Boundaries

A Agbovi IV, Nene of Kpetoe, G32, G34, G36–G37, K17, Abéné, A40, G17 N18 Ablode, K17, K20 Agbrodrafo, B15 Aboriginies Rights Protection Society (ARPS), D7 Agoe clan, B19 Abraham Commission, K33 Agomlanyi, G32 Abrams, Philip, A5 Agotime Abri, Asafoatse, G35 Adaklu land case, G34_G39, G41, N15–N16, N18– Accra N19, N26–N27, P20 Agotime origins, B8 Adaklu, realitions with, B12–B13, N19, P4 Asante, relations with, B29 Adangbe language, B8, G40, N15, N19, N28 British traders in, C37 agriculture in, E29, M11 industry in, K25 Akwamu, relations with, B7, B22–B23, B25, B28, B31 migration to, F21, P9 Ando, relations with, G35, G39, N16, N19, P20 population of, M47, M47 table Anlo settlers in, P20 transport links, F37–F38 Asante, relations with, B14, B23, B28–B30, B31, C36, in World War II, H10 G31, G39 Acheampong, Lt-Col. Ignatius Kutu, L18–L19, M7, M12, Atukpui-Nyive war, B23–B25, B27, B28, N22, P19 M14, M21–M22, M49, P15 border dynamics in, N37–N44, N45–N46, P10 Achimota College, K3 boundaries of, B20, B30, B31, E30, G29 Ad Hoc Committee on Union Government, Ghana, M20 British rule, C37, C38, C41, E35–E41 Ada, B8, B17, B22–B23, F26 chieftancies in, E27, E31–E34, K16–K18, N25, N40 Ada Manche, C37 cocoa cultivation, F25 Adabara, Etu, F44 cults, B27 Adaklu Danish, relations with, B13–B16, B17–B18, B25 Agotime, conflict with, B22, C36, P4 dipo initiation rites, N30 Agotime land case, G34–G39, G41, N15–N16, N18– education in, N42 N19, N26–N27 ethnicity of, B26, G28, G40, G41, N44 Agotime, settlement of, B7, B12–B13, B20, G32, G33 Ewe language in, G26, G40, N19 Ankrah, H.B. murder of, N16 Ewe, relationship with, A39, G26, G33, G41, N16, in Asante invasion, B29, B31 N21, P21 boundary of, E30 festivals in, N20–N37, N45–N46, P22–P23 German rule in, C41–C42, C46 Franco-British partition of, C47–C49, C51, C54 land tenure in, G29 French administration of, E34–E35, E41–E45, G41 Adaklu-Tsrefe, G33 Fulani, clash with, N16–N17, N21 Adaklu-Waya, E31 German administration, E28, E28–E29, E45–E46, Adampe, B8, B12, B15 G25, N14, N17, P8 Adangbe German rule, C19, C39, C41–C42, C44–C45, C46 in Agotime origins, B2, B9–B10, B11 German trade, C36 language, B8, B10, E43, G37, N15, N44 Ho alliance, B28–B30, B31 priesthood, B26–B27 Hodzo dispute, G30, G31–G34, G37, K18, N19, N27 as traders, B15 identity of, G27, G28, G40, G41, N15, N28–N29, Adjei, Akua, F41 N43–N44, N45–N46 administration. see bureaucracy as imagined community, E43 Adomi bridge, K13, K15 Kente weaving in, F21, N21–N24, N30, N33, N38, Adu Bofo, B28, B30 N45, P22 Adzakpa war, N21 king lists, B27 Adziawofetormedede festival, N30 kinship in, B31 Afede, Nene Asor II of Asogli, N40 land tenure in, F26, G29 Affray, Prince of Popo (Ofori Bomboneen), B11 maps of, N15 Afife Rice project, M11 markets in, M45, N15 Aflao, B9, B11, M47, M47 table, M51, P17 meaning of (ethnonym), A13, B12, B26 Africa missionaries in, E30–E31, E43 colonial state making, C53 musketry, firing of, N21, N27–N28, N31, N37 continental unity, H2, K29 Nyive, relations with, N19 decolonization, H2–H4 oral traditions, B8, B9, B13, G30–G31, G33, G41 partition of, A12–A14, A17–A20, C53–C54, P2 origins of, A39, B8–B11, B30, G33, N29 studies of, new approaches, A11 partition of, B2, C35, E43, E45–E46, G29–G30, N14– Africa and the Victorians, C1 N15, N20 Africa Must Unite (Nkrumah), K27–K28 Peki, relationship with, C44 Agbamevoza festival, A39, N21–N38, N45, P22–P23 power, structures of, A16, B25–B26, B26–B28, B31, Agbodrafo (Porto Seguro), B15 B31–B32, E31–E34, E43 Agbovi family, E34, E35, E38–E39, E40, G36, N24, priests in, E31–E32, E34 N31 religion in, G28 Agbovi I, Nene revolutionary justice in, M34–M35 in Asante war, B29, B30 roads, A38–A39 Batoumé, foundation of, N21 settlement of, B12–B13, P22 German treaty, C39, C41 slave trade, B18, E29, G24–G25, G39, P3 in headchief dispute, E31–E32, E33, E38–E39 slavery, B7–B8, B19–B20, B31 smuggling, A38–A39, E45, F40–F43, K35, M29

1 Boundaries

Agotime (Continued) slave population in, B19, B22 sources for, B2 smuggling, F42 stereotypes of, N38, N41 Agotime-Bè, C46, F42 stools, ancestral, B27, E31–E32, E34, N17 Agotime-Bemla, A38, C51, M30 strangers in, G27, G37, G41, M48, P20 Agotime-Ibenyeme, N43 taxation in, E44 Agotime-Kpetoe in Togo unification challenge, K1, K16–K18, K19 Agoe clan in, B19 as traders, B13–B16, B18, E28, G25, P22 Agotime-Adaklu dispute, G38 war captives, B21–B22, P3 as Agotime capital, A38, N27 warfare, B18, B19–B20, B23–B25, B28–B30, G39 agriculture in, M11 as warrior people, B7, B19, E28, N21–N22 Anlo in, G25, G26, G41 women as captive wives, B22, B24, B26, B31 Atsiati family, G34 Agotime-Abenyirase, A38, B19 as border town, E44 Agotime-Adame chiefs in, B24, B26, E31, E35, E37, E46, K18, N14, in Agotime-Hodzo dispute, G32, G33 N24–N25 as Agotime town, A38, E42, N27 clan structure in, B31 cocoa cultivation in, G29 customs station in, C49 festivals in, N32, N36 development in, K16 in Togo unification challenge, K18 Ewe language in, G26 Agotime-Adedome, A38, B12, C35, G37, N31 festivals in, N20–N21, N23–N25, N26, N36, N45 Agotime-Adzakpa, A38, C49, E42, N17, N27, N29 foundation of, B29, G33 Agotime-Afegame, M36, M42 German rule in, C46, E30 Adangbe language in, G25, N15, N28 Hausa community in, M48, P20 as Agotime original home, A38, B12, B24, N21, N29, health services in, N42 N43–N44 historical traditions in, N18 in Agotime partition, C35, C51, E31–E32 kente weaving in, N30 chiefs in, K18, N25–N26 law and order in, N40 customs station in, C49 market in, E40–E41, K16, M42–M43, M45, M51, P17 Ewe language in, N37 in partition of Agotime, C35, C47, C51 Fulani, relations with, N17 in plebiscte of 1956, K19 German rule, C45, C46 population of, M47, P10 murder of H.B. Anhrah, N15–N16 rise of, B28 in plebiscite of 1956, K19 settlement of, B12 revolutionary justice in, M35 smuggling in, F40–F41, F42, F45, M29–M30, M42, strangers in, M48 P17 Todze family, G34 state officials in, N41 in Togo unification challenge, K16 stool, N17 traditions in, N18 as trading hub, C36, E29 war captives in, B26, B28 war captives in, N22 Agotime-Agohokpo, A38 Agotime-Kpodjahon, A38, C49, E42, K16, M42, N15 Agotime-Agohome, N43 Agotime-Lakwi, A38 Agotime-Agoudouvou, A38, E42 Agotime-Letsukope, A38, E42, G33 Agotime-Akpokope Agotime-Nyigba, G32 in Agotime partition, F25 Agotime-Nyitoe as Agotime town, A38 as Agotime clients, A38, B12, B19–B20, B26, N22 chiefs in, N25, N25–N26, N33, N40 chiefs of, N32 in land disputes, G33 French rule, E42 in plebiscite of 1956, K19 German rule, C46 war captives in, N22 in Hodzo land dispute, G33 Agotime-Akumase, A38 in Togo unification challenge, K18 Agotime-Amoussoukope (Amoussoukodji) Agotime-Sarakope, A38, N23, N42 in Agotime partition, C47 Agotime-Wodome, M43 as Agotime town, A38 as border market, M43–M44, M48 festivals in, N20 festivals in, N29 French administration, E42, E44 in Hodzo land dispute, G33 Lomé-Kpalimé railway, E29 kente weaving in, N23 market, K16, M45 strangers in, A38, B19, G27, N42 origins of, N21 Agotime-Wusikope, N43 smuggling in, F44 Agotime-Wutegble, A38, E42, E44 Agotime-Batoumé Agotime-Ziope District, A38 Agbovi I in, E32, N21–N22 Agotime-Zukpe in Agotime-Hodzo land dispute, G33 Adangbe language in, N15 in Agotime partition, F25 as Agotime town, A38, B12, N43 as Agotime town, A38 in Atikpui-Nyive war, B24 in Anglo-French border, C49, C50, E44 cocoa farming in, E29 chiefs in, B27, N39 festivals in, N20, N27 festivals in, N21 French rule in, E41, E42 French administration, E42 German rule in, C46 land use, E29 historical traditions in, N18

2 Boundaries

Agotime-Zukpe (Continued) land settlements, G16, P9 in Hodzo land dispute, G30–G33 landholding, F20 origins of, N21 in new settlements, G17 re-location of, B20 smuggling, F35 in Togo unification challenge, K18 strange farmers and, D34, F4–F5 transport links, K16, M42 All-Ewe Conference (AEC), H18, K5, K7, K17 Agricultural Settlement Farms, Ghana, M11 Allahein river, C25, G15, H11 agriculture Almada, Alvares d’, B34 in Gambia, F2, L10, P16 amalgamation policy, Captain C.C. Lilley, E36, E46, in Ghana, M9–M13, M49, P15 F24 in Senegal, J14, L5, L8, L21, P15 Amedzro, Albert, F45 taxation of, A27 Ameganyi, E34 in World War II, H10 Amegavi, F42 Agu, N17 Amnesty International, L35 Agotime, wars with, B5, B10–B11, B19–B20, B22, Amu, Ephraim, K16 B24 Ando in Anglo-French partition, E30 in Agotime partition, N43 cocoa cultivation in, E29 Agotime, relations with, B13, G35, G39 education in, K31 Agotime, war with, B19 Le people in, B13 as Ewe people, B7 Agu, mount, F25 French administration of, E42 Agu-Tomegbe, E31 as kente weavers, N23 Ahia, G.R., K35 as settlers, G28, N16, N19, P20 Ahmadu Bamba, B50 as strangers, G26–G27 Ahundo, E30 Anecho, B11, D16, E42, F25 Aidara, Samsedine Dino Néma, N6 Anglo-French Convention of 1857 (Gambia), C9 Akan model of government, B26–B27, B28, B31, M20 Angola, B18 Akers, C.E., C41 Angoulvant, Gabriel, D22, E20 Akome, G33 Ankrah, Alimo, G34 Akoto, Agotime leader, C41 Ankrah, H.B. murder of, N15 Akoto family, E32, E34, N24, N31 Ankrah, Nartey, G35, G37 Akoto, King of Akwamu, B25 Anlo Akoto Sah I of Kpetoe, Agotime leader, B29, B30 Agotime, relations with, B2, B10, B31, P20 Akoto Sah, Nene, N32 British rule, C17, C37, C38 akpeteshie, M31 Ewe unification, K6 Akpini, E37, K19 festivals in, N23 Akposso, G28, P9–P10 partition of, F25–F26 Akras, B19 as regional power, B22–B23, B25 Aku, C33, F2, J18 as settlers, G26 Akuete, A38, G34, G35–G36, G37, G40 as traders, E29, G25, G41 Akuete stream, G34 Anlofia (Anlo chiefs), G25 Akuffo, Maj-Gen. Fred, M20 Anloga, B13 Akwamu Antor, S.G., K8 Agotime alliance, B2, B22–B23, B24–B25 Anyigbe, K19 as British protectorate, C37 Apaloo IV, Togbe of Batoumé, N25, N40 British relations with, C17 Apatu-Plange, Justice, G39 as coercive social contract, B19 Archer, Francis, C52–C53 as regional power, B6–B7, B9 Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), M20– as traders, B15 M22, M24, P16 Akwapim, B6, B25 Armitage, Sir Cecil Hamilton, F5 Akyem, B22 arms smuggling, F32–F33, F38, L30 Akyem-Abuakwa, D10 Asamoah, Obed, M36 al-Fadel, Mohamed, G6 Asante Al-Hajj Umar Tal, C15–C16 Agotime, relations with, B14, B28–B30 al-Koran Karamo festival, N3 British invasion of, C17, C35, C36, C53, F23 Alavanyo, K20 British relations with, C14–C15 Albreda, C8–C9 coastal states, claims over, C13–C14 alcohol legacy of, D35 Islam and, D9, G13 as regional power, B22 smuggling, K36, M31, M41 ritual cycle in, A31–A32, F47 Alfao-Ho road, A38 secession of tributary states, C14–C15 Alhaji K. see Kalabule, Alhaji slave trade, A15 Aliens Compliance Order, Ghana, M5 state development of, A7–A8 Aliens (Deportation of Deserters) Regulations, Gambia, taxes and tributes to, A30, P2–P3 F13 territoriality of, A16 alkalos (alkalou), E7 trans-Volta invasion, B23, B28, B31, G25, G31, G39 as administrators, J23–J24, N13 Ashanti, G31, K11, M14 appointment of, E10, G21 Asiwaju, A.I., A34, A35, E1 as intelligence gatherers, J22 Asogli, E37, E38, E39–E40, K16–K17, N14

3 Boundaries

Asogli State Council, G35 re-export trade in, L42, P12 Asogli Traditional Area, B5 smuggling in, J24 Assahun (Assahoun), B24, E30, E31, F42, K16, M43 urbanism in, P17 Association des Chefs Traditionnels du Togo (ANCT), banking interests, D6 M16 Bansang, L12 Atakpamé, B15, C43, E42 Bantu migrations, B39 Atanha (Alangha), C25 Barra, F10, J8–J9 Atigbe, B24, E30 Barrett, Hazel, L13 Atikpui, B5, B24, E30 Basse, L36 Atikpui-Nyive war, B23–B25, B27 Bates, Robert, A27, A28, J9, J12, J13, J14, K22, P12 Atiyi, E42 Bathurst. see also Banjul Atlantic trade, B53, P3, P4, P18 as administrative centre, J2 Atshave, B24 colonial expenditure in, D30 Atsi, B13, B19 cost of living in, J19 Atsiati family, G34, G37 customs collection in, P9 Attipoe, Martin Silas, F43 elites in, J18 Attipoe, William, F42 as entrepot, F37, J15 avafiawo, B54–B55, N31, N33, N45, P8 flood defences, C8, C9–C10 Avakeza festival, N20–N21, N26, N31 foundation of, B32, B44, C4–C5 Ave, E30 French merchants in, C9, D10, E3 Ave-Dzalele, G33 French takeover, proposal for, C10 Ave-Dzolo, C49 Kombo, relations with, A40 Ave-Have, M30 liberated slaves in, C7 Avenors, N23, N42 missionaries in, G3 Aveyime Irrigation Project, M11 Muslim community in, F12 Avoidance of Discrimination Act 1957, K26 population of, C5, C8–C10 Awatime, E37 refugee populations in, C17, C33, E13, F2 Axelsson, Linn, M39 in riverine trade, E2–E3 Ayeke, Kodzo, K35 Soninke-Marabout wars, B48–B49 Azavi, B24 taxation in, C9–C10 Azumah-Mensah, Juliana, N32 Batome Junction, A38, A39, K16, M41, M45, M47, N38, N43 B Bator, B29 Ba, Sarrah, F34 Bauché, M., C51 Babukusu, H3 Baum, Robert, B41, B46–B47, B55, G13 Badabani, chief of Zukpe, E29 Bawol, C16, C53 Baddibu, B48, J7 Bayart, Jean-François, A12 Badge Messengers, G22 Bayfield, C.M., F45 Badiana, G15, G16 Bè, A38, G26, G27, G38, G39, G41 Badiara, H12 Beckley. A.J., F44 Badjie, Alieu, G23 Bediako, Nortey, G34 Badjie, Kabayor, G23 Benin, B12, K31 Badou, M47, M47 table Bennett, Valerie, M7 Bagisu, H3 Benquey, Administrator, E17, E18, E20, E21–E22 Bagnounkoto, C34 Berending, G15 Bainunks Berlin, Conference of (1884/85), A17–A18, C17, P5 as autochthons, A40, B34–B36 Berman, Bruce, D4 and Fodé Sylla, B51 Bernasko, Col. Frank, M11 Jola, merging with, B40–B41 Berry, Sara, F24 Mandinkization of, B37–B38 Bignona names, survival of, B40 border control in, F14–F15 settlements of, C34 chiefs in, E23 slavery, B36–B37 French administration, E15, E22, E24 Baji, Yannki, E10 French military in, E18, E21–E22 Bakakope, C49 Islamic schools in, G12–G13 Bakau, E7 MFDC insurgency in, N4 Bakel, C15 road network, A41 Balandine, E24 Binako, G8, G9, G10 Balanta people, A41, G19, G24, G41, P3, P19 Bintang, C27 Bandjikaky, C32, F32, N5 Biørn, Andreas, B9–B10, B11, B14, B22 Bangonolit, G16 Bishop Herman College, K12 Banjuku Biayi, Bainunk King, B37 Bitaké, E13 Banjul black pod disease, M23 consumer goods in, L28 Blackburn Committee, J2 health care, L12 Bliss, B38, E12–E13, E16, E20, E22–E24, N10–N11, imports to, L13 N45 merchants in, J20 Bloc Democratique Sénégalaise (BDS), J12 migrants in, L36 boekine (shrines), B46 politics in, L14 Bojang, B38, E23

4 Boundaries

Bojang, Demba, E8 education in, K6 Bojang family, B43, E8 French border incidents, C49–C52 Bojang, Fansu, E9 Ghana, unification with, K1, K20 Bojang, Fodi Musa, E8 Gold Coast, commercial ties with, F37 Bojang, Landing, G23 infrastructure spending, K15 Bojang, Mambuna, E9 land tenure in, F23–F25 Bojang, Seyfo J.M., G22–G23 plebiscite of 1956, K18–K20, K19–K20 table, P13 Bolibana, L37 traditional authorities in, F47, P19 Bond of 1844 (Gold Coast), A21, C11, D9–D10, D37 unification challenge, H17–H18, K2, K6–K7, K12– Bonnecarrère, Auguste, C50, F21 K14, K15, K38, P13 Boone, Catherine, A27–A28, J9–J10, J15, L7, L8, L31 in World War II, H8–H9 Bordeaux, C7, C18, D5 British traders, Soninke-Marabout wars, B48–B49 border equation, D2 British West Africa, D7, H14 Border Guards unit, Ghana, K35, M9 Brocard, Paul, G9 borders Brong-Afaho, M14 colonial, A4 Brooks, George, B41 complexity of, B53–B54 Brown, David, M18–M19 conceptions of, A14–A15, B55–B56, P1 Brunot, Richard, E18, E20 in development package, H16–H17 Bryars, W.H., C36, C37 dynamics of, A4, A7, P1–P2 Buckle, Conrad, F45–F46 fuzziness of, N43 Buell, Leslie, D11, D14, D16–D17, D24, D26, D35, D36 mobility across, F1–F2 Buem, E37, F22, F25–F26, G28, K14, P9–P10 ownership of, N41–N42 Buem-Krachi District, K19 populations in, H12, H17 Buluf in post-colonial states, A33 Bainunks in, B34, B35 scramble for Africa, A19–A20, C19–C20 French administration in, E19, E20 and state power, L1–L2 groundnut cultivation in, G4 studies of, A3–A4 Islamicization in, G4–G5 Borno, A19 Jola migration from, G3, G20, N7, P9 Boundary Commission (Gambia), C24–C26, C27–C28 in MFDC insurgency, N4 Boundary Commission (Togo), C50–C52 population density, F3 Braddick, Captain, C49 Bund der Deutsch Togolander (Togo Bund), K3 Brassou, G11 Bunto, G14 Brazzaville, P18 Bureau of Muslim Affairs (Senegal), D9 Brazzaville conference, 1944, H13 bureaucracy Brefet, B49, C23 Africanization of, H15, K11, K35 Bremen mission, E30–E31 colonial, D8–D9, E5–E6 Brenner, Neil, A34 in development package, H15 Bretton Woods institutions, L18, L24 Ghana, K25–K26, K27, K35, M7, M8, M38 Brikama illegality, J21 British administration of, E7–E8 l’Afrique Occidentale Française (l’AOF), D8, D10 District Council, G22 post-colonial states, A26 education in, L12 as ruling class, J11 festivals in, N7 Senegal, J11, J21, L7, L41 Fodé Sylla in, C24 Togo, K31, M16–M17 food shortages in, H10 Burke, Tim, F41 foundation of, B36, B38 Burns, Alan, K2, K4 as Kombo capital, A40, B43 Burukugue, C31 land settlements, G16, G22 Busambala, B43, B49, E8–E9 migrants in, F8, L36 Busia, Kofi Abrefa, M3–M4, M6–M7, M9, M13, M20, Muslim capture, B49, B50 M48, P15 politics in, L14 Bwiam, H5 smuggling in, L15 as trading hub, A41, L41 C Brikama-Mansakonko road, J8–J9 cadastral maps, A1–A2, A7, A9, E27 Britain Cain, P.J, A13 coastal settlements, control of, C5 canton system (French Togoland), E41, E42, N14 as fiscal state, A6 Cape Coast, C37 German trade rivalry, C36 capital cities, imperial, A10 West Africa policy, A16–A17 Carabane, C33, E14 British Sphere of Togoland Administration Ordinance Carter, G.T, C21, C24–C26, C28 (1924), F25 cartography, insurgent, H3 British Togoland Cary, Arthur Joyce Lunel, H14 adminstration of, E35, E36–E41, P8 Casamance chiefs, role of, F39, G27 agriculture in, L8, P15 cocoa trade, F38, K14 border anomalies, L17 creation of, C35 as bread basket, J3, L31 customs regime, F37, F46 Christianty in, L29–L30 demographic stability in, G24 coercive social contract under French, E26

5 Boundaries

Casamance (Continued) smuggling, role in, F35–F36 colonial infrastructure, A40–A41 Chiefs’ Conferences (Gambia), J23 education in, L31 child mortality, L12 ferries, J5–J6 China, economic influence of, A34, L42, M39, P18 Franco-British border, C23 Christianity, in colonial states, G1–G2 Franco-Portugese frontier, C21 Churchill, Winston, D28 French administration in, E14–E26, G20–G21, P7 cigarettes, smuggling of, L16, M29, M32 French military repression in, E17, E19, E19–E20 circumcision, N2–N3 table civil service. see bureaucracy Gambian migration to, L36 civilizing mission, colonialism as, E2 Islamicization of, G8–G9 clientist networks in post-colonial states, A29 Jola migration in, G14 Clozel, Marie François, F7 land policy in, F21 co-operatives, J14, L3, M11, M13 as marginalized community, L31 coastal settlements (European) migration in, F3, F6, F11, F15, L32–L34, P9 financial stringency, C5–C6 new religious communities, G3 as frontiers, C2 politics in, L6 influence of, A17, P4–P5 refugees in, L33, N4 merchant communities in, P5 rice cultivation, A15, F30–F31, J10, L31, P3 military power, C6 secessionist insurgency in, L1, L2, L29–L30, L35, public goods in, P5 L41, N3–N6, N44, P21 social composition, C6–C7 Senegalese Army in, N5–N6 taxation in, A22–A23, P5 Senegalese state, relations with, L31–L32 Coba, E17 settlement patterns, A39–A40, G18–G20 cocoa smuggling in, J20, L15–L16, L28, L37 boom in 1920s, D35, F24, F26 taxation, resistance to, E16, E26 in colonial infrastructure, C43 tourism in, L34 corruption, K28 traditional authorities in, N12–N13 farmers, C46, E29, F22, G28–G29, K22, K26, P10 underdevelopment of, E3 in Gold Coast, K10 unification proposals, P11 revenues, D5–D6, D17, P6 in World War II, H7, H10, H12 seasonal workers, M5 Case for African freedom, the (Cary), H14 smuggling, H16, K34, M6, M9, M13–M14, M23, M31, Casley-Hayford, J.E., C11 M32, P14 Catholic missionaries, G3, G26 trade in, F37 cattle in World War II, H8 land for grazing, G14 Cocoa Marketing Board (CMB), K10, K22, K28, M13 plague, G5, G9–G10 coconut trade, C43 requisitioning of, H7, J21 Coelho, Lemos, B34 smuggling, F32, F34, F35, F47 coercive social contracts, A30–A31, B19, E26 theft of, N13, P8 Coez, M., C50 Ceded Mile, C13 coffee trade, D17, H16 Cédile, Jean, K7 collective memories, N1–N2 censuses, A2–A3, E36, E44, F3–F4 Colleys, G14 Centres Régionaux d’Assistance et Dévelopement Collin, Jean, L16 (CRAD), J14 Colonial Council (Senegal), D7 Cercle du Centre (French Togoland), E42 Colonial Development and Welfare (CDW), J2–J3, J8 Cercle du Sud (French Togoland), E42 Colonial Development and Welfare Act 1940, H13 cereals, L21 colonial states Chabal, Patrick, A24, A26, A28, D10 administration of, D8–D9, E1–E5 Chalfin, Brenda, M38 African autonomy in, D2 Cham, Fodi Madi, E9 border dynamics in, D38, E3–E4, E45–E47, F1, F27, Cham, Kabba, E9 F46, G30, P1, P5, P8 Cham, Karranta, E9 communities in, A4–A5 Cham, Mamadi, E9 competition between, F1, P8 Chambers of Commerce, C18, C48, D5, D22 consolidation of, A20 Chambra, Yesufu, F41 customs authorities in, D38 Chamesedine, Chérif, G6 democratization in, H14 Chapman, C.H., K5 development package in, H15, P11 Chapman, Daniel, H18, K3–K4, K7, K16 European interests in, P6 Chartered companies, A18 as extractive states, D2 chefs de villages, J22–J23, N12–N13 in frontier areas, P7 chiefs, A23. see also traditional authorities as gatekeeping states, D1, D37–D38 British Togoland, F39 identity in, G1 in Casamanche, E15 infrastructure of, D24 in colonial states, E1 land policies in, F16 French Togoland, F39 leagacy of, A12–A13, H2 Gold Coast, D10 mercantile interests in, D5 land settlemts, G21 migration, control over, F46 in new settlements, G17 as minimalist states, D2

6 Boundaries

colonial states (Continued) Coulandian, E13 mobility in, G1 Council of Notables (French Togoland), D7 as night watchmen states, D2 Coussey Committee, K8 origins of, C3–C4 Creole elites, J18 as political entities, D7–D8 crime, F33–F34, F47 post-war planning for, H12–H13 Crown land (Gambia), F17 public goods, distribution of, D2 Customs, Excise and Preventive Service (CEPS), A38, religion in, G1, G6 M38, M41, M45, N33, N36, N37–N38 retrenchment in, A32 Customs, Excise and Preventive Service (CPS), F39– rural interests in, D9 F46, F47 scramble for Africa, A18–A20, C19–C20, P2 Customs Ordinance (1923), F40 social contracts in, F6, G6, M49 Customs Preventive Officers (Gambia), F36 taxation in, A21–A22, D2–D4, D5–D6, H16, P6, P19 Customs Preventive Service (CPS), C49–C50, E41, traditional authorities in, E1, E5, E6, E46–E47, F47, E45, H9, K34–K35, P10 P7 Customs regimes tribal indentity in, K5 colonial states, A23 violence, use of, A31, E1 post-colonial states, A24 weakness of, A24 Customs Service, Ghana, K35 Combo-Fogny, E23, E24 customs unions Comité de l’Unité Togolaise (CUT), H18, K5, K8, K29, Senegambia, J17, J19, J24, L25–L26, P11–P12 K30, K31–K32 Trans-Volta, K6, K29 Commandantes de Cercle, E5–E6 commandemant indigène, E23 D Committees for the Defence of the Revolution (CDRs), daaras, L38 M28, M31–M32, M34–M38, M40, M43 Dabo family, E8 Communes (Senegal), A21, D26, D32–D33, J12, P7. Dabquah, Joseph Kwame, M20 see also Dakar; Gorée; Rufisque; St Louis Dagara, A15 Communes and Protectorate. see Senegal Dagomba, G31, K6 community, concept of, A35–A36, N1, N44, P18 Dahomey, A15, A30–A31, B15–B16, B27, D15, P3 Compagnie Francaise de Développement des Fibres Dakar, A21, D7 Textiles (CFDT), L7 battle for, 1940, H5 Compagnie Française de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CFAO), colonial expenditure in, D26 D5, F45, K33 consumer goods in, L28 table Compagnie Niger-France (CNF), D5 cost of living in, J19 composite social contracts, J14, L28, M18, P12, P13 customs revenue in, D11 Conféderation Nationale des Travailleurs du Sénégal as federal capital, H17 (CNTS), L6 markets in, L39–L40 Congo, Belgian, A18–A19 Muslim brotherhoods in, L30 Connerton, Paul, N1 rice imports, J10 conscription, miltary, E19, F6, F8–F9 taxation in, J13 Conseils des Notables (French Togo), D34, E42 as urban hub, P17 Constitution of the Second Republic, Ghana, M19 urbanization of, L3, L4–L5 Convention People’s Party (CPP) Vichy regime in, H10 austerity measures, K24–K25, M7 Dakar-Ziguinchor highway, J4 bureaucracy, K20–K21 Dakpa, B5 composition of, M34 Dalakoglou, Dmitris, A38 development agenda, K9, K39, M2, M3, M9 Dalasi, valuation of, L23, L24 federalism, K20 Daloz, Jean-Pascal, A24, A26, A28, D10 NRC, continuities with, M8 Dambeld (Dambeli), Mansa, B35–B36, B37–B38, N5 productive social contract, K22, K26, K28 Dandoo, Joseph, F41, F42 public goods, K11 Danish socialism, K20–K21 cession of claims, 1850, C17, C36, C38 in Togoland unification, K12–K16, K20, K38, P13 merchants, B16–B17 traditional authorities, relations with, K17–K18, K20, sources, B2, B7, B8, B13, B22, N17 K27, K37 sphere of influence, C5, C6, C11 as urban interest party, K22 Dapaah clan, G25, G26, N41 Cooper, Fred, D1, H7, P6 Dapaah, Nene, G25 corruption D’Arcy, Governor of the Gambia, B48 Ghana, K28, K35, M13, M21–M22, M29, M35–M36, Darkon, King of Akwamu, B22–B23 M40, M49 Daroussalaam, A40, G6, G8, G10, N3, N6 Gold Coast, F44–F45 Darrami, Kekote, E10 Senegal, J14 Darsilami cosmetics, P16 border anomalies in, G23, L17 Côte d’Ivoire, C10, D12, H6, H8, M5 Cheikh Mahfoudz in, G8, G18 Cotonou, M27 as Kombo settlement, A40 cotton migration to, G14 as agri-business, L21, M10 refugees in, N4 plantations, C45–C46 smuggling in, L37, P17 trade, C43, C45–C46, E28, F32, F37, H8, H9 Touba, relations with, G15–G16, G17

7 Boundaries

Daunton, Martin, A6 education Decalo, Samuel, M14 in development package, H14 decolonization in Gambia, J7, L11–L12 Gold Coast as leader, K13 in Ghana, K11 historiography of, H2–H4 Islamic, G12 Demba, Lonka, E25 in Senegal, D25 Demba War Sall, C32 in Togo, D27, K6, K31 Denton, Sir George Chardin, F34 Egbe, E42 despotism, decentralized, A21, A23 Egypt, C18, E2 development Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah, A28 agenda, H13–H15, K2, P2 electricity, H13 in border dynamics, H16–H17 elites in Gambia, J7 post-colonial states, H17–H18 in Ghana, K11, K38–K39, M1, M4 in Senegambian unification, J18 in Senegal, J14, L6–L7 Ellershaw, H.C., F26 as social contract, H12, J14–J15 Elmina, M47 in Togo, K31 Emit (Emitai), B46 Development Funds, J8 empire states, A9–A10 Dia, Mamadou, J12 enframing system, colonialism as, E2 Diaban, N’Faly, E23 entrepôt states Diadhiou, Lan, E23 Gambia as, J25 Dianki, E19 Togo as, K36, K38, M1, M14–M15, P14 Diassi, Drame, E16 epsionage, H5–H6 Diatock, G15 Esaloulou (Esulalu), B41, E16 Diatta, Aline Sitoe, H7–H8 ethnicity Diatta, Ansoumane, D22, G4 in colonial states, G1 Diatta, Bourama, E23 concept of, A35–A36, N1 Diatta, Joseph, E25 Europe Diatta, Kemo, G12 state formation in, P2 Diébaly, A40, C22, C33, C34, E15, E17 Europe, state development in, A6–A7, C3–C4, P2 Diedhiou, Dianku, G4 European Development Fund, L22 diffusionist interpretation of African history, B39 European import-export companies, A27 Dimbaya, A40, G14, G16, G17, G18 table, N3 Evans, Martin, N4 Diouf, Abdou, L20, L21–L22, L26, L40 everyday states, A25, A28 Diouloulou Ewe as administrative centre, A41, E15–E16, E22, E24, Agotime, relations with, A37–A38, N21, P21 G23 in Atukpui-Nyive war, B25 festivals in, N7 British relations with, C17 insurgencies in, E17, N6 chieftancies of, E27, E45, K4 marabouts in, G12 Christianity, G26 Diourbel, L39 cocoa farming, K14 dipo initiation rites, B10, N28, N30 diversity of, K3 District Commissioners, E5–E6, E35–E36 education in, K4 Djinaki, N6 elites, K5 dollar crisis, D29 ethnic identity, B31, G40, K1 Dompre, Akyem Kotoku warlord, B29 and Eyadéma regime, M50 Donbondir, A40, G10, G16, G16–G17, G19 table as farmers, B7 donkeys, in smuggling, L15–L16 in Ghana, M5, M7 douaniers, C50, F28, F32, H10, H12, J22, L15–L17, historiography, B2 L38, L40 land tenure in, F26, G29 drought language, G25–G26, G32, G37–G38, K4, N19, N37, in Ghana, M24 N44 great Sahelian, L2, L10, P14 migration of, B12 in Senegambia, F30, G10, H7, H8 movement restrictions on, F25 drought, Sahel, L2, L10, P14 names, G37 Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa, The (Lugard), D3 settlements of, G26, G33 durbars, F47, N29, N31–N32, N33, N37 slave trade, K3 Dutch gin, D21, F38, F44, P10 in Togo, M16 Dzalele, B5, G33 Togoland unification, H17, K1, K2–K6, K15–K16, K38, Dzamesi, Kofi, N27 P12–P13 Dzikpo, Lawrence Agrona, E38 trade, K4 Dzodze, M32, M47 Ewe Newsletter, K3–K4, K6, K7 extactive states, D2 E Eyadéma, Etienne Economic Community of West African States economic policies, M14–M15 (ECOWAS), N7 Ghana, relations with, M25–M26, N14 Economic Plan, Togo, M14–M15 infrastructure spending, M49, M50, P16 Economic Recovery Programme (ERP), Gambia, L24 repression under, M26–M27 seizure of power, K36–K37, K39

8 Boundaries

Eyadéma, Etienne (Continued) Fort Kongensteen, B7 statue of in Kpelimé, N20 Fort Prindensteen, B15 on Togo unification, M19 Foucher, Vincent, L31, L35 franc F CFA franc, K29 Fadeliyya order, G6 valuation of, D28–D29, J6 Faidherbe, Louis, C8, C10, C15, C16 France family land, F23–F24, F27, G29 client states, establishment of, C16 fank (Jola family compunds), B46 coastal setllements, control of, C6 Fante, C11 colonial expenditure, D14 Farababanta, E7 fall of, 1940, H4 Farmer’s Development Funds, J8 Gambia, territorial proposals for, C10 Farque, Commandant, C34, E15 groundnut subsidies, L3 Fatton, Robert, L6 military repression in colonies, E17, F8–F9 Faye, J.C., J5 Navy, C4–C5, C19 Feda, G33 Portugal, partition of Gambia, C21 festivals scramble for Africa, C19 Agotime, N20–N37, N45–N46, P22–P23 trading houses, C7 and collective memories, N1–N2 Trarza wars, C15 Kalorn, N20–N22, N28–N29, N44–N45, P22 Franco, Robert, M23 fetish, B26–B27, G37 Frankema, Ewout, D2 field administration, A23 Free French, H4, H6, H8–H9 Field Agricultural Service, Ghana, K35 Freetown, C4–C5 firearms, smuggling of, F32–F33, F38, L30 French colonial rule as coercive social contract, E26 fiscal state, development of, A6 French Kombo, depopulation in, E12 Fisher, Humphrey, G13 French Togoland fishing industry, M23 Adangbe minorities in, G40 Five-Year Development Plan, Ghana, M9–M10 administration of, D15–D16 Five Year Plan, Gambia, L10, L12 Agotime in, C35, G41 Five Year Plan, Ghana, K23–K24 British border incidents, C49–C52 Flindt, Commandant, B15 chiefs, role of, F39, G27 Floops. see Jola; Kalorn colonial administration, D8, D10 Flynn, Donna, N41 colonial expenditure in, D26–D27 Fogny customs regime, F46 British administration of, E8–E12 demographic stability in, G24 French administration of, E15, E19–E20 education in, D27, K6 Fogny East, E10 finances, D18 table Fogny-Jabankunda as gatekeeper state, D16 Bainunk identity, A40, B40 Ghana, relations with, K29–K30 boundaries of, B33, B34, B45, E24–E25, N44 land tenure in, F23, F27 British sphere of influence, C53 migration in, P9–P10 chiefdoms in, E23 military repression in, D33–D34 foundation of, B36 political organization, D7 Franco-British border agreement, C23 as productive social contract, D33 French administration of, E12, E22, E45 reunification proposals, H17–H18 French, relations with, C22 sedition in, F39 historicity of, N6–N7, P21 smuggling, D17–D18, F38–F39, P10 identity politics in, G41 taxation in, D16, D16–D18, D19, E44–E45, P7, P8 Islamicization in, G13 traditional authorities in, F47, N14 Kalorn in, N11 unification proposals, K7–K8, K38, P13 Mandinka in, N13 in World War II, H6, H8, P11 Mangone Seye in, C33 French Union, K2, K5, K29, P13 population density, F3 Frimpong-Ansah, Jonathan, M4 power, structure of, B42 Front Nord, MFDC, N4 slavery, B40–B41 frontiers slaving frontier in, P4 definition of, A14–15 Fogny-Jabankunda association, N6–N7, N44 further frontiers, C3 Fogny-Kombo, A40 port cities, relations with, C2 Foli Bebe (Ofori Bomboneen), B11 proximate frontiers, C3, C12, C15 Fon, B10 scramble for Africa, C19–C20 Fonds d’Investissement pour le Développement slave raiding in, P3 Economique et Social (FIDES), H13, J3, J5 fruit cultivation, G15 food aid, L19 Fula people, A41, G19 Food Distribution Corporation, M11 Fuladu, B51 Food Production Corporation (FPC), M10–M13 Fulani herders, M34–M35, N16–N17 foodstuffs, trade in, F30–F32 Fuller, C.J., A26 forced labour, C43–C44, C46 Fumbisi valley, M11 forest guards, L29 Furley, J.T., C44, C46, C47–C48, E30, E32 Fort James, B41 further frontiers, C3, P5

9 Boundaries

Futa, B44 public finances of, J2–J3, J7–J8, J9, L11 table, L23 Futa Toro, C15 refugees in, L35–L36, N4 Fye, Sheikh Omar, F12–F13 as repressive social contract, L28 river system, A40–A41, E2–E3, J4–J6 G road building, J4–J6, J15 Ga, B2, B24–B25, N44 rural alliances in, D34–D35 Gabriel’s shop, Wodome, M43–M44 self-sufficiency policies, L10 Gailey, Harry, J2, J6 Senegal, border agreements with, L22, L32–L33 Gallagher, Jack, C1, C18 Senegal, border incidents, L17 Galloway, Winifred, B39, B43 Senegal, competition with, L2 Gambia Senegal, integration with, J16–J18, J19–J20, J24 administration of, E7–E12, G20–G21 Senegambian Union, P11 agriculture in, F2, L10, P16 settlement patterns, G18–G20 armed forces, P17 slavery in, F33–F34 arms smuggling, F32–F33 smuggling, F28–F36, J7, J24–J25, L13–L14, L15, as barnacle state, L40, P16 L15–L17, L27, L37, P16 border policing, F35 social contracts in, J1, J18–J19, L40, P12, P17 boundary agreements, J21–J22 strange farmers in, F4–F5, F9–F12, F15 British administration of, E25 taxation in, D4, D19–D20, F9–F10, J15, P6, P12 bureacracy in, J6, J21, L10–L11, L23 tourism in, L27 cattle smuggling, F32, F34 traditional authorities in, E25, F47, G21, J21–J24, chiefs, role of, G21 N12–N13 child mortality in, L11 urban growth, L38 China, relations with, L42 in World War II, H11, P11 colonial administration, D8, D10 Gambia Co-operative Union (GCU), L23 colonial expenditure in, D27–D30 Gambia Colony and Protectorate: An Official Handbook as colonial state, C52–C53 (Archer), C52–C53 as composite social contract, J24, L28 Gambia Commercial and Development Bank, L23 cost of living in, J24, L25 Gambia Oilseeds Marketing Board (GOMB), J8 cross-border trade, D20–D21, L26–L27 Gambia Produce Marketing Board (GPMB), L12, L23, currency crisis, D29 L25 customs regime, D27, F36, J19, L15, P9 Gambia Protectorate Ordinance, 1902, E7 development projects in, J7 Gambia river drought in, F30 bridge project, L22, L30 economic policies, J15, L22–L23, L24–L25, L26–L27, commerce in, F10–F11 P12 crossings, P11 education in, J7, L11–L12 ferries, J4–J6, L30 elites in, J18, P11 as shared resource, L22 as entrepôt state, J25 as trade route, F37, J15, J20–J21 entrepreneurship in, L12–L13 gammo festival, N3 European firms in, L12–L13 Gardner, Leigh A., D35–D36 external debt, L23 gatekeeping states, D1, D22, D37–D38, P6 fiscal profile, D18–D21 G.B. Ollivant stores, F43, P10 foodstuffs, trade in, F30–F32 Gbedema, Alice, F42 Franco-British border agreement, C23–C26 Gbedemah, Komla, K35 French claims on, C10, C19, E3, F9, J3–J4 Gbeho, Phillip, K5 French interests in, D28–D29, F28 Gbekodji, E42 health, L11–L12 Gbli, Agotime commander, B24, B27 immigration to, D20–D21, F10 Gbogbi Atsa V, Togbe, G34, N27 import duties, L13, L23 Geba, river, G11 independence of, J18 Geregia, B35 infrastructure in, E2–E3, J2, L9–L10, L42 German East Africa, A18–A19 Jola in, N11, N13, N19 German Togo Kalorn in, N10, N11 administration of, C42–C44, E45, P8, P19 land litigation, P20 borders of, C40–C42, E3–E4, E27 land policies, F16–F21 Franco-British partition, C35, C47–C49 life expectancy in, L11 infrastructure, C43 local government structures, J23 land tenure in, F23 market networks in, L13 legacy of, D33 medical services, J6 maps, G30, G39 migrants, competition for, F2–F6, F7–F9, F46, G14, territoriality in, P19 G17, L35–L36, N13 trade balance, C43–C44 military, role of, L27 traditional authorities in, G27 as minimal state, L22–L23 Germany, as permissive social contract, F36, J25, L1, L28, L41, British trade rivalry, C36 P17 establishment of in Togo, C37 politics in, L14 scramble for Africa, C19 population, F5–F6, F9, L37–L38 trans-Volta trade, C36 as productive social contract, D34–D35 Gervais-Lambony, Philippe, C38

10 Boundaries

Geschiere, Peter, F2 urbanism in, M40, M46–M48, M51 Ghana volunteerism in, M10 Agotimes in, N38 Ghana National Trading Corporation (GNTC), K24, agriculture in, M9–M13, M49, P15 K28, K33 Army, M33–M34, M36 Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA), M38, P23 austerity in, K39, M7, P14 Ghana Textile Printing Company (GTP), M31 authenticity, drive for, M20 Ghanaian Enterprise Decree, M4 Border Guards, M28–M29, M33, M36, M43, P16 gin, D10, D21, F38, F44, P2, P10 border policies, K28–K29, M27, M37–M38, M48, M51 Gisenyi, P18 British Togoland, unification with, K1, K20 Glji, B11 British traders in, M4 Gnassingbé, Faure, M50 bureacracy in, K25–K26, K27, K35, M7, M8, M38 Godigbe festival, N27, N29, N37 China, relations with, M11 gods, B46–B47 constitutional government, N19 Goeh-Akue, N’Bueké Adovi, D17, D18 corruption in, K28, K35, M13, M21–M22, M29, M35– Gold Coast, C36 M36, M40, M49 Adangbe in, G40 Customs Preventive Service, K33–K34, M51 African labour in, D6 development agenda, K11, K38–K39, M1, M4 African representation in, D7, D9–D10 economic policies, K21, K33–K34, K37–K38, M2, M8, Anglo-German border, C40–C42, E27 M13, M21, M22, M49 Asante, relations with, C37 education in, K11 British courts in, C11–C12 festivals, role in, N36 British protectorate, C17 French Togoland, relations with, K29–K30 British taxation in, C12, C49 GDP, formal and informal, M24 citizenship in, A21 health services, K11, K22 coastal communities, C14 hoarding in, M21–M22 colonial administration, D8, D10–D11 independence movement in, A27 colonial expenditure in, D31–D32 indgenization policies in, M4–M5 constitutional reform, K8, K11 industrial action in, K24 customs regime, D21–D23, F37, F38–F46 industrialization, K26, K33, K38, M6 decolonization in, K13 inflation in, M14 development agenda in, K9 infrastructure, K23–K24, M4, M6, M22–M23, M49, education in, D31, K12, K12 table P16 Ewe in, K6, K8 kalabule in, M20–M22, M27–M28, P16 as federation of native states, P19–P20 kente weaving in, N24 as gatekeeper state, D22 legal system, G31, M28, M50, M51, N19, N38–N39, German arrival, C37, C38–C39 P16 German Togo, friction with, C42 military rule in, M1, M8, M20–M22, M48, M49, P15 health and medicine, D31, K12 national map, A2 independence of, K38 as neo-liberal state, M25 infrastructure, F37–F38, K12, P6 as one-party state, K27, P14 land tenure in, F23–F25, G29, P20 parastatals in, K24, K37, M3, M8, M23, P14, P15 Legisltative Council, D10 Police, M33, P16 mercantile interests in, D5–D6 privatization in, M38 migration to, F21–F22 public finances, K23–K24, K26 table, M3, M38, P14 municipal rates, D21 public goods, K22, M25 as productive social contract, D35–D36 revenues, K22, K23 table public finances of, K10, P10 revolutionary politics in, M24–M25, M27–M28, M34, smuggling, D23 M50, N16, P16 social contract in, K9 road building, M4 spatial divide in, D35 self-sufficiency policies, M12 taxation in, D4, D4–D5, D21–D23, P6, P7 smuggling in, K34–K35, M2, M6, M8, M14, M18– Togoland unification, K2, K6–K7, K12–K14, P13 M19, M21, M23–M24, M35–M36, M39, M49, traditional authorities in, A23, F47, P20 M51 World War II, in, H6 social contracts in, K26, K28, K28–K29, K37–K38, zongo populations in, G26 K38–K39, M20, M22, M49, N41, P13 Golub, Stephen, L27 socialism in, K20–K21 Goma, P18 state institutions in, K20–K21, M2, M10–M11, M12, Gorée, A21, C5, C6, C7, D7 M20, M25, M48, M50, N15, P13–P14, P15 Goudiaby, Yussuf, G16 strangers in, M30–M31 government, anthroplogical approach to, A25–A26 Structural Adjustment in, M25, M50, M51 grain trade, C15 student protest, M18, M20 grand marabouts, L3 taxation in, M25, M38 Grand Marché, Lomé, M17 Togo border closure, K32–K33, K35, K36, K38, L1, Grand Popo, B11 M1–M2, M6, N16, N20–N21, P14 grasshoppers, plagues of, C33–C34, G5 Togo, relations with, M18–M19 Gray, John Milner, B49, F35 Togolese refugees in, M27 Great Depression trade liberalization in, M5 colonial regimes, effect on, A32, D24, D37, H4 traditional authorities in, M24, N42, N46, P14 in French Togoland, D33

11 Boundaries

Great Depression (Continued) Herbst, Jeffrey, A16, A28 in Gold Coast, D22 Hilol, E16 in Senegal, P7 History of the Gambia (Gray), F35 Great Depression, first, C17, P5 History of the Gold Coast and Asante, B23 great roads (Asante), A8 Ho Grey, Sir George, C11 as administrative centre, B5, E29, E35, F37 Griffith, Brandford, C41 Ankrah, H.B. murder of, N16 Groundnut Stabilization Fund, J13 CDRs in, M34–M35 groundnuts chiefs in, N14 cross-border trade, D20–D21, F30–F31 District Native Court, G31 cultivation, G14, G15 German take-over, C41 export boom, C16, C19 hoarding in, K33 French interests in, C9, D5, F28–F29, L3 land tenure in, F26 Gambia river trade, E2–E3 market, K16, M45 Gambian public finances, C18 missionaries in, E31 in Jola conversion, G4, G5 prosperity of, F22 marketing of, J13 Public Tribunals in, M28, M51 migrants, F2, P8 revolutionary politics in, M28 Mouride brotherhood, P12 roads in, K14–K15 prices, J6–J7, L2, P16 smuggling in, F40, M33–M34, M41–M42 in Senegambian intergration, J19, J24 Ho-Aflao trunk road, G26, G35, G39, M42–M44, N42 smuggling, H16, L18–L19, L24 Ho-Lomé road, G26 strange farmers, F4, F9, F9–F10, F11–F12 Ho-Nyive road, M40 subsidies for, L14, L21 Hobbes, Thomas, A30, A31 taxes on, L13 Hodson, Sir Arthur, K2 in World War II, H7 Hodzo Groupements Economiques du Sénégal (GES), L6 Agotime dispute, G30, G37, G38, N19 Grüner, Hans, E27, E33, E36, F23, G30, G39 Agotime, relations with, B5, B12, B13, E30 Grunitzky, Nicolas, K37 in Togo unification challenge, K20 Guèye, Lamine, G12 Hogbetsotso festival, N23 Guggisberg, Sir Frederick Gordon, C50, D4, D6, D21, Hohoe, E31, K12 D31 Honuta, M47 Guibanga, destruction of, C27–C28 Hopkins, A.G., A13, C18 Guinea, K27, L33 Hopkinson, Dr, F30 Guinea-Bissau Horton, Robin, G13 cattle rustling, F34 Howard, Rhoda, D5 Cheikh Mahfoudz in, G8 Hughes, Arnold, L26 cross-border trade, L28 Hutchful, Eboe, M49 as MFDC base, L35, N3 hydroelectric power, H13, K13, M19 migration from, F11, G24, L33 rice cultivation in, P3 I smuggling, F32, H10, L15–L16 imperial preference, F38 gum trade, C8, C15, C16 imperialism, European, A10 Gunjur, A40, B49, B50, C32, E7–E8, G22, L37 import-export firms, D5–D6 battle of, C31 imports, duties on, A22 India, French, C18 H industrialization, A33 habitants, Gorée and St Louis, C7, C15 influenza pandemic, G5 Hadrami, G10 informants, F44–F45 Haidara, Al-Haji, E17, E20, L29, N5 infrastructure Hailey, William Malcolm, Baron, H14 border dynamics, H16–H17 Halbwachs, Maurice, N1 British Togoland, K15 hammock roads, C46, E29 development package, H13 Hansen, Thomas Blom, A25 Gambia, E2–E3, J2, L9–L10, L42 Hargreaves, John, A17 German Togo, C43 Harris, John, A26 Ghana, K23–K24, M4, M6, M22–M23, M49, P16 Hausas, F42, G26, G41, M48, P20 Senegal, D25, J3–J6, L42 head tax (l’impôt personnel) Togo, M16–M17, M49, P16 in Casamance, P7 initiation rites, B10, N2, N2–N3, N28, N30 in development package, H16 ink-stain, analogy of administration, E4, E15 in French Togoland, D16, D17, E44, G27, P10 Inter-Ministerial Committee (Senegambia), J15, J18 in Senegal, D12, D20, F5–F6, F11, J13, P8 International Monetary Fund (IMF), K37, L21, L24, M7, health M25 in coastal settlements, C8 interstitial spaces, A15–A16, A19–A20 colonial states, D24 irrigation, J14, P15 in development package, H14, H17 Isert (Danish trader), B9, B14, B17, B18 in Gambia, J2, L11–L12 Islam in Ghana, K11, K22 in colonial states, G1–G2 Heligoland Treaty, 1890, C41 education, G12

12 Boundaries

Islam (Continued) requisitioning in, H7 regional networks, G10, G12 rice cultivation, B40 slavery, B50–B51 shrines, B41 Itou, E16 slavery, B41–B42, B51–B52, G5, P3, P19 ivory trade, B13–B14 smuggling, L28 sources for, B3 J taxation of, E14, E19–E20 Jabang, B38, G21 as traders, C30 Jabang clan, B35–B36, B37 vilage organization, B46–B47 Jabang, Sana, G21 as warriors, B47 Jabundos, B34 Wolfof, relations with, L34 Jackson, Major F.W.F., C48, F22 Juapong Textiles (JTP), M31 jalang (shrines), B46, G13 Juapong Textiles Ltd (JPL), M10 Jammeh, Yahya, L27–L28, L40, L41, L42, N11–N12, June 4 Movement (JFM), Ghana, M22, M24, M33–M34 N13, N45, P17 JUVENTO, K32 MFDC insurgency, role in, L30, N3 Jarjue, Paul, N9, N10, N12 K Jarra, B50 Kaba, Fodé Jasikan, K12 and Cheikh Mahfoudz, G8 Jassey clan, B35 death of, C29 Jatta family, B43, E8–E9 European perceptions of, C20–C21 Jatta, Keluntang, G23 French, relations with, C29 Jatta, Landing, E8, G15, G16 Gambia, relations with, E10 Jawara, Dawda and Joint Boundary Commission, C28 commercial networks, L14–L15, L40, P12 legacy of, B51–B52 coup against, L27 rise of, B50–B51 customs union, J17, J19 Kabadio, A40, B35, B36, B37, E15, G11, G19 development package, L9–L10, P16 kabilo, landholding, F19 economic policies, J24–J25 Kabré, K37, M16 election victory, H18 Kabrousse, H7 public goods, L22 Kabu, B35, B43, G7 Jeng, Alieu, D29, F19, F30, F47 Kadiamoutaye, E24 Jiboro-Kuta, B51, G18 table Kafountine, A40 Jiboro-Séléty border crossing, A41 Boundary Commission, C25, C26 Jobson, Richard, B47 communications, A41 John Holt, D5, D10, P10 French rule, C22, E24–E25 Joint Boundary Commission, G7 peace festival, N7 Joint Council for Togoland, K7, K18 smuggling in, L28 Joint West Africa Committee, D5, D22 taxation in, E16 Jola Kajambona, Diatta, G11 agriculture, F16–F17, J10 Kajoor, C16, C32, C33, C53 arming of, E23–E24, E26 kalabule, M20–M22, M27–M28, P16 Bainunks, relations with, B34–B35, B35–B36, B40– Kalabule, Alhaji, M2, M34, M36, M42, M48 B41 Kalajo river, G34–G35 Boundary Commission, conflict with, C27–C28 Kalamar, Mansa, B45, B52, G8, G11, N5 in Casamance insurgencies, H7–H8, L30, N4, N11, kalol (Jola village wards), B46 P21 Kalorn etymology of, B42 in Casamance insurgency, N11 European stereotype of, B42, C20, E9–E12, G2–G3, ethnicity of, N9, P21 G14 festivals, N9–N11 as farmers, F2–F3 French rule, C35 French rule, C35, E13–E14, E18, E22–E23, E26, F6, Islamicization of, G2 F7–F8, P7 Jola, relations with, N11–N12 in Gambian military, L27, P17 language, N12 Islamicization of, E12, G2–G5, G7–G8, G9, G11, Mandinkization of, B38–B39, N11 G13–G14, G20, G24, G40–G41, P19 migrations of, N45 Kalorn, relations with, N11–N12 religion and identity, N11 Kombo raids, C17 and traditional authorities, N12 lawlesness in, E9–E12 Kalorn association, N9 Mandinka, relations with, B41, B47, E9–E12, G21, Kamasa, Kwasi, M33 L34, N7–N9, N45, P19 Kamobeul, E21, E24 migrations of, A40, G14, G19–G20, L5, N13, N19, P9, Kaniobo, G23 P19 Kansala, F8 new model communities, G41 Kaolack, L15, L36 particularism, J23 Karenai, E10, F8, L28 people, A41 Karone power, structures of, A21, B32, B42, B47 chiefs in, E23, E24–E25 priest kings, B46–B47 French rule in, E16, E20, E22 religion, N3 as Jola, A40

13 Boundaries

Karone (Continued) Kolda, E16 as Kalorn, B38 Kombo Kayong Kalorn in, N10–N11, N45 Bainunks in, B36, B37 priestly authority in, E15 boundaries of, A40, B32–B35, B45, N44, P4, P21 survival of, E12–E13 British administration of, C32–C33, C53, E7–E12, Karoninka. see also Kalorn E45 ethnicity of, N8–N9, P21 British, relations with, B49, C16–C17 French administration of, E26, P7 Europeans, first contact with, B44 Islamicization of, G2, G41, N8 Franco-British border agreement, C23 Jola, rift with, A40, N7–N9 French administration of, E15, E22 Mandinka, relations with, G21, G24, N7–N9 identity politics in, G41 migrations, A41, F3, G18, G19, N29, N45 Islamicization of, B48–B50, G9, G13 in new model communities, P19 Kalorn in, N11 warriors, B51 kingdom of, B32 Karte Von Togo, A2, E27, E29, G30, N18, P19. see also land policy in, F19–F21 Springade map Mandinka identity, B40, N13 Kartiak, E19, G9 migration in, G14 Kartong, A40, G17, G18, G21, H11, L16, L28 politics in, L14 kaseba (initiation rite), N2 power, structure of, B42–B43, B45 Kassakunda, G22–G23 slavery in, F33–F34 Kassardjan, G36 sources for, B3 Katamanso, battle of, C13 taxation in, B43–B44, B45 Katana, B35 in World War II, H11 Katzenellenbogen, Simon, A17 Kombo Afeet, B43 Kayaba, Modi Sellou, G7 Kombo Central, E7–E8, G22 Kayes railway, F29–F30 Kombo Dambeli, B43 Kayong Kalorn, N10–N12, N28–N29, N44–N45, P22 Kombo East, E7 Kea, Ray, B14, B15, B23 Kombo Land Revenue Ordinance, D18 Keese, Alexander, C37 Kombo North, E7, E8–E9 Kending, Lamine, G11 Kombo Santo, B43 Kenney, Captain, C25 Kombo South, E7–E8, G22 kente cloth, C45–C46, F21, N33, N38 Kombo St. Mary, E7, L12 kente weaving, A39, N21–N24, N30, N45 Komla Gavor, G37 Kenya, D2, D4, D13, D35 Kopytoff, Igor, A14–A15, B4 Keta, B11, B13, B14, C36 koranic schools, G12 Kete-Krachi, M29 Koubanack, C22 Keteku Caboceer, B13–B14, B27, E33, E34 Kowu, Dade, E33, E34 Keteku II, Nene, E43, G25, K16–K18 Kpaleve, B24 Keteku II, Nene Noe (Nene Keteku XII), E38, E39–E40, Kpalimé N25 Agotime partition, E30 Keteku III, Nene Nuer cocoa farming, H8 in Agotime-Adaklu land case, N15 cotton cultivation, C45 on Agotime as warriors, B19, B23 education in, K31 on Agotime history, B5–B7, B10, B29, N18 Eyadéma statue in, N20 on border dynamics, N38 French rule in, F22 destoolment action against, N25 German rule, E4 in durbar, N33 missionaries in, E31 on festivals, N20–N21, N31, N32, N45 population of, M46–M47 on Kente weaving, N22–N23, N26 railway, C43, D16, E29, F37 on moral decline, N39 smuggling, F45, M30 on rank and precedence, N24–N25 Kpandu, E30, E31, E35, H9, K12 on Togo, N14, N42 Kpedze, F45, G28, M36, M42, M47, M48 on war captives, B26 Kpele-Le, B10 Kévé, B5, C39, E30, G32, N40, N42 Kpogadzi, G37 Kiang, B34–B35, B50 Krepe Killick, Tony, K21, K24, M3 British relations with, C17, C37, C39, C41 Killingray, David, H7 German rule, C19, C41–C42, E27 Kimble, David, C11, C12 historicity of, B5–B6 Kinshasa, P18 slavery, B7 Kitti, A40 as victims of raiding, B18, B19, B22–B23, B31 Klayo stream, G37, N18 Krobo, B2, B10, N44 Klikor, B14 Kronors of Kpetoe, N14 Klouto, E41, E42, G28 Krunu, B24 Klutse, Air Commodore F.W.K, M34–M35 Kufuor, John, M39 Knoll, Arthur J., E28 Kujube Kodje, A38, E42 Al-Haji Haidara in, E17 Koelle, S.W., B8, B17 Alkalo of, G15, G16 Koforidua, F37, F43 Cheikh Mahfoudz in, G8 kola nuts, D19 chiefs in, E15

14 Boundaries

Kujube (Continued) Lomé ethnicity of, G19 table archives in, N18 Fodé Sylla, resistance to, B52 colonial expenditure in, D27 French rule, C22 Conseils de Notables in, E42 Islamicization, G11 CUT regime, K32 MFDC insurgency in, N4–N6 dynamism of, P17 migration from, E13 as entrepôt, H8, M15, M40, M49 as Narang village, A40 foundation of, C38 refugees in, C34 French rule, C47–C48, E42 sacred groves in, B45 German rule, C36 Kulungugu, K32 Ghana, relationship with, M1 Kumasi, A8, B23, C35, F23, K22 infrastructure in, M17, P16 Kunkujang, G16 markets in, M17–M18, P16–P17 Kwadzo Dei IV, Peki leader, B25, B29 political unrest in, M26–M27 Kwahu, B22 population of, M47, M47 table, M51 Kwahu traders, B13 as port, D16, F37–F38 Kwatei Kodzo, B24 smuggling in, D17–D18, D22, F43 taxation in, D16, F39 L UAC in, D11 labour service, African, D12, D19 urban chic in, N41 Ladincour, B9 in World War II, H8 Ladoku, B11, B27 Lomé-Anecho railway, C43 Ladoku kingdom, B9 Lomé-Kpalimé railway, E29, F40, P10 l’Afrique Occidentale Française (l’AOF) Lomé-Kpalimé road, A38–A39, F40, G26, M45 abolition of, H17, J9 Lonsdale, John, D4 bureaucracy in, D8, D10 l’Organisation Pour La Mise en valeur de Fleuve customs duties, D13 Gambie (OMVG), L22 development package in, H16 l’Organisation Pour La Mise en valeur de Fleuve as extractive state, D13–D14 Sénegal (OMVS), L26 Federal expenditure, D11–D12 Louga, L39 fiscal conservatism, D24 Lower Casamance, French rule, E21, E22 as gatekeeper state, D13–D14 Lugard, Frederick, D3–D4, F48 land policies, F17 lumos (border markets), L36–L37, N2 military expenditure, D14 l’Union Progressiste Sénégalaise (UPS), J12 Senegambian unity, proposals for, J3–J4 social contracts in, D32–D33 M taxation, D12–D14, D19, D35, F29, J21 Ma Ba Diakhou, B48 Laklitza, C50 Ma-Jabang, B44 Lama-Kara, M16 Ma-Sane (Sanneh), B44 landlord stranger relationship, F46, G17, G20, G24, MacArthur, Julie, A3 G27–G28, M48, N16, P3, P19 MacCarthy, Sir Charles, C13 landmines, L35 MacDonald, Malcolm, F13 Laplène, Commandant, C34 MacGaffey, Janet, A33 laptots (slave sailors), C7 Maclean, George, C11 Law, Robin, B11 MacLeod, Iain, J7 Le (Leh) people Magistrates Courts, F24 migration of, B11, B12 Mahama, John, N38 origins of, B9–B10 Mahamouda, A40, G10, G15, G19, N4–N5 settlement of, B14, G32, G33, N29 Mahamouda, Chérife, N6 as traders, B15, B22 Mahe, G37 League of Nations Mandates, C49, E42, F24–F25, Mahfoudz, Cheikh, G3–G14, G16, G41, N3, P19 G24, K5 Mahoney, Florence, C7, C12, C13 Lebanese traders, D5, D14, F31, J20, L5, L12–L13, Mahumansro, Nene, C45, C51, E33, E37, E38, E39– L17, M4 E40 Legislative Council (Gold Coast), D10 Mahumansro XII, Nene of Afegame, G32, K18 Lekpo, B12, N29 Mahumansro XIII, Nene of Afegame, N17, N25 Lekponguno, B8 Mahumansro XIV, Nene of Afegame, N27 Lentz, Carola, A15 Maier, Donna, B29, B30 Leviathan (Hobbes), A31 maize cultivation, H9–H10, M12, M23, P9 Lewis, J.M., H15 Makaku V, Nene, N25, N40 Likpe-Bala, M36 Makola market, Accra, M22 Likpe-Mate, M9 Makuda, A40, C22, C31, C33, G15, G19, H10 Lilley, Captain C.C., C51, E6, E36–E38, E40, F26 malaise paysan, L3 l’impôt personnel (head tax), D12, D16, D17, D20, E44, Mali, F4, F10, M30–M31, N3 F5, F6, F11, J13, P7, P10 Mali Federation, J8, J9, J18 Linares, Olga, G13 Mali Union, H17 liquor debate, D10, D21 Mamdani, Mahmood, A12, A20–A21, A23 Little Popo (Anecho), B11, B15, B22–B23 Manchester, F32 Llewelyn, R.B., C30–C32 Manchuelle, François, C16

15 Boundaries

Mandates, Leaugue of nations, C49, F24–F25, F37 Mauritania Mandina Ba, C32 British merchants in, C5 Mandinka Cheikh Mahfoudz in, G6, G7, G14, N3 Bainunks, conflict with, B35–B36 deep water port in, L26 Bainunks, merging with, B36–B37 traders, F10, J20, L37 in Casamance insurgency, L30 Mawuli secondary school, K12 ceremonies, N2–N3 May, Ernesto, M23 ethnicity of, A41, N13 M’Backe, Abdou Lahatte, L3 European stereotype of, B42, C20, E14, G2–G3 Mbaye, Ahmadou Aly, L27 Islamicization, G2, G11, P19 McCarthy Island, F11 Jola, relations with, E9–E12, E15, E22–E23, G21, McCaskie, T.C., A31 N7–N9 Mead, T.A., E38 Kalorn, merging with, B38–B39, N11 medical facilities Karonika clients, G18, N7–N8 coastal settlements, C8 in Kombo, E9, P7 in colonial states, D27 as landlords, F3, F16–F17 in Development package, H14, H17 against Mongone Seye, C33 in Gambia, J2, L11–L12 new model communities, G41 in Ghana, K11, K22 politics of, L14 Medina, C15, C29 polities of, B32–B33 Meillassoux, Claude, P3 power, structure of, B42 Mellacourie, C10 as refugees, F8 memories religion in, N3 collective, N1–N2 as slave traders, B42 spacial embedding of, N1 slavery, B37, G3 Mensah, Joseph Henry, M4 sources for, B3 merchants, European spirit forces in, B45–B46 coastal settlements, control of, C5–C6 towns, A40, G17–G18, G20, J23, N2, N13, N44, P19, in colonial states, C53, D5 P21 as frontiersmen, A16–A17 mangoes, G15 military power of, C6 Mangone Seye, C33–C34, N5 punitive expeditions, advocates for, C13 Manjago people, A41, G19, G22–G23, G24, G41, H11, scramble for Africa, C18–C19 P19 taxation, attitudes to, D19 Manneh, G21 Methodism, G3 Mansa métis populations, C6–C8, C53 as Kings, B54 migration as magician, B45–B46, B48 borders, creation of, A35–A36 powers of, B45 between colonial states, A22–A23, F1–F2 retainers of, B45 as revolt, E1 succession to, B43 Miliband, Ralph, A5 Mansakonko, J9 militarism, curse of, B22 Mansfield, Captain E.T., C50 military conscription, E19, F8–F9, F47 maps Miller, Joseph, B18 cadastral, A1–A2 millet, F31, F36, G15 colonial, A2, J21, P3, P5 Milner-Simon agreement, 1919, C47–C48, C50 countermapping, A3 Mina, women of, M17 development maps, A2 mind maps, A3 insurgent cartographies, H3, P22 minimalist states, D2 mind maps, A3 mining interests, D5–D6, D22, P6 power of, A1 Ministry of War and the Colonies (British), C1 marabouts Misahöhe, C45, E3–E4, E27, E28, E41 autonomous communities, C16, L38 mise en valeur, L8, P8 Cheikh Mahfoudz and, G11–G12, G14 missionaries, D6, D10, E30–E31, E43, G3, K11 French, relations with, G12 Mister Johnson (Cary), H14 in independent Senegal, J12, L3 Mitchell, Timothy, A5, E2 legacy of, G5 Mlefi (Malfi), B14–B15 Soninke war, B47–B49 Mlomp, E19, G15 Marakissa, G18 table Mobutu Sese Seko, A31, A32, M49 Marguerat, Yves, H8 Molo, Musa, C29, G7 Mark, Peter, B34, G4, G11–G12, G20 Moore, Francis, B33, B35, B42 Market Trading Act, Ghana, M5 Moorish warriors, C15 market women, M21, P16. see also Nana Benz Moreau, Lieutenant, C34 markets, mapping of, A3 motor vehicles, smuggling on, M39 Marseilles, C18 Motte Kofi, Ho leader, B29 Marty, Paul, G3–G4, G6–G7, G9, G10 Mouhidinne, Chérif, G9 Matam, C15 Mouhidinne Ibnou el-Arabi Aidara, Chérif, G6 matches, trade in, J20, L16 Mouride brotherhood materiality of the state, A9 economic rents, L9 Maurel et Prom, D5, F5 French, relations with, A21, D9, D32–D33

16 Boundaries

Mouride brotherhood (Continued) N’Dour Youssou, N5 in independent Senegal, J12, J14, L41 neo-patrimonialism, A24, A28–A29, M50 MFDC insurgency, L30 Netherlands as traders, L39, P14 sphere of influence, C6 urbanism, role in, L3–L4, P12, P15, P17 textiles, M17, M39 Moussa, Fodé, C31, E13–E14 New Agricultural Policy (NAP), Senegal, L21 Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance new model communities, P19, P21 (MFDC), L29–L30, L35, N3–N6, N13, N44 New Patriotic Party (NPP), N32 Movement for the Liberation of Western Togoland Newbury, C.W., C18 (TOLIMO), M18–M19 Ngo, Nate, B24, B28 Moxton, James, H9 Niamone, B35 musketry, firing of, N31, N36–N37 Nigeria, A2–A3, D4, D35, K22, K30–K31, M24–M25 Muslim brotherhoods. see Mouride brotherhood night watchmen states, D2, D22, D37–D38 mutinies, H7 Ningo, B10 Nioro, J21 N Niumi, B44, C13, F33, F34, J7 naming rites, G16–G17 N’Jie, Alhaji Momodou, J20 Nana Benz, M2, M17, M39, M50, P16 N’Jie, Pierre Sarr, H18, J15 Nana Ntsrifoa, the salt giver, B27 Nkrumah, Kwame Nana Sir Ofori Atta I of Akyem-Abuakwa, D10 Africanization policies, M22 Naneeto, G19 table assassination attempt, K32 Narang austerity measures, K24–K25 Bainunk identity, B40 authoritarianism of, K26 boundaries of, A40, B45, N44 border policies, K29 British, relations with, B32, C54 on corruption, K28 chiefdoms in, E23 coup against, K21, K36, M2, P15 depopulation of, G16 industrial development policies, P14 Fodé Sylla in, B52, N6 NRC, influence on, M8 French administration of, C22, E12, E18, E20, E22, pan-Africanism, K29, K38, P13 E45 political vision, H1–H2, M20 identity politics in, G41 and state institutions, K20–K21 Islamicization in, E20, G7–G8, G13 Togo, relations with, M1, P13, P14 Mandinka in, N13 traditional authorities, relations with, K18 Mangone Seye in, C33 unification challenge, K9, K13–K14 migration in, G15, G19–G20 Nkwanta, M34 population desity, F3 Noepé, C49, M47 power, structure of, B42 Northern people’s Party (NPP), K11 slaving frontier in, P4 Northern Region Integrated Project (NORRIP), M12 National Conference, Togo, M26 Noshie, George, F41 National Democratic Congress (NDC), N32 Notsie, B12, G33 National Domain law, Senegal, L34 Ntsrifoa fetish stool, E34 National Investigation Committee (NIC), M28 Nyagamago Pattah III, Togbe of Adzakpa, N24 National Liberation Council (NLC) Nyamago Pattah III, Togbe of Adzakpa, N17 civil service, relations with, K37 Nyamago Pattah IV, Togbe of Adzakpa, N23 corruption, K28 Nyive legal reforms, G36 Agotime, relations with, B5, E30, N19 multi-party rule, K37 in border trade, M47 as rural interest party, K22 customs station in, C49 and social contracts, K38 in Hodzo land case, G32–G33 state institutions, M3, M4 slavery, B7 traditional authorities, relations with, K37 smuggling in, M30 National Liberation Movement (NLM), K9, K11, K27, warfare in, B22, B24 K38 Nyofelleh, A40, G15, G18 table, G22 National Reconciliation Commission, Ghana, N16 Nzima, K29 National Redemption Council (NRC), M7–M9 National Trading Corporation (NTC), Gambia, L12 O National Tribunal, Accra, M28 O’Brien, Donal Cruise, J11–J12, K25 National Union of Ghanaian Students (NUGS), M7 Odikro Todze II, Nene of Wusikope, N43 nationalist movements oeyi (ai), priests, B46–B47 and colonial states, C3 O’Farrell, Commissioner of Kombo, F7–F8 historiography, H2–H4 Office de la Commercialisation Agricole (OCA), J13, social composition of, A27 J14 native administration Office National de Coopération et d’Assistance Pour le courts, F24 Développement (ONCAD), L19 French, E23, E26 Office Togolais des Recettes (OTR), M39 welfare expenditure, D25–D26 Ofori Bomboneen (Foli Bebe), B11 Native Adminstration Ordinanace, E37 oil, price rises, L2, L19, P14 N’Diaye, Birahim, C22 Oku, King of Agotime, B24, B27 N’Diaye, Gorgui, E16, E18 Okuna, Komla, F40

17 Boundaries

Old Ningo, B8 Podor, C15 Olympio, Sylvanus, H18, K5, K29–K30, K31–K32, K36– political power and spiritual power, relationship with, K37, K38, P13 B54 OPEC, L2, L19, P14 polities, definition of, B4 Operation Counterpoint, M19 poll taxes, H16. see also head tax (l’impôt personnel) Operation Feed Yourself (OFY), M10–M11, P15 Polyglotta Africana, B8 oral traditions, B4, G30–G31, G33, G40, G41, N1 Ponty, William, D3 oranges, G15 Popo, B11 Orcel, F., F5, F6, F7, F10–F11, F29, F32 population statistics, A2–A3 orthography, A42–A43 port cities, C2, C17, D24, D37. see also coastal Osei, B19 settlements (European) Ousmane, Sembène, L9 Portendick, C5 Owusu, Maxwell, M19 ports, developemt package in, H13 Ozanne, John Henry, F33 Portugese Guinea Cheikh Mahfoudz in, G7 P colonial failure in, D38, E14, P8 pacification campaigns, rationale for, C14 French, relations with, C21 Pahane, G7 Jola insurgents in, H8 Pakao, B43, G10 migration from, H11–H12, P9 Pakoua, G7, G11 Portugese historical sources, B46 palaver as institution, B17 post-colonial states palm-oil trade approaches to, A24 Agotime in, C45 development agenda, A32 in Casamance, F3, G18 diversity of, A25 in Gold Coast, C17, C18 elites in, H17–H18 in Togoland, C36, C43, D17 neo-patrimonialism in, A24, A28–A29 in World War II, H8 as political coalitions, A28 Palmer, Sir Herbert Richmond, F5 repression, A33 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, C14 social contracts in, P10–P11 pan-Africanism, H2, K29 as states, A24–A28 panyarring, A16, B16–B18, P4 post offices, H15 parastatals Prampram, B10 in development agenda, A24 precious minerals, smuggling of, M31 Ghana, K24, K37, M3, M8, M23, P14, P15 Preparatory Commission, K9 Senegal, L7–L8, L19–L20, P15 Presbyterian churches, G26 Togo, M18, M49 Presbyterian schools, H9 Paris, A10 prestation (labour service), D12 Parti Africain de l’Indépendance (PAI), L6 Preventive Detention Act, G33, K26 Parti Démocratique Sénégalais (PDS), L6 Preventive Service, Ghana, K35, K36 table Parti Socialiste (PS), L6, L21 Price Control Decree, Ghana, M20 Parti Togolais du Progrès (PTP), K8, K18 priest kings, Jola, B46–B47 Partido Africano para a Independència da Guiné e priests, B26–B27 Cabo Verde (PAIGC), L33, L35 productive social contracts, A31–A32, D32–D36, K22, partition of Africa, A12–A14, A35 K28, M18, M49, P12–P13 Partitioned Africans, A34, A35 land policies, F16 passports, J21 Programme for Work and Happiness (CPP), K25 Peace Preservation Orders, K20 Progress Party (PP), M2–M4 Peki property rights, in state-making, B17 Agotime as tributaries, C44 protectionism in scramble for Africa, C17 Akan model of governance in, B28 Protectorate Ordinance No. 2 (Gambia), D19 Akwamu, alliance with, B22 Protectorate Ordinances (Gambia), F18 British rule, C38, C40–C41 Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), M24– Ewe in, F25, K6 M26, M30, M33–M34, M36–M38 farmers, F23 proximate frontiers, C3, C12–C13, C15, C17, C53, P5 German rule, E27 Public Land Ordinance (Gambia), F18 as Krepe Kingdom, B5–B6 Public Tribunal Records, Ghana, M2, M41, M51 as polity, A7 public works in development package, H15 People’s Defence Committees (PDC), M28–M29, M31, Pya, M16 M33–M34 People’s Militia, Ghana, M28, M32, M36–M37, M40 R People’s Progressive Party (PPP), L14 railways, C43, D24, F29 Permanent Mandates Commission, C49, D16 Rassemblement du Peuple Togoloaise (RPT), M15– permissive social contract, A32–A33, F36, J25, K39, M17 L1, L28, M18 Rattray, R.S., B9, B25, C44 petroleum, smuggling of, M31, M32, M33 Rawlings, Flt-Lt. Jerry, M20, M24, M25, M33–M34, pharmaceuticals, smuggling of, L39 M51, N14 Phillips, Lucie Colvin, L27 Rawlings, Nana Agyeman, N23 phosphates, L18, M14, M18, M49, M50, P16 Reeve, Henry Fenwick, D27–D28 Pineau, Captain, C25, C27

18 Boundaries

refugees Scott, James C, A1, A8, A15, A22, B1, B40, B47, E2, Bathurst, C17, C33, E13, F2 E35, F19, P3 Casamance, L33, N4 scramble for Africa, A12–A14, A17–A20, C17–C18, Darisalami, N4 C53–C54, P2 Gambia, L35–L36, N4 Se Godze, B10, B15 Mandinka, F8 Searing, James, C7, C15 from slavery, A15–A16 secessionist movements, H3 Regional Development Corporations, Ghana, M11 second colonial occupation, H15 Regional tax (Senegal), J13 secret societies, B45 Reindorf, Carl, B24, B25, B28, N18 Section Française de l’International Ouvrière (SFIO), religion in colonial states, G1 J12 religious networks, mapping of, A3 Sédhiou, C34, E14–E15, E21, E22 rents, economic, L9 seed-nut reserve, F12–F13 repressive social contracts, L28 Segbale, G34, G37, G39, G41 Revolutionary Tribunals, Ghana, M27–M33 Séléty incidents, E17–E18, E20, L29 rice Senchi- Bawku highway, K14 cross-border trade, P9, P18 Senchi ferry, F37–F38 distribution of, L12–L13 Senegal in Ghanaian planning, M11–M12, M13 agriculture in, J14, L5, L8, L21, P15 imports in Senegambia, F30–F31, J10 as bifurcated state, E26 irrigation for, L8, L22 border controls, L20 Jola as farmers of, F17, G14, G15 border policing, F35 and population densities, B40, P3 boundary agreements, J21–J22 requisitioning of, H7 bureaucracy in, J11, J21, J23, L7, L41 in Senegalese planning, P15 business community, J10, P15 smuggling of, F31, F35–F36, L13–L14, L19, P2 capitalism in, L8–L9 subsidies for, L21 cattle smuggling, F32, F34 Rice, Berkeley, J20 centres and margins in, D32–D33 Rice Mills Unit, M13 China, relations with, L42 Richard Toll, L8 colonial administration, D8–D9, D25–D26 Rimmer, Douglas, K25 Communes, A21, D26, D32–D33, J12, P7 Rip, B48 as composite social contract, J24 roads corruption in, J14 Asante great roads, A8 Customs service, F32, L15–L16, L29, L37, P9 in colonial state building, D24 decentralizing reforms, L7, L32, N12–N13 in Gambia, E2–E3 development agenda in, J14, L6–L7 German Togo, C43 economic policies, L7, L20, L40–L41 Gold Coast, F37–F38, K12 education in, D25 hammock roads, C46 elites in, H17, P11 Robinson, Ronald, C1, C18 expenditure in, D24–D26, J11, J11 table Ross, Eric, L4 France, economic ties to, P12, P15 Rouen, C18 French military repression in, E17 Royal Navy, C4–C5 French neo-colonialism in, L5, L6–L7, L14 rubber trade, C17, C33, E13, F2 French take-over, C19 Rufisque, A21, D7 Gambia, border agreements with, L22, L32–L33 rural development projects, M13 Gambia, competition with, L2 Rwanda, A18–A19 Gambia, cross-border trade, L26–L27 Gambia, integration with, J16–J18, J19–J20, J24 S Gambian border incidents, L17 Saad Bou, Cheikh, G6–G7, G12 globalization, L42 Sabaji (Sukuta), B49 independence of, J11 Sabally, Illo, G22 infrastructure, D25, J3–J6, L42 sacred groves, B45, B48, G2 labour movement in, P15 Sahelian drought, L10 land policies, F17 Saint-Louis, A21, C5, C6, C7, C15, C16, D7, D9 Mauritania, relations with, L26 Saloum, F33, F34 migrants, competition for, F2–F4, F46, G14, G17 salt trade, B14, B15 migration in, L5, L33–L34 Sambou, Kejang, G23 military conscription, F13–F14, G6 Samory, F7 military repression in, L35 San Pedro (Allahein) river, C25 missionaries in, G3 Sandaga market, Dakar, L39 Muslim brotherhoods in, D9, L6 Sandugu, G7 national debt of, L20 Sané, Sokhna, F32 national self-sufficency policies, L8, L19–L20, L21 Sanneh clan, B35 parastatals in, L7–L8, L19–L20, P15 Sarakolle, G11 political liberalization, L21–L22 sardines, tinned, M23, M30, M31, M41, P2, P16, P18 political organizaion of, D7 Sarr, Assane, F16 post-independence crisis, L3 Sassen, Saskia, A34 press freedom in, L21–L22 Schlegel, Bernhard, E30 as productive social contract, D32–D33

19 Boundaries

Senegal (Continued) Shia border crossing, M40 public finances in, L32 shipping interests, D6 as quasi-democracy, L6 shoe trade, J20 religious authorities in, L4 Sierra Leone, C1 road building, J15 Sifoe, A40, B36, B37, G14, G18 table, N2–N3, N4 Senegambian union, P11 Sika, B44 slavery in, F33–F34 Silva, F.E., C29 smuggling, F28–F36, H10, L9, L15–L17, L27, L37, silver dollar, D28–D29 L38–L39 Simpson, W.H., C37, C38 social contracts in, J1, J12–J13, J14–J15, L40, L41, Sinclair, Sir George, K13 P12 Sindian, G14 state intervention in, L41 Sine-Saloum, F7, J20, L15, L36 student movement in, L5–L6, L20, P15 Sinou, Alain, C8 taxation in, D11, F11, G6, J13–J14, N4, P6 Sissala peoples, A15 textile industry, J9–J10 Sitwell, F.C., C29, E11 tourism in, L18, L34 Skinner, Kate, K7, K15, K30 traditional authorities in, F47, J21–J24 Slater, Sir Alexander Ransford, F22 urbanism, J14, L3–L5, L38 Slave Coast, B7, B15, B18 Vichy regime in, F14–F15, H5–H8, H10 slave trade Wolofization in, L34, L41, N13 and Agotime, B13–B14, E28 in World War II, H12, P11 end of, A16, C4–C5, C13 Senegal river, C13, C15, L8 naval campaign against, A16 Senegalese Progressive Union (UPS), L6 polities, creation of, B18, P2–P5 Senegambia slavery border dynamics in, N44–N45 islamicazation, role in, B51–B52 boundary agreements, J21–J22 legacies of, A11 community in, N13–N14 social change, as driver of, B53 customs regimes, F46 in social structures, B22 ethnicity in, N13–N14 as tribute, B18 frontier zones in, C53–C54 sleeping sickness, F21–F22 identity politics in, G41 Smend, Lt., C46, E33 Islamic networks in, G10, G12 Smith, K.G.S., J8, J15 migrants, competition for, P8 smuggling political elites, J1 in Agotime, A38–A39 reunification proposals, H17–H18, J16–J18, J19–J20 in borderland studies, A4 slaving frontiers in, P4 in colonial states, A22–A23, D38 trade networks in, J20–J21, L15–L17, L36–L37, L40, in French Togoland, D17–D18 L41, M46, N2, P4, P9, P17 in German Togo, C42 transport links, J4–J6 in permissive social contracts, L1 unification, proposals for, J3–J4, J6, J17, J24, L1, in post-colonial states, A33 P11–P12 in Senegal, L9 violence in, P8 in Senegambia, F28–F36, J17, J24–J25 Senegambian Confederation, L2, L24, L25–L26, L41 in trans-Volta, F38–F46 Senghor, Jeggan, J18 in World War II, H5–H6, H9, H10 Senghor, Léopold social contracts authoritarian tendecies, L5–L6 border dynamics, F48, H1, H4, P1, P10, P18 Casamance, attitude to, L31–L32 in borderlands, A33 federalism, H17 coercive, A30–A31, B19 France, relations with, J9 colonial, G6, M49 Muslim brotherhoods, J14 composite, J14, J24, L28, M18, P12, P13 opposition to, L4–L5 concept of, A29–A30 power struggles, J12 development, H12 retirement of, L20 micro-states in, P12 Senegambian unity, J1 military role in, M1 social contracts, J24 permissive, A32–A33, J25, K39, L1, L28, M18, M50 Senghore, George, J22 in post-independence states, P14 Serekunda, A41, L14, L15, L36, L41, M46, P17 productive, A31–A32, D32–D33, F16, K22, K28, M18, settlement, rites of, G16–G17 M49, M50, P12, P13 Seva, E42 repressive, L28 Seven-Year Plan, Ghana, K24 Société Commerciale Ouest Africaine (SCOA), D5, F45 Sevor, Agotime leader, E33 Société de Developpement des Fibres Textiles seyfos (seyflou) (SODEFITEX), L7 as administrators, J23–J24 soil exhaustion, L3 under British rule, E7–E10 Sokoto Caliphate, A19, A22, A32 as intelligence gatherers, J22 Songhor Lagoon, B8, B11, B15 in land settlements, D34, F18–F19, G16, P9 Soninke, B45, C17, G8 smuggling, F35 Soninke-Marabout wars, A40, B47–B49 Shalins, Peter, A7 Sonko, Lamine, E24 Shia, B24, C49, M47 Sonko, Malick, E23

20 Boundaries

Sorkpor, Matti, C45, C49, C51, E33–E34, E34–E35, Sylla, Fodé E38–E39 as corruptor of Islam, G5, G8 Southern Rhodesia, taxation in, D13 European perceptions of, C20–C21 Southern Togoland Council, K17 fall of, A40, C29–C32 Southorn, Thomas, F13 Franco-British border agreement, C22–C26 Special Military Tribunals, Ghana, M9 Jola, G11 spirit Kujube, failure at, B52–B53, G15 cults, B22, B45–B46, G2, G37 legacy of, B52, C32–C34, E12, E25 posession, B22 Mahfoudz, meeting with, G7–G8 shrines, A11, B31, B46–B47, G13 Narang, depopulation of, G16 spiritual power, B54, E15 plundering campaigns, B51–B52, C17, N5–N6 Springade Map, B20, G30, G31, G34, G37, G39–G40, rise of, B49–B50 N18, N27 rule, extent of, C54 St. Mary’s island. see Bathurst slavery, F33, P19 Standing Consultative Commission (SCC), Togoland, Syme, R.S., F31 K7 Standing Enlarged Consultative Commission (ECC), T Togoland, K7 Takla, B5, B7–B8, G32, G33 State Farms Corporation (SFC), Ghana, K24, M3, Takoradi, M39 M10–M13 talibés, G12, J12 State Fishing Corporation, Ghana, K24, M23 Tall, Moustapha, L38 State Gold Mining Corporation (SGMC), Ghana, K24 Tamba, E23 states. see also colonial states; post-colonial states Tambacounda, L36, L37 bifurcated, A12 Tanzania, K22, K27 definition of, A5–A6, A7–A9 Taviefe, B31, C36 empire states, A9–A10 tax bargains, A29–A30, J15 idea of, A8–A9, C4, M49 tax state, A6 imaginary, A8 taxation materiality of, A9 in colonial state making, A21–A22, C53, E5 power, limits of, L1 in development package, H16 statism in Ghana, K21 resistance to, E16 statistics, accuracy of, A2–A3 in state formation, A6–A7, A9 Stepputat, Finn, A25 teacher training, K12 Steyler mission, E31 Teh Doku III, Nene of Zukpe, G32, N24, N26 stool, fetish, B26–B27 Tema, F44, K13, K25, P14 stool land, F23–F24, F26, G29, K27 Ten-Year Development Plan, Gold Coast, K9, K12, Stool Land Boundaries Settlement Commission, N18– K14, K16 N19 Tendouk, G4 strange farmers territoriality, conceptions of, B55–B56 in Gambia, F4–F5, F9, F12, F30, J8, P8 Teshie, B10 in Senegal, F10–F11, F47 Tete, B15, B17 World War II in, F15, H5 textiles stranger tax, F11 in Ghana, M10 strangers in import/export trade, J9–J10 citizenship, G20 industry, P14 in colonial states, G1 parastatals, L7 land tenure, F26–F27 protectionism, L20 landlords, P19 smuggling, F38, J20, M17–M18, M31, M32–M33, landowners and, P17 M41–M42, M49, P16 strikes, H7 Thiès, L39 Structural Adjustment Thiès-Kayes railway, F11 definition of, L17–L18 Thiès-Niger railway, D14 in Ghana, M25, M37, M50, M51 Thionk-Essyl, E19 in Senegambia, L20–L21, L24, L41–L42 Third Development Plan, Senegal, L7–L8 trade networks, response to, P18 Third Republic, Ghana, M22 student movements, L5–L6, L20, M18, M20, P15 Thomson, Steven, N8 Subversion Decree, Ghana, M9 Thonning, Peter, B6, B12 sugar cane, L8 tiep bou dien, J10 sugar, smuggling of, L39, M30, M31–M32, P10 Tijani brotherhood, L30 Suhum, G36 Tilly, Charles, A7 Sukuta, E7, E9, J2 timber, smuggling of, M31, M32 Suleyman, B44 Tiobon, G4 Sulung Jatta, B49 Tivouane, G12 sunandiro, N2–N3 tobacco Sunu Gaal, L6 smuggling, F38, F40–F41, F43, F45, H12, J20, L16 Supreme Military Council (SMC I), M18 trade, F37, P10 Supreme Military Council (SMC II), M20 Todje, B28, B29 Swindell, Kenneth, D29, F19, F30, F47 Todze family, G34 Todzie, river, B12, G33, G38, K16, M42, N29, N30

21 Boundaries

Togo landholding, F16–F18, F27 Agotime settlements, A38 in post-colonial states, A28 Agotimes in, N38 taxation, J21–J22 allied invasion, C44 World War II, in, H5 army in, K36–K37 Tranquil, G18 table, G23–G24, L17, L37 austerity measures in, K32, M26 Trans-Gambian highway, J4–J5, J15, J16, J22 as barnacle state, M2, P16 trans-Volta bureacracy, K31, M16–M17 border dynamics in, P21 China, relations with, M39 Christian villages in, P19 customs reforms, M39 customs regimes, F46 democratization in, M26 drought in, H8 development in, K31 German take-over, C19 economy of, K31–K32, M2 identity in, G41 education in, K31 trade networks in, M40–M45, P17 as entrepôt state, K36, K38, M1, M14–M15, P14 unification proposals, P11 festivals, role in, N36 urbanism in, M46–M48 French alliance, K32 Trans-Volta Togoland (TVT) region, K8, K13, K15 Ghana border closure, K32–K33, K35, K36, L1, M25– transport in develoment package, H13 M26, N20–N21, P14 Trarza raiders, C15 Ghana, relations with, M25–M26 Travelling Commissioners, E5 independence of, K30–K31 Trawali. see Mansa Dambeld (Dambeli) infrastructure projects, M16–M17, M49, P16 Treaty of Association (Senegambia), J18 intimidation in, M16 tribal identity, K5 military rule in, M16 tributes in slaves, B18 as one-party state, M15–M16 Trusteeship agreements, K13 parastatals in, M18, M49 Trusteeship Council (UN), K2, K5 as permissive social contract, K39, L1, P16 Tsadide, Kofi, G33, G34 phosphate boom, L18, M14, M18, M49, M50, P16 Tsevié, E42 plebiscite of 1956, M19 Tukolor, G11 public goods in, M14 Ture family, E8, E25, G21 regional disparities, K31–K32 Ture, Nianko, G21 repression in, M26–M27, N41, P21 Turner, Frederick Jackson, A14 as repressive state, M50 Tuskegee Institute, C45 smuggling in, K34–K35, K39, P16 social contract in, K31, M15, M18, M50, N41, P16 U as Swiss state, K30–K31, K36, K38, M14, P14 Uganda, K27, P16 trade networks in, M17–M18 umma (community), B54, G20 traditional authorities in, K32, M15–M16, M50, N20, Union des Chefs et Populations du Nord-Togo (UCPN), N40, N42, N46 K8 unification issue, M19 Union des Groupements Economiques du Sénégal urbanism in, M40, M46–M48, M51 (UNIGES), L5–L6 in West African integration, M39 Union Government (Unigov), M20, M24 Togo beach, C36 Union Nationale des Commerçants et Industrels du Togoland Sénégal (UNACOIS), L42 economic union, K6 Union Nationale des Trevailleurs Sénégalais (UNTS), hill communities, B30 L5–L6 unification movement, K1, K2–K6, P12–P13 United Africa Company (UAC), D5, D11, F31, K33 Togoland Congress (TC), G33, K8–K9, K11, K13–K14, United Ghana Farmer’s Council (UGFC), K21, P14 K17, K30, K38, P13 United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), K9 Togoland Union (TU), K7–K8, K17 United Nations Tomani Bojang, Mansa, B49–B50 Administering Authorities, K5, K7 torture, L35 in Togo unification challenge, K20 Touba trusteeships, K2, K5 Darsilami, relations with, G15–G16, G17, G24 United Nations High Commission for Refugees as Narang village, A40 (UNHCR), N4 as trading hub, L15, L36, L37, L39, L41 United Party (UP), H18, L14, M3 urban growth, L3–L4, M46, P17 Upper Region Agricultural Development Project Touré, Ahmed Sekou, K27, L33 (URADEP), M12 tourism, L18, L27 urban planning, C8 tournée, E5, E6, E14, E22, E27, E42–E43 urbanism, L1, P12, P15, P17–P18 Tové, B24, C39, E30 USA, in contraband trade, C8–C9 Tové-Dzigbe model farm, C45 Utuka, Maj-Gen. Edward Kwaku, M9 tractors, M13 Trades Union Congress (TUC), Ghana, K21, K24, M7, V P14 Vakpo, A38 traditional authorities. see also chiefs Value-Added Tax (VAT), M38 in colonial states, A31, F47 Van Mook Report, J16–J17, J18, J19, P11 development package, H15 Van Vollenhoven, Joost, E20 Islamicization in Senegal, G4 Ve-Golokwati, K14

22 Boundaries

Velor, F34 European authority, undermining of, H12 Vichy regime, H4, P11 manpower demands, H1 villages trans-Volta, K4 citizenship in, G24 Wright, Donald, B39 foundation of, G17 Wulending, Queen of Karone, B38 intergration of settlers, G28 Wuli, Kindom of, C13 politics in, K15 Wumenu, G34, G37 violence in colonial states, A31 X control of, B18–B19 Xala (Film), L9 late nineteenth century, B1 in state making, P2–P3 Y Vlisco, M10 Yarbutenda, J5, L22 Volta Region Agricultural Development Project yard tax, D4, D19, D20, E7, F6, F47, G23–G24, P8 (VORADEP), M12 Yaw, Osekyere, B19 Volta Region Public Tribunal (VRPT), M27–M33, M35– Yewe, B27 M37 Yorubaland, A34 Volta Region, smuggling in, M23 Young, Crawford, A12–A13, A13–A14, C3 Volta river, E27, K2, K13 Yundum, B35 Volta River Project, H13, K9, K24, M19, P13 von Puttkamer, Jesko, E29 Z Voyi, G7, G8, G11 Zaire, M49 Ziguinchor, A41, B35, E21, E22, E24, L35, N9 W Zimbabwe, F41 Waalo, kingdom of, C15 Ziope, B5, C49, C50, F42 Wade, Abdoulaye, L6, L35, L40, L42, N4, N7 Zomayi, G33 Walkden, John, F42 zongo populations, G26, P20 Walther, Olivier, P18 warfare in colonial state making, C53 Washington, Booker T., C45 water supplies, Gold Coast, K12 Watts, Michael, F31 wax prints, M39, M41–M42, M49, N23, N41, P22 Waya stream, G37, N18 wealth in people, B18 Weatherburn, C.M., K17 Weber, Max, A25, A28 Welch, Claude, H18, J15 welfare in developmet package, H13–H14 Wenuam. see Afegame Wesseling, H.L., A17 West African Control Board (WACB), D29 West African Court of Appeal, E41, F20 West African Produce Control Board (WAPB), J8 West India and Guinea Company (Danish), B17 West Indian Regiment, C31 Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), A6 Whydah (Girefe), B15–B16 Wifeme clan, B10 Wilks, Ivor, A7, A30 Williams, C. Riby, C39 Windley, Sir Edward, J6 Wolof people, A21, A30, G11 Wolofization, L34, L41, N13, P21 women as captive wives, B22, B24, B26, B31 market women, M21, P16 (see also Nana Benz) in MFDC insurgency, N5 Workers Defence Committees (WDC), M24 World Bank, J13–J14, L11, L21, L24, M12, M18 World Customs Organization (WCO), M38 World Trade Organization (WTO), M38 World War I conscription in, D33 French administration, effect on, E16 Togo, invasion of, C44 World War II colonial states, impact on, H4–H5 conscription in, F13–F14

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