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UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Overflow: The (Un)Governability of Sea, Sediment, and Heavy Mineral Sands in Senegal Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89f2m0dz Author Fent, Ashley Marie Publication Date 2018 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Overflow: The (Un)Governability of Sea, Sediment, and Heavy Mineral Sands in Senegal A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Geography by Ashley Marie Fent 2018 © Copyright by Ashley Marie Fent 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Overflow: The (Un)Governability of Sea, Sediment, and Heavy Mineral Sands in Senegal by Ashley Marie Fent Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Eric Stewart Sheppard, Chair This dissertation explores how the uncontrollability of the social and material basis of life enters into mining negotiations, and how communities challenge extractive projects. I argue that the Niafarang Project, a proposed heavy mineral sands mine in the Casamance region of Senegal, has been alternately presented as knowable and governable, or unknowable and ungovernable, resulting in what Michel Callon and others have termed “overflow”—the excesses produced through attempts to bound and separate economic, ecological, or political objects, and how these excesses push back. In this case, overflows create the need to constantly engage in negotiation about the terms and conditions of extractive development and its alternatives. Based on fourteen months of ethnographic fieldwork, I examine various strategies used in the mining negotiations, focusing in particular on how overflows become a source of action in environmental impact assessment, environmental knowledges, the role of popular participation, ii enactments of “dialogue” with the state, and the mining company’s securing of a “social license to operate.” In conversation with anthropological and geographical literatures on mining, this dissertation contributes an on-the-ground and processual examination of how mining negotiations proceed, through bureaucratically- and legally-sanctioned means, as well as through cultural, geographical, and extra-legal strategies. Theoretically, it contributes to studies of knowledge production, activism, and ambiguity, and their roles and complications in how extractive development is governed in the Global South. iii The dissertation of Ashley Marie Fent is approved. Lieba Bernice Faier Judith A. Carney Hannah C. Appel Akhil Gupta Eric Stewart Sheppard, Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2018 iv For Patt Fent (1953-2012), who taught me the value of loving my work and embracing challenges v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. ii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... viii LIST OF IMAGES................................................................................................................... ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................. x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... xi VITA........................................................................................................................................ xv Introduction: Governing Extractive Development and its Overflows .................................... 1 (Extractive) Development ........................................................................................................ 6 Governing Extraction............................................................................................................. 10 Resistances and (Un)Governability of Material and Social Worlds ........................................ 12 Research Methodology .......................................................................................................... 15 Access, Positionality, and Reflexivity .................................................................................... 18 Chapter Organization ............................................................................................................. 24 Prelude: Mapping the Mine.................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 1: Notes on the Village and the Region .................................................................... 33 (Contested) Village Histories ................................................................................................. 33 Regional Background ............................................................................................................ 41 Chapter 2: The Oppositional Life of an Environmental Impact Study ................................ 48 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 48 Documents, Prediction, and Power ........................................................................................ 50 Making Projects “Bankable”: International Eco-Governmentality and Environmental Impact Assessment in Senegal ........................................................................................................... 52 The Niafarang Project EIES and its Technologies .................................................................. 55 Overflow: Challenging the Frame .......................................................................................... 73 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 77 Chapter 3: “The Sea Will Crush Us” (La Mer Va Nous Défoncer): Local Ontologies, Predictions, and Possibility ..................................................................................................... 79 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 79 Local Ontologies ................................................................................................................... 88 Visions of Local Development ............................................................................................. 112 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 119 Chapter 4: Making a Population: Narratives of Place and Participation .......................... 121 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 121 Populations and Geographical Space.................................................................................... 124 The Population in Environmental and Mining Law in Senegal ............................................. 130 Placing the Population ......................................................................................................... 135 Counter-Placing the Population ............................................................................................ 154 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 161 vi Interlude: “Nous disons non” (We say no) ........................................................................... 164 Chapter 5: Governing Alongside: Lateral State Spatiality and Unmet Expectations in Senegalese Mining Negotiations ........................................................................................... 165 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 165 Performing State Spatiality, Affect, and Expectation ............................................................ 166 Rhetoric and Relations of Laterality ..................................................................................... 171 The Lateral State as Self-Interested State ............................................................................. 183 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 185 Chapter 6: Overflowing the “Social License to Operate”: Corruption Talk and Community Divisions ................................................................................................................................ 188 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 188 The Social License to Operate, Rumors of Corruption, and Moral Economies ..................... 189 Memorandum of Understanding .......................................................................................... 196 Corporate Sponsorship ......................................................................................................... 199 Public Inquiry Survey .......................................................................................................... 203 The Overflowing Force of Corruption Talk, Exclusion, and Distrust .................................... 206 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................
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