7.5 X 11.5.Threelines.P65

Home , Abell 3411, California Nebula, IC 349, Messier 73, NGC 1015, NGC 1032

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19267-5 - Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer’s New General Catalogue Wolfgang Steinicke Index More information

Name index

The dates of birth and death, if available, for all 545 people (astronomers, telescope makers etc.) listed here are given. The data are mainly taken from the standard work Biographischer Index der Astronomie (Dick, Brüggenthies 2005). Some information has been added by the author (this especially concerns living twentieth-century astronomers). Members of the families of Dreyer, Lord Rosse and other astronomers (as mentioned in the text) are not listed. For obituaries see the references; compare also the compilations presented by Newcomb–Engelmann (Kempf 1911), Mädler (1873), Bode (1813) and Rudolf Wolf (1890). Markings: bold = portrait; underline = short biography.

Abbe, Cleveland (1838–1916), 222–23, As-Sufi, Abd-al-Rahman (903–986), 164, 183, 229, 256, 271, 295, 338–42, 466 15–16, 167, 441–42, 446, 449–50, 455, 344, 346, 348, 360, 364, 367, 369, 393, Abell, George Ogden (1927–1983), 47, 475, 516 395, 395, 396–404, 406, 410, 415, 248 Austin, Edward P. (1843–1906), 6, 82, 423–24, 436, 441, 446, 448, 450, 455, Abbott, Francis Preserved (1799–1883), 335, 337, 446, 450 458–59, 461–63, 470, 477, 481, 483, 517–19 Auwers, Georg Friedrich Julius Arthur v. 505–11, 513–14, 517, 520, 526, 533, Abney, William (1843–1920), 360 (1838–1915), 7, 10, 12, 14–15, 26–27, 540–42, 548–61 Adams, John Couch (1819–1892), 122, 47, 50–51, 61, 65, 68–69, 88, 92–93, 97, Barnard, Mary (née Calvert) (?–1921), 150, 241, 305, 415, 427 123, 127, 130, 134–36, 139, 144–45, 146, 396 Airy, George Biddell (1801–1892), 9, 52, 147, 148–49, 151, 154–56, 158, 160–64, Bauschinger, Julius (1860–1934), 442 99, 106, 112, 120–21, 132, 135, 146, 166–67, 169–70, 172, 176, 178–83, Baxendell, Joseph (1815–1887), 323, 384, 217, 222, 241, 252, 417, 427, 472, 502, 186–87, 198, 204–05, 210, 218, 220–22, 384, 384–85, 446, 500, 537 517–18 234–37, 253, 258, 260, 279, 286–88, 291, Bayer, Johann (1572–1625), 16 Aitken, Robert Grant (1864–1951), 439, 441, 446, 450, 472–74, 493, 498, Becker, Ernst Emil Hugo (1843–1912), 263 462–63, 510–11 500–03, 505, 523–27, 536 Becker, Friedrich Eberhard (1900–1985), Alexander, Stephen (1806–1883), 83, 241 385, 466, 559 Ames, Adelaide (1900–1932), 467–68 Baade, Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Becker, Ludwig Wilhelm Emil Ernst Amici, Giovan Battista (1786–1863), 96, (1893–1960), 385, 399, 462, 512 (1860–1947), 474 171, 216, 263–64, 328–29, 334, 365, Baader, Michael (1810–1866), 526 Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich 495, 505, 529–31, 534, 536 Backhouse, Thomas William (1777–1846), 174 Anderson, Thomas David (1853–1932), (1842–1920), 188, 533, 540–41 Bergstrand, Carl Östen Emanuel 403 Baeker, Carl Wilhelm (1819–1882), 144 (1873–1948), 293 André, Charles Louis Françoise Bailey, Mark (1952–), 486 Berthon, Edward Lyon (1813–1899), (1842–1912), 530 Bailey, Solon Irving (1854–1931), 17, 29, 118, 379 Arago, Dominique Françoise Jean 382, 466, 536, 555, 557, 560 Bessel, Franz Friedrich Wilhelm (1786–1853), 43, 134 Baillaud, Edouard Benjamin (1784–1846), 66, 68, 70, 122, 150, 152, Aratos (-315– -245), 16, 18, 444, 446, (1848– 1934), 530 157, 186, 221, 239, 251, 472, 501, 523, 450, 456 Baily, Francis (1774–1844), 53, 55, 56, 525, 531 Archenhold, Friedrich Simon 303–04, 344, 346, 444–46, 450 Bevis, John (1695–1771), 16, 167, 446, (1861–1939), 397, 401–02, 556 Ball, Robert Stawell (1840–1913), 450, 453 Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August 101–04, 139, 171, 189, 226, 229, 295, Bianchi, Giuseppe (1791–1866), 96, 97, (1799–1875), 58, 124, 144, 150–51, 297–98, 303, 304, 305, 306–08, 310, 186 158, 161–64, 166, 174–75, 181, 206, 314–15, 319–20, 323, 446, 450, 492, Bidschof, Friedrich (1864–1915), 460, 235–37, 239, 259–60, 279, 380, 458, 555 474 501, 503, 506–07, 546 Baracchi, Pietro Paolo Giovanni Ernesto Biela, Wilhelm v. (1782–1856), 71, 269, Aristotle (-384– -322), 16, 18, 446, 450, (1851–1926), 415, 416, 416, 418–21, 284, 337 455 444–46, 450 Bigourdan, Guillaume (1851–1932), Arp, Halton Christian (1927–), 44, 399, Barnard, Edward Emerson (1857–1923), 8, 12, 18, 33, 62, 203, 242–43, 250, 430 5, 8, 17, 33, 74, 97, 116–17, 142, 160, 257–58, 271–72, 290, 329, 340, 350,

620

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Name index 621

354, 356, 367, 371–72, 376, 382, 384, Brorsen, Theodor Johann Christian Cauchoix, Robert-Aglae (1776–1845), 395, 422, 422, 423–27, 436, 446, 448, Ambders (1819–1895), 88, 166, 169, 106, 137, 140–41, 368 450, 453, 455–56, 458–60, 462, 464–65, 170, 183, 186, 221, 252, 446, 450 Cederblad, Sven Aldo (1914–1991), 162, 467, 473–74, 493, 506, 508, 513, 521 Browning, John (1835–1925), 299, 305, 376, 385, 403, 504, 512, 522 Birmingham, John (1829–1884), 175 308, 528, 538 Cerulli, Vincenzo (1859–1927), 429, 460 Bishop, George (1785–1861), 121, 122, Brück, Hermann Alexander (1905–2000), Chacornac, Jean (1823–1873), 9, 122, 122, 123, 131, 251 142 138, 156, 182, 188, 205, 206–07, 221, Blagden, Charles (1748–1820), 59–60 Brück, Mary Teresa (1925–2008), xvii 269, 325–26, 334, 438, 446, 448, 453, Block, Eugen (1847–1912), 172–73, Brünnow, Franz Friedrich Ernst 491–93, 498–99, 501, 503, 511, 514–15, 261–62, 264, 323, 340–41, 448 (1821–1891), 106, 152, 299, 305, 409 525–27 Bode, Johann Elert (1747–1826), 15–16, Bruce, Catherine Wolfe (1816–1900), Challis, James (1803–1882), 111, 502 25, 35, 37, 42–43, 48–50, 64, 68, 177, 396 Chambers, George Frederick (1841–1915), 157–58, 167, 179–80, 182, 186, 221, 242, Bruhns, Carl Christian (1830–1881), 88, 59, 78, 120–21, 142, 498, 502–03, 514, 439, 446, 450, 459, 475, 481–83, 493 149, 161, 166, 169, 169, 170, 172, 183, 530 Boeddicker, Otto (1853–1937), 101, 307, 221, 260, 277–79, 446, 450, 459, 528 Chance, Robert Lucas (1782–1865), 10 315–16 Buckingham, James, 10, 312 Chapman, Allan (1946–), 9 Boguslawski, Heinrich v. (1789–1851), Bülow, Friedrich Gustav v. (1817–1893), Charlois, Auguste Honoré Pierre 165 278 (1864–1910), 544 Bond, George Phillips (1825–1865), 88, Burnham, Robert jr. (1931–1993), 383, Chauvenet, William (1820–1870), 404 124, 125, 126–31, 162, 183, 188, 195, 465 Chevallier, Temple (1794–1873), 252, 267 203–05, 215, 217, 221–22, 231–32, 234, Burnham, Sherburne Wesley Christie, William Henry Mahoney 241, 314–15, 320–21, 336–37, 346, 348, (1838–1921), 121, 139, 154, 198, 207, (1845–1922), 227, 465, 494, 534, 555–56 357, 403, 407–09, 441, 446, 450, 481, 232, 244, 246, 284, 295, 323, 332, 340, Clacy, John, 508 490–91, 516 343, 346, 357, 358, 359, 360, 362–69, Clark, Alvan Graham (1832–1897), 173, Bond, William Cranch (1789–1859), 111, 378, 382, 393–96, 398, 403–05, 407, 282, 338, 342–43, 361, 369–70, 431, 543 124, 125, 132, 408–09 414, 424, 446, 450, 459, 465, 506–12, Clausen, Thomas (1801–1885), 262 Börgen, Carl Nicolai Jensen (1843–1909), 517, 533, 538–41, 547, 550, 560 Clerke, Agnes Mary (1842–1907), 6, 510, 310 Burritt, Eliah Hinsdale (1794–1838), 340 514, 551, 560 Borrelly, Alphonse Louis Nicholas Burton, Charles Edward (1846–1882), Coggia, Jérôme Eugene (1849–1919), (1842–1926), 127, 130, 263–64, 101, 139, 215, 226, 252, 297–98, 305, 270–71, 274, 276, 277, 320, 340, 346, 266–67, 270–71, 274, 276, 277, 293, 306, 307 446, 450, 461 319–20, 383, 446, 450 Buta, Ronald James (1952–), 195 Colbert, Elias (1829–1921), 358–63 Borst, Charles Augustus Rufus Butillon, 286 Common, Andrew Ainslie (1841–1903), (1851–1918), 325 Butler, John (1940–), 486 385, 386, 387–88, 397, 418, 435–36, Boulliau, Ismaël (1605–1694), 125, 515 Byrne, John, 395 445–46, 450, 497–98, 533, 535–46 Bourget, Carl Etienne Henry Cook, A. Grace (?–ca 1958), 466 (1864–1921), 271 Cacciatore, Gaetano (1814–1889), 69, 186 Cooke, Charles Frederick (1836–1898), Bouris, Georg Constantin (1802–1860), Cacciatore, Niccolò (1780–1841), 12, 63, 10, 311, 466, 553–54 174 69, 70, 71, 80, 446, 450 Cooke, Thomas (1807–1868), 217, 384, Bowditch, Nathaniel (1773–1838), 127 Calver, George (1834–1927), 386, 388, 400, 429 Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601), 15, 149, 535 Coolidge, Phillip Sydney (1830–1863), 225–26, 228–29 Calvert, Ebenezer (1850–1924), 557, 560 125, 125, 126–28, 131, 188, 203–04, Brashear, John Alfred (1840–1920), 382, Calvert, Mary Rhoda (1885–1973), 396 221, 231–32, 320, 446, 448 427, 560 Campbell, William Wallace (1862–1938), Cooper, Edward Henry (1827–1902), Bredikhin, Fedor Alexandrowitsch 404, 408 137, 252 (1831–1904), 232, 282 Cannon, Annie Jump (1863–1941), 390 Cooper, Edward Joshua (1798–1863), 9, Breen, Hugh (1824–1891), 502 Capocci, Ernesto (1798–1864), 64–66, 71, 12, 88, 106, 122, 135, 137, 138, 139–40, Breen, James (1826–1866), 125, 183, 498, 183, 186, 324 157, 183, 205, 221, 252, 327, 446 500–02 Carlson, Dorothy, 44, 467–68 Copeland, Leland Stanford (1886–1973), Bremiker, Carl (1804–1877), 122, 149 Carpenter, Henry James (1849/50–1899), 16, 36, 197, 209 Brenner, Leo [Spiridon Gopčević] 394 Copeland, Ralph (1837–1905), 8, 11, 47, (1855–1936), 383, 511, 560 Carrington, Richard Christopher 101, 170, 226, 229, 231–32, 250, 276, Brett, John (1831–1902), 541 (1826–1875), 131, 142, 162 295, 297–98, 300–01, 305, 307, 310, Brisbane, Thomas Makdougall Cary, William (1759–1825), 41–42 311, 312–14, 317, 319–21, 323, 326, (1773–1860), 72–73, 79 Cassini, Giovanni Domenico 343, 364–66, 373, 380–82, 389, 391, 392, Brooks, William Robert (1844–1921), (1625–1712), 15–16, 446, 450 391–95, 403, 428–30, 442, 444, 446, 450, 338, 340, 396 Cassini, Jean Dominique (1748–1845), 60 452, 455, 459, 461, 490, 504, 516–17, 528

622 Name index

Corwin, Harold Glenn (1943–), 433, Dollond, John (1709–1761), 67, 95, 123 Engelhardt, Basilius v. (1828–1915), 232, 470–71 Donati, Giovan Battista (1826–1873), 439, 441, 464, 473–74, 506 Craig, John (1805–1877), 10, 124, 252, 125, 171, 284, 338 Engelmann, Friedrich Wilhelm Rudolf 368 Draper, Henry (1837–1882), 407, 409 (1841–1888), 474, 531–32, 538–39 Crossley, Edward (1841–1905), 386, 388 Dreyer, Alice Beatrice (1879–?), 226 Ertel, Traugott Lebrecht (1778–1858), Curtis, Heber Doust (1872–1942), 65, Dreyer, Frederic Charles (1878–1956), 67, 138, 149 382, 389, 402, 432, 466–67, 512 225–26 Esmiol, Emmanuel (1853–?), 273, Cysat, Johann Baptist (1587–1657), 16, Dreyer, George Villiers (1883–?), 227 375–76, 473 18, 407, 441–42, 445, 455 Dreyer, Ida Nicoline Margrethe (née Espin, Thomas Henry Espinall Compton Randrup) (1812–?), 225 (1858–1934), 382, 396, 462–63 Dallmeyer, Johann Heinrich (1830–1883), Dreyer, Johan Christopher Friedrich Everett, Edward (1794–1865), 126 553 (1814–1898), 225 Darby, William Arthur (1809–1879), 116, Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1852–1926), Faris, Charles (1847–1924), 102, 229 383, 491, 493 2–3, 7, 17, 18, 26–27, 30, 44, 47–51, Faye, Hervé Auguste Etienne Alban Darquier, Antoine de Pellepoix 55, 71, 79, 84, 86, 87, 96, 101, 108, 113, (1814–1902), 176, 260, 386, 388, 409 (1718–1802), 16, 35, 43, 447, 450 126–129, 131, 133, 137, 139, 148–149, Fernley, John (1796–1873), 384 d’Arrest, Heinrich Louis (1822–1875), 159–160, 170, 172–174, 177–178, 183, Ferrari, Gaspare Stanislao (1834–1903), 7–8, 10–14, 23, 35, 37, 46–47, 49–51, 196, 198, 200–203, 205–206, 215–217, 143, 267, 269, 270, 320, 346, 444–45, 65–66, 83, 88–89, 92, 98, 119, 123, 125, 220–221, 225, 225, 226, 227, 228–32, 447, 450 128, 130–31, 134–36, 141, 146, 148, 149, 237, 240, 242, 245, 247, 249, 253, Finlay, William Henry (1849–1924), 464 150–60, 162–65, 169–70, 175, 177–78, 256–58, 262–63, 265–66, 269, 273–74, Fitz, Henry (1808–1863), 409 180–83, 186–88, 196–99, 201–04, 206–10, 277, 279, 281–82, 284–88, 290–301, Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis 217–22, 225–27, 230–31, 235–238, 239, 303–07, 309–21, 323–24, 326–30, (1819–1896), 271 240–51, 253, 255–57, 259, 265, 267, 269, 332–37, 339–41, 344–45, 348, 350, 352, Flammarion, Nicolas Camille 272, 274, 276–80, 283–90, 292–93, 297, 354–56, 362–66, 369–73, 375, 377–78, (1842–1925), 17–18, 209, 515 301–02, 308–09, 312, 314–15, 318–21, 381, 384–88, 392–96, 399–403, 405–06, Flamsteed, John (1646–1719), 16, 18, 327, 330, 333–34, 342–48, 355–56, 412, 414, 421–24, 426, 428, 430–31, 25, 27–28, 31, 34, 50, 55–56, 152, 159, 363–65, 371–72, 375, 412–14, 423–25, 439–45, 447–48, 450, 452, 458–62, 427, 441, 447, 449–50 439–40, 442–43, 447–48, 450, 456, 458, 465–69, 471–74, 479, 481–83, 485, Fleming, Williamina Paton Stevens 472–74, 478, 480–81, 483, 493–95, 493–96, 504–08, 511, 515–17, 519, 521, (1857–1911), 23, 390 498–509, 514–17, 519, 521, 523–27, 531, 534–35, 538–39, 545, 549, 551, Foerster, Wilhelm Julius (1832–1921), 529–31, 534, 536, 544 554, 557, 559 161, 480 Davis, Helen, 15 Dreyer, John Tuthill (1876–?), 226 Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon Dawes, William Rutter (1799–1868), 122, Dreyer, Katherine Hannah (née Tuthill) (1819–1868), 110, 131, 205, 269, 271, 132–33, 379, 382, 540 (1858–1923), 226, 230 273–74, 377, 415, 417, 419, 501, 536 de Chéseaux, Jean Phillippe Loys Dumouchel, Étienne Stefano Franklin-Adams, John (1843–1912), 466 (1718–1751), 16–18, 28–29, 31, 167, (1773–1840), 141, 368 Franks, William Sadler (1851–1935), 396 221, 427, 447, 450, 459, 462, 464, 516 Dunér, Nils Christoffer (1839–1914), Fraunhofer, Joseph v. (1787–1826), 9, de Kerolyr, Marcel (1873–1969), 402 285, 292, 293, 320, 447, 450 67, 90, 99, 147, 149–50, 159, 162, 186, de la Rue, Warren (1815–1889), 125, Dunlop, James (1793–1848), 5, 8, 12, 56, 216–17, 268, 278, 328, 503 252, 417 61, 63, 71, 72, 72, 73–81, 83, 85–86, Frost, Royal Harwood (1879–1950), 462 Dembowski, Ercole (1812–1881), 359 128, 131, 176, 181–82, 186, 188, 212, Denning, William Frederick (1848–1931), 231–32, 260–61, 320, 397, 399, 403, Gale, Walter Frederick (1865–1945), 252, 277, 316, 398, 459–60, 462–63, 406, 444–45, 447, 450, 453, 456, 458, 462–63 519, 520, 541–42, 550 462, 464, 481, 483 Galilei, Galileo (1564–1642), 15, 18, 396 de Quincey, Thomas (1785–1859), 99 Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812–1910), 10, de Vaucouleurs, Gérard Henry Eddington, Arthur Stanley (1882–1944), 89, 145, 149 (1918–1995), 468 230 Gambey, Henri Prudence (1787–1847), de Vico, Francesco (1805–1848), 139–40, Edmondson, Neil, 102 135, 526 141, 142, 481, 498 Eichens, Friedrich Wilhelm (1820–1884), Gauß, Carl Friedrich (1777–1855), 63, Dewhirst, David (1926–), 192 274, 276, 419, 491, 536 144, 163, 324 Dien, Charles (1809–1870), 186 Ellery, Robert Lewis John (1827–1908), Gautier, Adolph Raoul (1854–1931), Dixon, Robert S., 468, 470 252, 415, 416, 418–19, 421, 445 241, 545 Doberck, August William (1852–1941), Ellison, William Frederick Archdall Gautier, Ferdinand Paul (1842–1909), 544 137, 138 (1864–1936), 229 Gaviola, Ramon Enrique (1900–1990), Döllen, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Encke, Johann Franz (1791–1865), 62, 72, 522 (1820–1897), 144 127, 144, 147–49, 169, 267, 294, 527 Gill, David (1843–1914), 310

Name index 623

Gingerich, Owen Jay (1930–), 18 168, 183, 186, 221, 262, 266, 292, 325, 258–61, 268, 271–73, 286–88, 290–91, Ginzel, Friedrich Karl (1850–1926), 474 407, 447–48, 450 293, 295–96, 298–99, 303, 305–06, Glaisher, James Whitbread Lee Harrington, Mark Walrod (1848–1926), 310–11, 314–15, 319, 321, 323–25, 329, (1848–1928), 541 195, 408, 408, 409, 447, 450, 456 333, 336–38, 341, 343, 346, 356, 359, Glenn, John Herschel (1921–), 52 Hartmann, Johannes Franz (1865–1936), 361, 363, 368, 371–73, 386, 391–92, Glyn Jones, Kenneth (1915–1995), 18 382 397, 402–03, 405, 407–09, 417, 420–22, Goldschmidt, Hermann (1802–1866), Hartwig, Carl Ernst Albrecht 436, 439–45, 447–50, 452–56, 458–60, 165, 173, 499, 526–27, 533, 536–37, (1851–1923), 332, 346, 365–66, 412, 462, 464, 473–85, 487–88, 490–91, 493, 542–43, 547, 551 413, 414–15, 447, 450 497–98, 501–03, 513–19, 521, 525–26, Gopčević, Spiridon; see Brenner, Leo Henderson, Thomas (1798–1844), 66, 528–29, 539 Gore, John Ellard (1845–1910), 15 181 Herschel, John Lt. (1837–1921), 250, Gothard, Eugen v. (1857–1909), 43, 402, Henkel, Frederick William (1869–1916), 517–18 403, 483, 492, 496–97 137 Hertel, Wilhelm (1837–1893), 144–45, Gottlieb, Steve (1949–), 471 Henry brothers (Paul Henry & Prosper 262–63, 381, 413, 511, 531 Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824–1896), Henry), 8, 86, 205, 438, 447, 450, 455, Hevelius, Johannes (1611–1687), 146 66, 325 543–50, 552 Hickson, Paul (1950–), 44 Graff, Kasimir Romuald (1878–1950), 466 Henry, Mathieu-Prosper (1849–1903), Hind, John Russell (1823–1895), 5, 9, Graham, Andrew (1815–1907), 138 438, 444, 450, 522, 542 13, 69, 88–89, 121, 122, 123–25, 138, Gravatt, William (1806–1866), 10 Henry, Paul-Pierre (1848–1905), 438, 154–56, 163–64, 166, 168, 183, 205–07, Gray, T., 103, 307 438, 444, 450, 522, 542 221, 236, 251, 268, 284–86, 447, 450, Groombridge, Stephen (1755–1832), 146 Herbig, George Howard (1920–), 512, 498–506, 508–11, 513–15, 519, 522–23, Grove-Hills, Rdmond Herbert 561 526, 528, 533 (1864–1922), 100 Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1750–1848), Hinks, Arthur Robert (1873–1945), Grover, Charles (1842–1921), 528–29 5, 8, 17, 19–23, 26, 28, 29–31, 34, 36, 466 Grubb, Howard (1844–1931), 280, 417 47, 50, 53, 55–56, 64–65, 77, 80, 166– Hipparch (-190– -125), 5, 16, 18, 28, 31, Grubb, Thomas (1801–1878), 100, 106, 68, 173, 179–80, 182, 186, 188, 217–19, 56, 441–42, 447, 450, 454 132–33, 137, 227–28, 299, 310, 313, 222, 439, 447, 450–51, 459, 466 Hodierna, Giovanni Battista (1597–1660), 380, 415, 417, 419 Herschel, Friedrich Wilhelm [William] 16–18, 28–29, 31, 56, 80–81, 167, 221, Güttler, Adalbert Max Ferdinand Adolf (1738–1822), 2, 5, 7, 8, 14, 17–30, 447, 449–50, 455, 459, 475 (1912–1964), 385 32–44, 46–52, 54, 56, 59–65, 68, Holcombe, Amasa (1787–1875), 94 Gundlach, Ernst (1834–1908), 340, 353 77–81, 83–85, 88–89, 92–93, 95–100, Holden, Edward Singleton (1846–1914), Gyulbudaghian, Armen L. (1948–), 522 104–06, 118–21, 127–31, 134–35, 139, 15, 190, 207, 211, 213, 294–95, 320, 141–42, 145, 148, 150–54, 156–57, 326, 346, 348, 359–60, 366, 368, 388, Hagen, Johann Georg (1847–1930), 8, 159–60, 164, 166–67, 169–70, 172–83, 390, 396, 403, 404, 405–06, 408–10, 12, 384–85, 427, 439, 465–66, 508, 186, 195, 198, 200–01, 204–06, 208–11, 442, 447–48, 450, 481–82, 509, 517, 510, 559 213, 216, 218–20, 222, 229, 233–37, 530, 538–39, 550 Hahn, Friedrich v. (1742–1805), 14, 239–40, 242, 245–50, 252–53, 255, Holetschek, Johann (1846–1923), 323, 41–43, 513 257–58, 260–61, 265, 268–69, 272–74, 466, 548 Hale, George Ellery (1868–1938), 131, 279–81, 283–84, 286–88, 291–92, 295, Holmberg, Eric Bertil (1908–2000), 44, 360, 553, 558 301–02, 306, 309–10, 314, 318–21, 423 Hall, Asaph (1829–1907), 126, 133, 370, 325–32, 338, 344–50, 353, 355–56, 362, Hooper, John R., 542 386, 409, 409, 410, 447, 450, 544 364, 367, 371–73, 375–77, 382, 385–87, Hoskin, Michael (1930–), 12, 15, 37, 80, Hall, Maxwell (1845–1920), 530–33, 392, 394, 399–400, 407–08, 411–12, 86, 192 535–39, 542, 545–46 417, 423, 425, 430, 434–37, 439–41, Hough, George Washington (1836–1909), Halley, Edmond (1656–1742), 16, 18, 443–50, 452–56, 458–62, 464–67, 332, 357, 359, 360, 361, 363, 365–67, 71–72, 79–80, 167, 338, 370, 447, 450, 471–73, 475–77, 481–84, 490–91, 498, 414, 447, 450, 533, 538–41, 547, 560 455, 459 500, 504, 510, 513–16, 519, 521–22, Howe, Herbert Alonzo (1858–1926), 216, Hamilton, James Archibald (1767–1815), 527, 551, 558–59 231, 350, 354, 432, 462–63 137 Herschel, John Frederick William Hubble, Edwin Powell (1889–1953), 40, Hamilton, William Rowan (1805–1865), (1792–1871), 2, 7–8, 21–22, 24, 118, 176, 402, 467, 512, 514 38, 106 26–29, 33, 43–44, 47–51, 52, 53–69, Huggins, Margaret Lindsay Murray Hansen, Peter Andreas (1794–1874), 71, 73–89, 94–97, 100, 104–08, 111, (1848–1915), 133, 450, 480 147 115–16, 118–19, 122, 124, 127, 130–33, Huggins, William (1824–1910), 11, 93, Hardcastle, Joseph Alfred (1868–1917), 139, 141–43, 150–60, 162, 164, 170, 112, 144, 159, 196, 221, 250, 305, 333, 229, 466 175–84, 186, 188–89, 192, 196–98, 368–69, 407, 450 Harding, Karl Ludwig (1765–1834), 5, 200–13, 216–23, 226, 229–31, 234–37, Humboldt, Friedrich Willhelm Heinrich 9, 29, 63, 63, 64, 66, 71, 97, 164, 166, 240–41, 247–48, 250, 252–53, 255, Alexander v. (1769–1859), 15, 18, 325

624 Name index

Hunt, George (1823–1896), 533, 540 Lacaille, Nicolas-Louis de (1713–1762), Littrow, Karl Ludwig v. (1811–1877), Hunter, Samuel, 101, 103, 112, 190–92, 5, 16, 18, 25, 70–71, 73, 75–77, 80, 166, 379, 411, 503, 528 195–96, 198, 201, 297–301, 303–04, 151, 181–82, 220–21, 446, 448, 450, Lockyer, Joseph Norman (1836–1920), 308, 346, 444–45, 447, 450, 462, 483, 464, 516 215 487, 490–91, 493, 516, 521 Lalande, Joseph-Jerome le Francois de Lohse, J. Gerhard (1851–1941), 6, 288, Huth, Johann Sigismund Gottfried (1732–1807), 55, 60, 68, 97, 122, 152, 311, 380, 393–94, 428, 429, 429, 430, (1763–1818), 66 154, 159, 170, 239, 441 441, 446, 448, 450, 459, 461 Huygens, Christiaan (1629–1695), 367, Lamont, Johann v. (1805–1879), 19, 88, Lohse, Wilhelm Oswald (1845–1915), 475 89, 89, 90–93, 95–97, 124, 151, 153, 278, 429 187, 222, 234, 260, 301, 407, 473–74, Loomis, Eben Jenks (1828–1912), 370 Ihle, Johann Abraham (1627–1699), 479, 481, 483, 508, 513–14 Loomis-Todd, Mabel (1856–1932), 370 15–16, 447, 450, 455, 459 Lamp, Ernst August (1850–1901), Lord Lindsay; see Lindsay, James Innes, Robert Thorburn Ayton 411–12, 414 Ludovic (1861–1933), 177, 462–63 Lampland, Carl Otto (1873–1951), 512 Lord Rosse; see Parsons, William Langley, Samuel Pierpont (1834–1906), Lowe, Thaddeus Sobieski Constantine Jahn, Gustav Adolph (1804–1857), 64, 6, 335, 335, 337, 446, 448 (1831–1913), 339 169, 439 Laplace, Pierre-Simon de (1749–1827), Lowell, Percival (1855–1916), 370 Javelle, Stéphane (1864–1917), 160, 183, 105, 118, 485 Lundmark, Knut Emil (1889–1958), 467 203, 348, 371–73, 460, 462 Larkin, Edgar Lucien (1847–1924), 340 Lunt, Joseph (1866–1940), 462–63 Jeans, James Hopwood (1877–1946), 230 Lassell, Caroline, 133, 211, 450, 481 Luther, Eduard (1816–1887), 147–48, Jeaurat, Edme-Sébastien (1724–1803), Lassell, William (1799–1880), 9, 12, 30, 180, 182 525, 543–44 34, 88, 106, 118–19, 125, 131, 132, Jünger, Emil, 149, 292 133–35, 146, 156–58, 183, 188, 207, MacGeorge, E. Farie, 415, 416, 418–19, 211–17, 221–22, 239, 245, 248, 251–55, 518 Kahler, William, 404 259, 274, 308, 320, 333, 363, 368, 385, Maclear, George William Herschel Kaiser, Frederick (1808–1872), 97, 496 407, 417, 446, 450–51, 477–79, 481, (1836–1895), 52 Kammermann, Arthur (1861–1897), 483, 491–95, 497, 501–02, 508, 517–19 Maclear, Thomas (1794–1879), 38, 52 545 Lauberts, Andris (1942–), 467–68 MacMahon, Percy Alexander Keeler, James Edward (1857–1900), 43, Laugier, Paul August (1812–1872), 10, (1854–1929), 427 117, 208, 382, 389, 404, 427, 479–81, 88, 134, 135–36, 150–52, 181, 187, 222, Mädler, Johann Heinrich v. (1794–1874), 507, 510–12, 543, 560 235–37, 260, 439, 473–74 61, 66, 93, 333, 514 Kellner, Carl (1826–1855), 162, 538, 540 Leavenworth, Francis Preserved Magakian, Tigran Yuri (1953–), 522 Kempf, Paul Friedrich Ferdinand (1858–1928), 47, 337, 346, 387–88, Magellan, Fernando de (1480–1521), (1856–1920), 474 400, 410, 431–35, 442–43, 445–46, 15–16, 445 Key, Henry Cooper (1819–1879), 118–19, 450, 464 Mahler, Eduard (1857–1945), 465 215, 528 Leavitt, Henrietta Swan (1868–1921), Mairan, Jean Jacques d’Ortous de Kirch, Gottfried (1639–1710), 16, 125, 390 (1678–1771), 16, 28, 446, 450, 459, 167, 444, 446, 450, 459, 475, 516 Lee, John (1783–1866), 120 475 Kirch, Maria Margaretha (1670–1720), Lefèbvre, Pierre (1726–1806), 251 Mallas, John H. (1927–1975), 146 444, 450 Legentil, Guillaume Hyazinthe Maraldi, Jean-Dominique (1709–1788), Klein, Hermann Joseph (1844–1914), 173 (1725–1792), 16, 18, 68, 125, 167, 186, 16, 68, 168, 186, 446, 450 Klinkerfuess, Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm 446, 450, 459, 513, 516 Marius, Simon (1573–1624), 15–16, 452, (1827–1884), 310, 429 Lehner, Georg (1873 –1947), 385 455 Knobel, Edward Ball (1841–1930), 121, Lerebours, Noël-Jean (1761–1840), 135 Markarian, Beniamin Egishevich 407, 545 Le Sueur, Adolphus Albert (1849–1906), (1913–1985), 430 Knott, George (1835–1894), 122, 288, 415, 416–21, 518 Markham, H. C., 409 380–81, 503, 536 Leverrier, Urban Jean Joseph Marth, Albert (1828–1897), 8, 47, 122, Kobold, Hermann Albert (1858–1942), (1811–1877), 122, 134, 149, 171, 211, 127, 133–34, 137, 166, 169, 174, 177, 145, 237, 272, 312, 387–88, 459–60 237, 269–71, 368, 491, 498–99, 501, 179, 181, 212–13, 217, 231, 244–47, Koehler, Johann Gottfried (1745–1801), 526, 536 250, 251, 251, 252–59, 267, 269, 16, 18, 167, 446, 450, 459 Lewis, Thomas (1856–1927), 555 271–72, 274, 276, 280, 283–84, 289–90, Kövesligethy, Radó v. (1862–1934), 415 Lick, James (1796–1876), 404 301–02, 309, 318–21, 326, 329–30, 346, Kohoutek, Lubos (1935–1951), 242 Lindsay, James Ludovic [Lord Lindsay] 363–64, 366, 373, 375, 377, 387–88, Kopff, August Adalbert (1882–1960), 33 (1847–1913), 226, 228, 310–11, 321, 391–92, 397, 400, 405, 411–12, 423–24, Krüger, Karl Nikolaus Adalbert 380–81, 392, 394, 429–30, 536 434, 436–37, 440, 443–46, 448, 450, (1832–1896), 161–64, 174, 226, 526, Littrow, Joseph Johann v. (1771–1840), 455–58, 460, 464 543 119, 379 Martin, A., 274, 491, 536

Name index 625

Martins, Carl Otto Albrecht (1816–1871), Mouchez, Amédée Ernest Barthélémy 38, 40, 43, 50, 87, 98, 98, 99, 100, 226, 240, 278 (1821–1892), 438, 543 101–18, 131–35, 142, 157, 159–60, 179, Maskelyne, Nevil (1732–1811), 182, 184, Müller, Carl Hermann Gustav 183, 188–90, 192, 194–99, 201, 206, 186 (1851–1925), 381, 413 208, 211, 216–18, 220–22, 230–31, Mason, Ebenezer Porter (1819–1840), Muller, Frank (1862–1917), 337, 346, 234–35, 241–42, 248–49, 265, 295, 27, 88, 94, 95–96, 217, 222, 407, 476, 425, 431, 432, 433–34, 436, 443, 446, 297–301, 303, 305–07, 312, 317, 330, 479, 481 450, 457, 464 333–34, 338, 368, 385, 389, 409, 417, Massinger, Adam (1888–1914), 467 430, 444, 446, 450–51, 472–73, 475–83, Matthews, W., 528 Nasmyth, James (1808–1890), 118, 132, 485–97, 506, 521, 527, 531, 534, 539 Maury, Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira 217 Paturel, Georges (1946–), 469 (1866–1952), 390 Newall, Robert Sterling (1812–1888), 10, Payne, William Wallace (1837–1928), 552 Mauvais, Félix Victor (1809–1854), 252, 368, 370, 531, 541, 546, 555 Pease, Francis Gladheim (1881–1938), 133 Newcomb, Simon (1835–1909), 147, 227, 382, 512–13 Mayall, Margaret Walton (1902–1995), 370, 396, 404, 409, 431 Pechüle, Carl Frederick (1843–1914), 382, 527 Newton, Isaac (1643–1727), 14, 62, 109, 267–68, 276–77, 285, 293, 294, 320, McCance, James Law (1856–1903), 535, 118, 230, 235 383–84, 446, 448, 450, 461, 463 537 Nichol, John Pringle (1804–1859), 87, Peirce, Benjamin (1809–1880), 335 McClean, Frank (1837–1904), 380 105–06, 111, 115–16, 118, 484, 486–89 Peirce, Charles Sanders (1839–1914), 6, McCormick, Leander James Nilson, Peter (1937–1998), 467–68 62, 119, 335–37, 446 (1819–1900), 431 Nobel, William (1828–1904), 38 Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de McFarland, John (1948–), 486 (1580–1637), 16, 18, 444–46, 450, 455, McNeil, Jay (1971–), 522 O’Connor, Edward Dominic 459, 516 Méchain, Pierre Francois Andre (1874–1954), 385 Perek, Lubos (1919–), 242 (1744–1804), 16–18, 28, 31, 44–45, Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Perrine, Charles Dillon (1867–1951), 389, 55–56, 64–65, 68, 79–80, 121, 151, (1758–1840), 61–62, 70–71, 73, 186, 427, 510–11 167, 181–82, 186, 221, 441, 445–46, 476 Perrotin, Henri Joseph Athanase 449–50, 455, 484 Olmstedt, Denison (1791–1859), 94 (1845–1904), 544 Merecki, Franciszek Romuald Pawel Olufsen, Christian Friis Rottbøl Peters, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1922), 474 (1802–1855), 149 (1822–1894), 324 Merz, Georg (1793–1867), 66, 90, Oppenheim, Samuel (1857–1928), 410, Peters, Christian August Friedrich 144–45, 150, 161, 169, 179, 217, 242, 411, 412–13, 444–46, 450 (1806–1880), 251, 324, 523, 527, 529 269, 274, 282, 285, 381, 430, 465 Oppolzer, Theodor v. (1841–1886), 285, Peters, Christian Heinrich Friedrich Messier, Charles-Joseph (1730–1817), 474 (1813–1890), 9, 64, 66, 122, 138, 164, 2–3, 7, 14–18, 24, 26–29, 31, 35, 45, Oriani, Barnaba (1752–1832), 16, 18, 28, 172–73, 183, 186, 272, 283–84, 320, 53–56, 60, 64, 71, 77–80, 104, 119–20, 31, 446, 450 323, 324, 324, 325–27, 332, 338, 372, 134–35, 146, 151, 154, 164, 166–67, Oudemans, Jean Abraham Chrétien 435–36, 446, 450, 461 169, 179, 181–82, 186, 211, 219–21, (1827–1906), 542 Petersen, Adolph Cornelius (1804–1854), 235, 296–97, 325, 382, 408, 441–42, 124, 141, 174, 182, 186, 279–80 445–46, 449–50, 455, 462, 464, 475, Palisa, Johann (1848–1925), 260, 325, Petrosyan, Vahé M. (1938–), 522 477, 481–82, 488, 516 346, 372, 410, 411, 412–14, 446, 450, Pfaff, Johann Wilhelm Andreas Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight 452, 544 (1774–1835), 50, 179–81 (1809–1862), 360 Pannekoek, Antonie (1873–1960), 175 Piazzi, Giuseppe (1746–1826), 55, 69–71, Mitchell, Maria (1818–1889), 94 Pape, Carl-Ferdinand (1834–1862), 144, 119, 121, 157–59 Mitchell, R. J., 46–47, 101, 103, 190–92, 523, 526, 529 Picard, Jean (1620–1682), 367 196, 198–203, 221, 287–89, 295, Parish, John (1774–1858), 166, 169 Pickering, Edward Charles (1846–1919), 297–98, 300–04, 307, 314, 317–18, Parsamyan, Elma S. (1929–), 522 8, 11, 131, 266, 323, 333, 335–37, 389, 320–21, 332, 345–46, 364, 373, 385, Parsons, Charles Algernon (1854–1931), 390, 391–95, 444–46, 450, 542–44 435, 443–44, 446, 448, 450, 456, 462, 99, 101, 103, 303 Pickering, William Henry (1858–1938), 464, 479, 483, 519, 521 Parsons, Lawrence (1840–1908), 9, 46, 390, 396, 492, 559 Mitchell, William (1791–1869), 94, 111 98–99, 101, 103, 112, 157, 160, 170, Pigott, Edward Charles (1753–1825), Möbius, August Ferdinand (1790–1868), 190, 192, 201–03, 226, 230–31, 244–45, 15–16, 167, 444, 446, 450 149, 169 250, 252, 288–89, 295–301, 303–305, Pistor, Carl Phillip Heinrich (1778–1847), Møller, Didrik Magnus Axel (1830–1896), 306, 307, 308–11, 313–15, 318–20, 338, 226, 240, 278 292 446, 450, 485, 494, 496, 504, 528, 531, Plössl, Georg Simon (1794–1868), 175, Mönnichmeyer, Carl (1860–1942), 474 534, 547 178, 235, 529–30 Moore, Patrick Alfred (1923–), 2, 8, 102, Parsons, William [Lord Rosse] Pogson, Norman Robert (1829–1891), 227, 317 (1800–1867), 7, 9, 12–13, 16, 34, 36, 122, 148, 234, 384

626 Name index

Porro, Ignazio (1801–1875), 10, 252, Sabine, Edward (1788–1883), 100, 106, Schwassmann, Friedrich Carl Arnold 368–69 211 (1870–1964), 271–72 Porter, Jermain Gildersleve (1852–1933), Sadler, Herbert (1856–1898), 121, 517 Schweizer, Kaspar Gottfried 66, 344, 465, 474 Safford, Truman Henry (1836–1901), (1816–1873), 232, 233, 319–20, 447–48 Powell, Eyre Burton (1819–1904), 518 125–27, 129, 131, 160, 188, 203–04, Searle, Arthur (1837–1920), 335–36, 390 Pratt, Henry (1839–1891), 538–39 221, 244, 246, 255–57, 267, 272, 274, Searle, George Mary (1839–1918), 6, 249, Preuß, Ernst Wilhelm (1796–1839), 67 280, 283–84, 332, 346, 357, 358, 359, 335, 336, 337, 355, 447, 450 Pritchard, Charles (1808–1893), 261, 361–64, 366, 375, 403, 440, 442, 444, Secchi, Pietro Angelo (1818–1878), 43, 549–50 447–48, 450, 462, 464 88, 108, 119, 139, 140, 141–44, 150, Proctor, Richard Anthony (1837–1888), Sampson, Ralph Allen (1866–1939), 226, 176, 182, 186, 208, 216–17, 222, 234, 30, 109, 223, 248, 466, 517–18 229 269, 320, 333–34, 368, 394, 397, 400, Ptolemy, Claudius (87–165), 16, 18, 444, Sandage, Allan Rex (1926–), 468 445, 477–78, 483, 493, 501, 534, 536 447, 450, 456 Sawyer-Hogg, Helen Battles Sécretan, Marc François Louis Purser, John (1835–1903), 103, 307 (1905–1993), 18 (1804–1867), 422 Schaeberle, Johann Martin (1853–1924), Shapley, Harlow (1885–1972), 15, 385, Quincy, Josiah (1772–1864), 127, 162 117, 404, 407–10, 550 467–68 Scheiner, Julius (1858–1913), 43, 401 Sheepshanks, Richard (1794–1855), 106, Ramage, John (1784–1835), 9–10, 94, 99, Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio 120, 305 104, 106, 368 (1835–1910) , 171, 496, 527, 529–30, Sievers, Johann Joachim (1805–1882), 187 Rambaut, Arthur Allcock (1859–1923), 533, 538–39, 544, 547 Simms, William jr. (1817–1907), 394 102 Schjellerup, Hans Carl Frederik Chris- Simon, Charles Marie Etienne Theophile Rambaut, William Hautenville tian (1827–1887), 149, 159, 225, 239, (1825–1880), 270 (1822–1911), 101, 102, 112, 116–17, 294, 500, 523 Sinnott, Roger W. (1944–), 469–70 190, 229, 298, 486, 488–89, 491, 493 Schmidt, Johann Friedrich Julius Skinner, Aaron Nichols (1845–1918), Ramsden, Jesse (1735–1800), 69 (1825–1884), 8, 10, 40, 68, 70, 75–76, 332, 346, 357–58, 361–63, 365–66, Rayet, Georges Antoine Pons 81, 148, 157, 161–162, 164, 174, 174, 444–45, 447, 450, 464 (1839–1906), 542–43 175–179, 183, 208, 221–222, 234–237, Slipher, Vesto Melvin (1875–1969), 560 Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich 256, 258–61, 285, 290, 319–20, 330, Smith, Hamilton Landphere (1771–1826), 64–65, 67, 96, 187, 310 381, 392, 430, 439, 447, 450, 474, 493, (1819–1903), 94, 407 Reiland, Tom, 560 501, 514, 519, 522, 524–25, 536 Smyth, Charles Piazzi (1819–1900), 100, Reinfelder, Gottlieb (1836–1898), Schönfeld, Eduard (1828–1891), 1, 8, 10, 106, 119–20, 133, 282, 312, 476–77 144–45, 262–63, 381, 413, 511, 531 46, 51, 88, 93, 127–29, 131, 134, 151, Smyth, William Henry (1788–1865), Reinmuth, Karl Wilhelm (1892–1979), 155–56, 161, 161, 162–64, 166–67, 15, 38, 43, 51, 53, 65, 119, 120, 121, 292, 312, 329, 430, 467, 511–12 174, 178, 183, 199–200, 204, 221–22, 157–58, 379, 382–83, 475–76, 479, 481, Repsold, Johann Adolf (1838–1919), 226, 230–31, 233–38, 240, 259–60, 279, 483–85, 493 144–45, 147, 262, 268, 282, 285, 292, 285, 288, 290–92, 319–20, 334, 344, Soldner, Johann Georg v. (1776–1833), 89 358, 543, 552 371, 439, 442, 447, 450–51, 473–74, Sonneborn, George, 468, 470 Ritchey, George Willis (1864–1945), 9, 493–94, 499–500, 503, 506, 514–15, South, James (1785–1867), 57, 66, 67, 389, 419 519, 524–25, 527–28, 536 106, 107, 109, 110, 123, 205, 305, 359, Roberts, Isaac (1829–1904), 15, 103, Schorr, Richard Reinhard Emil 368, 483, 484–88, 491 116, 342, 356, 462, 479, 507–08, 510, (1867–1951), 268 Spencer, Charles Achilles (1813–1881), 545–46, 548, 550, 553, 554–56, 558–59 Schrader, Johann Gottlieb Friedrich 325–26 Robinson, Thomas Romney (1792–1882), (1763–1832), 41 Spitaler, Rudolf Ferdinand (1859–1946), 98, 102, 105, 106, 107–118, 132–133, Schröder, Heinrich Ludwig Hugo 43–44, 62, 323, 405, 459–60, 462–63, 137, 215, 226–229, 368, 417, 419, 483, (1834–1902), 278, 413 474, 483, 521, 527, 544–45, 547–48 484–87, 490–91 Schroeter, Johann Hyronimus Steinheil, Hugo Adolph (1832–1893), Rondoni, Francesco, 141–42 (1745–1816), 41, 63, 174, 251, 407 161, 163, 171–72, 236, 278, 285–86, Rümker, Christian Ludwig Carl [Charles] Schultz, Per Magnus Herman 292, 503, 523, 529, 542, 558 (1788–1862), 72–73, 174, 182, 184, (1823–1890), 8, 10, 26, 43, 51, 83, 146, Steinheil, Karl August (1801–1870), 514 186, 252, 267 151, 158, 194, 202–03, 225–26, 230–31, Stephan, Jean Marie Edouard Rümker, George Friedrich Wilhelm 236–37, 240, 245, 260, 266, 279, 285, (1837–1923), 8, 11, 13, 47, 231, 246, (1832–1900), 10, 51, 72, 182, 184, 230, 285, 286, 288–93, 295, 301–02, 308–09, 250, 256–57, 267, 269, 271, 272, 273, 237, 240, 242, 260, 267, 268, 279, 288, 320–21, 334, 344, 373, 430, 439, 274–77, 281, 302, 312–14, 318–21, 291, 293–94, 320, 439, 447–48, 474, 493 441–42, 447–50, 473–74, 494 323, 326, 332, 343, 346, 350, 354–55, Russell, Henry Chamberlain Schumacher, Heinrich Christian 362–64, 371–78, 381–82, 401, 405–06, (1836–1907), 299 (1780–1850), 70–71, 96, 123, 166, 423, 434–36, 440, 443–45, 447–48, 450, Russell, Henry Norris (1877–1957), 428 182 456, 458, 474, 530

Name index 627

Stephenson, Charles Bruce (1929–2001), 270–74, 277, 284, 288–89, 301–02, 304, 126, 127–31, 145–46, 162–63, 171, 183, 383 325, 328, 332–33, 337, 338, 338, 339, 204, 221, 238, 295, 320, 338, 409, 445, Stewart, Delisle (1870–1941), 177, 431, 340–341, 342, 343–58, 362–64, 366–67, 514, 520 462 371–72, 375, 377, 382, 385, 387–88, Stock, Jürgen (1923–2004), 383 395–99, 401, 403, 405–06, 411–12, 414, Unkhrechtsberg, Eduard v. (1790–1870), Stokes, George Gabriel (1819–1903), 106, 424, 429, 434–37, 440, 442–45, 447–50, 174 211, 308 452–53, 455, 458, 460–62, 464–65, 479, Stone, Edward James (1831–1897), 333, 517, 519, 521, 533, 539–40, 542 Valentiner, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich 386, 541 Johann (1845–1931), 503 Stone, John, 77 Tacchini, Pietro (1839–1905), 269 Valz, Jean Elix Benjamin (1787–1867), Stone, Ormond (1847–1933), 314, 326, Talmage, Charles George (1840–1886), 171, 206, 523 343, 346, 357, 375–76, 387, 400, 431, 122, 502 van den Bergh, Sidney (1929–), 512 431, 432–37, 440, 443, 445, 447–48, Tammann, Gustav Andreas (1932–), 468 Vespucci, Amerigo (1451–1512), 5, 450, 459, 464, 474 Tebbutt, John (1834–1916), 518 15–16, 80, 444, 447, 450, 455 Stoney, Bindon Blood (1829–1909), Tempel, Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Vogel, Eduard (1829–1856), 122, 251 47, 101, 102, 103, 112, 190–92, 195, (1821–1889), 5, 8, 12–13, 35, 47, 51, 58, Vogel, Hermann Carl (1841–1907), 10, 198–201, 221, 256, 258, 266–67, 280, 88, 112, 117, 126, 139, 158, 163, 169–70, 19, 43, 150–51, 213, 226, 230–31, 237, 289, 295, 297–98, 300–04, 308, 318, 171, 171, 172–74, 183, 206, 215, 221, 240, 251–52, 258, 260, 277, 278, 278, 320–21, 353, 373, 385, 408–09, 423–25, 225, 231, 240, 242, 246–47, 260, 262–67, 279–81, 311, 371, 381, 385, 394, 439, 444, 447, 450, 453, 462, 464, 487 270, 276–77, 289, 293, 301–02, 314–15, 473–74, 483, 493, 496–97, 503, 516, Stoney, George Johnstone (1826–1911), 318–20, 323, 326–34, 337, 340–41, 519, 531 45, 101, 102, 102, 103, 110, 112, 343–44, 346, 360, 362–66, 371–73, 375, Voigt, Auguste (1828–1909), 255, 269–72, 114–15, 118–19, 190–91, 195–96, 377, 383, 387–88, 391–92, 396–97, 399, 274, 284, 320, 326–27, 344, 346, 198–201, 221, 237–38, 249, 285, 287, 401, 410, 414, 429, 434–36, 440, 443, 363–64, 375, 444, 447–48, 450, 464 295, 298–99, 302–03, 307, 317, 320–21, 447–48, 450, 453, 456, 458–59, 461, Voigtländer, Johann Christoph 356, 373, 422, 444, 447–48, 450, 456, 464, 472, 477–80, 483, 491, 493–98, 503, (1732–1797), 558–59 487 505–15, 521, 523–31, 533–43, 545, 548, Vorontsov-Velyaminov, Boris Stratonov, Vsevolod Viktorovich 554, 560 Alexandrowitch (1904–1994), 44, 301, (1869–1938), 536, 552, 555, 560 Terby, François Joseph Charles 351, 384, 467–68 Strohmeier, Wolfgang Paul (1913–2004), (1846–1911), 542 385 Thiele, Thorvald Nicolai (1838–1910), 150 Ward, Isaac William (1833–1905), 415 Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm v. Thollon, Louis (1829–1887), 544 Warner, Hulbert Harrington (1793–1864), 10, 12, 38, 53–56, 58, Thome, John Macon (1843–1908), 464 (1842–1923), 338 63, 66, 67, 68–69, 88, 90, 119, 121, Thomson, Malcolm (1933–), 192, 471 Waters, Sidney (1853–1896), 223, 466 143–45, 164, 166–67, 181, 183, 186, Thormann, Friedrich (1831–1882), 162, Watson, James Craig (1838–1880), 325, 221, 232, 281–82, 338, 359, 368, 381, 174 338, 404, 408 447, 450 Thury, Marc (1822–1905), 545 Watson, William (1744–1825), 19 Struve, Gustav Wilhelm Ludwig Tifft, William (1932–), 313, 469 Webb, Thomas William (1806–1885), 18, (1858–1920), 282 Tisserand, François Félix (1845–1896), 46, 118–19, 142, 215, 323, 359, 376, Struve, Karl Hermann (1854–1920), 422 378, 379, 380–83, 462, 464, 466, 503, 282, 543 Tobin, William (1953–), 115, 271 527–29, 533, 560 Struve, Otto Ludwig (1897–1963), 282 Todd, David Peck (1855–1939), 247, 326, Weinek, Ladislaus (1848–1913), 474 Struve, Otto Wilhelm v. (1819–1905), 369, 370, 371–73, 375, 409, 447, 450, Weiss, Edmund (1837–1917), 411–12, 51, 106, 112, 132, 144, 177, 195, 211, 464, 481 544 213–15, 222, 231, 234, 244, 246, 248, Troughton, Edward (1753–1835), 72 Weisse, Maximilian v. (1798–1863), 187 253, 262, 281, 282, 283–84, 288, Trouvelot, Etienne Leopold (1827–1895), Wendell, Oliver Clinton (1850–1912), 6, 319–20, 326, 338, 359, 363–64, 367, 27, 143, 319, 336, 407, 462, 464, 540 336, 390, 399 447–48, 450, 490, 500, 502–11, 526, Trümpler, Robert Julius (1886–1956), Whewell, William (1794–1866), 105 529, 543–45 383, 406, 560 Widt, Seweryn (1862–1912), 492–93, 497 Sulentic, Jack William (1947–), 313, 469 Tully [Tulley], Charles (1761–1830), Wigglesworth, James (1815–1889), 6, Svanberg, Gustav (1802–1882), 285 378 429, 441 Swift, Edward D. T. (1871–1945), 338, Turner, Herbert Hall (1861–1930), 229 Wilsing, Johannes Moritz Daniel 339–40, 346–50, 353, 356–58, 444–45, Turner, Joseph (1825–1883), 415, 416, (1856–1905), 152, 382 447–48, 450, 455, 464 416, 418–21, 483 Wilson, Herbert Couper (1858–1940), Swift, Lewis A. (1820–1913), 5, 8, 55, 62, Tuttle, Charles Wesley (1829–1881), 432, 536, 551–52, 555–57, 559 66, 95, 126, 128, 131, 173, 183, 201, 126–27 Winlock, Joseph (1826–1875), 6, 119, 242, 249, 255–56, 261–62, 264, 266, Tuttle, Horace Parnell (1837–1923), 125, 335, 336, 336, 337, 390, 447, 450

628 Name index

Winnecke, Friedrich August Theodor Wolf, Charles Joseph Etienne (1827–1918), Wray, William (1829–1885), 10 (1835–1897), 8, 17, 51, 63, 65–66, 88, 109, 419, 491, 493, 525, 527, 530, 97, 127, 129–30, 144, 144, 145–48, 533–39, 543, 545, 547–48 Young, Charles Augustus (1834–1908), 161, 163, 172–73, 178–80, 183, 206, Wolf, Johann Rudolf (1816–1893), 18 43, 359, 427, 428, 447, 450, 461 215, 221, 231, 261–64, 266–67, Wolf, Maximilian Franz Josef Cornelius 276–77, 282, 284, 286, 293, 320, 323, (1863–1932), 3, 23, 33, 249, 342, 385, Zach, Franz Xaver v. (1754–1832), 70 340–41, 381, 413, 447–48, 450–51, 397, 400–02, 411, 427, 462, 467, 511, Zeiss, Carl Friedrich (1816–1888), 557 455, 459, 461, 465, 493, 500, 502–04, 551, 557–58, 560 Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich 519, 526, 536 Wollaston, Francis (1731–1815), 25, 42, (1834–1882), 278 Wirtz, Carl Wilhelm (1876–1939), 145, 49, 220–21 Zwicky, Fritz (1898–1974), 14, 46–47, 465–66, 511 Woods, Thomas (1815–1905), 100 247, 384, 467–68 With, George Henry (1827–1904), 379, Worthington, Arthur Mason 528, 538 (1852–1916), 384

Site index

Here all sites or observatories mentioned in the text are given (see also the section ‘Telescope data’ above). A bold page number refers to a figure.

Aberdeen, 10 Bordeaux, 542 Dunsink, 12, 102, 152, 226, 228, 296, Albany, 66, 325, 335, 360 Bothkamp, 278 299, 305–06, 310, 323, 381 Altona, 124, 141, 166, 174, 182, 279, Breslau, 165 Durham, 212, 252, 267 523, 525 Brighton, 538 Amherst, 369–70 Bristol, 520, 541 Ealing, 386, 389, 418, 535 Ann Arbor, 117, 325, 408–09 Echo Mountain (Mt Lowe), 339–40, Arcetri, 112, 139, 171–73, 215, 263, 319, Cambridge (MA), 13, 124, 325, 336, 389, 460, 462 327, 335, 365, 371, 410, 443, 458, 481, 409 Edinburgh, 120, 228, 312, 392, 403, 429 491, 493–95, 505, 523, 529 Cambridge (UK), 105, 121, 138, 305, Evanston, 360 Arequipa, 17, 23, 29, 177, 390, 452, 462, 415, 487, 498, 502 466, 555 Cambridgeport, 361 Feldhausen, 7, 38, 71–72, 77–78, 80, 85, Armagh, 12, 98, 102, 105, 132, 137, 196, Cape of Good Hope, 7, 38, 54, 62–63, 73, 105, 415, 443, 452, 458, 474 215, 226–29, 292, 305, 323, 384, 396, 77, 83, 105, 133, 459 Flagstaff, 370, 512, 560 417, 430, 441, 459, 466, 474, 486, 488, Castelgandolfo, 465, 510, 559 Flagstaff Hill, 415, 417 491, 493, 515, 517, 519 Charlottesville, 13, 431–32, 458, 474 Athens, 68, 76, 81, 148, 157, 164–65, Chicago, 13, 121, 274, 342, 357, 361, 363, Gateshead, 10, 252, 368, 531, 541 174–75, 178, 235–36, 259–60, 330, 381, 365, 375, 394, 396, 404, 538, 540 Genva, 545 392, 430, 474, 501, 524 Cincinnati, 66, 344, 360, 431–32, 465, Georgetown, 140–41, 336, 508, 510 Aylesbury, 120 474 Glasgow, 87, 105, 111, 484, 488 Clapham, 528 Gorleston, 528 Bamberg, 413 Clay Hall (Old Windsor), 19–20, 26–27, Gotha, 147, 186 Bangalore, 518 30–31, 41, 169, 458 Göttingen, 63–65, 88, 144–47, 178–80, Bath, 18, 38, 104 Clinton, 138, 165, 325 310, 324, 413, 429, 499, 502, 526–27 Bedford, 119–21, 159, 493 Copenhagen, 119, 146, 148–49, 156, Greenwich, 6, 10, 99, 121, 133, 146, 184, Berlin, 10, 42, 64, 88–89, 122, 144–48, 159–60, 163, 170, 184, 188, 196, 199, 217, 222, 227, 242, 252, 306, 415, 441, 169–70, 180, 267, 493, 514 206–08, 225–27, 229–31, 235–42, 245, 465, 502 Bermerside, 388 248, 250, 269, 276, 279, 285, 288, 294, Gunzenhausen, 452 Birkdale, 384 322, 443, 458, 474, 493, 496, 500–01, Birr Castle (Parsonstown), 7–8, 12–13, 504, 517, 523–25, 527 Halensee, 401 46–47, 98–100, 102–03, 105–07, Crowborough, 507, 553 Hamburg, 72, 174, 182, 260, 267–68, 285, 109–12, 116–17, 119, 132, 139, 157, Crumpsall Hall, 384 293–94, 466, 474, 524 159, 161, 170–71, 188–90, 192, 195, Cuckfield, 380, 503, 536 Hanover, 359, 427 198–203, 218–20, 222, 225–26, 230–31, Hardwicke, 378–79, 527 237, 242, 249, 252, 256, 279, 286–87, Datchet, 19–23, 26–31, 35, 41, 46, 48, Harvard, 6, 27, 29, 66, 88, 111, 119, 291, 295–98, 301, 303–04, 306–08, 310, 104, 286, 452, 458, 462, 484 124–28, 131–33, 162, 188, 195, 204, 312–13, 315, 317–19, 322–23, 334, 345, Denver, 216, 231, 338, 354, 452, 462 215, 231–32, 319, 335–37, 357, 389–90, 353, 356, 368, 373, 381, 385, 409, 418, Dobb’s Ferry, 409 392, 394, 399, 403, 407, 409, 431, 444, 424, 441, 443–44, 452, 458, 462, 464, Dorpat (Tartu), 10, 66–67, 90, 93, 145, 466–67, 490, 555, 557 481–85, 487–88, 490–91, 493–96, 504, 216, 262, 282, 367–68, 413–14 Haverford, 432 515, 517, 519, 521, 528, 530–31, 536, Dresden, 232, 473–74, 506 Hawaii, 561 538, 547 Düsseldorf, 174, 524 Heidelberg, 23, 33, 236, 271, 292, 370, Bonn, 65, 88, 144, 161–66, 174–75, Dun Echt (Dunecht), 226, 228, 310–11, 400, 411, 427, 452, 462, 511 235–37, 279, 474, 503, 506, 524 313, 321, 380, 392–95, 428–30, 474, 504 Hereford, 528

629

630 Site index

Herény, 43, 403, 492, 496 Minneapolis, 410, 432 Scarborough, 393, 428–29, 460 Hobart, 517 Modena, 96 Senftenberg (Žamberk), 166, 169 Hongkong, 137 Moscow, 232–33 Slough, 7, 19–20, 22–23, 26–29, 31–32, Hopefield, 540 Mt Hamilton, 339, 342, 359–61, 366–67, 35, 41, 46, 48, 50–55, 57, 59–60, 63, 369, 388–89, 396, 401, 404, 408, 452, 66, 69, 77–78, 80–81, 104–05, 180, Jamaica, 530, 538, 546 554 287, 310, 403, 443, 449, 458, 474, 484, Mt Palomar, 131 493 Karlsruhe, 144, 236, 261–64, 341 Mt Stromlo, 416, 419, 421 Southport, 384 Kensington, 106 Mt Wilson, 9, 131, 170, 339, 382, 389, Southwick, 94 Kiel, 226, 412 396, 467–68, 512–13, 559 St Petersburg (Pulkovo), 66, 282, 504 Königsberg, 68, 147–48, 158, 164, 178, Mughull, 545 Stoneyhurst, 140, 385 180, 182, 186–87, 232, 251, 260, 474, Munich, 88–90, 95, 151, 413, 474 Straßburg, 144–45, 237, 261–64, 312, 500, 502 365, 381, 388, 412–14, 460, 465–66, Krakau, 187 Naples, 65–66, 69, 123, 137, 324–25 470, 503, 511 Nashville, 338, 341, 395–97, 401, 459, Stretton Sugwas, 118–19, 528 Leiden, 97, 175, 496 526, 540 Sunderland, 540 Leipzig, 65–66, 88, 123, 148–50, 152, New Haven, 94 Sydney, 73, 299 154–57, 159, 169, 180, 207–08, 210, Nice, 437, 452, 460, 462, 544 217, 235–36, 240, 243, 259–60, 277–78, Northfield, 551 Taschkent, 552, 555 280, 371, 408, 413, 474, 493, 498, 503, Tenerife, 133 506, 514, 528, 531 Odessa, 262, 341 Teramo, 429, 460 Leuven, 542 Olmütz, 161, 174, 524 Toulouse, 43, 437 Lilienthal, 63 Oxford, 121, 229–30, 549–50 Tulse Hill, 368 Liverpool, 131–34, 213, 216, 368, 508 Twickenham, 122–23, 502 London (Bishop’s Obs.), 88, 121–23, 138, Palermo, 69–70, 119 206, 251, 498 Paramatta, 63, 71–73, 77, 81, 231, 267, Uppsala (Upsala), 13, 158, 202, 231, Lund, 292–93, 467 415, 452, 458, 464 237, 260, 281, 285, 291–93, 449, 452, Paris, 10, 33, 43, 88, 122, 134–35, 137–38, 474 Madison, 359–60, 403–05 148, 156, 165, 171, 173, 188, 205–06, Madras, 518 211, 236, 242, 252, 260, 269–71, 273, Vatican, 12, 427, 439, 465–66, 510, 559 Maidenhead, 133 326, 354, 367–68, 382, 419, 422–24, Venice, 13, 170–72, 521, 523, 529, 534 Mali Löšinj, 511 437–38, 458, 460, 462, 474, 491–93, Vienna, 13, 43–44, 119, 169, 260, 277, Malta, 119, 131, 133–34, 156–57, 188, 499, 501, 504, 506, 525–26, 530, 536, 279–81, 323, 370, 372, 410–12, 431, 211–16, 231, 245, 251–54, 269, 308, 542–43, 547–48 452, 460, 466, 474, 493, 497, 503, 521, 319, 392, 417, 424, 443, 451, 457–58, Pittsburgh, 335, 560 528, 544, 548 481, 491, 493, 501–04 Pola, 411 Manchester, 118, 132, 310, 384 Potsdam, 152, 277–78, 381–82, 401, 474, Mannheim, 1, 156, 161, 163–64, 222, 497 Walworth Common, 10, 312 231, 233–36, 259, 279, 285, 474, 500, Prague, 474 Wandsworth, 10, 124 503, 525, 527 Princeton, 43, 342, 427–28 Warsaw, 474 Markree Castle, 12, 88, 106, 122, 135, Pulkovo, 66–67, 88, 90, 112, 124, 132, Washington, 126, 133, 143, 207, 252, 138, 157, 205, 252, 452 137, 144, 146, 163, 195, 206, 211, 213, 280, 294, 325, 336, 342, 358–59, 361, Marseille, 9, 11, 13, 170–73, 205–06, 215, 232, 262, 280–83, 285, 404, 431, 369–71, 404, 407, 409, 431, 462, 530, 231, 263, 269–71, 274, 276, 281, 327, 452, 490, 494, 500–04, 526, 543, 545 540, 544 330, 341, 372, 376–77, 381, 406, 415, Putney Hill, 535 Williams Bay, 360, 396 419, 443, 458, 474, 498, 523–24, 527, Williamstown, 358, 361 Windsor (NSW), 518 529–30 Remplin, 41–42 Melbourne, 6, 9, 13, 133, 222, 252, Richmond, 528 Yale, 88, 94–95 415–19, 421, 441, 452 Rochester, 66, 274, 338–40, 396, 452, Milan, 170–71, 173, 359, 496, 523–24, 458, 539 529–30, 536, 539 Rome, 119, 140–41, 269, 368, 501

Object index

Here all NGC /IC objects mentioned in the text and the tables are presented. Additionally the list contains all objects shown in figures (marked italic) and common names (total number: 2521).

3 Mon 57, 157, 454 Cat’s Eye Nebula 5, 98 Hyades 17, 466, 498 15 Mon 53, 531 Centaurus A 5, 76 Hydra Cluster 81–83, 337 19 Pup 80–81, 157, 454 Centaurus Cluster 81, 83 30 Dor 418 Cetus Cluster 249, 355 IC 4 384 47 Tuc 5 Christmas Tree Cluster 197 IC 11 397, 399 50 Cas 53–55, 58, 157, 453–54 Coma Cluster 9, 46, 223, 242–43, IC 44 131, 183, 348 55 And 9, 53–56, 157, 158, 159, 197 245–48, 249, 424 IC 48 520 Conus Nebula 35, 197 IC 138 366, 464 Abell 194 249–50, 355 Copeland Septet 312–13, 314, 460, 469 IC 166 463 Abell 262 46, 250, 309 Crab Nebula 16, 61, 107, 108, 143, 206, IC 168 465 Abell 347 377–78 333, 453, 478, 482 IC 210 366, 464 Abell 426 244, 250, 423 Crescent Nebula 5, 301, 394 IC 229 464 Abell 1060 81, 83, 337 IC 334 463, 520 Abell 1367 46–47, 250, 272 Double Cluster 5, 16, 31 IC 336 551, 559 Abell 1656 46, 223, 248, 249, 424 Dumbbell Nebula 28, 36, 39, 60, IC 341 551, 559 Abell 2151 272, 355 103–04, 108, 143, 195, 241, 386, 394, IC 342 462, 463 Abell 3526 81, 83 455, 482 IC 344 55–56, 57, 464, 519 Abell S373 76, 81–82, 260 IC 349 456, 549, 559–60, 561 Andromeda Nebula 1–2, 11, 16, 18, 52, Eagle Nebula 462, 464–65 IC 351 463 69, 93, 103–04, 124–25, 141–42, 159, Eskimo Nebula 5, 40–41, 118, 119, 241 IC 353 551, 559 333, 398, 399, 410, 412, 415, 452, 455, Eta Carinae Nebula 5, 84, 86, 418, 514, IC 354 551, 559 475, 515–16, 534, 560 516, 518 IC 356 398, 463, 520, 521, 550 IC 360 551, 559 B 86 143, 397, 400 Flame Nebula 32–33, 166, 170 IC 361 463 B 92 406 Fornax Cluster 75–76, 81–82, 117, 260, IC 434 30, 464 Barnard’s Galaxy 5, 395–97, 400 350 IC 448 33 Barnard’s Loop 390, 396, 401, 559 IC 452 455 Baxendell’s Unphotographable GC 80 9, 198–99, 201–03, 244, 303–04, IC 457 304, 425 Nebula 385, 537 309 IC 458 304 Bear Paw Galaxy 195 GC 6000 231, 232, 321 IC 459 304 Bessel’s star 157–58, 184 Ghost of Jupiter 5, 38, 40, 42, 152 IC 461 304 Beta Canes Venatici (β CVn) 55, 157, Gyulbudaghian’s Nebula 522 IC 463 304 158, 212, 454 IC 464 304 Black Eye 16, 59–60 Helix Galaxy 329 IC 465 304, 425 Blinking Planetary 143 Helix Nebula 5, 64, 65 IC 503 384 Blue Planetary Nebula 51 Hercules Cluster 272, 348, 355, 377 IC 512 519 Blue Snowball 5, 36 Herschel’s Ray 420 IC 529 463 Bode’s Nebulae 15 Hind’s Variable Nebula 5, 121, 124, 164, IC 591 372–73, 464 Bubble Nebula 41 176, 215, 234, 284, 472, 479, 498, 507, IC 606 372 Bug Nebula 74, 399 511, 514, 522 IC 617 435 Hind’s Crimson Star 124 IC 622 372, 464 California Nebula 5, 397, 401, 402, Homunculus Nebula 517, 522 IC 625 337 458, 550 Hubble’s Variable Nebula 5, 9, 40, 61, IC 669 373, 464 Cancer Cluster 250 176, 241, 514, 522 IC 694 303–04, 353, 554

631

632 Object index

IC 730 372 IC 2624 443, 445 M 4 16, 18, 79, 221 IC 750 463 IC 2976 348 M 5 16, 30, 61, 107, 115, 136, 167, 296, 444 IC 819 44 IC 2989 372 M 6 16, 18 IC 820 44 IC 2991 246 M 7 15–16, 18, 456 IC 884 348 IC 3136 272, 464 M 8 16, 18, 84, 86, 144, 260, 476, 477 IC 887 348 IC 3153 237, 238 M 9 143, 167, 296 IC 919 470 IC 3155 272, 464 M 10 115, 136, 143, 167, 296 IC 973 412 IC 3268 272, 464 M 11 16, 89, 135–36, 143, 296, 444, 475 IC 974 329 IC 3568 463 M 12 167, 194 IC 1026 362, 364 IC 4291 463 M 13 2, 4, 16, 18, 61, 84, 107, 109, 115, IC 1030 362, 364 IC 4329 463 136, 141, 143, 167, 175, 191, 195, 234, IC 1111 348 IC 4351 463 280, 296, 336, 408, 409, 483–84 IC 1129 464 IC 4625 426 M 14 18, 64–65, 168, 186, 296 IC 1145 464 IC 4662 463 M 15 16, 68–69, 108, 136, 168, 186, IC 1148 362 IC 4665 29, 464, 466 280, 296 IC 1176 348, 355 IC 4677 97 M 16 16, 462, 464 IC 1179 348, 355 IC 4703 462, 464 M 17 16, 39–40, 60, 86, 89, 95, 104, IC 1238 257–58, 259, 464 IC 4715 17, 57, 220, 464 120, 142, 168, 209, 214, 296, 301, 343, IC 1239 257–58 IC 4725 15, 17, 220, 464 406–07, 418, 479, 483, 516–17 IC 1253 362 IC 4756 382, 464, 466 M 20 26, 27, 31, 40, 61, 86, 95, 96, 209, IC 1271 464 IC 4762 354 213–14, 336, 406, 476, 514, 516–17 IC 1290 464 IC 4763 350, 351, 354 M 22 15–16, 151, 455 IC 1296 117, 402, 403 IC 4812 177 M 24 16–17, 57, 79, 220, 464 IC 1300 348 IC 4895 397, 401 M 25 15–17, 79, 220, 464 IC 1308 400 IC 5070 2 M 27 28, 36, 39, 40, 44–45, 53, 60, 65, IC 1369 384, 463 IC 5146 400 76, 84, 91, 103–04, 106, 108, 111, 114, IC 1434 463 IC 5148 462, 463 117, 135–36, 143, 161, 168, 192, 195, IC 1441 272 IC 5150 462 214, 241, 281, 296–97, 299, 336, 394, IC 1442 463 IC 5181 463 455, 459, 482–83 IC 1463 464 IC 5191 271, 272 M 28 135–36 IC 1484 388 IC 5192 271, 272 M 29 296 IC 1487 348 IC 5193 271, 272 M 30 39, 61, 143, 175, 296 IC 1528 366, 464 IC 5195 271 M 31 2, 4, 15–16, 18, 23, 30, 37, 53, 91, IC 1559 201, 202, 203, 303–04, 464 IC 5201 463 93, 104, 106–09, 120, 124–26, 136, IC 1613 462 IC 5290 412 166–67, 175, 282, 306, 333–34, 336, IC 1653 160, 183 IC 5306 387–88 397, 399, 413–15, 429, 452, 455, 475, IC 1656 160, 183 Intergalactic Wanderer 30 483, 513, 516 IC 1712 348 M 32 16, 68–69, 107, 126, 136, 167, 175, IC 1748 412 Jewel Box 5, 86 186, 475 IC 1761 348 M 33 16, 30–31, 104, 114–15, 160, 167, IC 1954 463 Keyhole Nebula 517 183, 187, 191, 193, 242, 244, 291, 296, IC 1990 552, 560 Kidney Been Galaxy 47 363–64, 453, 455, 554 IC 1995 557 M 34 16 IC 2003 463 Lagoon Nebula 16, 476, 477 M 35 16, 221, 296 IC 2035 463 Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) 3, 15, M 36 16, 18, 296 IC 2056 463 74–81, 84–86, 219–20, 420, 453, 459 M 37 16, 136, 296 IC 2107 329 Leo Cluster 46–47, 250, 272 M 38 16, 79, 221 IC 2120 62 Little Dumbbell Nebula 16 M 39 16, 120, 296 IC 2157 463 Local Group 395, 400 M 40 16–17, 79, 146, 220 IC 2163 463 M 41 16, 18, 296, 455 IC 2172 397 M 1 4, 16, 61, 104, 107, 108, 120, M 42 2, 4, 9, 16, 18, 30, 39–40, 77, 86, IC 2233 356 134–36, 143, 161, 167, 206, 213–14, 90, 102–05, 108–09, 111–12, 124, 126, IC 2311 463 296, 301, 333–34, 452–53, 478, 141, 143–44, 173, 190, 195, 215, 234, IC 2391 464 482–83, 496, 521 244, 296, 299, 305, 308, 336, 367–69, IC 2395 464 M 2 16, 30, 61, 109, 136, 168, 296, 403, 406–07, 418, 455, 475–76, 482–83, IC 2482 463 384–85, 450 488, 513–14, 516 IC 2488 464 M 3 107, 135–36, 167, 296 M 43 16, 31, 79

Object index 633

M 44 2, 15–16, 18, 30, 256, 453–54, 456 M 84 47, 168, 296 NGC 1 4, 160, 242–43, 245 M 45 16–17, 30, 39, 79, 220, 456, 466, M 85 296 NGC 2 4, 160, 242, 309 521 M 86 47, 148, 168, 186, 296 NGC 3 4, 256 M 46 114, 299 M 87 168 NGC 4 4, 256 M 47 15–17, 31, 219–21, 449, 455 M 88 116, 194, 214 NGC 5 4 M 48 16–17, 29, 31, 219 M 90 79, 168, 221, 296 NGC 6 4, 288–89, 301–02 M 49 18, 31, 151, 154, 168, 177, 178, M 91 15, 17, 30–31, 55–57, 219 NGC 7 4 282–83, 519 M 92 79, 107, 167, 186, 221, 268, 286, NGC 8 4, 283, 284 M 50 16, 296 288–89, 296, 321, 325, 336 NGC 9 4, 283, 284 M 51 9, 13, 31, 44–45, 51, 60, 76, 98, M 93 16 NGC 10 4 100, 102–03, 110, 112–16, 118, 142, M 94 136, 167, 194, 214, 282, 296, 484 NGC 12 53 167, 175, 194–95, 205, 209, 214, 281– M 95 136, 167, 193, 296, 515 NGC 16 54, 160 82, 296–97, 299, 301, 310, 458, 472, M 96 110, 116, 136, 167, 193, 296 NGC 18 289 475–76, 479, 481–484, 485, 486–88, M 97 102, 114, 116, 117, 136, 168, 190, NGC 20 288–89, 301–02, 321 489, 490, 491, 492, 493–496, 497 296, 305, 403 NGC 23 121 M 52 168, 296 M 98 168, 296, 306 NGC 29 58 M 53 16, 58, 68–69, 167, 186 M 99 102, 112–14, 115, 116, 193, NGC 32 178–79, 182–83 M 55 16, 151 211–12, 214, 296, 491 NGC 35 436 M 56 168, 296 M 100 116, 194, 211–12, 214, 296, 491 NGC 40 41 M 57 4, 16, 35, 37, 42–43, 44, 60, 84, 91, M 101 18, 104, 167, 191, 194, 195, 244, NGC 46 139, 183 104, 106–08, 111, 116–17, 124, 136, 296, 487 NGC 47 328, 329, 330, 461 142, 144, 161, 205, 215, 241, 256, 280, M 102 17–18, 30–31, 114, 117–18, 121, NGC 50 269, 270, 329 296, 336, 363, 402, 403, 406, 410, 459, 167, 181, 219 NGC 54 328–30, 461 479, 483 M 103 55, 68, 181 NGC 55 420, 421 M 58 116, 168, 195, 296 M 104 17, 31, 56, 60–61, 91, 168, 214 NGC 58 328, 461 M 59 16, 167, 214, 296 M 105 17, 31, 56, 136 NGC 62 377, 435 M 60 16, 61, 167, 196, 209, 296 M 106 17, 30–31, 56, 61, 168 NGC 63 279–80, 364 M 61 16, 30–31, 61, 191, 194, 296 M 107 16–18, 31, 55, 64–65, 71, 79–80, NGC 67 191 M 63 116, 194, 296 167, 186 NGC 68 191 M 64 15–16, 59–60, 102, 167, 214, 296, M 108 17, 31, 56 NGC 69 191 497 M 109 17, 31, 40, 56, 136 NGC 70 190–91 M 65 61, 91, 92, 104, 110, 114, 117, 136, M 110 17, 29–31, 56, 126, 167, 193, 475 NGC 71 191 164, 168, 187, 193, 213–14, 279, 281, Maia Nebula 8, 438, 444, 455–56, NGC 72 191 296, 306, 497 521–22, 542–43, 544, 545, 550–51, NGC 74 191 M 66 54, 61, 91, 102, 104, 136, 168, 187, 560 NGC 76 424, 425 191–92, 213–14, 279, 296, 306, 497 Markarian’s Chain 47, 209 NGC 78 294, 383, 461 M 67 16, 18, 167 MCG -1–30–5 388 NGC 81 312, 314 M 69 186, 220–21, 325 MCG -1–30–8 388 NGC 85 313 M 71 16, 18, 168 MCG 3–31–25 383 NGC 90 289, 301–02, 303, 321 M 72 30, 168, 296 MCG 3–31–27 383 NGC 91 301–02, 303, 321 M 73 79, 155–56, 221, 245, 296 MCG 5–1–73 424 NGC 93 301–02, 303, 321 M 74 30, 104, 116, 145, 167, 193, 487 MCG 6–2–16 376 NGC 100 356, 357 M 75 168, 296 MCG 6–2–17 376 NGC 104 5, 453 M 76 15–17, 31, 44–45, 79, 136, 221, MCG 15–1–10 58 NGC 107 283 296, 449 McNeil’s Nebula 522 NGC 108 193 M 77 116, 136, 167, 175, 191, 193–94, Merope Nebula 5, 9, 13, 88, 163, NGC 109 160, 183 214, 301 171–73, 176, 209–10, 252, 264, 330, NGC 110 120 M 78 41, 135–36, 167, 193, 209, 244, 333, 360, 384, 438, 456, 472, 479, 503, NGC 113 266 265–66, 291, 296, 420, 455, 522 514–15, 521, 524, 525–31, 532, 533, NGC 114 332, 362 M 79 79, 136, 221 534, 536, 537, 538–40, 541, 542–43, NGC 116 270 M 80 16, 148, 167, 176–77, 234, 260, 545–46, 547, 548, 551, 560 NGC 118 332, 362 296, 514 Milky Way 1, 3, 39, 74, 84–86, 142, 150, NGC 124 332, 362 M 81 16, 104, 135–36, 141, 167, 220–21, 174, 223, 234, 239, 241, 251, 254, 316, NGC 125 298 290, 296 390, 392, 396, 398, 400, 403, 406, 438, NGC 133 243, 244, 247 M 82 16, 48–49, 79, 104, 135–37, 141, 442, 477, 484–85, 489, 510, 547, 551, NGC 134 420, 421 152, 167, 220, 290, 296 553, 555 NGC 140 362 M 83 16, 211–12, 491 Mrk 205 430–31 NGC 146 120

634 Object index

NGC 155 434, 436 NGC 372 160–61, 183, 314–15 NGC 543 250 NGC 157 167, 269 NGC 373 315, 318 NGC 545 249 NGC 160 201–03 NGC 374 160, 183 NGC 547 249 NGC 162 201, 202, 203, 244–45, 289, NGC 375 309, 318 NGC 548 249, 336–37 308–09 NGC 379 318 NGC 557 355 NGC 163 459 NGC 380 318 NGC 558 250 NGC 167 433 NGC 381 29, 161 NGC 559 120 NGC 169 200–201, 202, 203, 464 NGC 382 318 NGC 560 249, 273, 331 NGC 183 362 NGC 383 318 NGC 563 434–35 NGC 185 300 NGC 384 160, 183, 201, 318 NGC 564 249, 273, 331 NGC 189 29 NGC 385 160–61, 183, 201, 318 NGC 565 336–37 NGC 192 127 NGC 386 318 NGC 570 337 NGC 194 127, 130 NGC 387 309, 318 NGC 577 331–32, 363, 365, 366 NGC 195 266 NGC 388 318 NGC 580 331–32, 363, 365, 366 NGC 196 127, 130 NGC 391 128, 183, 204 NGC 581 68 NGC 197 127 NGC 394 200 NGC 584 25, 348 NGC 201 127, 130 NGC 397 306 NGC 586 25 NGC 203 276, 312–13 NGC 399 309 NGC 588 160–61, 183, 244 NGC 205 17, 29–31, 107, 167, 193–94, NGC 400 306 NGC 591 362 475 NGC 401 306 NGC 592 160–61, 183, 244 NGC 206 126, 397, 399 NGC 402 309 NGC 595 161, 244, 363–64 NGC 207 435 NGC 404 356 NGC 596 151, 154 NGC 210 193, 435, 438 NGC 405 453–54 NGC 598 31, 114, 167, 191, 193 NGC 211 276, 312–13 NGC 407 373 NGC 599 436 NGC 219 127–29, 130, 131, 204–05 NGC 408 289, 373 NGC 602 75 NGC 221 68, 135–36, 167, 186 NGC 414 289, 373 NGC 604 453, 455 NGC 223 127–28, 130, 131, 183, 204, NGC 422 78 NGC 607 154–56, 183, 210, 236 241, 348 NGC 425 362 NGC 609 244 NGC 224 2, 91, 135–36, 167, 452, 455, NGC 443 160, 183 NGC 614 55, 198, 445 516 NGC 447 160, 183 NGC 615 151, 154–55 NGC 225 29 NGC 453 376 NGC 618 55, 196–98, 445 NGC 227 441 NGC 467 288 NGC 627 55, 198, 445 NGC 237 362 NGC 470 288 NGC 628 116, 167, 193, 487 NGC 246 41 NGC 474 288 NGC 629 68–69, 183 NGC 247 197 NGC 475 327 NGC 650 16–17, 45, 136, 449 NGC 253 5, 20, 29, 30, 80, 213, 214 NGC 481 435 NGC 651 16–17, 31, 45, 136, 449 NGC 259 54, 198 NGC 495 47 NGC 657 120 NGC 272 245 NGC 496 47 NGC 659 29 NGC 274 188 NGC 504 160–61, 183 NGC 661 397, 399 NGC 275 188, 300 NGC 506 309 NGC 674 210 NGC 278 193, 300 NGC 507 47 NGC 676 159 NGC 281 397, 399 NGC 508 47 NGC 679 46 NGC 292 5, 16, 80, 86, 453–55 NGC 510 289 NGC 687 46 NGC 295 312–13 NGC 516 330 NGC 693 191 NGC 296 312 NGC 519 355 NGC 697 210 NGC 300 420 NGC 520 300 NGC 701 153 NGC 308 306 NGC 522 330 NGC 703 46 NGC 309 266 NGC 523 210 NGC 704 46 NGC 310 306 NGC 524 330 NGC 705 46 NGC 316 200, 267, 302 NGC 525 330 NGC 708 46 NGC 318 373 NGC 530 355 NGC 709 309 NGC 337 193, 468, 469 NGC 532 403 NGC 710 250, 309 NGC 337A 468, 469 NGC 535 250 NGC 714 250, 309 NGC 338 373 NGC 537 210 NGC 717 250, 309 NGC 344 434, 456, 457 NGC 538 355 NGC 727 79 NGC 346 420 NGC 539 434–35 NGC 729 79 NGC 370 160–61, 183, 314–15 NGC 541 250 NGC 731 327, 435

Object index 635

NGC 733 199–200 NGC 955 519, 520 NGC 1257 423 NGC 739 313 NGC 957 120 NGC 1259 424 NGC 741 45 NGC 961 435 NGC 1260 424 NGC 742 45 NGC 972 191, 274, 321 NGC 1264 424 NGC 750 301–02, 303 NGC 976 266 NGC 1265 117, 424–25 NGC 751 301–02, 303, 321 NGC 983 375 NGC 1267 250 NGC 752 29, 31, 56 NGC 985 433, 434 NGC 1268 250 NGC 755 327, 435 NGC 986 420 NGC 1270 250 NGC 757 435 NGC 988 159 NGC 1271 424 NGC 760 313 NGC 1002 375 NGC 1272 250 NGC 763 435 NGC 1009 358 NGC 1273 250 NGC 769 362 NGC 1012 191 NGC 1274 309 NGC 770 200 NGC 1015 266 NGC 1275 244–45, 250 NGC 771 55, 58, 157–58, 453–54 NGC 1016 267, 363–64 NGC 1276 315 NGC 772 193, 356 NGC 1017 435 NGC 1277 309, 314–15, 320 NGC 778 362 NGC 1020 363 NGC 1279 315 NGC 780 197 NGC 1022 153, 327 NGC 1281 315 NGC 787 326, 327, 332, 435 NGC 1023 135–36, 191 NGC 1282 424 NGC 793 430, 461 NGC 1032 21, 26, 193, 363 NGC 1283 424 NGC 808 420 NGC 1038 347 NGC 1292 397, 401 NGC 821 152–53, 209 NGC 1044 516 NGC 1293 516 NGC 823 58, 80, 420 NGC 1045 516 NGC 1294 516 NGC 833 46, 420 NGC 1051 435 NGC 1297 397 NGC 835 46, 420 NGC 1052 136 NGC 1302 397 NGC 838 46, 420 NGC 1055 151, 153 NGC 1304 435 NGC 839 46, 420 NGC 1062 312–13 NGC 1307 435 NGC 851 358 NGC 1068 116, 136, 167, 191, 193–94, NGC 1310 82 NGC 856 347 214, 300 NGC 1312 129, 204 NGC 859 347 NGC 1084 214 NGC 1315 82 NGC 863 347, 445 NGC 1111 257 NGC 1316 75–76, 81 NGC 864 197 NGC 1135 81 NGC 1317 75, 261 NGC 866 347–48, 445 NGC 1141 255, 329 NGC 1318 75, 261 NGC 867 247 NGC 1142 255, 329 NGC 1322 80 NGC 869 5, 16, 31 NGC 1148 435 NGC 1325 62 NGC 870 318, 456 NGC 1170 62, 337, 448 NGC 1326 82 NGC 875 247 NGC 1173 424 NGC 1330 376 NGC 884 5, 16, 31 NGC 1174 521 NGC 1333 9, 65, 127–28, 162, 164, NGC 885 347, 445 NGC 1177 309 166–67, 183, 205, 209, 222, 236–38, NGC 891 5, 29, 30, 60, 377 NGC 1182 434, 436 503, 514–15, 524, 528 NGC 898 377 NGC 1184 26 NGC 1336 82 NGC 903 377 NGC 1186 197, 460, 521 NGC 1341 82 NGC 906 378 NGC 1187 399 NGC 1350 75 NGC 909 378 NGC 1195 315 NGC 1351 82 NGC 910 377 NGC 1205 434, 436 NGC 1360 172–73, 255, 262, 264, 271, NGC 911 378 NGC 1207 197 284, 340, 344, 349–50, 363, 375, 448 NGC 912 378 NGC 1211 362 NGC 1363 365–66 NGC 913 378 NGC 1212 357 NGC 1365 75–76 NGC 914 378 NGC 1213 357 NGC 1367 436 NGC 923 378 NGC 1214 436 NGC 1369 261 NGC 926 266 NGC 1215 436 NGC 1371 172, 262, 436 NGC 927 411–12, 413, 452 NGC 1224 357 NGC 1373 82 NGC 930 312, 313 NGC 1234 442 NGC 1374 82 NGC 932 312, 313 NGC 1241 298 NGC 1375 82, 260–61 NGC 934 266 NGC 1242 298 NGC 1378 260–61 NGC 936 161 NGC 1243 298 NGC 1379 82 NGC 948 435 NGC 1251 129, 200 NGC 1380 75, 260 NGC 952 274 NGC 1255 397, 399–400, 436 NGC 1381 261

636 Object index

NGC 1382 261 NGC 1554 124, 281, 283–84, 472, 498, NGC 1808 420 NGC 1386 261 499, 504–12 NGC 1824 79 NGC 1387 82 NGC 1555 5, 9, 13, 121, 124–25, 163– NGC 1825 460 NGC 1389 260–61, 329 64, 176, 183, 206, 215, 234, 236, 284, NGC 1838 72, 79 NGC 1392 350 472, 479, 498, 499, 505–09, 511–12, NGC 1847 420 NGC 1396 261 514–15, 522–23, 526, 528 NGC 1855 79 NGC 1398 172, 172–173, 262–64, 330 NGC 1575 436 NGC 1869 84–85 NGC 1399 75 NGC 1576 197 NGC 1871 84–85 NGC 1400 167 NGC 1577 436 NGC 1873 84–85 NGC 1407 167 NGC 1579 191 NGC 1888 420 NGC 1408 260–61 NGC 1587 516 NGC 1889 420 NGC 1412 262 NGC 1588 516 NGC 1904 136 NGC 1417 55, 57, 519 NGC 1593 309 NGC 1905 86 NGC 1418 55, 57, 519 NGC 1601 301–02, 321 NGC 1913 460 NGC 1419 82 NGC 1608 309 NGC 1918 74, 453 NGC 1427 82 NGC 1618 356 NGC 1922 460 NGC 1428 261 NGC 1622 199–200, 356 NGC 1924 127, 129, 204 NGC 1432 8, 438, 444, 455–56, 521–22, NGC 1624 128, 204–05 NGC 1927 197 542, 544, 545, 560 NGC 1625 207, 356 NGC 1929 84 NGC 1435 5, 9, 13, 163, 172–73, 183, NGC 1637 116, 191, 193 NGC 1931 136, 241 208, 329–30, 438, 456, 472, 479, NGC 1640 434 NGC 1934 84 514–15, 521, 545 NGC 1655 430, 461 NGC 1937 84 NGC 1436 81–82 NGC 1662 280 NGC 1950 420 NGC 1437 81–82 NGC 1665 197 NGC 1952 107, 134, 136, 143, 161, 167, NGC 1440 435, 445 NGC 1674 430, 461 214, 300, 453 NGC 1441 314, 316 NGC 1675 430, 461 NGC 1958 420 NGC 1442 435, 445 NGC 1699 201 NGC 1959 420 NGC 1443 315, 316 NGC 1707 329 NGC 1960 18 NGC 1446 315, 316, 332 NGC 1721 397, 401 NGC 1961 22 NGC 1449 314, 316 NGC 1723 397, 401 NGC 1962 420 NGC 1450 433, 436 NGC 1724 268, 448 NGC 1965 420 NGC 1451 314, 316 NGC 1725 397, 401 NGC 1966 85, 420 NGC 1452 435 NGC 1726 210 NGC 1967 460 NGC 1453 316 NGC 1728 397, 401 NGC 1969 420 NGC 1455 435 NGC 1730 433 NGC 1970 420 NGC 1456 430, 461 NGC 1735 420 NGC 1971 420 NGC 1458 435, 445 NGC 1736 420 NGC 1972 420 NGC 1460 82 NGC 1737 420 NGC 1973 244 NGC 1469 519 NGC 1742 306 NGC 1975 244 NGC 1488 139, 140, 183 NGC 1743 420 NGC 1976 18, 86, 143, 455, 516 NGC 1491 441 NGC 1744 420 NGC 1977 86 NGC 1497 401 NGC 1745 420 NGC 1980 114, 118, 134 NGC 1499 5, 397–98, 401, 402, 458, NGC 1746 245 NGC 1981 58 550, 556 NGC 1748 420 NGC 1982 31 NGC 1509 436 NGC 1750 245 NGC 1988 9, 182, 205, 206, 207, 334, NGC 1513 292 NGC 1751 75–76, 456 448, 453, 511, 514–15, 527 NGC 1514 39, 40, 41, 57, 104, 121, 153, NGC 1757 197 NGC 1990 157 157, 191, 193–94, 195 NGC 1758 245 NGC 1999 241, 300 NGC 1516 436 NGC 1760 420 NGC 2020 452 NGC 1521 336 NGC 1767 460 NGC 2022 134, 143, 161, 214, 285 NGC 1524 436 NGC 1778 51, 120 NGC 2023 161 NGC 1530 266 NGC 1779 420 NGC 2024 32–33, 142, 166, 169, 170, NGC 1535 37, 134, 161, 167, 214, 252 NGC 1781 434, 436 186, 241, 252, 300 NGC 1544 266, 330 NGC 1785 78, 460 NGC 2037 460 NGC 1550 210 NGC 1788 345 NGC 2043 420, 421 NGC 1551 210 NGC 1794 434, 436 NGC 2044 460 NGC 1553 81 NGC 1798 397, 401, 455 NGC 2045 454

Object index 637

NGC 2046 420 NGC 2245 191, 280, 385 NGC 2410 362 NGC 2047 420 NGC 2246 5, 256, 342, 349, 455 NGC 2412 430, 461 NGC 2050 460 NGC 2247 304, 345, 385 NGC 2415 91 NGC 2052 460 NGC 2248 139, 140, 183, 306 NGC 2422 16–17, 31, 220, 449, 455 NGC 2054 128, 231–32, 314–15 NGC 2261 5, 40, 61, 84, 114, 134, 136, NGC 2429 313 NGC 2057 420 143, 176, 234, 241, 514, 521–22 NGC 2438 114, 116, 134, 143, 167, 299 NGC 2058 420 NGC 2264 35, 196–97, 531 NGC 2440 134, 143, 167 NGC 2059 420 NGC 2268 267, 274, 277, 455 NGC 2441 329 NGC 2060 453, 460 NGC 2273 293 NGC 2444 377 NGC 2064 242, 244, 265 NGC 2276 263, 264, 266–67, 276, 293 NGC 2445 377 NGC 2065 420–21 NGC 2282 397, 402 NGC 2451 80–81 NGC 2066 420 NGC 2287 18, 454–55 NGC 2457 313 NGC 2067 265–66, 329 NGC 2290 302, 321 NGC 2458 425 NGC 2068 136, 167, 193–94, 265, 300, NGC 2296 349, 455 NGC 2459 197 420 NGC 2300 263, 264, 266–67, 274, NGC 2461 425 NGC 2070 86 276–77, 293 NGC 2462 425 NGC 2071 41, 209–10 NGC 2301 46 NGC 2464 425 NGC 2072 420, 421 NGC 2304 61 NGC 2465 425 NGC 2074 460 NGC 2313 242, 244, 245 NGC 2467 37 NGC 2081 460 NGC 2316 191, 418 NGC 2471 425 NGC 2091 460 NGC 2317 191, 418 NGC 2478 16–17, 31, 220, 449, 455 NGC 2092 460 NGC 2319 47–48 NGC 2493 199 NGC 2096 460 NGC 2321 201, 302 NGC 2495 199 NGC 2099 136 NGC 2327 41, 516 NGC 2506 64, 115, 186 NGC 2102 460 NGC 2330 303–04, 424–25 NGC 2509 47–48 NGC 2128 358 NGC 2332 460 NGC 2511 200, 208 NGC 2141 397, 459–61 NGC 2334 303–04, 424–25 NGC 2513 199, 208 NGC 2142 57, 157, 454 NGC 2336 266, 350 NGC 2515 128, 131, 204 NGC 2146 263–64, 267, 461 NGC 2340 460 NGC 2518 430, 461 NGC 2149 30, 274, 276 NGC 2346 41 NGC 2519 430, 461 NGC 2163 375, 376 NGC 2349 29, 459 NGC 2523 349, 358 NGC 2167 40–41, 55–56, 57 NGC 2355 64, 186 NGC 2529 424 NGC 2169 280 NGC 2359 80, 214, 423 NGC 2531 424 NGC 2170 40–41, 57, 240, 300 NGC 2360 29, 80, 167, 459 NGC 2537 193, 195 NGC 2174 376 NGC 2361 329, 423, 425 NGC 2538 272 NGC 2175 170, 183, 459 NGC 2362 31, 35, 56, 80, 454 NGC 2542 79, 81, 157, 454 NGC 2182 41 NGC 2363 313, 317 NGC 2548 16–17, 29, 31, 219 NGC 2183 302 NGC 2366 22, 300 NGC 2553 250 NGC 2185 167, 300 NGC 2371 44–45, 46, 61, 114, 134, NGC 2556 250 NGC 2189 127, 129, 204 143, 208–09, 214, 287, 299–300, 449, NGC 2557 250, 272 NGC 2194 167, 182, 186, 279–80, 321, 515–16 NGC 2558 250 441 NGC 2372 44–45, 46, 61, 114, 143, NGC 2560 250 NGC 2195 430, 461 208–09, 287, 299–300, 449, 515–16 NGC 2562 250 NGC 2198 127, 129, 204 NGC 2373 200, 302, 373 NGC 2563 250 NGC 2202 68 NGC 2375 200, 302, 373 NGC 2565 430, 461 NGC 2204 29 NGC 2378 373, 376 NGC 2568 397, 399 NGC 2218 139, 183 NGC 2379 373 NGC 2569 250 NGC 2225 397 NGC 2386 309 NGC 2570 250, 313 NGC 2226 397, 459–61 NGC 2390 306 NGC 2572 272 NGC 2232 35 NGC 2391 306 NGC 2573 57, 81, 82, 455 NGC 2237 5, 256, 340, 341, 342, 349 NGC 2392 5–6, 40–41, 84, 114, 118, NGC 2581 377 NGC 2238 5, 256, 257 119, 121, 134, 143, 157, 214, 241, 250, NGC 2591 243 NGC 2239 5, 55–56, 449 282, 288, 441 NGC 2603 318, 456 NGC 2240 152 NGC 2399 128, 130, 183, 204 NGC 2608 193 NGC 2242 349, 382, 449, 455 NGC 2400 128, 130, 183, 204 NGC 2620 216–17, 255 NGC 2243 75, 449 NGC 2403 30, 167, 423, 424, 425 NGC 2623 18 NGC 2244 16, 31, 55–56, 449 NGC 2404 423, 424, 425, 455 NGC 2624 256

638 Object index

NGC 2625 256 NGC 2835 397, 401 NGC 3077 68, 186, 290 NGC 2629 48 NGC 2841 136, 167 NGC 3080 23 NGC 2630 329 NGC 2843 35–36 NGC 3094 411–12 NGC 2631 329 NGC 2846 311 NGC 3097 337 NGC 2632 456 NGC 2847 317 NGC 3102 337 NGC 2637 255–56 NGC 2848 300, 317 NGC 3107 23 NGC 2641 48 NGC 2849 80–81, 82 NGC 3110 375–76, 434, 436, 445 NGC 2643 255–56 NGC 2852 208 NGC 3114 75 NGC 2644 376 NGC 2853 197, 208 NGC 3115 167, 290 NGC 2647 256 NGC 2859 136 NGC 3116 411 NGC 2650 48 NGC 2861 246 NGC 3119 134 NGC 2652 436 NGC 2863 425, 436 NGC 3120 81 NGC 2655 21, 127, 129, 136–37, 204 NGC 2867 38 NGC 3121 133, 134, 146, 183, 216 NGC 2657 377 NGC 2869 425, 436 NGC 3122 375–76, 434, 436, 445 NGC 2658 85–86 NGC 2871 309, 310 NGC 3123 129, 204 NGC 2661 425 NGC 2872 26, 310 NGC 3126 283–84 NGC 2663 349 NGC 2873 310 NGC 3129 197 NGC 2672 25, 44–45, 208, 286, 287, 288 NGC 2874 309, 310 NGC 3132 134, 143, 214 NGC 2673 44–45, 286, 287, 288 NGC 2875 309, 310 NGC 3134 372 NGC 2677 286, 287, 288 NGC 2876 436 NGC 3135 197, 238 NGC 2681 91 NGC 2887 80–81 NGC 3143 387 NGC 2682 18, 167 NGC 2901 434 NGC 3144 247 NGC 2683 91, 136 NGC 2903 44–45, 61, 91, 112–14, 116, NGC 3148 454 NGC 2685 329 136, 193, 214, 300 NGC 3153 326–27, 372 NGC 2689 303–04, 317, 318 NGC 2905 44–45, 61, 114, 214 NGC 3162 193, 211, 247 NGC 2694 200, 302 NGC 2908 21 NGC 3165 300, 373 NGC 2695 91, 92, 514 NGC 2912 289 NGC 3166 300 NGC 2698 208 NGC 2919 266 NGC 3167 245 NGC 2699 208 NGC 2926 411–12 NGC 3169 300 NGC 2700 265–66, 461 NGC 2934 254 NGC 3172 24, 57, 58, 81, 455 NGC 2702 265–66, 461 NGC 2944 411–12 NGC 3174 247 NGC 2703 265–66, 461 NGC 2953 80 NGC 3179 304 NGC 2705 265–66, 461 NGC 2954 80 NGC 3183 247 NGC 2707 265–66, 461 NGC 2961 311 NGC 3184 191, 193 NGC 2713 246 NGC 2973 86 NGC 3185 199, 237, 285 NGC 2715 277 NGC 2974 436 NGC 3190 191, 282 NGC 2716 246 NGC 2977 242, 515 NGC 3193 282 NGC 2720 267 NGC 2979 436 NGC 3198 116, 193 NGC 2727 197 NGC 2981 411–12, 413 NGC 3200 405 NGC 2736 420 NGC 2997 30 NGC 3210 48, 80 NGC 2760 350 NGC 3007 376, 435 NGC 3212 48 NGC 2774 373 NGC 3013 309 NGC 3214 313 NGC 2775 91 NGC 3016 200, 302 NGC 3215 48, 372 NGC 2776 193 NGC 3031 136, 167 NGC 3218 242, 247, 515 NGC 2795 246 NGC 3034 48, 136–37, 167 NGC 3222 145–46, 183, 286 NGC 2799 313 NGC 3047 365–66 NGC 3226 141, 146, 150, 182, 186, 208 NGC 2804 197 NGC 3050 436 NGC 3227 141, 146, 150, 182, 186, 208 NGC 2806 314–15 NGC 3054 326, 327, 436 NGC 3229 129, 204 NGC 2807 209 NGC 3055 33, 300 NGC 3230 516, 517 NGC 2807A 209 NGC 3057 20–22 NGC 3234 197, 210 NGC 2808 80 NGC 3058 433 NGC 3235 210 NGC 2809 197, 209 NGC 3063 22, 23, 48 NGC 3239 241 NGC 2818 74 NGC 3065 22, 23 NGC 3242 5, 37–38, 40, 42–43, 134, NGC 2818A 74 NGC 3066 22, 23, 321 143, 152, 167, 207, 214, 300, 305, 513 NGC 2819 411–12 NGC 3069 315 NGC 3244 86 NGC 2826 201 NGC 3071 411 NGC 3272 289 NGC 2830 36 NGC 3075 80 NGC 3279 371, 372

Object index 639

NGC 3280 387, 435 NGC 3419 267 NGC 3586 420 NGC 3280A 435 NGC 3421 387 NGC 3587 114, 136, 168 NGC 3280B 435 NGC 3422 387 NGC 3588 343, 350, 356, 357 NGC 3280C 435 NGC 3423 91, 300 NGC 3593 280, 306 NGC 3284 448 NGC 3425 332, 386–87 NGC 3596 193, 403 NGC 3285 83 NGC 3427 372 NGC 3598 267 NGC 3286 448 NGC 3428 387–88 NGC 3604 27, 371–72 NGC 3295 387, 435 NGC 3429 387–88 NGC 3609 283 NGC 3301 210, 211, 312 NGC 3430 253 NGC 3611 27, 371–72 NGC 3305 83 NGC 3436 372 NGC 3612 283 NGC 3307 82–83 NGC 3440 300 NGC 3621 23, 26, 449 NGC 3308 83 NGC 3441 387, 405 NGC 3623 91, 114, 136, 168, 193, 280 NGC 3309 82–83 NGC 3445 300 NGC 3627 91, 136, 168, 191, 214, 280 NGC 3310 114, 190, 193 NGC 3447 80–81 NGC 3628 110, 280, 300 NGC 3311 82–83 NGC 3452 387 NGC 3630 206 NGC 3312 83 NGC 3457 55, 56, 303–04 NGC 3631 193 NGC 3314 83 NGC 3460 303–04 NGC 3636 386–87 NGC 3315 337 NGC 3461 303–04 NGC 3637 386–87 NGC 3316 83, 337 NGC 3462 372 NGC 3640 168, 206 NGC 3317 337 NGC 3476 387–88 NGC 3641 267 NGC 3321 387, 435 NGC 3479 434–35 NGC 3645 206, 344 NGC 3322 387, 435 NGC 3480 387–88 NGC 3646 193 NGC 3328 326–27 NGC 3485 193 NGC 3662 164, 166, 168, 176, 208, 514 NGC 3332 23, 371–72 NGC 3486 136 NGC 3663 387 NGC 3336 83 NGC 3489 136, 153 NGC 3665 136 NGC 3342 23, 371–72 NGC 3490 387 NGC 3666 262, 519, 520 NGC 3344 193 NGC 3492 326–27, 461 NGC 3672 153 NGC 3345 208, 279, 515 NGC 3495 81 NGC 3675 136 NGC 3351 136, 167, 193 NGC 3497 436, 443, 444, 445 NGC 3685 372 NGC 3353 267 NGC 3502 434–35 NGC 3688 387–88, 435 NGC 3355 337, 448 NGC 3504 136, 193 NGC 3690 303–04, 353–54, 517 NGC 3357 246 NGC 3505 81 NGC 3690A 353 NGC 3359 197 NGC 3508 81 NGC 3690B 353 NGC 3360 387 NGC 3510 193 NGC 3694 305 NGC 3361 387 NGC 3518 375–76, 434, 436, 445 NGC 3695 305, 306, 314–15 NGC 3362 373 NGC 3521 136, 168, 300 NGC 3698 305, 306, 314–15 NGC 3367 193 NGC 3522 343, 350 NGC 3700 305, 306 NGC 3368 116, 136, 167, 193 NGC 3525 436, 445 NGC 3704 387–88 NGC 3372 5, 86, 514, 516–17, 518, 522 NGC 3526 405 NGC 3705 279 NGC 3375 373 NGC 3528 81, 436, 445 NGC 3707 387–88 NGC 3377 136, 153 NGC 3529 444 NGC 3722 387, 388, 435 NGC 3379 17, 31, 136, 306 NGC 3531 405 NGC 3723 387 NGC 3382 311 NGC 3534 283 NGC 3724 387, 388, 435 NGC 3384 136, 306 NGC 3537 387–88 NGC 3726 116, 193 NGC 3388 386–87 NGC 3541 387–88 NGC 3732 386–88 NGC 3389 306 NGC 3544 436 NGC 3736 393, 394, 395, 459, 461 NGC 3391 246 NGC 3547 197 NGC 3739 283 NGC 3395 191, 193 NGC 3556 17, 31 NGC 3743 312, 314 NGC 3396 191 NGC 3563 283 NGC 3745 314 NGC 3397 242, 515 NGC 3571 436 NGC 3746 313, 314 NGC 3401 455 NGC 3575 211, 247 NGC 3748 314 NGC 3402 386–87 NGC 3576 420 NGC 3750 314 NGC 3404 387 NGC 3579 420 NGC 3751 314 NGC 3410 311 NGC 3580 266 NGC 3753 314 NGC 3411 386 NGC 3581 420 NGC 3754 314 NGC 3413 210 NGC 3582 420 NGC 3758 312, 314, 373 NGC 3414 136 NGC 3584 420 NGC 3760 210, 211, 312

640 Object index

NGC 3763 387 NGC 3987 314, 316 NGC 4118 201, 302–03, 319 NGC 3766 75–76 NGC 3989 314, 316 NGC 4119 28 NGC 3768 312 NGC 3992 17, 31, 136 NGC 4123 193 NGC 3775 387 NGC 3993 314, 316 NGC 4124 28 NGC 3779 387 NGC 3996 58 NGC 4125 124–25, 168, 183, 268 NGC 3792 405 NGC 3997 314, 316 NGC 4129 247 NGC 3799 61 NGC 3999 311, 316 NGC 4130 247 NGC 3800 61 NGC 4000 311, 316 NGC 4131 46 NGC 3810 168, 193 NGC 4005 283–84, 314, 316 NGC 4132 46 NGC 3816 250 NGC 4007 283–84 NGC 4134 46 NGC 3821 22, 47 NGC 4008 55–56 NGC 4139 372 NGC 3837 22, 47 NGC 4009 315, 316 NGC 4140 247, 371–72 NGC 3840 250 NGC 4011 315, 316 NGC 4151 191, 193 NGC 3842 46–47 NGC 4012 364 NGC 4156 191 NGC 3843 405 NGC 4015 315, 316 NGC 4160 424 NGC 3844 250 NGC 4017 193 NGC 4165 267 NGC 3847 247 NGC 4018 315, 316 NGC 4169 46, 46 NGC 3849 372 NGC 4019 58 NGC 4170 46 NGC 3853 277 NGC 4021 315, 316, 317 NGC 4171 46 NGC 3854 387, 435 NGC 4022 315, 316 NGC 4173 46, 46 NGC 3856 247 NGC 4023 315, 316 NGC 4174 46, 46 NGC 3857 272 NGC 4030 168 NGC 4175 46, 46 NGC 3858 387, 435 NGC 4038 5, 40, 45, 47–48, 49, 191, 193 NGC 4179 371–72 NGC 3859 272 NGC 4039 5, 40, 45, 47–48, 49, 191, 193 NGC 4182 326 NGC 3860 47 NGC 4042 254, 455, 456, 457–58 NGC 4192 168, 280 NGC 3862 47 NGC 4045 247, 371–72 NGC 4202 371–72 NGC 3864 272 NGC 4046 247, 371–72 NGC 4203 135–37 NGC 3865 387, 435 NGC 4051 191, 193 NGC 4205 160, 183 NGC 3866 387, 435 NGC 4053 258 NGC 4206 332 NGC 3867 272 NGC 4058 337 NGC 4208 448 NGC 3868 272 NGC 4061 46, 516 NGC 4209 23 NGC 3873 250 NGC 4063 371–72, 375 NGC 4212 448 NGC 3875 47 NGC 4064 244–45 NGC 4214 61, 300 NGC 3884 47 NGC 4065 46, 516 NGC 4216 136, 280 NGC 3886 250 NGC 4069 46 NGC 4222 332 NGC 3889 311 NGC 4070 46 NGC 4228 61 NGC 3893 168, 193 NGC 4072 313 NGC 4239 383 NGC 3894 45, 516 NGC 4073 372 NGC 4240 387–88 NGC 3895 45, 516 NGC 4074 46 NGC 4243 387–88 NGC 3905 387, 436 NGC 4075 372 NGC 4247 337 NGC 3910 283 NGC 4076 46 NGC 4254 114, 116, 193, 214, 280 NGC 3918 38, 80–81 NGC 4077 247, 371–72 NGC 4255 272, 326–27 NGC 3927 245 NGC 4078 246, 247, 256, 258 NGC 4258 17, 31, 168 NGC 3928 208 NGC 4082 246 NGC 4259 237 NGC 3932 208, 245 NGC 4083 246 NGC 4268 237, 238 NGC 3933 276, 277, 383 NGC 4086 247 NGC 4269 209–10, 286 NGC 3934 276, 277, 383 NGC 4089 247 NGC 4270 20, 46, 209–10, 237, 238 NGC 3938 116, 193 NGC 4090 247 NGC 4273 46, 237, 238 NGC 3941 136 NGC 4091 247 NGC 4276 326 NGC 3948 424 NGC 4092 247 NGC 4277 46, 237, 238 NGC 3950 309 NGC 4093 247 NGC 4281 46, 237, 238 NGC 3953 191 NGC 4102 193 NGC 4291 241 NGC 3966 247 NGC 4107 246, 247, 257–58 NGC 4303 31, 61, 191, 194 NGC 3975 309 NGC 4109 200, 302 NGC 4307 326, 332 NGC 3976 411–12 NGC 4110 317 NGC 4308 332, 362 NGC 3979 348, 405–06 NGC 4111 136 NGC 4309 326–27, 461 NGC 3986 247 NGC 4116 327 NGC 4310 247

Object index 641

NGC 4314 364 NGC 4479 155, 156, 157, 212, 214 NGC 4650 83 NGC 4316 373 NGC 4485 191, 194, 195 NGC 4656 45, 61, 191 NGC 4319 241, 430, 431, 461 NGC 4486 168 NGC 4657 45, 61, 191 NGC 4321 116, 194, 214 NGC 4490 191, 195 NGC 4661 83 NGC 4322 329 NGC 4492 177, 178 NGC 4664 27, 445 NGC 4324 209, 237–38 NGC 4494 197 NGC 4665 27, 445 NGC 4325 247 NGC 4501 116, 194, 214, 280, 300 NGC 4669 321 NGC 4327 329 NGC 4526 28, 154 NGC 4672 83 NGC 4330 301–02, 321 NGC 4530 55, 157, 158, 454 NGC 4676 44 NGC 4338 247 NGC 4536 191, 194 NGC 4677 83 NGC 4345 430, 461 NGC 4544 358 NGC 4683 83 NGC 4347 326–27 NGC 4548 17, 31, 55, 219 NGC 4686 49 NGC 4352 321 NGC 4549 35 NGC 4689 194 NGC 4353 326 NGC 4559 168 NGC 4692 247 NGC 4355 371–72 NGC 4560 28, 153 NGC 4695 48–49 NGC 4357 425 NGC 4565 5, 30, 60, 91, 110, 168, 190, NGC 4696 83 NGC 4358 448 213–14, 282 NGC 4697 167 NGC 4360 373 NGC 4567 45, 55, 61, 209 NGC 4702 247 NGC 4361 40, 136 NGC 4568 45, 55, 61, 209 NGC 4706 83 NGC 4362 448 NGC 4569 168 NGC 4710 191 NGC 4364 448 NGC 4571 17, 55–56 NGC 4725 116, 167, 194 NGC 4368 247 NGC 4575 83 NGC 4729 83 NGC 4374 168 NGC 4576 405 NGC 4730 83 NGC 4381 425 NGC 4578 195 NGC 4731 519 NGC 4383 236–38, 319 NGC 4579 116, 168 NGC 4736 136, 167, 194, 214 NGC 4389 191 NGC 4581 405 NGC 4738 425 NGC 4395 48, 49, 61 NGC 4582 129, 204 NGC 4743 83 NGC 4396 242–43 NGC 4585 364 NGC 4744 83 NGC 4399 47, 49 NGC 4587 411–12 NGC 4755 5, 86, 299, 517 NGC 4400 47, 49 NGC 4589 23 NGC 4759 81, 330 NGC 4401 47–48, 49, 61 NGC 4592 405 NGC 4760 263–64 NGC 4402 148–49, 182–83, 186 NGC 4594 17, 31, 60, 91, 168, 214 NGC 4761 330 NGC 4406 168, 186 NGC 4601 83 NGC 4762 91 NGC 4411 326 NGC 4603 83 NGC 4764 330 NGC 4414 194 NGC 4604 326–27, 461 NGC 4774 47, 255, 329 NGC 4418 371–72 NGC 4605 168 NGC 4776 81 NGC 4424 23 NGC 4606 214 NGC 4778 330 NGC 4426 425 NGC 4607 304 NGC 4797 247 NGC 4427 425 NGC 4610 28 NGC 4798 247 NGC 4435 47–48, 208 NGC 4614 364 NGC 4800 166–67 NGC 4438 47–48, 208 NGC 4615 364 NGC 4802 332 NGC 4443 317 NGC 4616 83 NGC 4804 332 NGC 4449 44, 46 NGC 4618 45, 191, 194 NGC 4826 60, 167, 214 NGC 4452 153 NGC 4621 167, 214 NGC 4827 197 NGC 4453 36 NGC 4622 83 NGC 4840 319, 321 NGC 4458 208 NGC 4624 28, 445 NGC 4858 248 NGC 4461 208 NGC 4625 194 NGC 4864 249 NGC 4464 177, 178 NGC 4627 61, 114 NGC 4866 280 NGC 4466 301–02, 321 NGC 4631 30, 61, 114, 117 NGC 4867 243, 424–25 NGC 4467 177, 178, 282–83 NGC 4633 358 NGC 4870 311 NGC 4470 28, 177, 178 NGC 4634 214 NGC 4871 243, 424–25 NGC 4471 177, 178, 179, 260, 519 NGC 4639 194 NGC 4873 243, 424–25 NGC 4472 18, 31, 168 NGC 4644 48–49 NGC 4874 248, 249 NGC 4473 155–57, 186, 514 NGC 4645 83 NGC 4878 448 NGC 4476 214 NGC 4646 48–49, 344 NGC 4879 448 NGC 4477 155, 156, 186, 212, 214, 514 NGC 4647 61, 153, 196, 209 NGC 4882 246–47 NGC 4478 214 NGC 4649 61, 167 NGC 4883 243, 424–25

642 Object index

NGC 4884 247–48 NGC 5191 365–66 NGC 5473 59 NGC 4886 246–47 NGC 5194 44–45, 60, 114, 116, 167, NGC 5487 337 NGC 4888 448 194, 214, 281, 300, 482 NGC 5495 336–37 NGC 4889 247–48, 249, 424 NGC 5195 31, 44–45, 60, 114–16, 194, NGC 5496 405 NGC 4898 243, 426 209, 214, 281, 300, 484, 490–91 NGC 5502 347, 356, 358 NGC 4900 91 NGC 5200 129, 204 NGC 5503 347, 356, 358 NGC 4908 245–46, 321 NGC 5226 315 NGC 5509 425 NGC 4912 309 NGC 5236 214 NGC 5511 365–66 NGC 4913 309 NGC 5247 211–12, 214, 491 NGC 5511A 367 NGC 4914 309–10 NGC 5248 191, 194, 280 NGC 5511B 367 NGC 4916 309 NGC 5253 23, 26 NGC 5519 247 NGC 4921 249 NGC 5268 139, 182 NGC 5522 44–45 NGC 4949 244–45 NGC 5272 136, 167 NGC 5534 332, 375 NGC 4960 247 NGC 5278 310 NGC 5535 254, 456 NGC 4961 247 NGC 5279 310–11 NGC 5538 256, 258, 302, 321 NGC 4969 358 NGC 5309 349, 358 NGC 5544 300 NGC 4978 197 NGC 5310 129, 204 NGC 5545 300 NGC 4982 329 NGC 5315 393, 452 NGC 5557 115–16, 194 NGC 4989 139, 182 NGC 5319 304 NGC 5566 207 NGC 4993 81 NGC 5322 167 NGC 5570 247 NGC 4994 81 NGC 5338 311 NGC 5584 397, 399 NGC 4997 365–66, 405 NGC 5348 311 NGC 5601 306 NGC 5020 194 NGC 5350 281 NGC 5619 271–72 NGC 5022 436 NGC 5353 281 NGC 5632 128, 130, 182, 204 NGC 5023 356 NGC 5354 281 NGC 5634 167 NGC 5024 68, 167, 186 NGC 5355 281 NGC 5648 426, 455 NGC 5030 405 NGC 5358 281 NGC 5649 426, 455 NGC 5031 405 NGC 5366 128, 204 NGC 5651 128, 130, 182, 204 NGC 5033 91, 300 NGC 5367 81 NGC 5653 362, 364 NGC 5035 405 NGC 5377 91 NGC 5657 362 NGC 5038 405 NGC 5378 191 NGC 5658 128, 130, 182, 204 NGC 5039 434 NGC 5404 129, 204 NGC 5660 197 NGC 5046 405 NGC 5405 413–14 NGC 5672 362, 364 NGC 5055 116, 194 NGC 5409 331 NGC 5694 151 NGC 5066 436 NGC 5414 330 NGC 5699 375 NGC 5068 260, 261 NGC 5416 329–31 NGC 5700 311 NGC 5069 436 NGC 5418 413 NGC 5703 375 NGC 5072 243 NGC 5422 59 NGC 5706 375 NGC 5080 405 NGC 5423 330–31 NGC 5707 340 NGC 5088 363–64 NGC 5424 330–31 NGC 5709 375 NGC 5100 258 NGC 5426 45 NGC 5713 194 NGC 5101 20 NGC 5427 45, 194 NGC 5734 433, 434 NGC 5106 258 NGC 5431 331 NGC 5740 300 NGC 5112 191, 194 NGC 5434 331 NGC 5743 433 NGC 5128 5, 75, 76 NGC 5436 331 NGC 5752 311 NGC 5139 80 NGC 5437 331 NGC 5753 311 NGC 5144 241 NGC 5438 330–32 NGC 5755 311 NGC 5162 449 NGC 5439 350 NGC 5765 200 NGC 5165 332, 366 NGC 5441 58 NGC 5765B 200 NGC 5171 332, 365–66, 414 NGC 5443 59 NGC 5769 405 NGC 5174 44–45, 449 NGC 5446 330–32 NGC 5775 91, 190 NGC 5175 45, 455 NGC 5457 167, 191, 194, 487 NGC 5783 344, 347, 351 NGC 5176 365, 414 NGC 5465 329 NGC 5785 347, 351 NGC 5177 365, 414 NGC 5466 167 NGC 5796 435 NGC 5178 365, 414 NGC 5467 328, 329 NGC 5808 160–61, 247 NGC 5179 332, 366, 414 NGC 5468 194, 329 NGC 5813 91–92, 208 NGC 5186 414 NGC 5471 244 NGC 5814 208 NGC 5189 418 NGC 5472 329, 332 NGC 5819 160, 247

Object index 643

NGC 5824 397, 402 NGC 6049 299, 454 NGC 6301 41 NGC 5826 347 NGC 6050 348, 355 NGC 6302 74, 397–98, 399 NGC 5834 56, 397–98 NGC 6052 258 NGC 6307 242 NGC 5838 91, 92 NGC 6053 347, 355 NGC 6308 254 NGC 5841 258 NGC 6054 355 NGC 6309 265–66, 329, 391 NGC 5846 423, 424 NGC 6055 355 NGC 6310 242 NGC 5846A 423, 424 NGC 6056 348, 355 NGC 6314 254 NGC 5848 258 NGC 6057 347, 355 NGC 6315 254 NGC 5856 34, 41, 454 NGC 6058 191 NGC 6316 74 NGC 5857 61, 191, 196, 516–17 NGC 6061 355 NGC 6326 74 NGC 5858 405 NGC 6064 258 NGC 6333 143, 167 NGC 5859 61, 191, 196, 516–17 NGC 6073 197 NGC 6337 214 NGC 5866 17, 31, 114, 117, 167, 181, NGC 6091 358 NGC 6341 167, 186, 292 219 NGC 6093 167 NGC 6344 430, 461 NGC 5865 210 NGC 6098 362–63 NGC 6347 362 NGC 5868 210 NGC 6099 362–63 NGC 6352 397 NGC 5870 347 NGC 6115 175 NGC 6353 430, 461 NGC 5872 337 NGC 6117 254 NGC 6354 397, 400 NGC 5873 393, 394, 452 NGC 6121 18 NGC 6356 167 NGC 5876 348 NGC 6123 351 NGC 6359 242 NGC 5877 260–61 NGC 6125 347, 445 NGC 6363 375 NGC 5879 121 NGC 6127 347–48, 445 NGC 6364 255, 271–72, 284, 363–64, NGC 5883 337 NGC 6128 347, 445 375, 448 NGC 5884 430, 461 NGC 6138 375–76 NGC 6366 146, 182, 455 NGC 5897 167 NGC 6153 393, 452 NGC 6371 364 NGC 5898 460 NGC 6170 347 NGC 6382 358 NGC 5903 460 NGC 6171 16–17, 31, 64–65, 80, 167, NGC 6384 246, 254, 255 NGC 5904 136, 167 186 NGC 6389 326–27 NGC 5907 30, 91, 241, 300–01 NGC 6176 347 NGC 6395 358 NGC 5919 350 NGC 6187 427, 428, 461 NGC 6401 36 NGC 5921 194 NGC 6189 74, 347 NGC 6402 64, 168, 186 NGC 5928 17–18 NGC 6191 347 NGC 6404 86 NGC 5936 364 NGC 6205 136, 143, 167, 191 NGC 6405 18 NGC 5948 376 NGC 6210 38, 68, 91, 121, 152, 175, NGC 6411 242 NGC 5964 61, 107, 110 186, 281, 381 NGC 6412 33 NGC 5976 422 NGC 6212 344 NGC 6414 274, 350 NGC 5981 422 NGC 6214 347 NGC 6415 74, 85 NGC 5982 422 NGC 6218 167, 194 NGC 6416 406 NGC 5985 192, 194 NGC 6229 40, 97, 167, 186 NGC 6418 358 NGC 5986 186, 325 NGC 6231 453 NGC 6421 85 NGC 5990 20, 297, 314 NGC 6235 167 NGC 6426 274, 321 NGC 5994 304 NGC 6239 274, 321 NGC 6427 276 NGC 5996 364 NGC 6240 426 NGC 6428 214 NGC 6002 309 NGC 6241 35 NGC 6431 272, 276, 377 NGC 6015 519 NGC 6251 26 NGC 6434 148 NGC 6020 362 NGC 6252 26 NGC 6439 391 NGC 6027 272 NGC 6254 136, 143, 167 NGC 6441 186, 325 NGC 6028 426 NGC 6257 197 NGC 6445 392 NGC 6034 355 NGC 6262 376 NGC 6446 460 NGC 6039 355 NGC 6276 257–58, 259 NGC 6447 460 NGC 6040 272, 355 NGC 6277 257–58, 259 NGC 6457 358 NGC 6041 272, 355 NGC 6278 257–58, 259, 273 NGC 6475 456 NGC 6042 272, 355 NGC 6285 344, 351 NGC 6480 84–85 NGC 6043 355 NGC 6288 358 NGC 6481 326 NGC 6044 355 NGC 6289 358 NGC 6484 362 NGC 6045 355 NGC 6297 347 NGC 6488 347 NGC 6046 426 NGC 6298 347 NGC 6497 347 NGC 6047 355 NGC 6299 242 NGC 6498 347

644 Object index

NGC 6503 147, 148–49, 168, 182 NGC 6633 29, 31 NGC 6781 91, 153, 194, 214 NGC 6508 414 NGC 6634 220 NGC 6785 58, 258, 391–92 NGC 6510 347 NGC 6637 186, 220 NGC 6790 391 NGC 6511 347 NGC 6641 362 NGC 6791 127, 129–30, 145, 146, 182, NGC 6512 242 NGC 6643 127, 129–30, 168, 182, 204, 205 NGC 6514 26, 31, 86, 95, 214, 516 237–38, 514, 520 NGC 6792 430, 461 NGC 6516 242 NGC 6644 391, 392 NGC 6797 326 NGC 6519 176, 179, 260 NGC 6648 68–69, 69, 182 NGC 6798 348 NGC 6520 142, 143, 400 NGC 6654 411–12, 414 NGC 6803 391–92 NGC 6521 242 NGC 6655 146, 182 NGC 6804 41 NGC 6522 176 NGC 6656 455 NGC 6807 391 NGC 6523 18, 86 NGC 6663 357–58 NGC 6813 256–57 NGC 6527 362 NGC 6666 349, 358, 455 NGC 6818 91, 116, 143–44, 153, 154, NGC 6529 74 NGC 6667 347–48, 354, 443, 445 159, 161, 168, 175, 241, 300, 400 NGC 6532 358 NGC 6668 347, 354, 445 NGC 6819 29, 64–65, 186, 300 NGC 6535 124–25, 182 NGC 6669 255 NGC 6820 256–57 NGC 6536 358 NGC 6672 376 NGC 6822 5, 395–97, 400, 401 NGC 6537 391 NGC 6674 363–64 NGC 6823 20 NGC 6539 169–70, 182 NGC 6675 274, 364 NGC 6825 358 NGC 6541 69, 71, 80, 186 NGC 6677 9, 347, 350, 351, 352, 354 NGC 6826 40, 60, 143–44 NGC 6543 5, 97, 98, 152, 166, 168, 186, NGC 6678 347, 354, 445 NGC 6833 391–92 250, 282, 407, 459 NGC 6679 9, 347, 350, 351, 352–54 NGC 6838 168 NGC 6544 36, 390 NGC 6685 357–58 NGC 6842 245–46, 257, 363–64 NGC 6548 376 NGC 6686 357–58 NGC 6844 391 NGC 6549 375–76 NGC 6688 364 NGC 6846 274 NGC 6550 375–76 NGC 6689 347–48 NGC 6847 174, 245 NGC 6551 434 NGC 6690 347–48 NGC 6852 174, 257 NGC 6553 186, 325 NGC 6693 255 NGC 6853 45, 60, 91, 114, 136, 143, NGC 6558 81 NGC 6704 145–46, 182 161, 168, 192, 214, 241, 281, 455 NGC 6563 74 NGC 6705 136, 143 NGC 6857 197 NGC 6565 391 NGC 6708 86 NGC 6859 128, 130, 182, 204 NGC 6566 242 NGC 6709 280 NGC 6864 168 NGC 6567 391 NGC 6712 168 NGC 6866 29, 64, 186 NGC 6569 23, 26 NGC 6717 36 NGC 6869 347 NGC 6570 246 NGC 6720 43, 60, 91, 136, 142, 161, 241 NGC 6871 68 NGC 6572 37, 68, 91, 121, 143–44, 168, NGC 6723 176, 182, 325 NGC 6873 68 175, 186, 281 NGC 6724 57–58 NGC 6879 391, 392–93, 395 NGC 6574 276 NGC 6726 176, 177, 179, 254, 258, 260 NGC 6881 391 NGC 6575 272, 362 NGC 6727 176, 177, 179, 254, 258, 260 NGC 6882 64–65, 186, 292, 448 NGC 6577 364 NGC 6729 176, 177, 179, 254, 258, 260, NGC 6884 392–93, 395 NGC 6578 391 522 NGC 6885 64–65, 186, 285, 292, 448 NGC 6580 364 NGC 6731 430, 461 NGC 6886 37, 393 NGC 6585 358 NGC 6741 391 NGC 6888 5, 300, 301, 394 NGC 6589 362, 363, 403 NGC 6748 274 NGC 6891 393 NGC 6590 363, 403 NGC 6749 58 NGC 6894 37, 116, 300, 301 NGC 6595 403 NGC 6751 257, 373 NGC 6897 364 NGC 6599 375 NGC 6759 272 NGC 6898 364 NGC 6600 375 NGC 6760 123, 124–25, 154, 156, 182, NGC 6903 197 NGC 6603 57, 220 236, 285–86, 300, 519 NGC 6905 60, 91, 92, 108, 116, 142, NGC 6610 276 NGC 6762 347 151, 153–54, 191, 194, 214, 281, 514 NGC 6611 462 NGC 6763 347 NGC 6907 255 NGC 6612 351 NGC 6765 256, 257, 363–64 NGC 6908 255 NGC 6618 60, 86, 95, 168, 214, 516 NGC 6766 391–93, 395 NGC 6912 405 NGC 6620 391 NGC 6767 430, 461 NGC 6914 376 NGC 6621 346–47, 353, 356, 358 NGC 6775 120 NGC 6916 350, 444, 455, 456 NGC 6622 346–47, 353, 356 NGC 6777 220 NGC 6921 271–72 NGC 6626 136 NGC 6778 258, 391–92 NGC 6926 314 NGC 6629 260 NGC 6779 168 NGC 6933 289

Object index 645

NGC 6939 526 NGC 7143 197 NGC 7388 309 NGC 6941 361–62 NGC 7147 246 NGC 7390 304 NGC 6943 142 NGC 7150 124, 128, 204 NGC 7393 327 NGC 6946 179, 192, 194, 525–26 NGC 7152 212 NGC 7402 304 NGC 6951 277, 340, 461 NGC 7153 212 NGC 7403 129, 232 NGC 6952 276, 277, 340, 461 NGC 7154 212 NGC 7405 255 NGC 6960 5, 60, 96, 453 NGC 7164 434 NGC 7416 363, 366 NGC 6962 516 NGC 7165 197 NGC 7422 246, 255, 271, 283–84, NGC 6964 516 NGC 7167 212 363–64, 448 NGC 6966 242–43, 426 NGC 7172 212 NGC 7427 283 NGC 6973 453 NGC 7173 212 NGC 7433 300–01 NGC 6974 309–10, 453 NGC 7174 212 NGC 7435 300–01 NGC 6975 426 NGC 7177 192 NGC 7436 300–01 NGC 6976 426 NGC 7184 20, 21, 65 NGC 7443 61, 265 NGC 6979 309–10, 453 NGC 7187 434 NGC 7444 61, 265 NGC 6981 168 NGC 7190 274, 276, 320 NGC 7447 139, 182 NGC 6992 5, 30, 95 NGC 7210 197 NGC 7450 265–66 NGC 6995 5, 61, 95, 453 NGC 7226 405–06 NGC 7451 283 NGC 6999 4–5 NGC 7240 271–72 NGC 7453 326–27 NGC 7000 2, 4–5, 30, 32, 33, 222, 458, NGC 7242 271–72, 274 NGC 7457 300 559 NGC 7254 436 NGC 7463 209, 241, 280, 515–16 NGC 7001 4–5, 6 NGC 7256 436 NGC 7464 209, 241, 258, 279–80, 516 NGC 7005 154, 155, 156, 186, 243, 245 NGC 7257 276 NGC 7465 209, 241, 280, 515–16 NGC 7006 30 NGC 7258 212 NGC 7472 244, 283–84 NGC 7008 41, 192 NGC 7259 212 NGC 7477 243, 244, 245, 284, 456 NGC 7009 18, 19, 20, 22, 36–38, 43, 60, NGC 7260 276 NGC 7479 91, 114, 117, 153, 159, 161, 68, 91, 92, 114, 135, 136, 143, 151–52, NGC 7284 212, 216–17 241, 480, 511 159, 161, 168, 175, 186, 211, 214–15, NGC 7285 212, 216–17 NGC 7482 244, 283–84 260, 281, 381, 407, 452, 455, 514 NGC 7288 364 NGC 7486 313, 319 NGC 7010 57–58 NGC 7291 362 NGC 7489 216, 255 NGC 7023 41, 345 NGC 7293 5, 64–66, 71, 163, 168, 182, NGC 7490 405 NGC 7026 363, 365, 366, 382, 393–94 325, 453 NGC 7493 455 NGC 7027 9, 376–379, 380, 382 NGC 7317 272–73 NGC 7507 212 NGC 7028 255 NGC 7818 273 NGC 7511 347 NGC 7040 408 NGC 7318A 272 NGC 7513 254, 397, 400 NGC 7048 376–77 NGC 7318B 272 NGC 7520 266 NGC 7051 197 NGC 7319 272–73 NGC 7528 387 NGC 7052 300 NGC 7320 272–73 NGC 7537 286, 295 NGC 7053 246 NGC 7320C 273 NGC 7541 286, 295 NGC 7054 274 NGC 7322 79 NGC 7547 289 NGC 7065 246, 274 NGC 7325 289 NGC 7548 160, 182, 242 NGC 7066 347 NGC 7326 309 NGC 7549 289–90, 301–02, 321 NGC 7078 68, 136, 168, 186 NGC 7331 5, 91, 116, 136, 168, 192, NGC 7550 289–90 NGC 7080 376 195, 209, 524 NGC 7553 266, 289–90, 301–02, 321 NGC 7088 384–85, 537 NGC 7332 91, 209 NGC 7555 279 NGC 7089 136, 168 NGC 7333 289 NGC 7559 159 NGC 7092 454 NGC 7334 79 NGC 7560 286, 289, 295 NGC 7094 345, 349, 382 NGC 7335 209, 524 NGC 7561 286, 289, 295 NGC 7099 143 NGC 7338 329 NGC 7563 159 NGC 7108 276 NGC 7339 209 NGC 7565 270 NGC 7111 276 NGC 7343 362 NGC 7568 276 NGC 7114 392, 393, 403, 430, 444, 455 NGC 7347 159 NGC 7571 289, 290 NGC 7122 139, 140, 182 NGC 7367 246 NGC 7574 276 NGC 7133 424 NGC 7375 362 NGC 7577 425, 456 NGC 7134 326 NGC 7380 29 NGC 7581 131, 294, 295 NGC 7135 212 NGC 7383 199–200 NGC 7582 212 NGC 7140 448 NGC 7384 304 NGC 7583 257–58 NGC 7141 448 NGC 7387 201 NGC 7588 290

646 Object index

NGC 7594 387–88 NGC 7756 311 Pleiades 1, 8, 13, 17, 30, 39, 171–73, 220, NGC 7595 387 NGC 7759 344 384–86, 401, 438, 456, 466, 472, 479, NGC 7597 289, 290 NGC 7766 313 514, 521, 522, 523–25, 526, 527–31, NGC 7598 290 NGC 7767 313 533–34, 535, 536–40, 542, 543–45, NGC 7601 386–87 NGC 7769 300 546–47, 548–550, 551–52, 553, 554, NGC 7602 290 NGC 7770 300 555–556, 557–58, 559–61 NGC 7604 257 NGC 7771 300 Polarissima Australis 57, 81, 82, 455 NGC 7605 257–58 NGC 7780 344 Polarissima Borealis 24, 57, 58, 81, 455 NGC 7606 153 NGC 7783 364 Praesepe 1, 2, 15–16, 18, 30, 256, 454, NGC 7608 246 NGC 7789 5, 29, 168 456 NGC 7610 387–88 NGC 7793 128, 131, 231–32 Ptolemy’s Cluster 15–16, 456 NGC 7612 256, 258 NGC 7804 232, 233, 448 NGC 7613 270 NGC 7805 516 Ring Nebula 16, 35–36, 42–43, 60, 107, NGC 7614 269, 270 NGC 7806 516 111, 116–17, 124, 205, 215, 241, 349, NGC 7616 387–88 NGC 7810 48 403, 406–07, 410, 479 NGC 7617 258 NGC 7814 192, 300–01 Rosette Nebula 5, 256, 257, 303, 340, NGC 7619 47, 285 NGC 7815 289 341, 342–43 NGC 7620 267 NGC 7819 313 NGC 7623 47 NGC 7822 197 Sagittarius Star Cloud 17, 57, 220, 464 NGC 7626 47 NGC 7827 53, 376 S And 23, 410, 413–14, 429, 516 NGC 7630 386–87 NGC 7828 434 Saturn Nebula 5, 19, 36, 68, 92, 151, NGC 7631 200 NGC 7829 434 211, 215, 260, 381, 407, 452, 455 NGC 7635 41 NGC 7830 255 Sculptor group 420 NGC 7638 386–87, 388 NGC 7834 255, 256 Seyfert’s Sextet 272 NGC 7639 386–87, 388 NGC 7835 255, 256 Siamese Twins 55, 61, 209 NGC 7648 269, 373 NGC 7837 255, 256 Silver Dollar Galaxy 5 NGC 7649 348 NGC 7838 256 Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) 5, NGC 7654 168 NGC 7840 255–56 15–16, 74, 77–78, 80, 84–86, 219–20, NGC 7662 5, 36, 37, 38, 43, 60, 91, 114, North America Nebula 2, 4–5, 30, 32, 420, 453–55 116, 143–44, 151–53, 168, 192, 194, 212, 33, 222, 379, 458, 558–59 Sombrero Galaxy 31 214, 281–82, 290, 305, 381, 403, 514 Nova Aurigae 1892 403 Spindle Galaxy 290 NGC 7663 270 Nova Cygni 1876 392–93, 403, 429–30, Stephan’s Quintet 272, 273 NGC 7664 267 455 Struve’s Lost Nebula 124, 281, 283, 498, NGC 7666 270 Nova Persei 1901 396 504, 512 NGC 7667 269–70 Nova T Scorpii 148, 176, 514 NGC 7668 270 Nubecula Major 77, 85–86 Tarantula Nebula 28, 86 NGC 7669 270 Nubecula Minor 77, 85–86 The Antennae 5, 40, 45, 47–48, 49 NGC 7670 270 The Box 44, 46 NGC 7673 246 Omega Centauri (ω Cen) 16, 79–80 The Mice 44 NGC 7678 192, 194 Omega Nebula 16, 39, 60, 86, 89, 95, Theta Orionis (θ Ori) 53, 86, 367, 369 NGC 7679 258 104, 111, 142, 144, 301, 343, 406–07, Trapezium 9, 53, 77, 111, 132, 251, 361, NGC 7683 267, 269–70 479, 516 367, 368–69, 403 NGC 7686 292 Orion Nebula 1–2, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, Trifid Nebula 26, 27, 31, 40, 86, 95, 96, NGC 7688 283–84, 326 33, 38–39, 41, 52–53, 84, 86, 88–90, 213, 406–07, 476, 516–17 NGC 7691 197 103–05, 107, 112, 118, 124–25, 132–34, NGC 7692 128, 204 138, 142, 143, 150, 173, 190, 192, 195, UGC 492 465 NGC 7693 409, 410 211, 215, 234, 251, 305, 307, 308, 321, NGC 7710 258 333, 336, 361, 367–69, 385–86, 403, NGC 7712 266 406–07, 418, 431–32, 445, 450, 455, vdB 69 57 NGC 7717 266 475, 476–77, 480–82, 488, 513–14, 516, Veil Nebula 5, 30, 60, 95, 309–10, 453 NGC 7724 267 528, 531, 558 Virgo Cluster 3, 46–47, 86, 148–49, 155, NGC 7730 266 Owl Nebula 116, 117, 190 209, 223, 248, 456, 467, 514 NGC 7738 269–70 NGC 7739 269–70 Pegasus I Cluster 47 Whirlpool Nebula 60, 115 NGC 7748 454 Pelican Nebula 2 Wild Duck Cluster 16, 475 NGC 7752 200, 302 Perseus Cluster 244–45, 250, 320, 423–25 Winnecke 4 146

Subject index

The compilation excludes names of persons, telescopes, sites (observatories) and designated objects; see the indices for these categories.

annular nebula, 106–07, 114–17, 410 Crossley reflector, 208, 382, 389, 467, 104, 135, 178, 187, 213, 224, 243, 255, asterism, 1 481, 560 265, 271, 274, 279, 282, 303, 308, 310, Astronomical Society Catalogue (ASC), 315, 318, 320, 327, 329, 349, 355, 365, 78–79 dark nebula, 1, 142, 396, 400, 406, 452, 376–77, 385–86, 388, 397, 401, 424, Atlas écliptique, 205, 438, 498 510, 517 434, 453 Digitized Sky Survey (DSS), 5, 12, 470 galaxy chain, 46, 55, 356, 388, 422 Bedford Catalogue, 15, 119–21, 157, 159, double galaxy, 40, 47, 61, 160, 196, 209, galaxy cluster, 46 379, 382, 481 216, 265, 273, 294, 301, 303, 330, 346, galaxy group, 12, 190, 255, 271–72, 288, Berliner Akademische Sternkarten, 122, 353, 356, 363, 367, 423 290, 301, 313–14, 365, 469 138, 149, 174, 184, 205 double nebula, 8–10, 44, 46–47, 54, galaxy trio, 82, 241, 356, 435, 516 binocular, 21 60–62, 83, 148, 154, 179, 182, 187, gaseous nebula, 112, 119, 150, 250–51, bipolar nebula, 16, 45, 61, 208, 287, 202–03, 208–09, 242, 286–87, 310, 346, 380, 507, 535 375–76, 515 353–54, 387–88, 481, 515 Gegenschein, 166, 169, 556 Bonner Durchmusterung (BD), 9, 88, dwarf galaxy, 400 glass mirror, 34, 99, 110, 118, 131, 205, 131, 158, 161–63, 165–66, 173–74, 184, 215, 306, 388, 415, 417, 419, 501, 528 214, 233, 237, 291, 330, 380, 424, 451, ecliptical charts, 88, 122, 138, 205, 251, glass secondary, 299 466, 473, 506, 524, 529 498, 526 globular cluster, 1, 30, 39, 42, 58, 61, 69, British Association Catalogue (BAC), 55, edge-on galaxy, 5, 12, 29–30, 60, 111, 74, 81, 111, 113, 115, 135, 187, 194, 135, 154, 180, 223 159, 213, 241, 300–01, 377, 421 442, 453 Brisbane catalogue, 72, 78 elliptical galaxy, 82, 84, 115, 194 gold medal (RAS), 50, 52, 66, 73, 100, Bruce medal, 147 emission nebula, 1, 12, 30, 40, 58, 74, 121–22, 125, 132, 147, 150, 240, 282, 81, 242, 255–57, 320, 349, 390, 397, 360, 386, 390, 397, 422, 427 Carte du Ciel, 326, 437–38, 549 452, 521 gold medal (Warner), 339 catalogue identity, 11, 27, 79 entrance pupil, 113, 538–39 grand amateur, 9 Catalogus Britannicus, 159 exit pupil, 113, 486, 539 Great Melbourne Telescope (GMT), 72, cave nebula, 400, 551 extensive diffused nebulosity, 32, 181, 77, 100, 133, 222, 252, 415–21, 451, Celestial charts, 324–27 551, 558 518 central star, 39–40, 42–43, 104, 116, 118, group of nebulae, 249, 256, 273, 312, 157, 345, 395, 473 face-on galaxy, 30 354, 423 classification, 8, 22, 44, 83, 290, 333 field of view, 25–26, 28, 33, 41, 95, 113, Guide Star Catalogue (GSC), 79, 372 colour, 35–38, 528 172, 212, 239, 264, 294, 308, 328, 340, comet, 2, 17, 62, 70–71, 88, 93, 126, 131, 342, 390, 404, 418, 486, 523, 531, 534, HII region, 44–45, 47–49, 61, 160–61, 158, 173, 178, 187, 217, 234, 260, 284, 538, 540, 547, 559 174, 183, 244, 255, 317, 363, 399–400, 337, 341, 345–46, 379, 515, 523 field sweeping, 66, 526, 542 424, 453 cometary nebula, 35, 40, 61, 176, 549, filter, 33 Hagen clouds, 385, 466, 510, 559 560 finding eye-piece, 110, 113, 116 halation, 553, 555, 560 comet eye-piece, 400, 528, 541 Franklin-Adams charts, 466 helical nebula, 65, 190, 213 comet-seeker, 65–66, 77, 88, 127, 137–38, front-view, 20, 103, 112, 118, 138, 299, heliometer (Bonn), 97, 144, 152, 162–63, 144–46, 148, 161–66, 169–70, 173, 179, 305, 422, 477, 479 166 262, 274, 341, 397, 503, 525–26 heliometer (Königsberg), 65, 69, 92, compact galaxy, 352–54, 424 galactic nebula, 1, 209, 213, 243, 329, 123–24, 127, 130, 134, 139, 145–48, contrast, 33, 43 385, 452–53 154–55, 158, 163, 169–70, 182, 184, core-nebula, 177, 260, 268, 285, 473 galaxy, 1, 23, 30, 40, 55, 58, 61, 74, 81, 91, 186–87, 500, 523

647

648 Subject index

Henry Draper Catalogue (HD), 9 North Pole Distance (NPD), 4, 8, 24, 54, South Pole Distance (SPD), 8, 74 Herschel omitted nebula (HON), 47–48, 95, 219, 319, 440, 488 spectrograph, 560 59, 78, 85 spectroscope, 144, 251, 280, 305, 308, Herschel Space Observatory, 15 objective prism, 140, 390, 394–95 311, 321, 364, 380–82, 390, 392, 395, Herschelian, 20, 170, 299 open cluster, 1, 33, 58, 74, 81, 84, 135, 418, 427, 507 Histoire Céleste, 55, 68, 97, 122, 152, 187, 242–43, 292, 321, 382, 397, 420, spectroscopy, 1, 4, 8, 11, 98, 119, 140, 154, 159, 170, 239, 441 453, 459, 466 150, 250–51, 278, 292, 304, 313, 323, Hubble classification, 1 orbit-sweeper, 145, 262–63, 413–14 333–34, 365, 389–92, 407, 415, 427, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 4, 79, 443–44, 518 481, 487, 561 Palomar Observatory Sky Survey speculum, 34, 99, 110, 132, 190, 417, 495, Hubble’s law, 456 (POSS), 313, 467, 469–70 527, 531, 539 parallax, 10, 152, 154, 382 spiral galaxy, 110, 115, 195 illumination, 42, 70, 113, 115, 138, 195, peculiar galaxy, 75–76, 195 spiral nebula, 9, 65, 112, 114–18, 195, 227, 235, 290–91, 342, 422 photography, 4, 8, 11, 15, 43, 103, 125, 205, 472, 476, 480–82, 486–88, 493–94, integrated magnitude, 9, 12 205, 249, 360, 382, 385, 390, 396, 398, 496–97, 560 irregular galaxy, 194 400, 402, 407, 411, 415, 418, 421, 427, star cloud, 397, 399 isophotic chart, 95–96 432, 437, 443–44, 458, 465–66, 472–73, supernova, 23, 410, 412–13, 415, 429, 477, 479, 481, 492, 497–98, 510–11, 452, 516 Jupiter, 35, 37–38, 94, 357, 360, 370, 396, 521–22, 542–46, 548–51, 553–57 supernova remnant (SNR), 1, 74, 95, 104, 418, 560 photometry, 4, 8, 11, 23, 390 108, 135, 161, 310, 390, 452–53, 521 planetary nebula, 1, 9, 11, 14, 22, 26, 30, superthin galaxy, 356–57 Leviathan of Parsonstown, 100, 109, 32, 35, 37–40, 42, 47, 58, 60, 62, 64, surface brightness, 9, 35, 37, 43, 64, 539 317, 484 68, 74, 81, 89–91, 93, 97, 104, 108, Lalande price, 126, 134, 276, 411 114, 116–17, 120, 135, 142, 144, 148, tarnishing, 30, 34, 51, 417–18 light pollution, 131, 133, 261, 274, 312, 152–54, 157, 161, 175, 180, 187, 194, trans-Neptunian planet, 369–71 339, 372, 377, 477 209, 213, 242, 255–57, 260, 282, 305, true nebulosity, 14, 39–40, 57, 62, 83, luminous fluid, 9, 40, 104–05, 484, 487 308, 311, 320, 323, 333, 349, 363, 376, 89, 93, 98, 104–05, 109, 112, 118, 234, lunar temperature, 307, 310 389–92, 395, 403, 410, 442, 453, 459, 476, 482 462, 473 Malta catalogue, 213, 217, 251, 254, 257, portrait lens, 401, 553–54, 556, 558–59 Uranus, 18, 23, 25, 35, 38, 80, 132, 215, 319 proper motion, 8, 14, 91, 98, 134–35, 370–71, 379 Markree catalogue, 137–38, 206, 306 151–52, 154, 180, 187, 207, 238, 242, Mars, 133, 149, 306, 370, 409, 496 288, 407, 410, 472–73, 475, 515, 517 Valz price, 411 Mercury, 229, 271 variable nebula, 148, 162, 176, 205–07, micrometer, 10, 25, 42, 65, 67, 70, 90–91, quasar, 1, 271, 430–31 242, 472, 501, 512–14, 519, 521–22, 95, 102, 113, 115, 127, 135, 138, 141, 524, 527 150–51, 165, 174–75, 182, 184, 187, reduction, 10, 49, 473 Venus, 252, 267, 294, 306, 310–11, 413, 189, 195–96, 207, 215, 227, 235–36, reflection nebula, 1, 12, 40, 43, 81, 519 239, 248, 259, 262, 266, 268, 271, 278, 135, 176, 194, 242, 320, 349, 376, 452, Very Large Telescope (VLT), 4 284–85, 288, 290–91, 296, 298–99, 521 vignetting, 113, 539 307, 310, 313, 327–28, 342, 344, 354, reflectivity, 34, 38, 110 Vulcan, 325, 338, 519 380, 398, 404, 422, 430, 432, 462, 465, resolvability, 8–9, 83, 86, 89, 93, 98, 104, 472–73, 499, 501, 503, 515, 517, 534 106–08, 110–12, 118, 190, 223–24, Webb Deep-Sky Society, 383 279–80, 291, 333, 373, 472, 484, 486, white nebula, 11 nebular hypothesis, 9, 11, 98, 105, 107, 488 Willard lens, 396, 553 110–12, 115, 118, 234, 476, 482, ring galaxy, 12, 47, 255, 329, 377, 433–34 Wolf-Palisa charts, 411 484–87 Royal Medal, 100 Wolf-Rayet star/nebula, 301, 393, 395, nebulous star, 40–41, 43, 55, 57, 60, 62, 453 80, 118, 121, 139, 154, 157–59, 163–64, satellite, 8, 11, 60–62, 148, 152–53, 241, 260 working list, 33, 50, 53, 73, 179, 189, 299, 345, 354, 398, 402, 453, 544 Saturn, 38, 94, 110, 125–26, 132, 174, 217, 231 Neptune, 10, 89, 122, 124, 132, 145, 148, 211, 215, 485 215 seeing, 175 zodiacal light, 345 NGC/IC Project, 470 Seyfert galaxy, 116, 194 zone catalogue, 7, 47, 50, 53, 179–80, 217, NGC identity, 11, 27, 55, 79, 346–47 silvered (glass) speculum, 188, 528, 546 222, 465–66