DOCSLIB.ORG

Dsc Pub Edited

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dsc Pub Edited 1968 93) few craters, much like the mare sites, Surveyor 7 although the general area was rougher. About Nation: U.S. (43) 21 hours after landing, ground controllers Objective(s): lunar soft-landing fired a pyrotechnic charge to drop the alpha- Spacecraft: Surveyor-G scattering instrument on the lunar surface. Spacecraft Mass: 1,040.1 kg When the instrument failed to move, con- Mission Design and Management: NASA JPL trollers used the robot arm to force it down. Launch Vehicle: Atlas-Centaur (AC-15 / Atlas The scoop on the arm was used numerous 3C no. 5903C / Centaur D-1A) times for picking up soil, digging trenches, Launch Date and Time: 7 January 1968 / and conducting at least sixteen surface- 06:30:00 UT bearing tests. Apart from taking 21,274 pho- Launch Site: ETR / launch complex 36A tographs (many of them in stereo), Surveyor Scientific Instruments: 7 also served as a target for Earth-based 1) imaging system lasers (of 1-watt power) to accurately 2) alpha-scattering instrument measure the distance between Earth and the 3) surface sampler Moon. Although it was successfully reacti- 4) footpad magnet vated after the lunar night, Surveyor 7 Results: Since Surveyors 1, 3, 5, and 6 success- finally shut down on 21 February 1968. In fully fulfilled requirements in support of total, the five successful Surveyors returned Apollo, NASA opted to use the last remaining more than 87,000 photos of the lunar surface Surveyor for a purely scientific mission out- and demonstrated the feasibility of soft- side of exploring a potential landing site for landing a spacecraft on the lunar surface. the early Apollo flights. After an uneventful coast to the Moon, Surveyor 7 successfully set 94) down at 01:05:36 UT on 10 January 1968 on no name / [Luna] the ejecta blanket emanating from the bright Nation: USSR (51) Tycho crater in the south of the near side. Objective(s): lunar orbit Landing coordinates were 40.86° south lati- Spacecraft: Ye-6LS (no. 112) tude and 11.47° west longitude, about 29 kilo- Spacecraft Mass: unknown meters north of Tycho’s rim and 2.4 Mission Design and Management: GSMZ kilometers from the craft’s target. Initial Lavochkin photos from the surface showed surprisingly Launch Vehicle: 8K78M (no. Ya716-57) 1968 69 Launch Date and Time: 7 February 1968 / Spacecraft: Ye-6LS (no. 113) 10:43:54 UT Spacecraft Mass: unknown Launch Site: NIIP-5 / launch site 1 Mission Design and Management: GSMZ Scientific Instruments: unknown Lavochkin Results: During launch to Earth orbit, the Launch Vehicle: 8K78M (no. Ya716-58) third-stage engine cut off prematurely because Launch Date and Time: 7 April 1968 / of an excessive propellant consumption rate 10:09:32 UT via the gas generator. The spacecraft never Launch Site: NIIP-5 / launch site 1 reached Earth orbit. The goal of the mission Scientific Instruments: unknown was evidently to test communications systems Results: Luna 14 successfully entered lunar in support of the N1-L3 human lunar landing orbit at 19:25 UT on 10 April 1968. Initial program. orbital parameters were 160 x 870 kilometers at 42° inclination. The primary goal of the 95) flight was to test communications systems in Zond 4 support of the N1-L3 piloted lunar landing Nation: USSR (52) project. Ground tracking of the spacecraft’s Objective(s): deep space mission orbit also allowed controllers to accurately Spacecraft: 7K-L1 (no. 6L) map lunar gravitational anomalies in order to Spacecraft Mass: c. 5,375 kg predict trajectories of future lunar missions Mission Design and Management: TsKBEM such as those of the LOK and LK lunar Launch Vehicle: 8K82K + Blok D (Proton-K no. landing vehicles. Luna 14 also carried scien- 232-01) tific instruments to study cosmic rays and Launch Date and Time: 2 March 1968 / charged particles from the Sun, although few 18:29:23 UT details have been revealed. Launch Site: NIIP-5 / launch site 81L Scientific Instruments: unknown 97) Results: The Soviets decided to send this next no name / [Zond] 7K-L1 spacecraft, not on a circumlunar flight, Nation: USSR (54) but to about 330,000 kilometers into deep Objective(s): circumlunar flight space in the opposite direction of the Moon in Spacecraft: 7K-L1 (no. 7L) order to test the main spacecraft systems Spacecraft Mass: c. 5,375 kg without the perturbing effects of the Moon Mission Design and Management: TsKBEM (much like the Surveyor model test flights in Launch Vehicle: 8K82K + Blok D (Proton K no. 1965 and 1966). The spacecraft was success- 232-01 / Blok D no. 15L) fully boosted on its trajectory and reached an Launch Date and Time: 22 April 1968 / apogee of 354,000 kilometers. During the 23:01:27 UT flight, although a key attitude-control sensor Launch Site: NIIP-5 / launch site 81P worked only intermittently, controllers man- Scientific Instruments: unknown aged to aim the spacecraft for a guided reentry Results: During this third attempt at a circum- back into Earth’s atmosphere. Unfortunately, lunar mission, the Proton rocket’s second- the same sensor failed at reentry, preventing stage engine spuriously shut down at the vehicle from maintaining stable orienta- T+194.64 seconds due to an erroneous signal tion. Instead, Zond 4 began to carry out a direct from the payload. The emergency rescue ballistic reentry for landing in the Indian system was activated, and the 7K-L1 capsule Ocean. An emergency destruct system, how- was later recovered about 520 kilometers from ever, destroyed the returning capsule over the the launch pad. Gulf of Guinea to prevent foreign observers from recovering the wayward spacecraft. 98) Zond 5 96) Nation: USSR (55) Luna 14 Objective(s): circumlunar flight Nation: USSR (53) Spacecraft: 7K-L1 (no. 9L) Objective(s): lunar orbit Spacecraft Mass: c. 5,375 kg 70 Deep Space Chronicle Mission Design and Management: TsKBEM 4) cosmic-ray gradient detector Launch Vehicle: 8K82K + Blok D upper stage 5) radio wave propagation experiment (Proton-K no. 234-01 / Blok D no. 17) 6) electric field detector Launch Date and Time: 14 September 1968 / 7) cosmic dust detector 21:42:11 UT 8) celestial mechanics experiment Launch Site: NIIP-5 / launch site 81L Results: Pioneer 9 was the fourth in a series of Scientific Instruments: probes designed to study interplanetary 1) biological payload space from heliocentric orbit. In its 297.5-day 2) radiation detectors orbit at 0.75 x 1.0 AU, the cylindrical, spin- 3) imaging system stabilized spacecraft obtained valuable data Results: Zond 5 was the first Soviet spacecraft on the properties of the solar wind, cosmic to complete a successful circumlunar mis- rays, and interplanetary magnetic fields. The sion—after three failures. During the flight to Delta launch vehicle also carried the Test and the Moon, the main stellar attitude control Training Satellite (TETR-B), which was put sensor failed due to contamination of the into Earth orbit to test ground-based commu- sensor’s optical surface. Controllers used less nications systems in support of the Apollo accurate backup sensors to perform two mid- program. NASA maintained contact with course corrections. The spacecraft successfully Pioneer 9 until 19 May 1983. Subsequent circled around the far side of the Moon at a attempts to use Search for Extraterrestrial range of 1,950 kilometers on 18 September, Intelligence (SETI) equipment to establish taking high-resolution photos of the Moon and contact with the probe on 3 March 1987 Earth. On the return leg of the flight, a second failed, and the Agency officially declared the attitude-control sensor failed and the space- spacecraft inactive. craft’s three-axis stabilization platform switched off the guided reentry system. As a 100) result, Zond 5 performed a direct ballistic Zond 6 reentry (instead of a guided one) and splashed Nation: USSR (56) down safely in the backup target area in the Objective(s): circumlunar flight Indian Ocean at 32°38' south latitude and Spacecraft: 7K-L1 (no. 12L) 65°33' east longitude, about 105 kilometers Spacecraft Mass: c. 5,375 kg from the nearest Soviet tracking ship. Landing Mission Design and Management: TsKBEM time was 16:08 UT on 21 September. Zond 5 Launch Vehicle: 8K82K + Blok D (Proton-K no. carried an extensive biological payload 235-01 / Blok D no. 19) including two steppe tortoises to measure the Launch Date and Time: 10 November 1968 / effects of circumlunar flight. The tortoises sur- 19:11:31 UT vived the trip and were returned to Moscow. Launch Site: NIIP-5 / launch site 81L Scientific Instruments: 99) 1) biological payload Pioneer 9 2) radiation detectors Nation: U.S. (44) 3) imaging system Objective(s): solar orbit 4) photo-emulsion camera Spacecraft: Pioneer-D 5) micrometeoroid detector Spacecraft Mass: 65.36 kg Results: Zond 6 was the second spacecraft that Mission Design and Management: NASA ARC the Soviets sent around the Moon. Soon after Launch Vehicle: Thor-Delta E-1 (no. 60 / Thor translunar injection, ground controllers dis- no. 479 / DSV-3E) covered that the vehicle’s high-gain antenna Launch Date and Time: 8 November 1968 / had failed to deploy. Given that the main atti- 09:46:29 UT tude-control sensor was installed on the Launch Site: ETR / launch complex 17B antenna boom, controllers had to make plans Scientific Instruments: to use a backup sensor for further attitude 1) triaxial fluxgate magnetometer control. The spacecraft circled the far side of 2) plasma analyzer the Moon at a range of 2,420 kilometers, once 3) cosmic-ray-anisotropy detector again taking black-and-white photographs of 1968 71 the Moon. During the return flight, tempera- successfully carried a fully automated guided tures in a hydrogen peroxide tank for the reentry into the primary landing zone in attitude-control thrusters dropped far below Kazakhstan.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 Official Name Spacecraft / 1958 “Pioneer” Mass[Luna] No
    Deep Space Chronicle: Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 Official Spacecraft / Mass Launch Date / Launch Place / Launch Vehicle / Nation / Design & Objective Outcome* Name No. Time Pad No. Organization Operation 1958 “Pioneer” Able 1 38 kg 08-17-58 / 12:18 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 127 U.S. AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 1 c. 360 kg 09-23-58 / 09:03:23 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-3 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer Able 2 38.3 kg 10-11-58 / 08:42:13 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 130 U.S. NASA / AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 2 c. 360 kg 10-11-58 / 23:41:58 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-4 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer 2 Able 3 39.6 kg 11-08-58 / 07:30 ETR / 17A Thor-Able I / 129 U.S. NASA / AFBMD lunar orbit U [Luna] Ye-1 / 3 c. 360 kg 12-04-58 / 18:18:44 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-5 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact U Pioneer 3 - 5.87 kg 12-06-58 / 05:44:52 ETR / 5 Juno II / AM-11 U.S. NASA / ABMA lunar flyby U 1959 Luna 1 Ye-1 / 4 361.3 kg 01-02-59 / 16:41:21 NIIP-5 / 1 Luna / B1-6 USSR OKB-1 lunar impact P Master Table of All Deep Space, Lunar, andPlanetary Probes1958–2000 ofAllDeepSpace,Lunar, Master Table Pioneer 4 - 6.1 kg 03-03-59 / 05:10:45 ETR / 5 Juno II / AM-14 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Quantitative Human Spacecraft Design Evaluation Model For
    A QUANTITATIVE HUMAN SPACECRAFT DESIGN EVALUATION MODEL FOR ASSESSING CREW ACCOMMODATION AND UTILIZATION by CHRISTINE FANCHIANG B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007 M.S., University of Colorado Boulder, 2010 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences 2017 i This thesis entitled: A Quantitative Human Spacecraft Design Evaluation Model for Assessing Crew Accommodation and Utilization written by Christine Fanchiang has been approved for the Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences Dr. David M. Klaus Dr. Jessica J. Marquez Dr. Nisar R. Ahmed Dr. Daniel J. Szafir Dr. Jennifer A. Mindock Dr. James A. Nabity Date: 13 March 2017 The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii Fanchiang, Christine (Ph.D., Aerospace Engineering Sciences) A Quantitative Human Spacecraft Design Evaluation Model for Assessing Crew Accommodation and Utilization Thesis directed by Professor David M. Klaus Crew performance, including both accommodation and utilization factors, is an integral part of every human spaceflight mission from commercial space tourism, to the demanding journey to Mars and beyond. Spacecraft were historically built by engineers and technologists trying to adapt the vehicle into cutting edge rocketry with the assumption that the astronauts could be trained and will adapt to the design. By and large, that is still the current state of the art. It is recognized, however, that poor human-machine design integration can lead to catastrophic and deadly mishaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Situation Report
    NASA Office of Public Affairs Satellite Situation Report VOLUME 17 NUMBER 6 DECEMBER 31, 1977 (NASA-TM-793t5) SATELLITE SITUATION~ BEPORT, N8-17131 VOLUME 17, NO. 6 (NASA) 114 F HC A06/mF A01 CSCL 05B Unclas G3/15 05059 Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland NOTICE .THIS DOCUMENT HAS'BEEN REPRODUCED FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY THE SPONSORING AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS' ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE. OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS GCDDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION VOLUME 17 NO. 6 DECEMBER 31, 1977 SATELLITE SITUATION REPORT THIS REPORT IS PUBLIShED AND DISTRIBUTED BY THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, GSFC. GODPH DRgP2 FE I T ERETAO5MUJS E SMITHSONIAN ASTRCPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. SPACEFLIGHT TRACKING AND DATA NETWORK. NOTE: The Satellite Situation Report dated October 31, 1977, contained an entry in the "Objects Decayed Within the Reporting Period" that 1977 042P, object number 10349, decayed on September 21, 1977. That entry was in error. The object is still in orbit. SPACE OBJECTS BOX SCORE OBJECTS IN ORBIT DECAYED OBJECTS AUSTRALIA I I CANACA 8 0 ESA 4 0 ESRO 1 9 FRANCE 54 26 FRANCE/FRG 2 0 FRG 9 3 INCIA 1 0 INDONESIA 2 0 INTERNATIONAL TELECOM- MUNICATIONS SATELLITE ORGANIZATION (ITSO) 22 0 ITALY 1 4 JAPAN 27 0 NATC 4 0 NETHERLANDS 0 4 PRC 6 14 SPAIN 1 0 UK 11 4 US 2928 1523 USSR 1439 4456 TOTAL 4E21 6044 INTER- CBJECTS IN ORIT NATIONAL CATALOG PERIOD INCLI- APOGEE PERIGEE TQANSMITTTNG DESIGNATION NAME NUMBER SOURCE LAUNCH MINUTES NATION KM.
    [Show full text]
  • Misiones Espaciales Misiones Que Año Nación Lanzador Síntesis De La Misión Recorrido Lo Visitaron
    Una vez finalizada la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética se enfrentaron ideológica y políticamente. El campo de batalla de los dos bloques fue llamado Guerra fría. Las dos super potencias se embarcaron en una carrera por la conquista del espacio en un despliegue de poderío científico, militar y tecnológico. En un comienzo los mayores éxitos fueron de la URSS pero fue EE UU el que logró llevar seres humanos a la Luna. Luego de ese suceso, pasaron varios años hasta que otros países lograron el sueño de llegar a nuestro satélite. LMiUNsiones espacAiales En la actual carrera espacial ingresan nuevos proyectos financiados de manera privada. Las misiones que tuvieron éxito en llegar a la Luna se pueden dividir en: las que sobrevolaron, las que orbitaron, las que descendieron con robots y las que lograron llevar humanos Sobrevuelos/Orbitadores: Luna | Ranger | Zond| Lunar Orbiter | Explorer | Clementine | Lunar prospector | Smart | Kaguya Selene|Chang`e| Chandrayaan| Lunar reconnaissance|Grail| Ladee Landers y Rovers: Luna 9| Surveyour|Luna13|Luna 16/20/24| Luna 17|Lunakhod|Yutu Misiones tripuladas: Apollo 8/10/11/12/14/15/16/17 Fuente: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/ Planetario de Buenos AiresPlanetario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires Galileo Galilei - Av. Sarmiento y B. Roldán - Tel. 4772-9265 / 4771-6629 - e-mail: [email protected] 1/6 Misiones espaciales Misiones que año Nación Lanzador Síntesis de la misión Recorrido lo visitaron Objetivo: Impactar Sobrevoló la Luna. Luego ingresó en órbita al Sol R-7 Logros : Fue el primer vehículo en escapar de la gravedad Enero Unión terrestre.
    [Show full text]
  • Defense Intelligence Digest (DID), Vol. VII, No. 7
    SECRET . DECLASSIFIED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE INTERAGENCY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION APPEALS PANEL, E.0.13526, SECTION 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP APPEAL NO. 2009-068, document no. 279 DECLASSIFICATION DATE: May 14,2015 July 1969 • Volume '7 • Number 7 2 4 9 12 Portion identified as non- I 15 I responsive to the appeal 16 19 24 28 Ef'fed1 of Zond Vehicle Re-entry on Soviet Space Program . 30 34 Portion identified as non­ 37 responsive to the appeal 41 44 FOREWORD MISSION: The mLSSton of the terest on significant developments roonthly Defense lntelligmce Digest is and trends in the rr1ilitary capabili­ to provide all components of the ties and vulnerabilities of foreign Department of Defense and other nations. Emphasis is placed pri­ United States agencies with timely marily, on nations and forces within intelligence of wide professional in- the.Communist World. WARNING: This publication is clas­ marked "No Foreign Dissemination," sified secret beca.use it reflects intelli­ certain articles arc releasable tp gence collection efforts of the United fordgn governments; however, such States, and contains information af­ release is controlled by the Defense fecting the national defense of the Inte.Uigence Agency. United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 18 U~S.C., Section 793 and S·ection 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its ~~~ contents in any manner to an un­ JOSEPH F. CA.RROLL authorized person is prohibited by Lt General, USAF Jaw. Althongh the publication is Director Overall classiAcation of this document is-sECREl Two Jmportcmt vehicles l•a<"f the Sovid$ cle>ser to.
    [Show full text]
  • Collision Avoidance Operations in a Multi-Mission Environment
    AIAA 2014-1745 SpaceOps Conferences 5-9 May 2014, Pasadena, CA Proceedings of the 2014 SpaceOps Conference, SpaceOps 2014 Conference Pasadena, CA, USA, May 5-9, 2014, Paper DRAFT ONLY AIAA 2014-1745. Collision Avoidance Operations in a Multi-Mission Environment Manfred Bester,1 Bryce Roberts,2 Mark Lewis,3 Jeremy Thorsness,4 Gregory Picard,5 Sabine Frey,6 Daniel Cosgrove,7 Jeffrey Marchese,8 Aaron Burgart,9 and William Craig10 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450 With the increasing number of manmade object orbiting Earth, the probability for close encounters or on-orbit collisions is of great concern to spacecraft operators. The presence of debris clouds from various disintegration events amplifies these concerns, especially in low- Earth orbits. The University of California, Berkeley currently operates seven NASA spacecraft in various orbit regimes around the Earth and the Moon, and actively participates in collision avoidance operations. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory provide conjunction analyses. In two cases, collision avoidance operations were executed to reduce the risks of on-orbit collisions. With one of the Earth orbiting THEMIS spacecraft, a small thrust maneuver was executed to increase the miss distance for a predicted close conjunction. For the NuSTAR observatory, an attitude maneuver was executed to minimize the cross section with respect to a particular conjunction geometry. Operations for these two events are presented as case studies. A number of experiences and lessons learned are included. Nomenclature dLong = geographic longitude increment ΔV = change in velocity dZgeo = geostationary orbit crossing distance increment i = inclination Pc = probability of collision R = geostationary radius RE = Earth radius σ = standard deviation Zgeo = geostationary orbit crossing distance I.
    [Show full text]
  • Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive
    CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, MISSILE ASSEMBLY HAER FL-8-B BUILDING AE HAER FL-8-B (John F. Kennedy Space Center, Hanger AE) Cape Canaveral Brevard County Florida PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD SOUTHEAST REGIONAL OFFICE National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 100 Alabama St. NW Atlanta, GA 30303 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, MISSILE ASSEMBLY BUILDING AE (Hangar AE) HAER NO. FL-8-B Location: Hangar Road, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Industrial Area, Brevard County, Florida. USGS Cape Canaveral, Florida, Quadrangle. Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates: E 540610 N 3151547, Zone 17, NAD 1983. Date of Construction: 1959 Present Owner: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Present Use: Home to NASA’s Launch Services Program (LSP) and the Launch Vehicle Data Center (LVDC). The LVDC allows engineers to monitor telemetry data during unmanned rocket launches. Significance: Missile Assembly Building AE, commonly called Hangar AE, is nationally significant as the telemetry station for NASA KSC’s unmanned Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) program. Since 1961, the building has been the principal facility for monitoring telemetry communications data during ELV launches and until 1995 it processed scientifically significant ELV satellite payloads. Still in operation, Hangar AE is essential to the continuing mission and success of NASA’s unmanned rocket launch program at KSC. It is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion A in the area of Space Exploration as Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) original Mission Control Center for its program of unmanned launch missions and under Criterion C as a contributing resource in the CCAFS Industrial Area Historic District.
    [Show full text]
  • Forecast of Upcoming Anniversaries -- September 2018
    FORECAST OF UPCOMING ANNIVERSARIES -- SEPTEMBER 2018 60 Years Ago - 1958 September 17: NASA-ARPA Manned Satellite Panel established. The NASA/Advanced Research Projects Agency Manned Satellite Panel was formed to draft plans for future manned spaceflight. Langley Research Center and Glenn (then Lewis) Research Center were the primary NASA centers involved. September 30: Last day of NACA operations, Washington, D.C. 55 Years Ago - 1963 September 18: Asset 1 launched to an altitude of 39 miles aboard a Thor rocket from Cape Canaveral, Fla. The first successful suborbital lifting body flight, the Asset vehicle served as a proof-of-concept for the idea of a reusable winged spacecraft. September 28: Transit V-B launched by Thor Ablestar at 12:09 p.m. PDT, from Vandenberg AFB. This Transit satellite was the first US satellite to be powered entirely by nuclear electric power (RTGs). 50 Years Ago - 1968 September 5: Zond 5 launched from Baikonur by Proton K, at 21:36 UTC. An unmanned precursor for Soviet circumlunar cosmonaut program, it was the first Soviet circumlunar flight to successfully reenter Earth’s atmosphere. 45 Years Ago – 1973 September 25: Skylab 2, with astronauts Bean, Garriott, and Lousma, splashes down in Pacific Ocean. Crew was retrieved by recovery ship USS New Orleans, 6:20 p.m., EDT. September 26: Concorde 02 flew from Orly Field, Paris France, to Dulles International Airport, Washington, DC, in 3 hours and 33 minutes. The flight was a new speed record for the route. September 27: Soyuz 12 launched aboard a Soyuz rocket from Baikonur at 12:18 UTC.
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo Over the Moon: a View from Orbit (Nasa Sp-362)
    chl APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT (NASA SP-362) Chapter 1 - Introduction Harold Masursky, Farouk El-Baz, Frederick J. Doyle, and Leon J. Kosofsky [For a high resolution picture- click here] Objectives [1] Photography of the lunar surface was considered an important goal of the Apollo program by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The important objectives of Apollo photography were (1) to gather data pertaining to the topography and specific landmarks along the approach paths to the early Apollo landing sites; (2) to obtain high-resolution photographs of the landing sites and surrounding areas to plan lunar surface exploration, and to provide a basis for extrapolating the concentrated observations at the landing sites to nearby areas; and (3) to obtain photographs suitable for regional studies of the lunar geologic environment and the processes that act upon it. Through study of the photographs and all other arrays of information gathered by the Apollo and earlier lunar programs, we may develop an understanding of the evolution of the lunar crust. In this introductory chapter we describe how the Apollo photographic systems were selected and used; how the photographic mission plans were formulated and conducted; how part of the great mass of data is being analyzed and published; and, finally, we describe some of the scientific results. Historically most lunar atlases have used photointerpretive techniques to discuss the possible origins of the Moon's crust and its surface features. The ideas presented in this volume also rely on photointerpretation. However, many ideas are substantiated or expanded by information obtained from the huge arrays of supporting data gathered by Earth-based and orbital sensors, from experiments deployed on the lunar surface, and from studies made of the returned samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue #1 – 2012 October
    TTSIQ #1 page 1 OCTOBER 2012 Introducing a new free quarterly newsletter for space-interested and space-enthused people around the globe This free publication is especially dedicated to students and teachers interested in space NEWS SECTION pp. 3-22 p. 3 Earth Orbit and Mission to Planet Earth - 13 reports p. 8 Cislunar Space and the Moon - 5 reports p. 11 Mars and the Asteroids - 5 reports p. 15 Other Planets and Moons - 2 reports p. 17 Starbound - 4 reports, 1 article ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ARTICLES, ESSAYS & MORE pp. 23-45 - 10 articles & essays (full list on last page) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- STUDENTS & TEACHERS pp. 46-56 - 9 articles & essays (full list on last page) L: Remote sensing of Aerosol Optical Depth over India R: Curiosity finds rocks shaped by running water on Mars! L: China hopes to put lander on the Moon in 2013 R: First Square Kilometer Array telescopes online in Australia! 1 TTSIQ #1 page 2 OCTOBER 2012 TTSIQ Sponsor Organizations 1. About The National Space Society - http://www.nss.org/ The National Space Society was formed in March, 1987 by the merger of the former L5 Society and National Space institute. NSS has an extensive chapter network in the United States and a number of international chapters in Europe, Asia, and Australia. NSS hosts the annual International Space Development Conference in May each year at varying locations. NSS publishes Ad Astra magazine quarterly. NSS actively tries to influence US Space Policy. About The Moon Society - http://www.moonsociety.org The Moon Society was formed in 2000 and seeks to inspire and involve people everywhere in exploration of the Moon with the establishment of civilian settlements, using local resources through private enterprise both to support themselves and to help alleviate Earth's stubborn energy and environmental problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Spies and Shuttles
    Spies and Shuttles University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola SPIE S AND SHUTTLE S NASA’s Secret Relationships with the DoD and CIA James E. David Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C., in association with University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota Copyright 2015 by Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All photographs courtesy of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. This book may be available in an electronic edition. 20 19 18 17 16 15 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data David, James E., 1951– author. Spies and shuttles : NASA’s secret relationships with the DOD and CIA / James David. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-4999-1 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-8130-5500-8 (ebook) 1. Astronautics—United States —History. 2. Astronautics, Military—Government policy—United States. 3. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration—History. 4. United States. Department of Defense—History.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
    dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966­ Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D.
    [Show full text]