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5. Leonardo Paggi, Ed., Storia E Memoria Di Un Massacro Ordinario

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5. Leonardo Paggi, Ed., Storia E Memoria Di Un Massacro Ordinario NOTES I Introduction 1. Egidio Cristini, "II massacro dei trecentoventi," recorded in Rome in 1957 by Roberto Leydi, in the CD Avanti Popo~6--Fischia il vento, lstituto Ernesto de Martino-­ Hobby&Work, 1998. Egidio Cristini was a construction worker and an improviser in the folk poetical tradition of the ottava rima, the eight-line stanza also used by Renaissance poets like Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso. 2. There never was any such thing as a "Badoglio-Communist." General Pietro Badoglio was prime minister in the king's government after Mussolini's overthrow and the removal of the king and his cabinet to Brindisi, in Southern Italy; the members of the military who stayed behind and were active in the Resistance were called "badogliani." They were monarchists, conservatives and anti-Communists. 3. The Fosse Ardeatine (or Cave Ardeatine as they were then known) were abandoned caves of pozzolana (a "finely divided siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material that reacts chemically with slaked lime at ordinary temperature and in the presence of moisture to form a strong hardening cement," ~bsters College Dictionary). It was used for the mak­ ing of cement and concrete during the construction boom of the 1880s in Rome. 4. Carlo Galante Garrone, "Via Rasella davanti ai giudici," in Priebke e il massacro delle Ardeatine, lstituto Romano per Ia Storia d'ltalia dal Fascismo alia Resistenza, supplement to l'Unita, August 1996. 5. Leonardo Paggi, ed., Storia e memoria di un massacro ordinario, Rome, Manifestolibri, 1996; Giovanni Contini, La memoria divisa, Milan, Rizzoli, 1996; Paolo Pezzino, Anato­ mia di un massacro, Bologne, II Mulino, 1997. 6. The "anniversary'' is March 23, commemorating the foundation of the Fasci di combat­ timento, from which the Fascist Party developed. 7. Vittorio Foa, "lntroduzione" to Mario Avagliano, II partigiano Tevere. II generale Sabato Martelli Castaldi tlalle vie dell 'aria aile Fosse Ardeatine, Cava dei Tirreni, Avagliano, 1996, p. 7. 8. Claudio Pavone, Una guerra civile. Saggio sulfa mora/ita nella Resistenza, Turin, Bollati Boringhieri, 1991. 9. See http://www.nerone.cc/nerone/archivio/arch19.htm. Sergio Gaggia and Paul Gwynne, "The Anniversary of the Fosse Ardeatine-24 March," March 1996. Copyright © Nerone, The Imiders Guide to Rome. 10. Bruce Jackson, "What People Like Us Are Saying," in Disorderly Conduct, Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1992, p. 243. 11. Maxine Hong Kingston, The WOman WOrrior (1975), Vintage, New York, 1989, p. 53. 302 j THE ORDER HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT 12. Washington Irving, Diedrich Knickerbocker's A History ofNew York, Putman, New York, 1963, p. 118. 2 Places and Times 1. Amos Oz, "II Big Bang di ogni storia," Ia Repubblica, December 3, 1997, p. 40. 2. Erich Priebke, affidavit to Rome military tribunal, June 3, 1966. 3. Federica Barozzi, "I percorsi della sopravvivenza (8 settembre 1943-4 giugno 1944). Gli aiuti agli ebrei romani nella memoria di salvatori e salvati," dissertation, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Dipartimento di Studi Storici, 1995-96, p. viii. 4. Giuliano Friz, La popolazione di Roma da/1770 a/1900, Archivio economico dell'unifi­ cazione italiana, s. II, vol. XIX, 1974, pp. 133-34; ltalo lnsolera, Roma moderna, Turin, Einaudi, ninth edition, 1993, pp. 63. 5. Sergio Torsello, ''ARoma un giorno di primavera," Apulia. l?dssegna trimestrate della Banca Popolare Pugliese, 4, December 1996, pp. 141-47. 6. I. Insolera, Roma moderna, 62. 7. Carlo Pisacane, the radical patriot killed in a failed insurrectionary expedition to Sapri, south of Salerno, in 1856. The underground partisan unit of which Bentivegna was a member during the Resistance was named after him. The 1856 insurrection in Palermo, for which Francesco Bentivegna was sentenced to death, was supposed to support the Pisacane expedition. Bentivegna's maternal great-grandfather was also executed for his part in the Palermo insurrection of 1830. 8. G. Giordano, "Condizioni topografiche e fisiche di Roma e Campagna romana," in Min­ istero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercia. Direzione della Statistica Generale, Mono­ grafia della Citta di Roma e della Campagna Romana, 1881, p. xxxi. 9. Alberto Caracciolo, Roma capita/e. Dal Risorgimento alia crisi dello Stato liberate, Turin, Einaudi, third edition,1984, pp. 190. 10. A pamphlet for the fiftieth anniversary of the Rome Crafts Union (Nov. 17, 1996), lists forty-four crafts workers killed at the Fosse Ardeatine. 11. Ugo Pesci, I primi anni di Roma capitate (Florence 1907), quoted. in A. Caracciolo, Roma capitate, pp. 66-67. 12. Pietro Ingrao, "I nostri martiri aile Ardeatine," speech given at Terlizzi, March 24, 1968, in Antonio Lisi, L'altro martire di Terlizzi. Gioacchino Gesmundo, Terlizzi, Associazione Turistica Pro Loco, 1993, p. 22. 13. Rosario Bentivegna, Achtung Banditen! Roma 1944, Milan, Mursia, 1983, pp. 92-93. 14. A. Caracciolo, Roma capitate, p. 64. 15. 24 Marzo 1944. I caduti del Partito d'Azione, Rome, 1945, "Et Ultra," p. 13. 16. Gianni [Ricci], ''Azioni del Partito d'Azione," Mercurio, I, 4, 1944, p. 259; Francesco Motto, "Gli sfollati e i rifugiati nelle catacombe diS. Callisto durante l'occupazione na­ zifascista di Roma. I salesiani e Ia scoperta delle Fosse Ardeatine," Ricerche Storiche Sale­ siane, 24, XIII, 1 Qanuary-June1994), pp. 77-142. 17. Ada Alessandrini, "Carlo Zaccagnini e Monsignor Pappagallo," Mercurio, I, 4, 1944, pp. 185-88. 18. I. Insolera, Roma moderna, p. 106. 19. On the Resistance in the Roman Hills, see Pino Levi Cavaglione, Guerriglia nei Castelli Romani, Florence, Nuova ltalia, 1971. 20. Salvatore Capogrossi, Storia di antagonismo e resistenza, Rome, Odradek, 1997, p. 4. 21. Lidia Piccioni, I Castelli Romani, Bari, Laterza, 1993, p. 9. 22. "Cencio" (Vincenzo BaU!azzi) combattente per Ia liberta, ed. Giovanni Ferro, Rome, Fon­ dazione Cesira Fiori, 1985. 23. I caduti del Partito d'Azione, p. 20. NOTES I 303 24. I. Insolera, Roma moderna, pp. 67-68. 3 Twenty Years: Fascism and Its Discontents 1. Lidia Piccioni, San Lorenzo. Un quartiere romano durante il fascismo, Rome, Storia e Let­ teratura, 1984, p. 40. 2. E. Talamo, La casa moderna nell'opera dell1stituto romano dei beni stabili (1910), quoted in L. Piccioni, San Lorenzo, p. 19. 3. L. Piccioni, San Lorenzo, pp. 27-37, quoting local anti-Fascists. 4. Vincenzo Baldazzi, quoted in L. Piccioni, San Lorenzo, p. 31. 5. Montage of two interviews, recorded by Claudio Del Bello, October 11, 1996 and Alessandro Portelli, December 8, 1997. 6. "Aldo Eluisi. Martire delle Fosse Ardeatine," unpublished paper courtesy of his brother Bruno Eluisi; Vincenzo Baldazzi, "Prova generale della marcia su Roma," in II prezzo della liberta, published by ANPI (National Partisan Association), Rome, 1958, pp. 45-46. 7. Circolo Gianni Bosio, I Giorni Cantati, Milan, Mazzotta, 1978, pp. 49-50. 8. Paola Bertelli, "Valle dell' inferno. Fine di un borgo operaio," I Giorni Cantati I, 2 (Spring 1987), pp. 16-18. 9. Maria I. Macioti, La disgregazione di una comunita urbana. II caso di Valle Aurelia aRoma, Siares, Studi e Ricerche, Rome, 1988; Roberto Cipriani et a!., La comunita fittizia. Dif ferenziazione e integrazione nella borgata romana di Valle Aurelia, Rome, La Goliardica, 1988. 10. Italo Insolera, Roma moderna, Turin, Einaudi, 1993, p. 71. 11. Cesare De Simone, Roma citta prigioniera, Milan, Mursia, 1994, p. 211. 12. De Simone, Roma citta prigioniera, pp. 212-13; Luca Canali, In memoria senza piu odio, Florence, Ponte aile Grazie, 1995, pp. 103-13, 152-61; Annamaria Greci, "Uno dei 335. Umberto Scattoni," II contemporaneo 73, Qune 1964), pp. 79-85. 13. R. Bentivegna, Achtung Banditen!, Milan, Mursia, 1981, pp. 48-49. 14. Maria Lea Cavarra, "Presentazione," in Enrica Filippini Lera and M. L. Cavarra, ... i fiori di Iilla que/ giorno . .. "una storia piccola, Rome, Nuovagrafica, 1995, p. 17. 15. Carlo Lizzani, quoted in C. De Simone, Roma cittaprigioniera, p. 183. 16. Marisa Musu, La ragazza di via Orazio, Milan, Mursia, 1997, p. 30. 17. Giaime Pintor, Doppio Diario, Turin, Einaudi, 1945, letter of November 28, 1943. 18. M. Musu, La ragazza di via Orazio, p. 39. 19. Italo Insolera, Roma moderna, p. 107; Giovanni Berlinguer and Piero Della Seta, Borgate di Roma, Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1976, pp. 163-65. 20. Quoted in Aldo Tozzetti, La casa e non solo. Lotte popolari a Roma dal dopoguerra ad oggi, Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1989, pp. 8, 9. 21. Quoted in A. Tozzetti, La casa e non solo, p. 8. 22. Montesacro Valmelaina 1943-1944, ed. Antonio D'Ettorre eta!., Rome, Circolo Cultur- ale Monresacro, 1997, p. 20. 23. Anna Balzarro, "II rastrellamento del quartiere Quadraro in Roma," in Nicola Gallerano, ed., La resistenza fra storia e memoria, Milan, Franco Angeli, 1999; Eitel Friedrich Moll­ hausen, La carta perdente. Memorie diplomatiche. 25/uglio 1943-2 maggio 1944, Roma, Sestante, 1948, pp. 148-49; C. De Simone, Roma citta prigioniera, pp. 141-49. 24. Roberto Gremmo, I partigiani di Bandiera Rossa, Biella, Elf, 1996, p. 178. Gigliozzi is listed as a member of the Socialist underground in the form filled by his wife for the files of the victims' families association. 4Acts ofWar 1. Fausto Coen, Italiani ed ebrei: come eravamo. Le leggi razziali del 1938, Genoa, Marietti, 1988; Susanna Nirenstein, "I cattivi ragazzi di Salo," La Repubblica, August 13, 1998; 304 / THE ORDER HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT Paolo Ferrari and Mimmo Franzinelli, "A scuola di razzismo. II corso allievi ufficiali della Gnr di Fontanellato," Italia contemporanea, June 1998, pp. 417-44. As of]uly 25, 1943 the Jewish population in Italy was 40,157: Liliana Picciotto Fargion, Illibro della memo­ ria, Mursia, Milan, 1991, p. 793. 2. Renzo De Felice, Storia degli ebrei italiani sotto ilfascismo, Turin, Einaudi, 1993, p. 15. 3. R. De Felice, Storia degli ebrei italiani durante il foscismo, p. 15, 76. 4. Circolo Gianni Bosio, I Giorni Cantati, Milan, Mazzotta, 1983, p.
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