de Recherche, OCA Examinateur UNIVERSITE´ Nice Sophia Antipolis Observatoire de la Cˆote d’Azur Boulevard de l’Observatoire - CS 34229 - F 06304 NICE Cedex 4 A ma femme Cindy et `amon fils William 2 There are countless suns and countless Earths all rotating around their suns in exactly the same way as the seven planets of our system. We see only the suns because they are the largest bodies and are luminous, but their planets remain invisible to us because they are smaller and non-luminous. The countless worlds in the universe are no worse and no less inhabited than our Earth. Giordano Bruno, 1584 4 R´esum´e Etude de l’atmosph`ere de V´enus `al’aide d’un mod`ele de r´efraction lors du passage devant le Soleil des 5-6 Juin 2012 Laboratoire Lagrange, Universit´eCˆoted’Azur, Observatoire de la Cˆoted’Azur, CNRS, Blvd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4 / LESIA, UMR CNRS 8109, Paris Observatory, France Le transit de V´enus devant le Soleil est un ´ev´enement rare et l’occasion unique pour ´etudier la r´efraction de la lumi`ere du Soleil `atravers l’atmosph`ere, afin de d´eterminer les propri´et´es atmosph´eriques de la plan`ete et en particulier la structure thermique de la haute atmosph`ere. L’objectif de cette th`ese a ´et´ela mod´elisation de cette r´efraction lors du passage devant le Soleil qui a eu lieu les 5-6 juin 2012, mod`ele dont les r´esultats ont pu ˆetre compar´es aux donn´ees de la mission Venus Express. La premi`ere partie est consacr´ee `al’analyse des images des satellites qui a permis la cr´eation de courbes de lumi`ere en fonction de la latitude de l’aur´eole qui serviront de r´ef´erence pour les mod`eles. L’´etude de l’atmosph`ere a d’abord ´et´er´ealis´ee par une approche isotherme (th´eorie de Baum and Code (1953)). Le mod`ele a ensuite ´et´eaffin´e en simulant trois couches isothermes concentriques ´etablies grˆace `al’analyse pr´ealable des donn´ees SPICAV/SOIR de Venus Express. Pour finir, le dernier mod`ele d´evelopp´e pour l’´etude de l’aur´eole est un mod`ele multicouche concentrique `atr`es haute r´esolu- tion verticale. Ce mod`ele a permis d’obtenir un profil vertical de densit´een fonction de la latitude, ainsi que l’altitude du τ =1(le long de la ligne de vis´ee) induite par les a´erosols. Ces donn´ees ont ensuite ´et´eensuite utilis´ees pour g´en´erer des cartes 2D de temp´erature en fonction de la latitude et de l’altitude, que nous comparons aux donn´ees d’occultation solaire de la mission Venus Express. Cette ´etude a ´egalement permis de d´eterminer de fa¸con ind´ependante l’´echelle de hauteur des a´erosols et leur chromaticit´edans l’atmosph`ere de V´enus. Dans un second temps, l’´etude de la courbe du transit de 2004 a ´et´emen´ee conjointe- ment avec le Dr. Andr´ea Chiavassa afin de mettre en ´evidence l’impact de la granulation stellaire sur les courbes de transit exoplan´etaires. Mot-cl´es: V´enus, atmosph`ere plan´etaire, transit, r´efraction, mod´elisation 6 Abstract Study of the atmosphere of Venus with a refraction model when passing across the Sun the June, 5-6 2012 Laboratoire Lagrange, Universit´eCˆoted’Azur, Observatoire de la Cˆoted’Azur, CNRS, Blvd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4 / LESIA, UMR CNRS 8109, Paris Observatory, France The transit of Venus across the Sun is a rare and unique opportunity to study the refraction of sunlight through the atmosphere, called the ”aureola”, and determine the atmospheric properties of the planet and in particular the thermal structure of the up- per atmosphere. The objective of this thesis was the modeling of this refraction effect at terminator during the passage across the Sun which took place on June, 5-6 2012, and a comparison with data obtained in the same region during the Venus Express mission. The first part is devoted to the analysis of data from an Earth-orbiting solar obser- vatory that allowed the creation of individual aureola light curves according to latitude, that were used as a modeling reference. The study of the refracting atmosphere was first carried out by an isothermal approach (Baum and Code (1953) theory). The model was then refined by simulating three concentric layers based on prior analysis of Venus Express/SPICAV-SOIR vertical density profile data obtained simultaneously on June 6, 2012. Finally, the complete model developed for this study is a concentric layered model with sub-kilometer vertical resolution. This model has allowed us to retrieve from individual aureole lightcurves a density vertical profile function of the latitude and the τ =1altitude of slanted opacity along the line of sight, induced by mesosphe- ric aerosols. These data were subsequently used to generate temperature maps in 2D function of latitude and altitude, we compare the solar occultation data from the Venus Express mission (SOIR). This study also determined independently the scale height of aerosols and the chromaticity in the atmosphere of Venus. A separate, additional study on 2004 Venus transit data was conducted jointly with Dr. Andrea Chiavassa to highlight the impact of the stellar granulation on exoplanetary transit curves in extrasolar systems. Keywords : Venus, planetary atmosphere, transit, refraction, modelisation 8 Remerciements Ces trois ann´ees de th`ese auront ´et´eint´eressantes et enrichissantes `aplus d’un titre. J’y ai v´ecu des moments importants et ai rencontr´edes personnes tout aussi importantes. Cette p´eriode vit ´egalement la vue d’un heureux ´ev`enement, la naissance de mon fils qui a depuis lors, ´epanoui ma vie. Merci `ama femme pour cet immense cadeau ainsi que pour sa patience et pour m’avoir support´e. Je tiens tout d’abord `aremercier Paolo Tanga, qui a su m’encadrer, me suivre et se rendre disponible d`es que j’en avais besoin durant mes ann´ees pass´ees `a Nice. Je remercie ´egalement Thomas Widemann qui malgr´el’´eloignement a su ˆetre pr´esent pour des discussions d’ordre technique et pour ses conseils. Un grand merci `aJean-Philippe Beaulieu qui a toujours ´et´epr´esent avec sa franchise et ses conseils. Un grand merci `aPhilippe Bendjoya, pour m’avoir accompagn´eet guid´edurant ma premi`ere ann´ee en me montrant d’autres chemins `aexplorer, ainsi que d’autres fa¸cons diff´erentes d’aborder les probl`emes. Par ailleurs, il m’a appris `aavoir une grande ouverture d’esprit. Je remercie Andr´ea Chiavassa pour avoir cru en moi en me proposant une colla- boration d`es le commencement de ma th`ese, pour les discussions et son partage de connaissances sur la physique stellaire, pour ces bons moments pass´es `adiscuter et rigoler. Un grand merci `aDavid Luz pour les nombreux ´echanges que nous avons eu ainsi que pour son soutien. Merci `aPedro Machado pour son aide et ses conseils et toute l’´ecoute dont il a su faire part. Un grand merci `aEmmanuel Marcq pour sa patience et sa disponibilit´eface `atoutes les questions que j’ai pu lui poser. Ma reconnaissance va aussi `aBenoit Leveugle pour toute l’aide dont il m’a fait part pour r´esoudre des probl`emes sur ma machine, son expertise et son apprentissage dans les m´ethodes de parall´elisation. Un tr`es grand merci aux ing´enieurs de l’Observatoire de la Cˆote d’Azur avec qui j’ai partag´ecaf´es, rires, discussions et tr`es bons moments, Catherine Renaud, Elena Lega, Fabrice Ubaldi et Dimitri Laveder.
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