DOCUMENT LIZSUME ED 071' C87 82 015 524 TITLE Project Musics Reader 2,Motion in the Heavens. .INSTITUTION Harvard Univ., Cambridge,Mass. Harvard Project _Physics. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DREW), Washington, D.C.,Bureau of Research. BUREAU NO BK-5-1038 PUB DATE 68 CONTRACT 08C-5-10-058 NOTE 233p.; Authorized InterimVersion EDRS PRICE MF -$0.65 HC-89.87 _DESCRIPTORS Astronomy; Instructional Materials;.*Motion; *Physics; Science, Fiction;. Science Materials; _Secondary Grades; *Secondary School Science; *Space; *Supplementary Reading Materials IDENTIFIER'S Harvard Project Physics ABSTRACT As a supplement to.Projpct Physics Unit 2, specially, selected articles are presented in this reader for student browsing. _Eight excerpts are given under headings:,the starry messenger, Newton_. And the principia, an appreciation of the earth, space the unconquerable, Is there intelligent life beyond the earth3,11 the life story of a galaxy, expansion of the universe, and Dyson sphere. Seven book passages. are included under. the, headings of the black cloud, roll call, a night at the observatory, Repler's celestial music, universal gravitation, a table of stars within twenty-two light years that could have habitable planets, and three poetic _fragments about astronomy. The remaining articles includea preface to the books of the ,revolutions, Kepler, Kepler on. Mars, laws of ..motion and proposition one,, garden of Epicurus, a search for life on earth at Kilometer resolution, the. boy who redeemed his father's _name, great comet of 1965, gravity experiments, unidentified flying objects, and negative mass. Illustrations for explanationpurposes . are provided. The work of Harvard. Project Physics has been .financially supported by: the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Ford. Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan .FOundation, the United States Office of_Education, and ,Harvard University. (CC) sE oAciaz .7'17.17;41' fart,T.,,'t ,44 I ED 071887 4r ICA.VAN10* -"" FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, CO EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION CO THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEH REPRO DUCEC EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- 1NAT:NG IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY Project Physics Reader An Introduction to Physics2Motion in the Heavens ((1 IIIAuthorized Interim Version 1968-69 Distributed by Holt. Rinehart and Winston, Inc.. New YorkToronto * 1.11 This is not a physics textbook. Rati-.it is a physics reader, a collection of some of the best articles and book passages on physics. A few are on historic events in science, others contain some particularly memorable description of whit physicists do; still others deal with philosophy of science, or with the impact of scientific thought on the imagination of the artist. There are old and new classics, and also some little- known publications; many have been suggested for in- clusion because some teacher or physicist remembered an article with particular fondness. The majority of articles is not drawn from scientific papers of historic importance themselves, because material from many of these is readily available, either as quotations in the Project Physics text or in special collections. This collection is meant for your browsing.If you follow your own reading interests, chances are good that you will find here many pages that convey the joy these authors have in their work and the excitement of their ideas.If you want to follow up on interesting excerpts, the source list at the end of the reader will guide you for further reading. 1 The Black Cloud I Fred Hoyle Introductory chapter to his science fiction novel, The Slack Cloud. published in 1957. 2 Roll Call 21 Isaac Asirnoy Chapter from his book. Of Time and Space and Other Things, published in 1963. 3 A Night at the Observatory 34 Henry S. F. Cooper. Jr. Short Article from Horizon, in67. 4 Preface to De Revolutionibus 46 Nicolaus Copernicus 1543. 5 The Starry Messenger 51 Galileo Gali lei This excerpt. originally written in 1610. is reprinted from Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo. translated by Stillman Drake, 1957. 6 Kepler's Celestial Music 53 I. Bernard Cohen From his book. The Birth of a New Physics. published in 1960. 7 Kepler 77 Gerald Holton From Scientific American. 1960. $ Kepler on Mars 81 Johannes Kepler Written in 1609 and translated by Owen Gingerich in 1967. 9 Newton and the Principia 85 C. C. Gillispie Excerpt from his book, The Edge of Objectivity. published in 1960. 10 The Laws of Motion and Propc .ition One 92 Isaac Newton 1687 11 The Garden of Epicurus 101 Anatole France Essay written in 1920. 12 Universe! Gravitation 107 Richard 2. Feynman. Robert 8. Leighton. and Matthew Sands Section from their textbook, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1, published in 1963. 13 An Appreciation of the Earth 1 1 1 Stephen H. Dole Excerpt from his book. Habitable Planets for Man, 1964. 14 A Search for Life on Earth at Kilometer Resolution 115 Stephen D. Kilston. Robert R. Drummond. and Carl Sagan Article from the journal, Icarus: International Journal cf the Solar System. 1966, 15 The Boy Who Redeemed His Father's Name 135 Terry Morris Article from the magazine, Redbook. 1965. 16 The Great Comet of 1965 140 Owen Gingerech Article from The Atlantic Monthly. 1966. 17 Gravity Experiments 147 R. H. Dicke. P. G. Roll, and J. Weber Article from the journal International Science and Technology and Modern Science and Technology, 1965. 18 Space The Unconquerable 153 Arthur C. Clarke Excerpt from his book. Profiles of the Future An Inquiry Into the Limits of the Possible. 1958. 19 Is There Intelligent Life Beyond the Earth? 163 I. S. Shklovskii and Carl Sagan Excerpt from Intelligent Lrfe in the Universe, published in 1966. 20 The Stars Within Twenty-Two Light Years That Could Have Habitable Planets 168 Stephen Dole From his book, Habitable Planets for Man, 1964. 21 U. F. O. 170 Carl Sagan Review article prepared for the Encyclopedia Americana and appearing in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1967. 22 The Life-Story of a Galaxy 173 Margaret Burbidge Excerpt from her article in Stars and Galaxies: Binh, Aging and Death in the Universe, edited by Tt.ornton Page, published in 1962. 23 Expansion of the Universe 199 Hermann Bondi Excerpt from his book, Relativity and Common Sense: A New Approach to Einstein, published in 1962. 24 Negative Mass 207 Banesh Hoffmann An :Aide from Science Jourbal, 1965. 25 Three Poetic Fragments About Astronomy 213 From Troilus and Cressida William Shakespeare From Hudibras Samuel Butler My Father's Watch John Ciarde 26 The Dyson Sphere 216 I. S. Shklovskii and Carl Sagan Excerpt from Intelligent Life in the Universe, published in 1966. In this introductory chapter to his science :i( Hon novel, the noted astronomer Fred Hoyle gives a realistic pic- ture of what goes on within an astronomy laboratory. The emphasis is on experimental astronomy. 1 The Black Cloud Fred Hoyle 1957 Opening Scenes It was eight o'clock along the Greenwich meridian. In England the wintry sun of 7th January. 1964, was just rising. Throughout the length and breadth of the land people were shivering in illheated houses as they read the morning papers, ate their breakfasts, and grumbled about the weather, which, truth to tell, had been appalling of late. The Greenwich meridian southward passesthrough western France, over the snow-covered Pyrenees and through the eastern corner of Spain. The line then sweeps to the west of the Balearic Islands, where wise people from the north were spending winter holidayson a beach in Minorca a laughing party might have been seen return- ing from an early morning bathe, And so to North Africa and the Sahara. The primary meridian then swings towards the equator through French Sudan, Ashanti, and the Gold Coast, where new aluminium plants were going up along the Volta River. Thence into a vast stretch of ocean, unbroken until Antarctica is reached. Expeditions from a dozen nations were rubbing elbows with each other there. All the land to the east of this line, as far as New Zea- land, was turned towards the Sun. In Australia, eveningwas approaching. Long shadows were cast across the cricket ground at Sydney. The last overs of the day were being bowled in a match between New South Wales and Queens- 1 land. In Java, fishermen were busying themselves in prep- aration for the coming night's work. Over much of the huge expanse of the Pacific, over Amer- ica, and over the Atlantic it was night. It was three an. in New York. The city was blazing with light, and there was still a good deal of traffic in spite of recent snow and a cold wind from the north-west. And nowhere on the Earth at that moment was there more activity than in Los Angeles. The evening was still young there, twelve o'clock:the boulevards were crowded, cars raced along the freeways, restaurants were still pretty full. A hundred and twenty miles to the south the astronomers on Mount Palomar had already begun their night's work. But although the night was clear and stars were sparkling from horizon to zenith, conditions from the point of view of the professional astronomer were poor, the 'seeing' was badthere was too much wind at high levels. So nobody was sorry to down tools for the midnight snack. Earlier in the evening, when the outlook for the night already looked pretty dubious, they had agreed to meet in the dome of the 48inch Schmidt. Paul Rogers walked the four hundred yards or so from the 200inch telescope to the Schmidt, only to find Bert Emerson was already at work on a bowl of soup.