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Misiones Espaciales Misiones Que Año Nación Lanzador Síntesis De La Misión Recorrido Lo Visitaron Una vez finalizada la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética se enfrentaron ideológica y políticamente. El campo de batalla de los dos bloques fue llamado Guerra fría. Las dos super potencias se embarcaron en una carrera por la conquista del espacio en un despliegue de poderío científico, militar y tecnológico. En un comienzo los mayores éxitos fueron de la URSS pero fue EE UU el que logró llevar seres humanos a la Luna. Luego de ese suceso, pasaron varios años hasta que otros países lograron el sueño de llegar a nuestro satélite. LMiUNsiones espacAiales En la actual carrera espacial ingresan nuevos proyectos financiados de manera privada. Las misiones que tuvieron éxito en llegar a la Luna se pueden dividir en: las que sobrevolaron, las que orbitaron, las que descendieron con robots y las que lograron llevar humanos Sobrevuelos/Orbitadores: Luna | Ranger | Zond| Lunar Orbiter | Explorer | Clementine | Lunar prospector | Smart | Kaguya Selene|Chang`e| Chandrayaan| Lunar reconnaissance|Grail| Ladee Landers y Rovers: Luna 9| Surveyour|Luna13|Luna 16/20/24| Luna 17|Lunakhod|Yutu Misiones tripuladas: Apollo 8/10/11/12/14/15/16/17 Fuente: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/ Planetario de Buenos AiresPlanetario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires Galileo Galilei - Av. Sarmiento y B. Roldán - Tel. 4772-9265 / 4771-6629 - e-mail: [email protected] 1/6 Misiones espaciales Misiones que año Nación Lanzador Síntesis de la misión Recorrido lo visitaron Objetivo: Impactar Sobrevoló la Luna. Luego ingresó en órbita al Sol R-7 Logros : Fue el primer vehículo en escapar de la gravedad Enero Unión terrestre. Obtuvo información sobre viento solar en el espacio entre la Tierra y Marte. Luna 1 Soviética Semyorca LUNA 1959 interplanetario. Objetivo: Sobrevolar Marzo Logros : Realizó el primer sobrevuelo lunar exitoso de USA, EEUU Juno 2 Pioner 4 1959 aunque muy lejos para tomar fotos. Luna 2 Objetivo: Impactar Alcanza la Luna e impacta Septiem Unión R-7 Logros : Fue la primera nave en alcanzar la superficie de la Luna. en Palus Putredinus entre Soviética Semyorca Mare Imbrium y Mare 1959 Serenitatis Sobrevoló la Luna. Se pierdió contacto al regreso. Octubre Objetivo: Sobrevolar y regresar Luna 3 Unión R-7 Al parecer se quemó al ingresar 1959 Soviética Semyorca Logros : Obtuvo las primeras fotografías de la cara oculta. a la atmósfera de la Tierra. Objetivo: Impactar Alcanzó la Luna e impactó Abril Atlas - Logros : Éxito parcial, la sonda se estrelló en la Luna pero por el la cara oculta EEUU Ranger IV 1962 Agena fallo de un cronómetro no envió ningún dato. 07/1964 VII-Impactó entre Mare Nubium y Ranger VII Objetivo: Impactar Mare Cognitum Atlas - Ranger VIII 02/ 1965 EEUU Logros : Transmitió miles de fotografías en los últimos minutos antes VIII-Impactó en Mare Tranquilitatis Agena de la colisión. IX-Impactó en cráter Alphonsus Ranger IX 03/ 1965 Cognitum Objetivo: Sobrevolar Luego de sobrevolar la Molniya Julio Unión Logros : Obtuvo 25 fotografías de alta calidad del lado oculto, a una sonda siguió explorando Zond III 1965 Soviética o SS-6 distancia de 9200 km. el espacio interplanetario modificado Objetivo: Alunizar Alcanzó la Luna y alunizó Molniya Logros : Primer alunizaje no tripulado. Envió las primeras imágenes en Oceanus Procellarum Enero Unión al O de crater Reiner y 1966 Soviética o SS-6 panorámicas de la superficie de la Luna. Luna 9 modificado Marius Objetivo: Orbitar Alcanzó la Luna y la orbitó Molniya Logros : Primera nave en orbitar la Luna. Obtuvo información sobre Estuvo 56 días en órbita. Marzo Unión radiación cósmica e impactos de micrometeoritos, distorsiones en el 1966 Soviética o SS-6 campo gravitatorio y datos acerca de la composición de la superficie. Luna 10 modificado Objetivo: Orbitar Alcanzó la Luna y la orbitó Molniya Luna 11 08/1966 Unión Logros : Realizó observaciones de emisión de rayos gamma y X, Soviética o SS-6 estudios de anomalías gravitacionales, radiación y concentración de Luna 12 10/1966 modificado estelas de meteoritos cerca de la Luna. Planetario de Buenos Aires 2/6 Misiones espaciales Misiones que año Nación Lanzador Síntesis de la misión Recorrido lo visitaron Objetivo: alunizar Mayo Alunizaje en un cráter al N Surveyor I Atlas Logros : primer alunizaje de nave de Estados Unidos - tomó gran de crater Flamsteed, al SO 1966 EEUU Centaur cantidad de imágenes y datos de reflectividad y temperatura en de Oceanus Procellarum LUNA superficie. Alcanza la Luna, orbita e Agosto Objetivo: Órbitar e Impactar Lunar Atlas - Logros : primer orbitador de los Estados Unidos - primeras impacta de forma delib- Orbiter 1 1966 EEUU Agena-D fotografías de la Tierra desde la Luna (b&n) erada una vez cumplida su misión 11/1966 Objetivo: Orbitar e impactar Alcanza la Luna, orbita e 02/1967 Atlas SLV-3 impacta de forma delib- EEUU Logros : Realizan un relevamiento fotográfico de la Luna para Lunar Orbiter 05/1967 Agena-D recolectar datos para las misiones Apollo. Se completa el 99% de la erada una vez cumplida 2- 3- 4- 5 08/1967 superficie su misión Diciembre Desciende en el Unión Molniya-M Objetivo: Alunizar Oceanus Procellarum Luna 13 1966 Soviética Logros : Funcionamiento por unos días en la superficie lunar 04/19.67/ Atlas LV-3C Objetivo: Alunizaje III- Desciende en el EEUU Contaban con un brazo robótico para realizar análisis Oceanus Procellarum Surveyor Centauro-D Logros : III y V 1967 químico del suelo. V- Desciende en Mare Tranquilitatis Objetivo: Orbitar Julio Alcanza la luna y Explorer 35 EEUU Delta E1 Logros : Estudios del viento solar, campo magnético inter- funciona durante 6 años 1967 planetario y campo gravitatorio de la luna. Atlas LV-3C Objetivo: Alunizaje Alcanza la luna y Surveyor Noviembre EEUU Transmisión de imágenes y análisis de suelo. Realiza el aluniza en Simus Medii Centauro-D Logros : VI 1967 primer ensayo de despegue de la superficie lunar Alcanza la luna y orbita Abril Unión Molniya-M Objetivo: Orbitar Luna 14 1968 Soviética Logros : estudio del viento solar, rayos cósmicos, movimiento y campo gravitatorio de la Luna Objetivo: Sobrevolar y regresar Sobrevuela la Luna y Protón-K/D Septiembre Unión Logros : Prototipo de nave tripulada. LLeva tortugas, invertebra- regresa a Tierra. Zond V 1968 Soviética dos plantas y bacterias. Los seres vivos vuelven sin daño Apollo 8 Objetivo: Orbitar y regresar Alcanza la luna y orbita Diciembre EEUU Saturno V Logros : Primera misión tripulada / primeras fotografías en color y regresa. Misión 1968 de la Tierra desde la Luna / ensayo para alunizaje tripulado tripulada Planetario de Buenos Aires 3/6 Misiones espaciales Misiones que año Nación Lanzador Síntesis de la misión Recorrido lo visitaron Mayo Apollo 10 EEUU Objetivo: Orbitar y regresar Alcanza la luna, orbita y LUNA 1969 Saturno V Logros : Ensayos de separación y acoplamiento en órbita lunar regresa a la tierra. entre el Módulo de Comando Servicio (MCS) y el Modulo lunar (ML) Módulo Misión Lunar tripulada El ML (módulo lunar)aluniza en Mare Tranquilitatis mientras el Julio MC (módulo de comando) Apollo 11 EEUU Objetivo: Orbitar, alunizar y regresar 1969 Saturno V Logros : Primer alunizaje tripulado y primeros seres humanos en pisar queda orbitando. Para regresar la Luna, tomaron fotografías y recolectaron muestras ML se acopla con MC, trasbordan los astronautas y Módulo Misión Lunar tripulada regresan a la Tierra agosto Sobrevoló la Luna y sobrevolar y regresar Zond 7- 8 1969 Unión Proton- Objetivo: regresó a Tierra Soviética K/D Logros : Estudios del espacio circunlunar - tomó fotografías en octubre color de la Tierra y la Luna. 1970 Apollo 12 Nov.1969 Objetivo: Orbitar, alunizar y regresar El ML aluniza mientras el MC Logros : Apollo 12 alunizó en Oceanus Procellarum, muy cerca de la queda orbitando. EEUU sonda Surveyor III. Se realiza una caminata hasta el sitio, recogiendo Para regresar ML se acopla Apollo 14 En.1971 Saturno V parte de la sonda para su estudio en Tierra. / Apollo 14 alunizó en con MC, trasbordan los tierras altas cerca del cráter Fra Mauro. Se realizaron caminatas astronautas y regresan a la Tierra Módulo Misión tomando muestras de suelo y dejaron ALSEP en la superficie (equipos Lunar tripulada de experimentos científicos para el estudio de la superficie lunar) Sep 1970 Objetivo: Alunizar Alcanza la Luna y aluniza. Una parte queda en la Luna Unión Logros : Equipada con brazo mecánico para toma de muestras - Feb 1972 Proton- Luna, transmitiendo datos 16- 20- 24 Soviética K/D primera sonda que regresa a la Tierra con material de otro cuerpo Ag 1976 celeste y primer alunizaje nocturno - y otra regresa a Tierra con muestras. Objetivo: alunizar y operar todoterreno Nov.1970 Logros : Lunokhod 1 primer alunizaje de un todoterreno en la Luna. Alcanza la Luna y aluniza. Luna Unión Lunokhod 2 realizó estudios de niveles de luminosidad para determi- 17- 21 Soviética En.1973 Proton- nar la factibilidad de realizar observaciones astronómicas desde la Luna - el Lunojod 2 funcionó durante 4 meses y recorrió 37 km. El Lunokhod K/D Lunokhod 1, sorprendentemente respondió señales enviadas desde la 1 y 2 tierra en el año 2010. Objetivo: Orbitar, alunizar, operar todoterreno y regresar El ML aluniza mientras el MC queda orbitando. julio Logros : Aluniza en Mare Imbrium Apollo 15 EEUU Para regresar ML se acopla 1971 Utilización por primera vez de un vehículo todoterreno, tripulado . Saturno V Demostración en el vacío de la pluma y el martillo. Se realizaron con MC, trasbordan los caminatas tomando muestras de suelo y dejaron equipos de experi- astronautas y regresan a la Módulo Misión mentos científicos para el estudio de la superficie lunar. Tierra Lunar tripulada Planetario de Buenos Aires 4/6 Misiones espaciales Misiones que año Nación Lanzador Síntesis de la misión Recorrido lo visitaron Objetivo: Orbitar, alunizar, operar todoterreno y regresar El ML aluniza mientras el MC Logros : Aluniza en la región de Descartes queda orbitando.
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