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Frost's Perimeter Frost’s Perimeter BY MIKE HAUGHT The primary objective of the 1st Airborne Division in Operation Reaching the Bridge Market Garden was to capture the Arnhem Road Bridge over the The lead company reached the Arnhem Road Bridge at Rhine intact. Brigadier Gerald Lathbury’s 1st Parachute Brigade, 2000 hours and deployed into nearby houses to form a defensive reinforced with engineers and anti-tank guns, spearheaded the position. The 1st Parachute Brigade Headquarters had followed assault. the 2nd Parachute Battalion into Arnhem and arrived at the bridge Since the brigade’s drop zone was over 6 miles (10km) from 45 minutes later. However, Brigadier Lathbury had stayed with the objective, the 1st Airborne Reconnaissance Squadron was the 3rd Battalion to urge them through the German resistance sent ahead of Lathbury’s troops with its armed jeeps to make a along Lion Route. coup de main dash to the bridge and hold it until relieved. The The 2nd Battalion made three attempts to force its way across three parachute battalions would then march to Arnhem via three Arnhem Bridge under the cover of darkness but a German separate routes, code-named Leopard, Lion and Tiger. armoured car on the south end and a pillbox near the northern Lieutenant Colonel John Frost’s 2nd Battalion left their assembly end prevented the bridge’s complete capture. A flame-thrower point in Heelsum and headed toward Arnhem along the southern team eventually knocked out the pillbox, but the battalion could Lion Route at 1530 hours on D-Day (17 September 1944). Frost not capture the southern end of the bridge as the Germans began had orders to secure a railway bridge and a pontoon bridge on to reinforce. their way to Arnhem. Frost hoped to use these secondary bridges By dawn on 18 September, Frost had established a perimeter to send a company to the south side of the Rhine and attack around the northern end of the bridge with about 740 men from the Arnhem road bridge from the south while the main force the 2nd Battalion and the 1st Brigade Headquarters. attacked from the north. Frost’s 2nd Battalion did not encounter any significant resistance The First German Attacks on the southern route to Arnhem until it reached the railway The Germans soon launched probing attacks on Frost’s bridge. However, the Germans demolished the railroad bridge perimeter. At 0600 hours SS-Kampfgruppe Brinkmann, initially just as the paras reached it. They had also removed the middle a small collection of reconnaissance platoons from section of the pontoon bridge making it equally useless so Frost 10. SS-Panzerdivision, launched an assault from the northeast and his battalion pressed on. against Frost’s perimeter. However, the uncoordinated infantry German resistance steadily increased as they entered the city, but and armour attacks were easily beaten back. Frost’s troops either overcame it or bypassed it using alleys, side Then, at 0900 hours 22 vehicles from SS-Kampfgruppe streets, and gardens. Graebner charged across the bridge from the southern end. At first the paras thought the armoured cars were the advanced before encountering heavy resistance. The two battalions had guard of the British 30 Corps, but as the German markings unfortunately run headlong into the newly formed blocking line became clear, they quickly prepared for the fight to come. of SS-Kampfgruppe Spindler. Quietly, they waited until the last possible moment before The 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions managed to force their way unleashing anti-tank guns, PIAT anti-tank projectors and small- to within a mile of Frost’s perimeter but heavy casualties and arms fire. Most of Graebner’s assault force was completely strengthening German resistance prevented them from breaking destroyed and those few that made it through went on to join through to the bridge. On 19 September the 2nd Battalion of the SS-Kampfgruppe Spindler. South Staffordshire Regiment and the 11th Parachute Battalion tried to break through to Frost and his men but were again met At 1800 hours the Germans launched a third attempt to capture by very heavy resistance from SS KG Spindler. the bridge. Kampfgruppe Knaust was hastily formed out of several training and recuperation units and immediately sent to The Germans were reinforced by ten StuG G assault guns counterattack the British eastern perimeter. from the 280th Assault Gun Brigade. The presence of armour gave Spindler a decisive advantage as the vehicles set about Unlike the previous attacks, Knaust had a couple of platoons reducing buildings containing paratroopers to rubble. With their of old training Panzers at his disposal. The tank and infantry cover gone, the paratroopers were forced to withdraw to better assault pushed into Frost’s perimeter from the east and made positions all the while harassed by the elite SS troops. some headway into the defences before being overwhelmed by PIAT projectors, 6 pdr anti-tank guns, and rifle fire. Furthermore, the Germans called up several heavy anti-aircraft guns and placed them on the southern bank of the Rhine to shell West Arnhem the British. Four British battalions were repulsed with heavy Meanwhile, as Frost and his men held their ground at Arnhem casualties. Only about 500 men returned to the new British Bridge, the men of the 1st and 3rd Parachute Battalions defensive position forming at Oosterbeek. From this point on, overcame the initial German resistance west of Oosterbeek Frost and his men were on their own. and had pushed their way into the western reaches of Arnhem SS-Kampfgruppe Brinkmann SS-Hauptsturmführer ARNHEM Heinrich Brinkmann FROST’S PERIMETER Sep 20: Frost and other wounded Paras are evacuated by Germans. Bde Def Pln and No. 3 Pln, 1 AL Lt Rgt., 250 Com. Lt. Coy RA Observer HQ and Support Coys, Glider Part of Bde HQ Pilots, and parts Mortar of No. 2 Pln, and German Platoon Prisoners 9 Field Coy, RE Sep 19 2000hrs: 6-pdr, No. 4 A Troop, Elements of KGs Brinkmann 1 Para Sqn, RE, 2 Bn HQ Gun, B Troop and Hummel 10. ‘Frundsberg’ Sep 21 0500: stopped on the C Coy HQ and Last of the bridge embank- No. 9 Pln, 3 Bn. SS-Panzerdivision British paras 6-pdr, No. 2 Gun, ment by Royal attempt to B Troop Engineers. break out. nd 2 Para Battalion HQ Troop, L.t Col John Frost 1 Para Sqn, RE. No. 4 Pln, B Coy Nos. 5 and part of Sep 18-21: 6 Pln B Coy, Elements of B Coy HQ 10. SS Pz Div A Coy HQ, contain British B Troop, RE in the west. 6-pdr, No. 2 Gun, C Troop Ad-hoc formation No. 1 Pln, 1 AL Anti-tank of Divisional Plns Battery HQ, No. 2 Pln, No. 3 Pln, Field Coy, RE A Coy Part of Bde HQ Defence Pln 1 Pln, A Coy 6-pdr, No. 3 Gun, and MG Pln B Troop Sep 18: No. 6 Pln, KG Knaust drives B Coy, No. 2 into British Pln, A Coy perimeter and Kampfgruppe Knaust turned back by heavy fire. No. 8 Pln, C Coy, 3 Battalion Sep 18, 0900 hrs: Graebner makes his ill-fated charge across Arnhem Bridge. Sep 19: KG Mielke, part of KG Knaust, strikes toward the bridge and pushes 9. ‘Hohenstaufen’ perimeter back. SS-Aufklärungsabteilung SS-Hauptsturmführer Viktor Graebner A Heroic Defence and high number of casualties eventually took their toll on the defenders and the perimeter started to collapse. To make matters Back in Arnhem, Frost’s paratroopers faced increasing pressure worse, Frost was wounded by shrapnel that afternoon and was along their perimeter but had given up very little ground. The forced to relinquish his command. Germans quickly learned that direct assaults were too costly and instead resorted to artillery barrages and direct fire with The End tank guns to blast and burn the paras out of their buildings. By late afternoon on 20 September the British held an area only By the evening of 19 September, the paratroopers were running one fifth of their original position and could no longer prevent short of food and water, casualties were steadily mounting, and the Germans from using the Arnhem Bridge. The last resistance ammunition was running low for all weapons. At 2000 hours the ended about 0500 hours on the morning of 21 September. Germans launched another assault, this time with Kampfgruppe Hummel, a battlegroup backed by Tiger I E heavy tanks. Of the 740 men of Frost’s force, 81 men were killed or died of their wounds. A few managed to evade capture but the Only two of Hummel’s 14 Tigers arrived to support the assault, majority, Frost included, would spend the rest of the war in the others having broken down on the journey to the battle. captivity. However, they held the north end of Arnhem Bridge Nevertheless, they attacked from the north, charging along the for three days and nine hours, preventing significant German main road embankment. reinforcements from reaching Nijmegen that could have halted The attack pushed forward some way before being stopped the Allied advance. They held on in Arnhem to fire their last by Royal Engineers and the perimeter’s last 6 pdr anti-tank bullet, securing themselves an honoured place in history. gun. The two tanks withdrew and prepared for a much more concerted effort the following day. Frost’s Perimeter Mini Campaign One of the things I definitely wanted to include inA Bridge The Germans assumed that the paratroopers would be low on Too Far was a linked mini campaign that followed the story ammunition and their morale even lower, so a final assault of Frost’s 2nd Parachute Battalion in Arnhem.
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