DOCSLIB.ORG

Habitable Zone ? UE Zu Habitable Planeten Präsentation 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Habitable Zone ? UE Zu Habitable Planeten Präsentation 1 Venus Habitable Zone ? UE zu Habitable Planeten Präsentation 1. Juni 2006 Eisenkölbl, Grohs, Hren, Lendl Venus 1. Raumsonden zur Venus Überblick • Raumfahrt zur Venus – Allgemeines – Beweggründe – Technische Hintergründe • Venus – Missionen – Zeittafel und Überblick – erfolgreiche Missionen – Zukünftige Missionen Raumfahrt zur Venus Allgemeines • Venus ist der meistbesuchte Planet in unserem Sonnensystem. (~ 25 erfolgreiche Missionen von 44) • Heutige Daten der Venus sind ein Ergebnis der zahlreichen Raummissionen Raumfahrt zur Venus Beweggründe • Dichte Wolkendecke – keine Beobachtungsmöglichkeit von der Erde aus im sichtbaren Licht • Vorstellung von Leben auf Venus • Suche nach habitabler Zone • Ressourcensuche Raumfahrt zur Venus technische Hintergründe • Venus ist der Planet mit der geringsten Entfernung von der Erde – Minimum 38.2 x 106 km – Maximum 261.0 x 106 km • Sonden leisten Pionierarbeit – Erprobung von Raumsonden • Technik • Material • Bauart Raumfahrt zur Venus – Zeittafel 1 (1961-1967) 1961 Sputnik 7 - 4 February 1961 - Attempted Venus Impact Venera 1 - 12 February 1961 - Venus Flyby (Contact Lost) 1962 Mariner 1 - 22 July 1962 - Attempted Venus Flyby (Launch Failure) Sputnik 19 - 25 August 1962 - Attempted Venus Flyby Mariner 2 - 27 August 1962 - Venus Flyby Sputnik 20 - 1 September 1962 - Attempted Venus Flyby Sputnik 21 - 12 September 1962 - Attempted Venus Flyby 1963 Cosmos 21 - 11 November 1963 - Attempted Venera Test Flight? 1964 Venera 1964A - 19 February 1964 - Attempted Venus Flyby (Launch Failure) Venera 1964B - 1 March 1964 - Attempted Venus Flyby (Launch Failure) Cosmos 27 - 27 March 1964 - Attempted Venus Flyby Zond 1 - 2 April 1964 - Venus Flyby (Contact Lost) 1965 Venera 2 - 12 November 1965 - Venus Flyby (Contact Lost) Venera 3 - 16 November 1965 - Venus Lander (Contact Lost) Cosmos 96 - 23 November 1965 - Attempted Venus Lander? Venera 1965A - 23 November 1965 - Attempted Venus Flyby (Launch Failure) 1966 Venera 6 - 10 January 1969 - Venus Probe 1967 Venera 4 - 12 June 1967 - Venus Probe Mariner 5 - 14 June 1967 - Venus Flyby Cosmos 167 - 17 June 1967 - Attempted Venus Probe Raumfahrt zur Venus – Zeittafel 2 (1968-1980) 1968 1969 Venera 5 - 5 January 1969 - Venus Probe Venera 6 - 10 January 1969 - Venus Probe 1970 Venera 7 - 17 August 1970 - Venus Lander Cosmos 359 - 22 August 1970 - Attempted Venus Probe 1971 1972 Venera 8 - 27 March 1972 - Venus Probe Cosmos 482 - 31 March 1972 - Attempted Venus Probe 1973 Mariner 10 - 4 November 1973 - Venus/Mercury Flybys 1974 1975 Venera 9 - 8 June 1975 - Venus Orbiter and Lander Venera 10 - 14 June 1975 - Venus Orbiter and Lander 1976 1977 1978 Pioneer Venus 1 - 20 May 1978 - Venus Orbiter Pioneer Venus 2 - 8 August 1978 - Venus Probes Venera 11 - 9 September 1978 - Venus Orbiter and Lander Venera 12 - 14 September 1978 - Venus Orbiter and Lander 1979 1980 Raumfahrt zur Venus – Zeittafel 3 (1981-1996) 1981 Venera 13 - 30 October 1981 - Venus Orbiter and Lander Venera 14 - 4 November 1981 - Venus Orbiter and Lander 1982 1983 Venera 15 - 2 June 1983 - Venus Orbiter Venera 16 - 7 June 1983 - Venus Orbiter 1984 Vega 1 - 15 December 1984 - Venus Lander and Balloon/Comet Halley Flyby Vega 2 - 21 December 1984 - Venus Lander and Balloon/Comet Halley Flyby 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Magellan - 4 May 1989 - Venus Orbiter Galileo - 18 October 1989 - Jupiter Orbiter/Probe (Venus Flyby) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Raumfahrt zur Venus – Zeittafel 4 (1997-2010) 1997 Cassini - 15 October 1997 - Saturn Orbiter (Venus Flyby) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 MESSENGER - 3 August 2004 - Mercury Orbiter (Two Venus Flybys) 2005 Venus Express - 09 November 2005 - ESA Venus Orbiter 2006 2007 2008 Planet-C - Early 2008 - ISAS Venus Orbiter 2009 BepiColombo - August 2009 - ESA Mercury Orbiters and Lander (possible Venus flybys) 2010 Überblick erfolgreicher Venus – Missionen Mariner Venera Pioneer Venus Vega Magellan Galileio Cassini Huygens Venus Express Erfolgreiche Venus-Missionen Teil 1 Name Owner Start Art der Sonde Zieldatum Mariner 2 NASA 27.08.1962 Flyby 14.12.1962 Venera 3 UdSSR 16.11.1965 Lander 01.03.1966 Venera 4 UdSSR 12.06.1967 Descent Probe 18.10.1967 Mariner 5 NASA 14.06.1967 Flyby 19.10.1967 Venera 5 UdSSR 05.01.1969 Descent Probe 16.05.1969 Venera 6 UdSSR 10.01.1969 Descent Probe 15.05.1969 Venera 7 UdSSR 17.08.1970 Descent Probe 15.12.1970 + Lander Venera 8 UdSSR 27.03.1972 Descent Probe 22.07.1972 + Lander Mariner 10 NASA 03.11.1973 Flyby 05.02.1974 Venus – Missionen Mariner 2 1962 Passage in 34.833 km Distanz Start: 27.08.1962 Ankunft: 14.12.1962 • Messungen: • Strahlungstemperatur • Magnetfeld • Atmosphäre • Wolkenbedeckung Venus – Missionen Venera 3 1966 Impakt auf Venus Start: 16.11.1965 Ankunft: 01.03.1966 • Erstes Raumschiff, dass Impakt auf fremden Planeten durchführt Venus – Missionen Venera 4 1967 Messung der Venusatmosphäre Start: 12.06.1967 Ankunft: 18.10.1967 • Erste funktionierende Raumsonde • Messungen: • Druck • Temperatur • Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre Venus – Missionen Mariner 5 1967 Passage in 3.320 km Distanz Start: 14.06.1967 Ankunft: 19.10.1967 • Messungen verbesserten Masse- und Radiusangaben • Messungen: • Magnetfeld • Solarwindbeeinflussung • Refraktion • Temperaturverteilung Venus – Missionen Venera 5 und 6 1969 Abstieg in Venusatmosphäre Start: 05.01.1969 und 10.01.1969 Ankunft: 16.05.1969 und 15.05.1969 • Abstieg: 53 min bis 18km und 51min bis 10 km Höhe • Messungen: • Druck • Temperatur • Dichte • atmosphärische Zusammensetzung Venus – Missionen Venera 7 1970 erste weiche Landung Start: 17.08.1970 Ankunft: 15.12.1970 • Landesonde war für 180 bar ausgelegt • Abstiegsdauer: 35 min • 23 min Daten von Oberfläche Venus – Missionen Mariner 10 1974 Passage in 5.870 km Distanz Start: 03.11.1973 Ankunft: 05.02.1974 • Landesonde war für 180 bar ausgelegt • Abstiegsdauer: 35 min • 23 min Daten von Oberfläche Erfolgreiche Venus-Missionen Teil 2 Name Owner Start Art der Sonde Zieldatum Venera 9 UdSSR 08.06.1975 Orbiter + 20.10.1975 Lander Venera 10 UdSSR 14.06.1975 Orbiter + 25.10.1975 Lander Pioneer Venus 1 NASA 20.05.1978 Orbiter 04.12.1978 Pioneer Venus 2 NASA 08.08.1978 Multiprobe 09.12.1978 Venera 11 UdSSR 09.09.1978 Orbiter + 25.12.1978 Lander Venera 12 UdSSR 14.09.1978 Orbiter + 21.12.1978 Lander Venera 13 UdSSR 30.10.1981 Orbiter + 01.03.1982 Lander Venus – Missionen Venera 9 und 10 1975 sanfte Landung Start: 08.06.1975 und 14.06.1975 Ankunft: 20.10.1975 und 25.10.1975 • erste Photos von der Oberfläche • Spektroskopieuntersuchungen des Oberflächengesteins mittels Gamma-Strahlung • Messungen über den Gehalt von radiaktiven Elementen • Erste Direktdichtemessung von Oberflächengestein Venus – Missionen Pioneer Venus 1 und 2 1978 Venus-Satellit ("Orbiter") vier Messsonden in Venusatmosphäre Start: 20.05.1978 und 08.08.1978 Ankunft: 04.12.1978 und 09.12.1978 • erste Abbildungen der Oberfläche mittels Radar (Auflösung:20 000 m/Pixel) • Herstellung einer ersten globalen Landkarte • Messungen: • Gravitationsfeld • Masse- und Dichteverteilung • Ionosphäre Venus – Missionen Venera 13 und 14 1982 sanfte Landung 127 Minuten farbige Panoramaaufnahmen Start: 30.10.1981 und 04.11.1981 Ankunft: 01.03.1982 und 03.03.1982 • Untersuchungen der Atmosphäre • Analysen des Gesteins • 22 Bilder in Farbe und SW von Oberfläche Erfolgreiche Venus-Missionen Teil 3 Name Owner Start Art der Sonde Zieldatum Venera 14 UdSSR 04.11.1981 Orbiter + 03.03.1982 Lander Venera 15 UdSSR 02.06.1983 Orbiter 10.10.1983 Venera 16 UdSSR 07.06.1983 Orbiter 11.10.1983 Vega 1 UdSSR 15.12.1984 Flyby + Lander 11.06.1985 + Ballon Vega 2 UdSSR 21.12.1984 Flyby + Lander 14.06.1985 + Ballon Magellan NASA 04.05.1989 Orbiter 10.10.1990 Galileio NASA 18.10.1989 Flyby 10.02.1990 Venus – Missionen Venera 15 und 16 1983 Radarabtastung der Planetenoberfläche Start: 02.06.1983 und 07.06.1983 Ankunft: 10.10.1983 und 11.10.1983 • Radarerfassung von 25% der Oberfläche. Auflösung: 1 500 m/Pixel • Erkennung der Coronae Strukturen • Abschätzung des Oberflächenalters Venus – Missionen Vega 1 und 2 1985 Ballonsonden in Venusatmosphäre abgesetzt Start: 15.12.1984 und 21.12.1984 Ankunft: 11.06.1985 und 14.06.1985 • 46 ½ und 60 stündiger Ballonflug durch Atmosphäre bis Kontakt abbrach. • Messungen: • Temperatur, Druck • Windgeschwindigkeit • Helligkeit • Detektion von Blitzen Venus – Missionen Magellan 1990 Venus-Radar-Mapper: ~ 98% Kartierung der Venusoberfläche Start: 04.05.1989 Ankunft: 10.10.1990 • Kartierung der Oberfläche mittels Synthetic Aperture Radar ~98% der Oberfläche von 1990 -1992. Auflösung: 100 m/Pixel • Test des Aerobraking-Manöver Venus – Missionen Galileio 1990 Vorbeiflug in 16.000 km Start: 18.10.1989 Ankunft: 10.02.1990 • 81 Aufnahmen der Venus Erfolgreiche Venus-Missionen Teil 4 Name Erbauer Start Art der Sonde Zieldatum Cassini Huygens NASA / 15.10.1997 Swingby 24.04.1998 ESA 24.06.1999 Venus Express ESA 09.11.2005 Orbiter 11.04.2006 Venus – Missionen Cassini Huygens Vorbeiflug: Radar brachte genaueste Kartierung einiger Venus-Regionen Start: 15.10.1997 Swingby: 24.04.1998 und 24.06.1999 • genaueste Kartierung einiger Venus- Regionen durch speziell für Saturnmonde konstruiertes Radar. • Magnometer-Test zeigten keine Blitze aus den 40 km hohen Wolken. Venus – Missionen Venus Express Erforschung der Venusatmosphäre Start: 09.11.2005 Ankunft: 11.04.2006 • Erforschung des Treibhauseffektes • chemische Zu- sammensetzung • Suche nach Wasser • Messung von seismischen und vulkanischen Aktivitäten geplante Venus - Missionen • 2008 Planet-C - Early 2008 - ISAS Venus Orbiter • 2009 BepiColombo - August 2009 - ESA Mercury Orbiters and Lander (possible Venus flybys) Venus 2. Daten Venus – Daten Venus Earth Masse (1024 kg) 4.8685 5.9736 Volumen (1010 km3) 92.843 108.321 Radius (km) 6052 6378 Dichte (kg/m3) 5243 5515 Gravitationsbeschl. (m/s2) 8.87 9.80 Visuelle geometrische Albedo 0.65 0.367 Große Bahnhalbachse (106 km) 108.21 149.60 Siderische Umlaufzeit (d) 224.701 365.256 Exzentrizität 0.0067 0.0167 Inklination (°) 3.39 0.00 Tageslänge (d) 116,75 1 Venus 3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix 1: Venus Missions
    Appendix 1: Venus Missions Sputnik 7 (USSR) Launch 02/04/1961 First attempted Venus atmosphere craft; upper stage failed to leave Earth orbit Venera 1 (USSR) Launch 02/12/1961 First attempted flyby; contact lost en route Mariner 1 (US) Launch 07/22/1961 Attempted flyby; launch failure Sputnik 19 (USSR) Launch 08/25/1962 Attempted flyby, stranded in Earth orbit Mariner 2 (US) Launch 08/27/1962 First successful Venus flyby Sputnik 20 (USSR) Launch 09/01/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Sputnik 21 (USSR) Launch 09/12/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Cosmos 21 (USSR) Launch 11/11/1963 Possible Venera engineering test flight or attempted flyby Venera 1964A (USSR) Launch 02/19/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Venera 1964B (USSR) Launch 03/01/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Cosmos 27 (USSR) Launch 03/27/1964 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Zond 1 (USSR) Launch 04/02/1964 Venus flyby, contact lost May 14; flyby July 14 Venera 2 (USSR) Launch 11/12/1965 Venus flyby, contact lost en route Venera 3 (USSR) Launch 11/16/1965 Venus lander, contact lost en route, first Venus impact March 1, 1966 Cosmos 96 (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Possible attempted landing, craft fragmented in Earth orbit Venera 1965A (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Flyby attempt (launch failure) Venera 4 (USSR) Launch 06/12/1967 Successful atmospheric probe, arrived at Venus 10/18/1967 Mariner 5 (US) Launch 06/14/1967 Successful flyby 10/19/1967 Cosmos 167 (USSR) Launch 06/17/1967 Attempted atmospheric probe, stranded in Earth orbit Venera 5 (USSR) Launch 01/05/1969 Returned atmospheric data for 53 min on 05/16/1969 M.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
    dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966­ Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D.
    [Show full text]
  • Dsc Pub Edited
    1965 50) just 24 kilometers from its intended target Ranger 8 point in the equatorial region of the Sea of Nation: U.S. (21) Tranquillity—an area that Apollo mission Objective(s): lunar impact planners were particularly interested in Spacecraft: Ranger-C studying. Spacecraft Mass: 366.87 kg Mission Design and Management: NASA JPL 51) Launch Vehicle: Atlas-Agena B (no. 13 / Atlas “Atlas-Centaur 5” D no. 196 / Agena B no. 6006) Nation: U.S. (22) Launch Date and Time: 17 February 1965 / Objective(s): highly elliptical orbit 17:05:00 UT Spacecraft: SD-1 Launch Site: ETR / launch complex 12 Spacecraft Mass: 951 kg Scientific Instruments: Imaging system (six TV Mission Design and Management: NASA JPL cameras) Launch Vehicle: Atlas-Centaur (AC-5 / Atlas C Results: As successful as its predecessor, no. 156D / Centaur C) Ranger 8 returned 7,137 high-resolution pho- Launch Date and Time: 2 March 1965 / tographs of the lunar surface prior to its 13:25 UT scheduled impact at 09:57:37 UT on 20 Launch Site: ETR / launch complex 36A February. Unlike Ranger 7, however, Ranger 8 Scientific Instruments: none turned on its cameras about 8 minutes earlier Results: This mission was designed to rehearse a to return pictures with resolution comparable complete Centaur upper-stage burn in support to Earth-based telescopes (for calibration and of the Surveyor lunar lander program. On a comparison purposes). Controllers attempted nominal mission, the Centaur would boost its to align the cameras along the main velocity payload on a direct-ascent trajectory to the vector (to reduce imagine smear) but aban- Moon.
    [Show full text]
  • Étude De L'atmosphère De Vénus À L'aide D'un Modèle De Réfraction Lors
    Étude de l’atmosphère de Vénus à l’aide d’un modèle de réfraction lors du passage devant le Soleil des 5-6 Juin 2012 Christophe Pere To cite this version: Christophe Pere. Étude de l’atmosphère de Vénus à l’aide d’un modèle de réfraction lors du pas- sage devant le Soleil des 5-6 Juin 2012. Autre. Université Côte d’Azur, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016AZUR4063. tel-01477867 HAL Id: tel-01477867 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01477867 Submitted on 27 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE´ NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS - UFR Sciences E´cole doctorale no 364 : Sciences Fondamentales et Appliqu´e es THE`SE pour obtenir le titre de Docteur en Sciences de l’UNIVERSITE´ Nice Sophia Antipolis Sp´ecialit´e: “SCIENCES DE LA PLANETE` ET DE L’UNIVERS” pr´esent´eeet soutenue publiquement par Christophe PERE Etude´ de l’atmosph`ere de V´enus `al’aide d’un mod`ele de r´efraction lors du passage devant le Soleil du 5-6 Juin 2012 Directeur de th`ese : Paolo TANGA Co-directeur de th`ese : Thomas WIDEMANN le 23 septembre 2016 Jury M.
    [Show full text]
  • Venus Exploration Themes
    Venus Exploration Themes VEXAG Meeting #11 November 2013 VEXAG (Venus Exploration Analysis Group) is NASA’s community‐based forum that provides science and technical assessment of Venus exploration for the next few decades. VEXAG is chartered by NASA Headquarters Science Mission Directorate’s Planetary Science Division and reports its findings to both the Division and to the Planetary Science Subcommittee of NASA’s Advisory Council, which is open to all interested scientists and engineers, and regularly evaluates Venus exploration goals, objectives, and priorities on the basis of the widest possible community outreach. Front cover is a collage showing Venus at radar wavelength, the Magellan spacecraft, and artists’ concepts for a Venus Balloon, the Venus In‐Situ Explorer, and the Venus Mobile Explorer. (Collage prepared by Tibor Balint) Perspective view of Ishtar Terra, one of two main highland regions on Venus. The smaller of the two, Ishtar Terra, is located near the north pole and rises over 11 km above the mean surface level. Courtesy NASA/JPL–Caltech. VEXAG Charter. The Venus Exploration Analysis Group is NASA's community‐based forum designed to provide scientific input and technology development plans for planning and prioritizing the exploration of Venus over the next several decades. VEXAG is chartered by NASA's Solar System Exploration Division and reports its findings to NASA. Open to all interested scientists, VEXAG regularly evaluates Venus exploration goals, scientific objectives, investigations, and critical measurement requirements, including especially recommendations in the NRC Decadal Survey and the Solar System Exploration Strategic Roadmap. Venus Exploration Themes: November 2013 Prepared as an adjunct to the three VEXAG documents: Goals, Objectives and Investigations; Roadmap; as well as Technologies distributed at VEXAG Meeting #11 in November 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Analysis of Optimal Operational Orbits Around Venus for the Envision Mission Proposal
    Design and Analysis of Optimal Operational Orbits around Venus for the EnVision Mission Proposal Marta Rocha Rodrigues de Oliveira Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering Supervisors: Prof. Paulo Jorge Soares Gil Prof. Richard Ghail Examination Committee Chairperson: Filipe Szolnoky Ramos Pinto Cunha Supervisor: Paulo Jorge Soares Gil Member of the Committee: João Manuel Gonçalves de Sousa Oliveira November 2015 ii Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Professor Paulo Gil from Instituto Superior Tecnico´ and Professor Richard Ghail from Imperial College London. Without their help, counsel, and generous transmission of knowledge, this thesis would not have been possible. I must also thank the EnVision team for the unique opportunity of working with such an exciting Venus project and contributing to an outstanding ESA proposal. Furthermore, I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Edward Wright and to the NAIF team from JPL for the exceptional support provided. For the very welcomed inspiration, I must thank my friends, in particular the ISU community who encouraged me to pursue my work when I was reaching a breaking point. This thesis is dedicated to my parents and my sister, who give meaning and purpose to all my pursuits. iii iv Resumo Na explorac¸ao˜ espacial, as missoes˜ planetarias´ em orbita´ sao˜ essenciais para obter informac¸ao˜ so- bre os planetas como um todo, e ajudar a resolver questoes˜ cient´ıficas pendentes. Em particular, os planetas mais parecidos com a Terra temˆ sido um alvo privilegiado das principais agenciasˆ espaci- ais internacionais. EnVision e´ uma proposta de missao˜ que tem como objectivo justamente estudar um desses planetas.
    [Show full text]
  • Venus Exploration Themes: September 2011
    Venus Exploration Themes Adjunct to Venus Exploration Goals and Objectives 2011 September 2011 Fifty Years of Venus Missions Venus Exploration Vignettes Technologies for Venus Exploration Front cover is a collage showing Venus at radar wavelength, the Magellan spacecraft, and artists’ concepts for a Venus Balloon, the Venus In Situ Explorer, and the Venus Mobile Explorer. (Collage prepared by Tibor Balint) Perspective view of Ishtar Terra, one of two main highland regions on Venus. The smaller of the two, Ishtar Terra, is located near the north pole and rises over 11 km above the mean surface level. Courtesy NASA/JPL–Caltech. Venus Exploration Themes: September 2011 Prepared as an adjunct to the Venus Exploration Goals and Objectives document to preserve extracts from the October 2009 Venus Exploration Pathways document. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii Fifty Years of Venus Missions ....................................................................................................... 1 Venus Exploration Vignettes .......................................................................................................... 3 Vignette 1: Magellan ................................................................................................................... 3 Vignette 2: Experiencing Venus by Air: The Advantages of Balloon-Borne In Situ Exploration ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Venus Exploration Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities: 2007
    Venus Exploration Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities: 2007 A Report of the Venus Exploration Analysis Group (VEXAG) October 2007 VEXAG is NASA’s community-based forum, which provides science input for planning and prioritizing Venus exploration for the next few decades. VEXAG is chartered by NASA Headquarters Planetary Science Division and reports its findings to both the Division and to the Planetary Science Sub-Committee of the NASA Advisory Council. VEXAG, which is open to all interested scientists and engineers, regularly evaluates Venus exploration goals, objectives, investigations and priorities on the basis of the widest possible community outreach. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/vexag Front cover is a collage showing Venus at optical wavelength, the Magellan spacecraft, and artists’ concepts for a Venus Balloon, the Venus In-Situ Explorer, and the Venus Mobile Explorer. Venus Exploration Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities: 2007 VEXAG (Venus Exploration Analysis Group) October 2007 Prepared by the VEXAG (Venus Exploration Analysis Group) Organizing Committee: Janet Luhmann, VEXAG Co-Chair, University of California, Berkeley, California ([email protected]) Sushil Atreya, VEXAG Co-Chair, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ([email protected]) Steve Mackwell, Focus Group Lead for Planetary Formation and Evolution, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas ([email protected]) Kevin Baines, Focus Group Lead for Atmospheric Evolution, JPL, Pasadena, California ([email protected]) James Cutts, Focus Group Lead for Venus Exploration Technologies, JPL, Pasadena, California ([email protected]) Adriana Ocampo, Venus Program Executive, NASA Headquarters, Washington DC. ([email protected]) Other supporting members of the VEXAG Organizing Committee are: Tibor Balint, JPL; Mark Bullock, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado; Larry Esposito, LASP, University of Colorado; Ellen Stofan, Proxemy, Inc.; Tommy Thompson, JPL.
    [Show full text]
  • NASA News National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C
    NASA News National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 AC 202 755-8370 For Release THURSDAY July 27, 1978 Pr6SS Kit Project Pioneer Venus 2 RELEASE NO: 78-101 CNASA-Ne»s-Eelease-78-101) SECOND VENOS N78-28105 SPACECBAFT SET FOB LAUNCH {National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 120 p CSCL 22A CJnclas 00/1_2 27327 Contents V* i GENERAL RELEASE ^At^S^T. 1-6 MISSION PROFILE 7-24 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Mission 13-24 THE PLANET VENUS 25-40 MAJOR QUESTIONS ABOUT VENUS 41-42 HISTORICAL DISCOVERIES ABOUT VENUS 43-45 EXPLORATION OF VENUS BY SPACECRAFT 46-47 THE PIONEER VENUS SPACECRAFT 48-62 The Orbiter Spacecraft 53-58 The Multiprobe Spacecraft 58-62 VENUS ATMOSPHERIC PROBES 63-76 The Large Probe 63-70 The Small Probe 70-76 11 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 77-97 Orbiter 77-85 Orbiter Radio Science 85-88 Large Probe Experiments 88-92 Large and Small Probe Instruments 92-93 Small Probe Experiments 94 Multiprobe Bus Experiment 94-95 Multiprobe Radio Science Experiments 95-96 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 97-100 LAUNCH VEHICLE 101-102 LAUNCH FLIGHT SEQUENCE 102 LAUNCH VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS , . 103 ATLAS CENTAUR FLIGHT SEQUENCE (AC-50) 104 LAUNCH OPERATIONS 105 MISSION OPERATIONS 105-107 DATA RETURN, COMMAND AND TRACKING 108-111 PIONEER VENUS TEAM 112-114 CONTRACTORS 114-117 VENUS STATISTICS 118 NOTE TO EDITORS; This press kit covers the launch phase of the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe spacecraft and cruise phases of both the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and the Multiprobe spacecraft. Much of the material is also pertinent to the Venus encounter, but an updated press kit will be issued shortly before arrival at the planet in December 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • Planets Solar System Paper Contents
    Planets Solar system paper Contents 1 Jupiter 1 1.1 Structure ............................................... 1 1.1.1 Composition ......................................... 1 1.1.2 Mass and size ......................................... 2 1.1.3 Internal structure ....................................... 2 1.2 Atmosphere .............................................. 3 1.2.1 Cloud layers ......................................... 3 1.2.2 Great Red Spot and other vortices .............................. 4 1.3 Planetary rings ............................................ 4 1.4 Magnetosphere ............................................ 5 1.5 Orbit and rotation ........................................... 5 1.6 Observation .............................................. 6 1.7 Research and exploration ....................................... 6 1.7.1 Pre-telescopic research .................................... 6 1.7.2 Ground-based telescope research ............................... 7 1.7.3 Radiotelescope research ................................... 8 1.7.4 Exploration with space probes ................................ 8 1.8 Moons ................................................. 9 1.8.1 Galilean moons ........................................ 10 1.8.2 Classification of moons .................................... 10 1.9 Interaction with the Solar System ................................... 10 1.9.1 Impacts ............................................ 11 1.10 Possibility of life ........................................... 12 1.11 Mythology .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • ISU Team Project
    Additional copies of the Project Report or the Executive Summary for this project may be ordered from the International Space University (ISU) Headquarters. The Executive Summary and the Project Report also can be found on the ISU website. International Space University Strasbourg Central Campus Attention: Publications Parc d’Innovation 1 rue Jean-Dominque Cassini 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France Tel : +33 (0)3 88 65 54 30 Fax: +33(0) 88 65 54 47 http://www.isunet.edu Copyright 2003 by the International Space University All Rights Reserved TRACKS TO SPACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following individuals and organisations have generously contributed their time, resources, expertise and facilities to help us make TRACKS to Space possible. PROJECT SPONSOR European Space Agency — Industrial Matters and Technology Programmes Hans Kappler Director Marco Guglielmi Head of Technology Strategy Section Marco Freire Technology Strategy Engineer PROJECT FACULTY AND TA Project Initiator Walter Peeters Co-chair Nicolas Peter Co-chair Ray Williamson Teaching Associate Philippos Beveratos English Tutor Sarah Delaveaud English Tutor Carol Carnett EXTERNAL EXPERTS Andrew Aldrin Boeing, NASA Systems Randall Correll Science Applications International Corporation Dan Glover NASA Glenn Research Center Tetsuichi Ito NASDA, ISU Faculty Joan Johnson-Freese United States Naval War College Chiaki Mukai NASDA Astronaut Ichiro Nakatani Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) Jean-Claude Piedboeuf Canadian Space Agency Roy Sach Director Defence Space, Australia Gongling Sun EurasSpace GmbH Simon P. Worden Brigadier General, United States Air Force PERSONAL THANKS The authors would like to extend a heartfelt thanks to those who made the greatest sacrifices during this two-month space odyssey.
    [Show full text]
  • Submitted Draft That Was Published As “Cruisin’ the Solar System: the Past and Future of Planetary Exploration”, Ad Astra, Volume 12, Number 2, Pp
    "Visiting Our Neighbors: A History of Planetary Exploration" by Andrew J. LePage Submitted draft that was published as “Cruisin’ The Solar System: The Past and Future of Planetary Exploration”, Ad Astra, Volume 12, Number 2, pp. 25-29, March/April 2000 The First Steps For much of the first half of the Twentieth Century, planetary studies were a quiet backwater in the field of astronomy. But the confluence of rapidly advancing rocket technology and Cold War competition at the dawn of the Space Age was about change that. The technology finally existed to send probes to the planets and make useful close up observations - a development which would totally transform our understanding of all the planets including Earth. By 1960, NASA planners hoped to flyby Venus in 1962 and Mars in 1964 with heavily instrumented half-ton probes called Mariner using the powerful Atlas-Centaur then under development. Ambitious Soviet engineers This Soviet model is representative of their early Object MV probe design. The planetary compartment at the bottom intended to send two or more spacecraft could carry a package of cameras as here or a simple towards Mars and Venus during every launch lander. (NASA) window using their new Molniya rocket. Unfortunately launch vehicle failures doomed Before the end of 1961, NASA's plans were the first pair of Soviet Mars flyby probes already in trouble because of lagging Atlas- launched in October of 1960 and stranded their Centaur development. With only the Atlas- first Venus probe in Earth orbit the following Agena available, Mariner had to shed half its February.
    [Show full text]