The Galileo of Palomar Essays in memory of Halton Arp edited by Christopher C. Fulton and Martin Kokus Apeiron Montreal Published by C. Roy Keys Inc. 4405, rue St-Dominique Montreal, Quebec H2W 2B2 Canada http://redshift.vif.com © Christopher C. Fulton and Martin Kokus First Published 2017 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication The Galileo of Palomar : essays in memory of Halton Arp / edited by Christopher C. Fulton and Martin Kokus. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-987980-07-3 (softcover).--ISBN 978-1-987980-08-0 (PDF) 1. Arp, Halton C. 2. Galaxies. 3. Cosmology. 4. Red shift. I. Fulton, Christopher C., 1948-, editor II. Kokus, Martin, 1950-, editor QB857.G35 2017 520 C2017-902048-X C2017-902049-8 Cover background : NGC 4676 (Arp 242), or the Mice Galaxies. Author: NASA, H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M.Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS Science Team, and ESA. The ACS Science Team: H. Ford, G. Illingworth, M. Clampin, G. Hartig, T. Allen, K. Anderson, F. Bartko, N. Benitez, J. Blakeslee, R. Bouwens, T. Broadhurst, R. Brown, C. Burrows, D. Campbell, E. Cheng, N. Cross, P. Feldman, M. Franx, D. Goli- mowski, C. Gronwall, R. Kimble, J. Krist, M. Lesser, D. Magee, A. Martel, W. J. McCann, G. Meurer, G. Miley, M. Postman, P. Rosati, M. Sirianni, W. Sparks, P. Sullivan, H. Tran, Z. Tsvetanov, R. White, and R. Woodruff. Source: <http://hubblesite.org/image/1191/news_release/2002-11> Front cover : Image from Sir Patrick Moore’s The Sky at Night - Quasars, Redshifts and Con- troversy , which aired on BBC in May 1988 < https://youtu.be/Do5JW6hk-3M > Back cover : Halton Arp with Toivo Jaakkola at a workshop honouring Jean-Pierre Vigier in Paris in 1990. Photo: Publisher Readers wishing to consult a version of the book with figures in color may download the PDF file from HaltonArp.com. Table of Contents Jayant V. Narlikar Chip Arp (1927-2013) ........................................................ 1 Christopher C. Fulton The Redshift Rift .................................................................. 5 Halton Arp Scientific and Political Elites in Western Democracies................................................. 15 Jean-Claude Pecker The Local Interpretation of the Microwave Background Radiation................................ 25 Jean-Claude Pecker The Emerging Abnormal Redshifts ................................. 34 Jean-Claude Pecker, Jayant V. Narlikar, François Ochsenbein and Chandra Wickramasinghe The Local Contribution to the Microwave Background Radiation................................ 37 Martín López-Corredoira Apparent Discordant Redshift QSO-Galaxy Associations .............................................. 57 David F. Roscoe Via Aristotle, Leibniz, Berkeley & Mach to Necessarily Fractal Large-scale Structure in the Universe.................................................................. 69 Arunabha Ghosh, Siddhartha Ghosh and Amitabha Ghosh Experimental Verification of Velocity Dependent Inertial Induction ..................... 95 Hilton Ratcliffe A Review of Anomalous Redshift Data........................ 107 Jacques Moret-Bailly Coherent Spectroscopy in Astrophysics..................... 123 Christopher C. Fulton Two Radio Arcs Emanating from SDSS J095951.46+012033.7............................................ 139 Martin Kokus and Mark Ricard The Arp Small Number Hypothesis and other Coincidences............................................... 153 Martin Kokus Halton Arp and 1.228 .................................................... 167 Martin Kokus Unification, the apeiron , and Chip: A Remembrance of a Man and Ideas........................ 171 Domingos S. L. Soares, Marcos C. D. Neves and Andre K. T. Assis Arp’s Indomitable Universe .......................................... 187 Antonio Iovane The Lunar Wake as Cause of the Allais Effect............. 197 Héctor A. Múnera Gravity from Classical Fluid Theory: Prediction and Retrodiction of Quantized Planetary Structures.................................... 207 Héctor A. Múnera From the Classical Aethers of Descartes and Newton to Cosmons and Sagions........................ 243 Christopher C. Fulton From Hubble to Arp ....................................................... 293 Jayant V. Narlikar, Ram G. Vishwakarma, Shyamal K. Banerjee, P.K.Das, Christopher C. Fulton An Empirical Approach to Periodic Redshifts............. 341 About the Editors Christopher C. Fulton received a Bachelor of Science degree in Biochemistry from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1970, a Master’s degree in Public Health (UCLA) in 1973, certification in computer systems programming (UCLA) in 1980, and a Doctorate in physics from the University of Western Australia (UWA) in 2010 based on his astrophysical work with Halton Arp. From 2002 to 2013 he collaborated in the study of quasar and galaxy redshifts with Arp, and is co-author with him on a number of published and unpublished papers dealing with the nature of quasar and galaxy redshifts and their cosmological implications. Martin Kokus received a Bachelor of Science in Physics from the University of Pittsburgh in 1971 and an Master of Science in Engineering Physics from the University of Virginia in 1975, where he studied the Urban Heat Island Effect. He subsequently worked for NASA's Technology Utilization Office and later modeled turbulence at Redstone Arsenal. He taught physics at a variety of institutions, including Bloomsburg University and Alice Lloyd College. He has published papers on technology transfer, atmospheric science, seismic periods, cosmological redshift quantization, fractal models of the universe, and non-standard approaches to unification. He collaborated with Halton Arp on several occasions, beginning in 1993. Chip Arp (1927-2013) Jayant V. Narlikar Halton C. Arp, more commonly known as Chip Arp, passed away in Munich on December 28, 2013. His death marks the departure from the as- tronomical stage of one more of the classic astronomers who revived as- tronomy with modern tools, observational or theoretical, in the post- World War II decade: like Jan Oort, Allan Sandage, Geoffrey Burbidge, Fred Hoyle, etc . Born on March 21, 1927 Chip graduated from Harvard in 1949, fol- lowed by a Ph.D. at Caltech in 1953. He was a contemporary of another great astronomer at Caltech, Allan Sandage and, as students, both were in- spired by Edwin Hubble in his last years. Chip became a staff member at the Palomar Observatory and worked there from 1957 to 1986. His final years from the mid-1980s were spent at the Max Planck Institute for As- trophysics in Munich. An excellent observer in optical astronomy, Chip was known to be very meticulous, and one of his compilations the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies is a Bible for observers studying the morphology, evolution and any unusual aspects of galaxies. Indeed, his early work, gave the promise that he would emerge as a leading worker in the astronomical establishment. Instead, by the mid-1960s Chip began to find evidence that went against the views of the Establishment. After four decades, the Hubble law was getting firmly established and extended to distances of a hundred to a thousand times those covered in Hubble’s pioneering survey. Chip’s con- temporary, Allan Sandage was playing a leading role in one of the two teams of optical astronomers engaged in this maJor cosmological investi- gation. Against this background, Chip’s studies of the unusual obJects led him to discover apparent anomalies in Hubble’s law. A typical anomalous case would be a pair of extragalactic sources A and B lying very close to each other with redshifts zA and z B such that zB >> zA. If we take Hubble’s law as correct, we have to conclude that B is much farther away from us than A. This means that B happens to be proJected so close to A by chance. If we know the population density on the sky of B type sources we can es- timate this probability of this event. Suppose it turns out to be much less than 1%...often as low as 0.01%. If, following the usual statistical practice, The Galileo of Palomar: essays in memory of Halton Arp 1 Christopher C. Fulton and Martin Kokus, Eds. (Montreal: Apeiron 2017) 2 The Galileo of Palomar The anomalous pair NGC 4319 and M 205 we reJect the hypothesis of Hubble’s law, we have to conclude that these two sources are real neighbors and B posseses an extra component of red- shift. Chip called this intrinsic redshift zi and defined it by the relation (1 + zi) (1 + zA) = (1 + zB) This intrinsic redshift is often referred to as ‘anomalous’ redshift. It implies that Hubble’s law does not account for all the redshift of the extragalactic obJect. Such an assertion amounts to killing the holy cow of cosmology. The modern theory of cosmology (the so-called big bang theory) depends on Hubble’s law being right. Not surprisingly Chip had to face tremendous opposition or skepticism from most quarters. More so when he produced evidence that quasars are obJects with large intrinsic redshifts. The case of the pair of neighbouring obJects NGC 4319 (a galaxy) and Marakarian 205 (a quasar like obJect with significantly larger redshift than the neighbouring galaxy) is of interest in illustrating how the anomalous cases are treated. In 1971, Arp found a filamentary connection between these two neighbours, and if it were real, it became hard to understand this pair in conventional terms. However, other observers repeated the obser- vations and claimed that there was no filament, thus casting doubt on Chip’s claim and credibility