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Appendix 1: Venus Missions
Appendix 1: Venus Missions Sputnik 7 (USSR) Launch 02/04/1961 First attempted Venus atmosphere craft; upper stage failed to leave Earth orbit Venera 1 (USSR) Launch 02/12/1961 First attempted flyby; contact lost en route Mariner 1 (US) Launch 07/22/1961 Attempted flyby; launch failure Sputnik 19 (USSR) Launch 08/25/1962 Attempted flyby, stranded in Earth orbit Mariner 2 (US) Launch 08/27/1962 First successful Venus flyby Sputnik 20 (USSR) Launch 09/01/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Sputnik 21 (USSR) Launch 09/12/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Cosmos 21 (USSR) Launch 11/11/1963 Possible Venera engineering test flight or attempted flyby Venera 1964A (USSR) Launch 02/19/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Venera 1964B (USSR) Launch 03/01/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Cosmos 27 (USSR) Launch 03/27/1964 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Zond 1 (USSR) Launch 04/02/1964 Venus flyby, contact lost May 14; flyby July 14 Venera 2 (USSR) Launch 11/12/1965 Venus flyby, contact lost en route Venera 3 (USSR) Launch 11/16/1965 Venus lander, contact lost en route, first Venus impact March 1, 1966 Cosmos 96 (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Possible attempted landing, craft fragmented in Earth orbit Venera 1965A (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Flyby attempt (launch failure) Venera 4 (USSR) Launch 06/12/1967 Successful atmospheric probe, arrived at Venus 10/18/1967 Mariner 5 (US) Launch 06/14/1967 Successful flyby 10/19/1967 Cosmos 167 (USSR) Launch 06/17/1967 Attempted atmospheric probe, stranded in Earth orbit Venera 5 (USSR) Launch 01/05/1969 Returned atmospheric data for 53 min on 05/16/1969 M. -
Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966 Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D. -
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1965 50) just 24 kilometers from its intended target Ranger 8 point in the equatorial region of the Sea of Nation: U.S. (21) Tranquillity—an area that Apollo mission Objective(s): lunar impact planners were particularly interested in Spacecraft: Ranger-C studying. Spacecraft Mass: 366.87 kg Mission Design and Management: NASA JPL 51) Launch Vehicle: Atlas-Agena B (no. 13 / Atlas “Atlas-Centaur 5” D no. 196 / Agena B no. 6006) Nation: U.S. (22) Launch Date and Time: 17 February 1965 / Objective(s): highly elliptical orbit 17:05:00 UT Spacecraft: SD-1 Launch Site: ETR / launch complex 12 Spacecraft Mass: 951 kg Scientific Instruments: Imaging system (six TV Mission Design and Management: NASA JPL cameras) Launch Vehicle: Atlas-Centaur (AC-5 / Atlas C Results: As successful as its predecessor, no. 156D / Centaur C) Ranger 8 returned 7,137 high-resolution pho- Launch Date and Time: 2 March 1965 / tographs of the lunar surface prior to its 13:25 UT scheduled impact at 09:57:37 UT on 20 Launch Site: ETR / launch complex 36A February. Unlike Ranger 7, however, Ranger 8 Scientific Instruments: none turned on its cameras about 8 minutes earlier Results: This mission was designed to rehearse a to return pictures with resolution comparable complete Centaur upper-stage burn in support to Earth-based telescopes (for calibration and of the Surveyor lunar lander program. On a comparison purposes). Controllers attempted nominal mission, the Centaur would boost its to align the cameras along the main velocity payload on a direct-ascent trajectory to the vector (to reduce imagine smear) but aban- Moon. -
Étude De L'atmosphère De Vénus À L'aide D'un Modèle De Réfraction Lors
Étude de l’atmosphère de Vénus à l’aide d’un modèle de réfraction lors du passage devant le Soleil des 5-6 Juin 2012 Christophe Pere To cite this version: Christophe Pere. Étude de l’atmosphère de Vénus à l’aide d’un modèle de réfraction lors du pas- sage devant le Soleil des 5-6 Juin 2012. Autre. Université Côte d’Azur, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016AZUR4063. tel-01477867 HAL Id: tel-01477867 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01477867 Submitted on 27 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE´ NICE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS - UFR Sciences E´cole doctorale no 364 : Sciences Fondamentales et Appliqu´e es THE`SE pour obtenir le titre de Docteur en Sciences de l’UNIVERSITE´ Nice Sophia Antipolis Sp´ecialit´e: “SCIENCES DE LA PLANETE` ET DE L’UNIVERS” pr´esent´eeet soutenue publiquement par Christophe PERE Etude´ de l’atmosph`ere de V´enus `al’aide d’un mod`ele de r´efraction lors du passage devant le Soleil du 5-6 Juin 2012 Directeur de th`ese : Paolo TANGA Co-directeur de th`ese : Thomas WIDEMANN le 23 septembre 2016 Jury M. -
Venus Exploration Themes
Venus Exploration Themes VEXAG Meeting #11 November 2013 VEXAG (Venus Exploration Analysis Group) is NASA’s community‐based forum that provides science and technical assessment of Venus exploration for the next few decades. VEXAG is chartered by NASA Headquarters Science Mission Directorate’s Planetary Science Division and reports its findings to both the Division and to the Planetary Science Subcommittee of NASA’s Advisory Council, which is open to all interested scientists and engineers, and regularly evaluates Venus exploration goals, objectives, and priorities on the basis of the widest possible community outreach. Front cover is a collage showing Venus at radar wavelength, the Magellan spacecraft, and artists’ concepts for a Venus Balloon, the Venus In‐Situ Explorer, and the Venus Mobile Explorer. (Collage prepared by Tibor Balint) Perspective view of Ishtar Terra, one of two main highland regions on Venus. The smaller of the two, Ishtar Terra, is located near the north pole and rises over 11 km above the mean surface level. Courtesy NASA/JPL–Caltech. VEXAG Charter. The Venus Exploration Analysis Group is NASA's community‐based forum designed to provide scientific input and technology development plans for planning and prioritizing the exploration of Venus over the next several decades. VEXAG is chartered by NASA's Solar System Exploration Division and reports its findings to NASA. Open to all interested scientists, VEXAG regularly evaluates Venus exploration goals, scientific objectives, investigations, and critical measurement requirements, including especially recommendations in the NRC Decadal Survey and the Solar System Exploration Strategic Roadmap. Venus Exploration Themes: November 2013 Prepared as an adjunct to the three VEXAG documents: Goals, Objectives and Investigations; Roadmap; as well as Technologies distributed at VEXAG Meeting #11 in November 2013. -
Design and Analysis of Optimal Operational Orbits Around Venus for the Envision Mission Proposal
Design and Analysis of Optimal Operational Orbits around Venus for the EnVision Mission Proposal Marta Rocha Rodrigues de Oliveira Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering Supervisors: Prof. Paulo Jorge Soares Gil Prof. Richard Ghail Examination Committee Chairperson: Filipe Szolnoky Ramos Pinto Cunha Supervisor: Paulo Jorge Soares Gil Member of the Committee: João Manuel Gonçalves de Sousa Oliveira November 2015 ii Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Professor Paulo Gil from Instituto Superior Tecnico´ and Professor Richard Ghail from Imperial College London. Without their help, counsel, and generous transmission of knowledge, this thesis would not have been possible. I must also thank the EnVision team for the unique opportunity of working with such an exciting Venus project and contributing to an outstanding ESA proposal. Furthermore, I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Edward Wright and to the NAIF team from JPL for the exceptional support provided. For the very welcomed inspiration, I must thank my friends, in particular the ISU community who encouraged me to pursue my work when I was reaching a breaking point. This thesis is dedicated to my parents and my sister, who give meaning and purpose to all my pursuits. iii iv Resumo Na explorac¸ao˜ espacial, as missoes˜ planetarias´ em orbita´ sao˜ essenciais para obter informac¸ao˜ so- bre os planetas como um todo, e ajudar a resolver questoes˜ cient´ıficas pendentes. Em particular, os planetas mais parecidos com a Terra temˆ sido um alvo privilegiado das principais agenciasˆ espaci- ais internacionais. EnVision e´ uma proposta de missao˜ que tem como objectivo justamente estudar um desses planetas. -
Venus Exploration Themes: September 2011
Venus Exploration Themes Adjunct to Venus Exploration Goals and Objectives 2011 September 2011 Fifty Years of Venus Missions Venus Exploration Vignettes Technologies for Venus Exploration Front cover is a collage showing Venus at radar wavelength, the Magellan spacecraft, and artists’ concepts for a Venus Balloon, the Venus In Situ Explorer, and the Venus Mobile Explorer. (Collage prepared by Tibor Balint) Perspective view of Ishtar Terra, one of two main highland regions on Venus. The smaller of the two, Ishtar Terra, is located near the north pole and rises over 11 km above the mean surface level. Courtesy NASA/JPL–Caltech. Venus Exploration Themes: September 2011 Prepared as an adjunct to the Venus Exploration Goals and Objectives document to preserve extracts from the October 2009 Venus Exploration Pathways document. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii Fifty Years of Venus Missions ....................................................................................................... 1 Venus Exploration Vignettes .......................................................................................................... 3 Vignette 1: Magellan ................................................................................................................... 3 Vignette 2: Experiencing Venus by Air: The Advantages of Balloon-Borne In Situ Exploration .............................................................................................................. -
Venus Exploration Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities: 2007
Venus Exploration Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities: 2007 A Report of the Venus Exploration Analysis Group (VEXAG) October 2007 VEXAG is NASA’s community-based forum, which provides science input for planning and prioritizing Venus exploration for the next few decades. VEXAG is chartered by NASA Headquarters Planetary Science Division and reports its findings to both the Division and to the Planetary Science Sub-Committee of the NASA Advisory Council. VEXAG, which is open to all interested scientists and engineers, regularly evaluates Venus exploration goals, objectives, investigations and priorities on the basis of the widest possible community outreach. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/vexag Front cover is a collage showing Venus at optical wavelength, the Magellan spacecraft, and artists’ concepts for a Venus Balloon, the Venus In-Situ Explorer, and the Venus Mobile Explorer. Venus Exploration Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities: 2007 VEXAG (Venus Exploration Analysis Group) October 2007 Prepared by the VEXAG (Venus Exploration Analysis Group) Organizing Committee: Janet Luhmann, VEXAG Co-Chair, University of California, Berkeley, California ([email protected]) Sushil Atreya, VEXAG Co-Chair, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ([email protected]) Steve Mackwell, Focus Group Lead for Planetary Formation and Evolution, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas ([email protected]) Kevin Baines, Focus Group Lead for Atmospheric Evolution, JPL, Pasadena, California ([email protected]) James Cutts, Focus Group Lead for Venus Exploration Technologies, JPL, Pasadena, California ([email protected]) Adriana Ocampo, Venus Program Executive, NASA Headquarters, Washington DC. ([email protected]) Other supporting members of the VEXAG Organizing Committee are: Tibor Balint, JPL; Mark Bullock, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado; Larry Esposito, LASP, University of Colorado; Ellen Stofan, Proxemy, Inc.; Tommy Thompson, JPL. -
NASA News National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C
NASA News National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 AC 202 755-8370 For Release THURSDAY July 27, 1978 Pr6SS Kit Project Pioneer Venus 2 RELEASE NO: 78-101 CNASA-Ne»s-Eelease-78-101) SECOND VENOS N78-28105 SPACECBAFT SET FOB LAUNCH {National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 120 p CSCL 22A CJnclas 00/1_2 27327 Contents V* i GENERAL RELEASE ^At^S^T. 1-6 MISSION PROFILE 7-24 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Mission 13-24 THE PLANET VENUS 25-40 MAJOR QUESTIONS ABOUT VENUS 41-42 HISTORICAL DISCOVERIES ABOUT VENUS 43-45 EXPLORATION OF VENUS BY SPACECRAFT 46-47 THE PIONEER VENUS SPACECRAFT 48-62 The Orbiter Spacecraft 53-58 The Multiprobe Spacecraft 58-62 VENUS ATMOSPHERIC PROBES 63-76 The Large Probe 63-70 The Small Probe 70-76 11 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 77-97 Orbiter 77-85 Orbiter Radio Science 85-88 Large Probe Experiments 88-92 Large and Small Probe Instruments 92-93 Small Probe Experiments 94 Multiprobe Bus Experiment 94-95 Multiprobe Radio Science Experiments 95-96 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 97-100 LAUNCH VEHICLE 101-102 LAUNCH FLIGHT SEQUENCE 102 LAUNCH VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS , . 103 ATLAS CENTAUR FLIGHT SEQUENCE (AC-50) 104 LAUNCH OPERATIONS 105 MISSION OPERATIONS 105-107 DATA RETURN, COMMAND AND TRACKING 108-111 PIONEER VENUS TEAM 112-114 CONTRACTORS 114-117 VENUS STATISTICS 118 NOTE TO EDITORS; This press kit covers the launch phase of the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe spacecraft and cruise phases of both the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and the Multiprobe spacecraft. Much of the material is also pertinent to the Venus encounter, but an updated press kit will be issued shortly before arrival at the planet in December 1978. -
Planets Solar System Paper Contents
Planets Solar system paper Contents 1 Jupiter 1 1.1 Structure ............................................... 1 1.1.1 Composition ......................................... 1 1.1.2 Mass and size ......................................... 2 1.1.3 Internal structure ....................................... 2 1.2 Atmosphere .............................................. 3 1.2.1 Cloud layers ......................................... 3 1.2.2 Great Red Spot and other vortices .............................. 4 1.3 Planetary rings ............................................ 4 1.4 Magnetosphere ............................................ 5 1.5 Orbit and rotation ........................................... 5 1.6 Observation .............................................. 6 1.7 Research and exploration ....................................... 6 1.7.1 Pre-telescopic research .................................... 6 1.7.2 Ground-based telescope research ............................... 7 1.7.3 Radiotelescope research ................................... 8 1.7.4 Exploration with space probes ................................ 8 1.8 Moons ................................................. 9 1.8.1 Galilean moons ........................................ 10 1.8.2 Classification of moons .................................... 10 1.9 Interaction with the Solar System ................................... 10 1.9.1 Impacts ............................................ 11 1.10 Possibility of life ........................................... 12 1.11 Mythology ............................................. -
ISU Team Project
Additional copies of the Project Report or the Executive Summary for this project may be ordered from the International Space University (ISU) Headquarters. The Executive Summary and the Project Report also can be found on the ISU website. International Space University Strasbourg Central Campus Attention: Publications Parc d’Innovation 1 rue Jean-Dominque Cassini 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France Tel : +33 (0)3 88 65 54 30 Fax: +33(0) 88 65 54 47 http://www.isunet.edu Copyright 2003 by the International Space University All Rights Reserved TRACKS TO SPACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following individuals and organisations have generously contributed their time, resources, expertise and facilities to help us make TRACKS to Space possible. PROJECT SPONSOR European Space Agency — Industrial Matters and Technology Programmes Hans Kappler Director Marco Guglielmi Head of Technology Strategy Section Marco Freire Technology Strategy Engineer PROJECT FACULTY AND TA Project Initiator Walter Peeters Co-chair Nicolas Peter Co-chair Ray Williamson Teaching Associate Philippos Beveratos English Tutor Sarah Delaveaud English Tutor Carol Carnett EXTERNAL EXPERTS Andrew Aldrin Boeing, NASA Systems Randall Correll Science Applications International Corporation Dan Glover NASA Glenn Research Center Tetsuichi Ito NASDA, ISU Faculty Joan Johnson-Freese United States Naval War College Chiaki Mukai NASDA Astronaut Ichiro Nakatani Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) Jean-Claude Piedboeuf Canadian Space Agency Roy Sach Director Defence Space, Australia Gongling Sun EurasSpace GmbH Simon P. Worden Brigadier General, United States Air Force PERSONAL THANKS The authors would like to extend a heartfelt thanks to those who made the greatest sacrifices during this two-month space odyssey. -
Submitted Draft That Was Published As “Cruisin’ the Solar System: the Past and Future of Planetary Exploration”, Ad Astra, Volume 12, Number 2, Pp
"Visiting Our Neighbors: A History of Planetary Exploration" by Andrew J. LePage Submitted draft that was published as “Cruisin’ The Solar System: The Past and Future of Planetary Exploration”, Ad Astra, Volume 12, Number 2, pp. 25-29, March/April 2000 The First Steps For much of the first half of the Twentieth Century, planetary studies were a quiet backwater in the field of astronomy. But the confluence of rapidly advancing rocket technology and Cold War competition at the dawn of the Space Age was about change that. The technology finally existed to send probes to the planets and make useful close up observations - a development which would totally transform our understanding of all the planets including Earth. By 1960, NASA planners hoped to flyby Venus in 1962 and Mars in 1964 with heavily instrumented half-ton probes called Mariner using the powerful Atlas-Centaur then under development. Ambitious Soviet engineers This Soviet model is representative of their early Object MV probe design. The planetary compartment at the bottom intended to send two or more spacecraft could carry a package of cameras as here or a simple towards Mars and Venus during every launch lander. (NASA) window using their new Molniya rocket. Unfortunately launch vehicle failures doomed Before the end of 1961, NASA's plans were the first pair of Soviet Mars flyby probes already in trouble because of lagging Atlas- launched in October of 1960 and stranded their Centaur development. With only the Atlas- first Venus probe in Earth orbit the following Agena available, Mariner had to shed half its February.