Images courtesy of: NASA Probe routes courtesy of: NASA and National Geographic Information courtesy of: Wikipedia, NASA, NSSDC, This infographic focuses on the exploration of our UNISEC, ISAS, BMDO, ESA, SAS, CSA, ASI, DLR, RKA, Solar System through the lens of space exploration ISRO, JAXA, HGS, BWF that took place since its inception sixty years ago. The routes of eight space probes are tracked and select- ed images from its vantage points are shown to pro- vide you with a view of our solar system through the
MOON PHOBOS DEIMOS IO EUROPA CALLISTO GANYMEDE MIMAS ENCELADUS TETHYS DIONE RHEA TITAN HYPERION IAPETUS lens of the space probes. MIRANDA ARIEL UMBRIEL TITANIA OBERON NAIAD THALASSA DESPINA GALATEA LARISSA PROTEUS TRITON NEREID HALIMEDE SAO LAOMEDEIA PSAMANTHE NESO DEIMOS
This segment shows the FAILED NASA CSA DLR ISAS BMDO amount of space probes released from the different SUCCESS USSR SAS RKA UNISEC HGS space stations on earth. ESA ASI ISRO JAXA BWF
The lines represent the route of the space probes as they SOLAR PROBES MARINER 10 GALILEO VOYAGER 1 PIONER 1O PIONEER 11 make their way to explore our solar system. MARS PROBES CASSINI VOYAGER 2 PIONEER 11 NEW HORIZONS PIONEER 11 1985 - 02 1990 INSTRUMENT POWER SHARING PASSED THE ORBIT OF PLUTO BEGAN DUE TO DECLINING GENERATOR POWER OUTPUT 1995 - 09 - 30 PIONEER 11 ROUTINE DAILY MISSION OPERATIONS STOPPED.
1995 - 11 - 30 OPERATOR: NASA/ARC LAST SIGNAL RECIEVED SOLAR PROBES MERCURY PROBES VENUS PROBES LUNAR PROBES MARS PROBES ASTEROID PROBES JUPITER PROBES SATURN PROBES URANUS PROBES COSPAR ID: 1973-019A/SATCAT NO: 6421 NEPTUNE PROBES PLUTO PROBES
04/06/1973, 02:11:00 UTC - LAUNCH DATE VOYAGER 2 PIONEER 10 12/03/1974 - CLOSESTER APPROACH TO JUPITER PIONEER 5 MARINER 10 SPUTNIK 7 LUNA E-1 NO. 1 PIONEER 0 MARS 1960A GALILEO PIONEER 11 VOYAGER 2 NEW HORIZONS PIONEER 11 09/01/1979 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO SATURN PIONEER 6 MESSENGER VENERA 1 LUNA E-1 NO. 2 PIONEER 1 MARS 1960B GALILEO VOYAGER 1
1970 VOYAGER 1 PIONEER 7 MERCURY PLANET ORBITER MARINER 1 LUNA E-1 NO. 3 PIONEER 2 MARS 1962A CLEMENTINE VOYAGER 2 VOYAGER 2 1990 1960 PIONEER 8 MERCURY MAGNETOSPHERIC SPUTNIK 19 LUNA 1 PIONEER 3 MARS 1962B NEAR SHOEMAKER CASSINI 1950 ULYSSES PIONEER 9 SPUTNIK 20 LUNA E-1A NO. 1 PIONEER 4 MARS 1 NEAR SHOEMAKER GALILEO PIONEER E SPUTNIK 21 LUNA 2 PIONEER P-1 MARINER 3 DEAP SPACE 1 1990 CASSINI HELIOS A MARINER 2 LUNA 3 PIONEER P-3 1960 ZOND 2 CASSINI ULYSSES HELIOS B COSMOS 21 LUNA 1960A LUNA 1960B MARINER 4 NEAR SHOEMAKER PIONEER 11
1970 NEW HORIZONS ISEE-3 VENERA 1964A PIONEER P-30 PIONEER P-31 MARINER 6 STARDUST 2000 ULYSSES VENERA 1964B RANGER 3 RANGER 4 MARINER 7 HAYABUSA JUN0 VOYAGER 1 VOYAGER 1 2000 JUICE WIND COSMOS 27 RANGER 5 SPUTNIK 25 MARS 1969A MINERVA 1960
1990 ACE ZOND 1 LUNA 1963B LUNA 4 MARS 1969B NEW HORIZONS SOHO COSMOS 96 RANGER 6 LUNA 1964A MARINER 8 ROSETTA VENERA 1965A LUNA 1964B RANGER 7 MARINER 9 VOYAGER 1 ULYSSES ROSETTA 2004 - 12 - 17
GENESIS VENERA 2 RANGER 8 COSMOS 60 MARS 2 2010 CHANG’E 2 PASSED THE TERMINATION SHOCK AND ENTERED OPERATOR: NASA/JPL HELIOSHEATH STEREO A VENERA 3 RANGER 9 LUNA 1965A MARS 3 COSPAR ID: 1977-084A/SATCAT NO: 10321 2000 STEREO B KOSMOS 167 LUNA 5 LUNA 6 COSMOS 419 2007 - 04 - 11 09/05/1977 - LAUNCH DATE MARS 4 TERMINATED PLASMA SUBSYSTEM OPERATIONS AND ULYSSES VENERA 4 ZOND 3 LUNA 7 1970 03/05/1979 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO JUPITER HEATERS SOLAR SENTINELS MARINER 5 LUNA 8 LUNA 9 MARS 5 11/12/1980 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO SATURN SOLAR PROBE PLUS VENERA 5 COSMOS 111 LUNA 10 MARS 6 2008 - 01 - 06 TERMINATED PLANETARY RADIO ASTRONOMY EXPERI- VENERA 6 EXPLORER 33 MARS 7 2010 INTERGELIO-ZOND SURVEYOR 1 MENT OPERATIONS ADITYA COSMOS 359 LUNAR ORBITER 1 LUNA 11 VIKING 1 ORBITER 1960 1998 - 02 - 17 VIKING 2 ORBITER 2012 - 08 - 25 VENERA 7 SURVEYOR 2 LUNA 12 2007 - 06 - 28 VOYAGER OVERTAKES PIONEER 10 AS THE MOST DISTANT CROSSED THE HELIOPAUSE AT 121 AU AND ENTERED THE STARTS HIBERNATION MODE HUMAN-MADE OBJECT FROM THE SUN COSMOS 482 LUNAR ORBITER 2 LUNA 13 PHOBOS 1 VOYAGER 1 INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
VENERA 8 LUNAR ORBITER 3 SURVEYOR 3 1980 PHOBOS 2 MARINER 10 LUNAR ORBITER 4 EXPLORER 35 MARS OBSERVER VENERA 9 SURVEYOR 4 LUNAR ORBITER 5 MARS 96 1970 VENERA 10 SURVEYOR 5 ZOND 1967A MARS PATHFINDER MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR PIONEER VENUS ORBITER SURVEYOR 6 ZOND 1967B 1990 CASSINI-HUYGENS PIONEER VENUS MULTIPROBE SURVEYOR 7 LUNA 1968A MARS CLIMATE ORBITER VENERA 11 ZOND 4 LUNA 14 MARS POLAR LANDER OPERATOR: NASA/ESA/ASI VENERA 12 ZOND 1968A ZOND 5 21 MARS ODYSSEY COSPAR ID: 1997-061A VENERA 13 ZOND 6 ZOND 1969A NOZOMI 10/15/1997, 08:43:00 UTC - LAUNCH DATE VENERA 14 LUNA 1969A ZOND L1S-1 MARS EXPRESS 04/26/1998 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO VENUS VENERA 15 LUNA 1969B LUNA 1969C MER-A SPIRIT 06/24/1990 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO VENUS (2) NEW HORIZONS MER-B OPPORTUNITY 1980 VENERA 16 ZOND L1S-2 LUNA 15 08/18/1999 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO EARTH AND MOON VEGA 1 ZOND 7 COSMOS 300 MARS RENAISSANCE ORBITER 01/23/2000 - CLOSEST APPROACH OF 2685 MASURSKY ROSETTA 12/30/2000 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO JUPITER VEGA 2 COSMOS 305 LUNA 1970A 2006 - 07 - 21 GALILEO LUNA 1970B LUNA 16 2000 PHOENIX 07/01/2004 - BEGINS TO ORBIT SATURN NEW HORIZONS APPROACHES NEW HORIZONS PLUTO MAGELLAN ZOND 8 LUNA 17 DAWN 01/14/2005 - HUYGENS COMPONENT LANDS ON TITAN 1990 CASSINI LUNA 18 LUNA 19 YINGHUO-1 NEW HORIZONS 1970 VENUS EXPRESS LUNA 20 SOYUZ L3 MSL CURIOSITY LUNA 21 EXPLORER 49 MARS ORBITER MISSION OPERATOR: NASA 2000 MESSENGER North pole of Saturn North Polar Storm North of Saturn North of Saturn COSPAR ID: 2006-001A/SATCAT NO: 28928 AKATSUKI MARINER 10 LUNA 22 MAVEN 1979 - 10 - 05 INSIGHT 01/19/2006 - LAUNCH DATE IKAROS LUNA 23 LUNA 1975A BEGIN PIONEER INTERSTELLAR EXOMARS TRACE GAS ORBITER GALILEO MISSION 06/13/2006 - CLOSEST FLYBY OF (132524) APL
2010 SHIN’EN LUNA 24 ICE 1980 02/28/2007 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO JUPITER AKATSUKI HITEN HAGOROMO 2010 EXOMARS ROVER MARS SAMPLE RETURN MISSION OPERATOR: NASA 1980 - 12 - 14 07/14/2015 - PROJECTED APPROACH TO PLUTO VENUS IN SITU EXPLORER GEOTAIL CLEMENTINE COSPAR ID: 1989-084B/SATCAT NO: 20298
1990 BEGINS VOYAGER EXTEDED HGS-1 LUNAR PROSPECTOR MISSION. VENERA D 10/18/1989, 16:53:40 UTC - LAUNCH DATE 2020 NOZOMI SMART-1 VENUS SURFACE EXPLORER 02/10/1990 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO VENUS NEW HORIZONS SELENE OKINA 12/08/1990 - STARTED ORBIT OF EARTH OUNA CHANG’E 1 10/29/1991 - CLOSEST APPROACH OF 951 GASPRA 2000 CHANDRAYAAN I MIP 08/28/1993 - CLOSEST APPROACH OF 243 IDA CASSINI LRO LCROSS 07/12/1995, 22:04 UTC - CLOSEST APPROACH TO JUPITER Crescent Saturn Io Europa Callisto Ganymede MIP 2 CHANG’E 2 09/21/2003 - END OF MISSION/CRASHED AT JUPITER ARTEMIS P1 ARTEMIS P2
2010 GALILEO GRAIL A GRAIL B R 10 NE LADEE CHANG’E 3 RI FINAL IMAGES OF THE VOYAGER PROGRAM A ACQUIRED BY VOYAGER 1 T CREATE THE SOLAR M SYSTEM ‘FAMILY PORTRAIT’
Mimas from Saturn’s ring Enceladus Titan from Tethys Mimas from Dione Titan from Dione Rhea before Titan Titan Hyperion Iapetus
Io from Jupiter Io Europa Callisto Ganymede
2006 - 06 - 13 NEW HORIZONS APPROACHES Volcanic Europa ASTEROID 132524 APL 2007 - 08 - 20 “The Day the Earth Smiled” 20 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS FLIGHT AND OBSERVATIONS CASSINI APPROACHES ASTEROID 2685 MASURSKY Great Red Spot KUIPER BELT 2007 - 08 - 20 Titan Haze 1999 - 06 - 24 30 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS FLIGHT AND OPERATION AT CASSINI ORBITS VENUS ASTEROID BELT 14:29:00 UTC 1993 - 08 - 28 1991 - 10 - 29 SECOND ENCOUNTER WITH 2006 -04 - 07 2007 - 09 - 06 TERMINATE DAYA TAPE RECORDER GALILEO PERFORMED FIRST ASTEROIDS 243 IDEA AND PASSED THE ORBIT OF MARS OPERATIONS ASTEROID ENCOUNTER (951 DACTYL GASPRA) Mercury Venus by Galileo 2008 - 02 - 11 TERMINATE PLANETARY RADIO ASTRONOMY EXPERI- MENT OPERATIONS Rhea 2000 - 01 - 23 2011 - 11 - 07 1977 - 12 - 10 1990 - 02 - 14 CASSINI FLYBY OF ASTEROID 1977 - 12 - 19 1978 - 09 -08 SWITCH TO BACKUP THRUSTERS TO CONSERVE POWER VOYAGER 1 & 2 Io rotating Jupiter FINAL IMAGES OF THE VOYAGER PROGRAM ACQUIRED 2685 MASURSKY VOYAGER 1 OVERTAKES VOYAGER 1 EXITED ASTEROID ENTERS ASTEROID BELT BY VOYAGER 2 VOYAGER 2 BELT Mercury north pole Venus by Mariner 10 VOYAGER 2
Storm on the red spot VOYAGER 2
Tethys Proteus Triton 1974 - 04 - 19 Rings of Neptune Neptune Neptune’s eye South Pole of Neptune Cloud streaks PIONEER 10 ENTERS ASTEROID Mercury plaine lisse BELT VOYAGER 2 Mimas 1978 - 10 - 21 2003 - 09 - 21 Saturn VOYAGER 2 OPERATOR: NASA/JPL VOYAGER 2 EXITED ASTEROID GALILEO CRASHES ONTO COSPAR ID: 1977-076A/SATCAT NO: 10271 BELT JUPITER’S ATMOSPHERE 08/20/1977, 14:29:00 UTC - LAUNCH DATE Great Red Spot Uranus Departing image of crescent Uranus Rings of Uranus Miranda Ariel Umbriel Titania Saturn Rings 07/09/1979 - CLOSEST FLYBY OF JUPITER Triton from Neptune 08/25/1981 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO SATURN 01/24/1986 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO URANUS 08/25/1989 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO NEPTUNE Explotions from the Sun PIONEER 10 Mars by Mars Express Iapetus Saturn’s F Ring PIONEER 10 PIONEER 11 Titan occulation Titan The Sun from Venus Jupiter by Pioneer 11 PIONEER 10 Enceladus Tethys PIONEER 10 OPERATOR: NASA/ARC VOYAGER 1 COSPAR ID: 1972-012A/SATCAT NO: 5860 Mars Atmosphere 03/03/1972, 01:49:04 UTC - LAUNCH DATE Great Red Spot Venus in transit Volcanic Eruption on Io 12/O3/1973 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO JUPITER 1972 - 07 - 15 01/23/2003 - END OF MISSION MARINER 10 STARTS JUPITER OBSERVATION PHASE Voyager 2 Saturn Approach “Spoke” features on Saturn’s rings North, polar region of Saturn OPERATOR: NASA/JPL Faint ring of Jupiter VOYAGER 2 COSPAR ID: 1973-085A/SATCAT NO: 6919 1974 - 01 - 01 Transition of Io on Jupiter 11/03/1973 - LAUNCH DATE BEGIN PIONEER INTERSTELLAR MISSION 02/05/1974 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO VENUS Mosaic of Europa Callisto Mosaic of Ganymede 03/29/1974 - CLOSEST APPROACH TO MERCURY 09/21/1974 - SECOND APPROACH TO MERCURY PIONEER 10 03/16/1975 - THIRD APPROACH TO MERCURY 03/24/1975 - END OF MISSION
Jupiter by Pioneer 10
SUN MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JUPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUNE PLUTO
Axial Tilt: 7.25 with respect to the ecliptic 0 degrees 177.3 degress 23.4 degrees 25.2 degrees Axial Tilt: 3.1 degrees Axial Tilt: 26.73 degrees Axial Tilt: 26.7 degrees Axial Tilt: 28.3 degrees Axial Tilt: 122.5 degrees Circumference: 4,370,005.6 km 15,329.1 km 38,024.6 km 40,030.2 km 21,296.9 km Circumference: 4.888 x 109 km Circumference: Circumference Circumference: 365,882.4 km Circumference: 154,704.6 km Circumference: 7,231.9 km Volume: 1.40927 x 1018 km3 60,827,208,742 km3 928,415,345,893 km3 1,083,206,916,846 km3 163,115,609,799 km3 Volume: 1.43128 x 1015 km3 Volume: 8.2713 x 1014 km3 Volume: 827,129,915,150,897 km3 Volume: 62,525,703,987,421 km3 Volume: 6,387,259,783 km3 Mass: 1.989 x 1030 kg 3.3010 x 1023 kg 4.8673 x 1024 kg 5.9722 x 1024 kg 6.4169 x 1023 kg Mass: 1.8981 x 1027 kg Mass: 5.6832 x 1026 kg Mass: 5.6832 x 1026 kg Mass: 1.0241 x 1026 kg Mass: 1.3090 x 1022 kg Density: 1.409 g/cm3 5.427 g/cm3 5.243 g/cm3 5.513 g/cm3 3.934 g/cm3 Density: 1.326 g/cm3 Density: 0.687 g/cm3 Density: 0.687 g/cm3 Density: 1.638 g/cm3 Density: 2.050 g/cm3 Surface Area: 6.07877 x 1012 km2 74,797,000 km2 460,234,317 km2 510,064,472 km2 144,371,391 km Surface Area: 6.1419 x 1010 km2 Surface Area: 4.2612 x 1010 km2 Surface Area: 42,612,133,285 km2 Surface Area: 7,618,272,763 km2 Surface Area: 16,647,940 km2 Surface Gravity: 274.0 m/s2 3.7 m/s2 8.87 m/s2 9.80665 m/s2 23.71 m/s2 Surface Gravity: 24.79 m/s2 Surface Gravity: 10.4 m/s2 Surface Gravity: 10.4* m/s2 Surface Gravity: 11.15 m/s2 Surface Gravity: 0.66 m/s2 Effective Temperature: 5,500 °C -173/427 °C 462 °C -88/58 (min/max) °C -87 to -5 °C Effective Temperature: -148 °C Effective Temperature: -178 °C Effective Temperature: -178 °C Effective Temperature: -214 °C Effective Temperature: -233/-223 °C Atmospheric Constituents: Hydrogen, helium Nitrogen, Oxygen Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Nitrogen, Oxygen Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Argon Atmospheric Constituents: Hydrogen, Helium Atmospheric Constituents: Hydrogen, Helium Atmospheric Constituents: Hydrogen, Helium Atmospheric Constituents: Hydrogen, Helium, Methane Atmospheric Constituents: Nitrogen, Oxygen
Orbit Size Around Sun: 57,909,227 km 108,209,475 km 149,598,262 km 227,943,824 km Orbit Size Around Sun: 778,340,821 km Orbit Size Around Sun: 1,426,666,422 km Orbit Size Around Sun: 1,426,666,422 km Orbit Size Around Sun: 4,498,396,441 km Orbit Size Around Sun: 5,906,440,628 km Orbit Circumference: 359,976,856 km O679,892,378 km 939,887,974 km 1,429,085,052 km Orbit Circumference: 4,887,595,931 km Orbit Circumference: 8,957,504,604 km Orbit Circumference: 8,957,504,604 km Orbit Circumference: 28,263,736,967 km Orbit Circumference: 36,529,978,039 km Average Orbit Velocity: 170,503 km/h 126,074 km/h 107,218 km/h 86,677 km/h Average Orbit Velocity: 47,002 km/h Average Orbit Velocity: 34,701 km/h Average Orbit Velocity: 34,701 km/h Average Orbit Velocity: 19,566 km/h Average Orbit Velocity: 16,809 km/h
0 (MILLION KM) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500