6th Grade Science Geology Unit Information

Milestones Domain/Weight: Geology 40%

Purpose/Goal(s): Students studying Geology in Grade 6 will investigate how Earth’s surface is formed, describe processes that change Earth, and explain the physical effects of these processes. Grade 6 students should be able to compare the physical and chemical composition of the crust, mantle, and core. They should describe the formation of rocks and fossils and the composition of soil. They should also explain how human activity causes erosion and describe methods of conservation.

Content Map: Geology Content Map

Geology Study/Resource Guide

Content from Frameworks: Geology Content from the Frameworks

Prerequisites: Elementary Standards for Geology

Unit Length: Geology Concepts 1-3 approximately 22 days [Geology 1 Test] Geology Concept 4 approximately 14 days [Geology 2 Test] Geology Concept 4 approximately 17 days [Geology 3 Test]

Geology 1 Unit Test Study Guide | Geology 1 Unit Test Study Guide KEY

Geology 2 Unit Test Study Guide | Geology 2 Unit Test Study Guide KEY

Geology 3 Unit Test Study Guide | Geology 3 Unit Test Study Guide KEY

Click on the links below for resources by Essential Question:

EQ 1: How are layers of the Earth different from one another?

EQ 2: How does the constant movement of lithospheric plates cause major geological events on the earth’s surface?

EQ 3: How is the ocean floor like the surface of the Earth?

EQ 4: What is the composition of rocks and how are they formed?

EQ 5: How do fossils show evidence of the changing surface and climate of the Earth?

EQ 6: How do changes in the Earth’s surface occur over time?

EQ 7: How is soil formed?

EQ 8: How does human activity affect the Earth’s surface? TCSS 6th Science Geology Unit

Standard(s) and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Essential Question The resources below are set up in a model lesson format. The ppt . S6E5a. Sample Essential* Standard(s): provides guidance for the entire lesson including activating, teaching Assessment Items Core and summarizing strategies. The activities listed below the ppt are used . S6E5a. GOFAR CR Mantle S6E5a. Compare and during the lesson and are identified in the ppt for use where they are Layers of the Earth Crust contrast the Earth’s crust, most likely appropriate. The resources can be used as an entire lesson Density mantle, and core including or pulled out for use separately. Temperature temperature, density, and Composition composition. . Layers of the Earth ppt

. Layers of the Earth Foldable Supplemental** 1. How are layers of the . Earth Cross Section Diagram | Layers of the Earth Blank Diagrams dense Earth different from one [use these for formative assessment or quizzes] magma another? (temperature, . Layers of the Earth Slipcover Review – Put unlabeled earth molten density, composition) diagrams in clear slipcovers. Give each student a slipcover, vis-à-vis metallic or expo marker, and paper towel (a sock is also good and cheaper). geologic Textbook page 280,309 Call out layers and have students mark the layer and hold up their hot spots slipcover when instructed. lithosphere . Layers of the Earth Review radioactive decay . Layers of the Earth Summarizer convection currents . Differentiation – after completing the Layers of the Earth lithospheric plates Summarizer, place students in one of three differentiated groups. uranium (inner core) Students may be placed in groups of 2-3 to complete the activities. geothermal energy o Level 1 – Layers of the Earth Flashcards [could be used to asthenosphere play Kaboom or another game] oceanic crust o Level 2 – Layers of the Earth Tic-Tac-Toe continental crust o Level 3 – Layers of the Earth Cube Review

o Layers of the Earth Differentiated Task *Essential Vocabulary . Additional Models and Organizers listed in the Standards o Earth’s Structure Model

o Layers of the Earth Circle Model **Supplemental o http://www.education.com/science-fair/article/earth-layers- Vocabulary listed in chemical-physical-properties/ the state frameworks o Edible Models – If you do an edible model, be sure to have and/or other state the students compare the layers in regards to temperature, document pressure, and density as a review. . Candy Earth Model . Eating Earth’s Layers . Songs about Layers of the Earth o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiHRI_Z2Kgs [linked in

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Standard(s) and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Essential Question ppt] o Layers of the Earth Educational Rap with Images | Layers of the Earth Educational Rap | Lyrics . Internet Resources o Annenberg Learning: Interactives Dynamic Earth [linked in ppt]

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Standard(s) and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Essential Question . Activator – Watch Ice Age: Scrat Continental Crack Up video clip . S6E5e. Sample Essential* Standard(s): and have students either answer individually or with a partner the Assessment Items Geological following questions: (1) Which part(s) of Scrat’s adventure is . S6E5e. GOFAR Lithospheric plates S6E5e. Recognize that accurate? (2) Which part(s) of Scrat’s adventure is not accurate? CR Mountains lithospheric plates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zocutif0cQY . S6E5e. GOFAR Supplemental** constantly move and cause . Geological Events ppt CR Tectonic Plate Fault major geological events on . Geological Events Notes – the ppt contains slides at the end of Boundaries Rifting the earth’s surface. each type of boundary that illustrates how the diagrams should be . Volcanoes completed on the notes chart Normal Fault 2. How does the constant . Pangea Flipbook – only shows that the continents changed; it does Subduction movement of lithospheric not show evidence Fold plates cause major . Continental Drift Evidence – Select one of the following or Pangaea geological events on the differentiate by giving higher groups the mystery and the lower Transform earth’s surface? groups one of the maps Divergent o Continental Drift Mystery Earthquakes Textbook page 280-345 o Puzzling Continental Drift Evidence Convergent o Continental Drift Continents Map Reverse fault . Age of Ocean Crust Activity Plate tectonics . Seafloor Spreading Activities – select one Plate boundary o A Model of Seafloor Spreading – paper version Strike-slip fault o Seafloor Spreading Desk Model Mountain building o http://www.education.com/science-fair/article/plate-tectonics- Seafloor spreading floating-crustal-sections/ Hydrothermal vent o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGi1h0qvMX4 Mid-ocean ridge . Plate Boundary Analysis Activity Convection currents . Simple Convergent Boundary Models or Demonstrations

o Give students or groups of students Aluminum Foil square *Essential Vocabulary approximately 20 cm X 20 cm. Students should draw a line listed in the Standards down the center of the aluminum foil square with a marker.

This line is the imaginary plate boundary. Students place their **Supplemental hands side by side on the aluminum foil with the line, or Vocabulary listed in the boundary, running between them. Students push their hands state frameworks and/or slowly toward each other while observing what occurs at the other state document plate boundary. o http://thehomeschoolden.blogspot.com/2011/02/earth-science- how-fold-mountains-are.html . Plate Boundary Activities – all activities are not necessary. Possibly select two activities and use others for reinforcement or

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Standard(s) and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Essential Question extension. o Push Those Plates Activity or similar activity | Graham Cracker Earthquake (additional ideas and explanations for using the graham crackers) o Milky Way Plate Tectonics o Oreo Plate Tectonics o Peanut Butter Ridge o Plate Boundary Cootie Catcher o Plate Tectonics Vocabulary Match o Meet the Boundary Activity o Types of Plate Boundaries Map Identification – more for extension o Colliding Plates Inquiry Task . Earthquake Activities o Earthquakes: They’re Definitely Not Your FAULT! Demonstration o Model of Three Faults Activity – Students do not have to know the different types of faults. Use the activity to demonstrate the effects of the different directions of movement o http://thehomeschoolden.blogspot.com/2011/02/earth-science- plate-movement.html o Use a sponge to demonstrate the how the earth’s surface bends under stress. Use the link to help structure the quick activity, but do not require students to know the different types of stress on rocks that cause earthquakes. http://www.education.com/science-fair/article/crustal-bending/ o My Teacher Caused an Earthquake – conduct in a location other than the classroom that has been pre-approved . Geological Events Formative Assessment [covers earthquakes and volcanoes] . Geological Events Summarizer/Formative Assessment . Differentiation – Use the summarizer as the formative assessment component to determine differentiated groups. These are possible tasks for each level if they have not already been used. o Level 1 – Geological Event Review Cards o Level 2 – Types of Plate Boundaries Map Identification A o Level 3 - Types of Plate Boundaries Map Identification B . Videos

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Standard(s) and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Essential Question o http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/greatest- discoveries/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-continental-drift/ [linked in ppt] o http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/greatest- discoveries/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-sea-floor- spreading/ [linked in ppt] o Short summary of divergent and convergent o Crust in Pieces Song [linked in ppt] o Plate Tectonics Song [linked in ppt] o How the Earth is Changing o Volcanoes . How Volcanoes Formed [linked in ppt] 4:48 . Ring of Fire Eruption Song [linked in ppt] o Earthquakes . Earthquake is like a drip of water video . It’s An Earthquake Song o Tsunami . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NfKZAiWRoE [1:01] . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPQ5iTcnXW0 [14:49] This video is not necessary if you play the other video. It just shows a longer time period of the water receding and then slowly coming back until the larger waves come in flooding the area. . Crust Rolls Up Tsunami Song [linked in ppt] . Online Animations/Resources o http://www.geo.cornell.edu/hawaii/220/PRI/continental_puzzle. html - Try to reconstruct Pangea o Processes that occur along plate boundaries [linked individually in ppt] o Convergent: . http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/conten t/visualizations/es1105/es1105page01.cfm?chapter_no=vis ualization [Formation of the Himalayan Mountains linked in ppt] o Formation of Volcanic Islands over a hot spot [linked in ppt] o Earthquakes and Faults [linked in ppt] . Savage Earth Animations . Faults: Students do not have to identify the different faults

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Standard(s) and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Essential Question this is just for illustration http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/conten t/visualizations/es1103/es1103page01.cfm?chapter_no=vis ualization [linked in ppt] o Tsunami: . http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/tsunami/index_hig h.jsp?id=intro . http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/tsunami_story.html [click on the picture for animation; embedded in ppt] o Earthquakes & Tsunamis Webquest

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Standard(s) and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Essential Question . Seafloor Features . S6E3c. Sample Essential* Standard: . Seafloor Foldable Notes [optional] Assessment Items Subsurface . Seafloor Vocabulary Flashcards . S6E3c. GOFAR Topography S6E3c. Describe the . The Ocean Floor Revealed [1:51] CR World Ocean composition, location, and . S6E3c. GOFAR Supplemental** subsurface topography CR Ocean Floor Trench of the world’s oceans. Plains

Valleys 3. How is the ocean floor Geysers like the surface of the Seamounts Earth? Mountains

Abyssal plain Textbook page 542-548 Continental slope Subduction zone Mid-ocean ridge Continental plain Continental shelf Hydrothermal vents

*Essential Vocabulary listed in the Standards

**Supplemental Vocabulary listed in the state frameworks and/or other state document

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Standard(s) and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Essential Question . Minerals and Rocks ppt . GOFAR CR Essential* Standard(s): . Rocks Graphic Organizer - to take notes during ppt Minerals and Rock Rocks . Mineral Resources . GOFAR CR Rock Mineral S6E5b. Investigate the o Designing Minerals with Legos Formation Formation contribution of minerals to o Mineral Mania Web Hunt . GOFAR CR Rock Composition rock composition. o Bicycle Minerals | Bicycle Minerals Key Cycle

o Cell Phone Minerals | Cell Phone Minerals Key . GOFAR CR Rock Supplemental** S6E5c. Classify rocks by o Soccer Minerals | Soccer Minerals Key Cycle 2 Igneous their process of formation. o Television Minerals | Television Minerals Key . GOFAR CR PB&J Sedimentary (Sediment) . Mineral Identification Activity – This optional activity will vary from Rock Model Metamorphic S6E5d. Describe school to school depending on resources; therefore, there are no . S6E5b. Sample Rock Cycle processes that change specific directions. Sample Mineral Identification Activity | Assessment Items Magma rocks and the surface of Sample Mineral Identification Activity 2 . S6E5c. Sample Hardness the Earth. . Another option is to take students to the computer lab and do a Assessment Items Texture virtual mineral identification lab such as K12 Virtual Labs: Rocks . S6E5d. Sample Compacted 4. What is the composition and Minerals [have students View Walk-through first] *Note: Assessment Items Foliation of rocks and how are they Based on state documentation, students do not have to know Cemented formed? specifics on minerals. The standard is about the contribution of Lithification minerals to rock composition. Therefore, if you do a mineral Volcanic ash Textbook page 63-109 identification lab, focus on just the main tests such as hardness, Organic matter streak, luster, cleavage/fracture, etc. Fine-grained . Demonstrating Folds in Metamorphic Rocks | Hotwire High Jinks Coarse-grained Demonstration (rocks changing due to heat, pressure, and Chemical compound folding) Metamorphism . Types of Rock Sorting Activity Crystallizes . Rock Cycle Label – the students will follow along with the Recrystallized teacher and the ppt to complete the rock cycle Glassy . Locating the Types of Rock on Earth handout Silicate . Weathering & Erosion Summary Handout – this is intended to

provide a short summary for students on weathering and erosion. *Essential Vocabulary These concepts will be taught in-depth later in the unit. However, listed in the Standards to understand the rock cycle, students need a basic

understanding of the concepts. **Supplemental . Rock Cycle Activities – possible activities, but all of the activities Vocabulary listed in the are not necessary state frameworks and/or o Ride the Rock Cycle (Journey on the Rock Cycle) other state document o Rock Cycle Shuffle o Rock Cycle Formative Assessment

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Standard(s) and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Essential Question o Sugar Rock Cycle o Rock Wheel Cycle o Crayon Rock Cycle o Rock Cycle Roundabout o Rock Cycle Vocabulary from http://mjksciteachingideas.com/rocks.html . Rocks Summarizer . Videos and Online Resources o Minerals . A Brief Introduction to Minerals [10:21] . Minerals Song o Igneous Rock . How do Igneous Rock Form? Animation [linked in ppt] . Igneous Rocks [4:15] o Metamorphic Rock . Animation of Metamorphic Rocks Forming o Rock Cycle . Study Jams: Rock Cycle . Mr. Parr’s Rock Cycle Song [linked in ppt] . Mr. Lee’s Rock Cycle Rap . Rock Cycle Animation . Rock Cycle Animation from Prentice Hall [linked in ppt] . Annenberg Interactive Rock Cycle . Interactive Rock Cycle Animation from McDougal Littell . Rocks from BBC

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Essential Question and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Standard(s) . http://www.parents.com/blogs/homeschool-den/category/earth- . GOFAR CR Fossils Essential* Standard: science-unit/

. My Dirty Laundry Relates to Geology? Analogy

S6E5g. Describe how . Examining Fossil Formation Lab fossils show evidence of . Fossil Inferences Activity | Fossil Inferences Activity PPT Supplemental** the changing surface and . Geologic Time Spiral climate of the Earth.

*Essential Vocabulary 5. How do fossils show listed in the Standards evidence of the changing surface and climate of the **Supplemental Earth? Vocabulary listed in the

state frameworks and/or Textbook page 362-375 other state document

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Essential Question and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Standard(s) . Activator on first slide: Watch the next few slides. When the . GOFAR CR Essential* Standard: slides stop transitioning get with an elbow partner to discuss Weathering, Erosion Gravity the events that caused the formation of the beautiful features. Erosion, Deposition S6E5f. Explain the effects of Deposition Be as specific as possible. [the slides are automatically timed physical processes (plate to transition for the activator and will stop on the last slide of tectonics, erosion, deposition, Supplemental** the activator] volcanic eruption, gravity) on “Agents of erosion” . Weathering and Erosion ppt [Note: although the ppt and geological features including Exfoliation notes include specific names of weathering examples, it is oceans (composition, currents Frost wedging more important for students to identify the processes as and tides). Weathering either an example of mechanical or chemical weathering. Do Dissolution not stress over them knowing the names exfoliation, 6. How do changes in the Hydrolysis dissolution, hydrolysis, or oxidation. These processes are Earth’s surface occur over Oxidation included in the state frameworks but not listed specifically in time? Thermal expansion the standard. The student should use these processes to Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering identify the type of weathering.] Textbook page 180-241 Physical (Mechanical) . Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Foldable – if space or Weathering time allows, you may want to have students draw images for the concepts on their foldable. It could possibly go on the top *Essential Vocabulary flap that opens. listed in the Standards . Weathering Activities o Weathering Sort **Supplemental o Weathering Gallery Walk Vocabulary listed in the o Modeling the Effect of Ice on Rock state frameworks and/or o Salt and Chalk Lab other state document o Weathering a Snickers | Erosion and Weathering in my Mouth o Other demonstrations or lab stations: . If you can get samples of limestone rock, have students use droppers to pour vinegar on the rock to demonstrate chemical weathering . Chalk can be used to demonstrate physical and chemical weathering. Students can take two pieces of chalk and rub them or make them collide to observe physical weathering. Then, students can place a piece of chalk in a small, clear cup and add drops of vinegar to demonstrate chemical weathering. . Use sandpaper to rub rock for physical weathering

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Essential Question and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Standard(s) . You Crack Me Up! . Weathering and Erosion Formative Assessment . Activities o Weathering, Erosion, Deposition Cards o Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Journey o What is It? Weathering, Erosion, or Deposition o Changing Mountains Constructed Response o Providence Canyon Tiered Task o A Glacier in a Milk Jug Demonstration . Videos: o Weathering and erosion - Freeze thaw weathering [1:20 linked in ppt] o Rock Meets Lichen [2:06 linked in ppt] o Chemical Weathering Feldspar into Clay [28 sec] o Mechanical and Chemical Weathering: Breaking or Baking? [2:50 linked in ppt] o Erosion Lab [8:17] video shows several labs on erosion that can be done as a demonstration, in stations or groups, or shown in place of doing the lab if time and resources are limited o Study Jams: Weathering and Erosion o Bill Nye the Science Guy: Erosion [32:33] o Weathering and Erosion Song [3:02] . Online Resources o Animation of Chemical Weathering [linked in ppt] o Animation of sediments being eroded by Classzone [linked in ppt] o Animation of erosion by a waterfall [linked in ppt] o Animation of the formation of an arch [linked in ppt] o Images of Erosion from Classzone o Images of how Glaciers erode rock [linked in ppt] o Images of Wave Erosion [linked in ppt] o Animation of Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition – click on the arrows on the left for each animation o Sediments being deposited by Classzone [linked in ppt] o Animation of the formation of a sand dune [linked in ppt]

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Essential Question and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Standard(s) . Soil ppt . S6E5h. GOFAR Constructed Essential* Standard: . Soil Notes Response Soil Soil . Soil Summarizer Weathered rocks S6E5h. Describe soil as . Activities Decomposed consisting of weathered o What is in our Soil? Activity [from Organic material rocks and decomposed state frameworks] organic material. o Cup of Soil Recipe – have students Supplemental** make a recipe for soil Humus 7. How is soil formed? . Videos Horizon o The Living Soil [9:24] Fertile Textbook page 188-194 . Online Resource

o Discovery Channel: The Dirt on Soil *Essential Vocabulary listed in the Standards

**Supplemental Vocabulary listed in the state frameworks and/or other state document

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Essential Question and Vocabulary Resources [Back to Top] Assessment Standard(s) . Human Impact ppt . Essential* Standard(s): . Human Impact Graphic Organizer Air . Demonstrations Soil S6E5i. Explain the effects o Runoff – pour water over a smooth surface to Water of human activity on the demonstrate how it flows quickly then demonstrate Erosion erosion of the earth’s again with a rough surface to slow down the runoff Conserving/Conservation surface. o Soil Cover Experiment – image of a possible

experiment on soil cover and water quality Supplemental** S6E5j. Describe methods . Soil Erosion Formative Assessment Pollutants Wetlands for conserving natural . Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Chart – allow students to Reduce Pesticides resources such as water, complete this individually or in pairs Reuse Fertilizers soil, and air. . Effects of Stream Pollution, in a Jar Recycle Overgrazing . Human Impact Summarizer Runoff Terracing 8. How does human . Videos Contour plowing Wind break activity affect the Earth’s o Water Pollution [3:19] Strip planting Mulching surface? o Water Conservation Tips [3:18] No-till farming Emissions o Nature is Speaking [1:28] linked in ppt Crop rotation Acid rain Textbook page 196-200 o Explore More: Water Quality [29:11] Cover crop Ozone layer o Fifteen to River: Explaining Storm Water Runoff Greenhouse gases [1:49] Greenhouse effect o Nature is Speaking: I am Soil [1:25] CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) o The Greenhouse Effect [1:55] linked in ppt

o Global Warming Song [4:01] linked in ppt *Essential Vocabulary listed in the o Air Pollution Causes, Effects, and Solutions [9:24] Standards linked in ppt

o Reduce, Reuse, Recycle [1:37] **Supplemental Vocabulary listed o Bill Nye The Science Guy Pollution Solutions [23:02] in the state frameworks and/or . Online Resources other state document o http://www3.epa.gov/recyclecity/house.htm [linked in ppt] Click on various parts of the house to see how it can be reduced, reused, or recycled | Biology Corner Recycle City Worksheet . Sample GOFAR Question: Erosion of topsoil is a problem in many places. In some crop fields the plant material is left in the soil after harvest. Explain why having plant material in fields helps to prevent erosion. Exemplar

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