Earth’s Structure & History E.8.9A: Physical & Chemical interactions among rocks, sediments, water, air, & organisms produce soil. Water’s movement both on the land & underground cause weathering & erosion. These processes are driven by the Sun’s energy.

Weathering, Erosion, & Soil Formation E.8.9A.6 Design and conduct investigations to evaluate the chemical and physical processes involved in the formation of soils.

Energy is required to ______Earth’s surface  Energy from the ______helps drive the processes that can change Earth’s surface over time

Topography of Earth  ______is the layout of the natural ______of Earth • Like in plate tectonics the Topography of earth can be changed by building new features or destroying existing features. Destructive Processes Constructive Processes destroy or ______down existing geological features create or ______new geological features on Earth’s surface

Examples: ______Example: ______

• Some processes are ______constructive & destructive - Example: ______

______• Process by which rocks at Earth’s surface are ______into smaller pieces called ______due to exposure of elements in nature • Caused by: ______• 2 Types of Weathering: Mechanical/______weathering & Chemical Weathering

Mechanical Weathering - A physical process that ______rock ______into ______pieces that have the same makeup and characteristics as the original rock  (___change in composition)

Examples of Mechanical Weathering Ice Wedging Abrasion  Process in which water ______in the  The ______of rocks from the collision of other ______of rock and wedges (pushes) it material on the rock apart because water ______when it o Usually caused by ______in Wind, Water, and freezes. Glaciers or other rocks Plant Wedging  ______abrasion: sandblasting effect on stationary  Plant _____ grow into holes and cracks that rocks that ______a rock over time exert ______on rocks. The pressure  ______Abrasion: moving water and/or sediments flow ______gaps and cracks until large sections over rocks smoothing them or ______them down to smaller of the rock ______apart. pieces  Glaciers can carve ______(grooves) into rocks Animals burrow & dig ______breaking up rocks

______Weathering: The breakdown or decomposition of rock that occurs when minerals are ______into different ______• (change in composition) • All rocks are made up of ______. The elements in these minerals can ______with substances around them and ______the chemical makeup of the mineral • Chemical weathering is more common in ______, humid areas than in dry ones, because moisture is an important component of many types of chemical weathering • 3 examples are: oxidation, carbonation, & hydrolysis Examples of Chemical Weathering • The ______between rocks and oxygen is known as oxidation. • When elements or compounds in rocks react with ______and water, they form substances Oxidation called oxides. • Oxidation of minerals with iron results in the formation of ______or iron oxide giving rocks a ______color • When carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid o Carbonic Acid in water ______calcite rocks that can hollow out underground caverns and caves . When the space underground gets too big, the land at the surface can collapse, Carbonation forming a ______• ______(carbonic acid): Forms when pollutants in the air chemically react with rain and causes weathering that destroys statues and tombstones o Ex: Marble and Limestone • When water chemically bonds with rock minerals, generally producing a ______material. Hydrolysis • Example: Water dissolves ions in the feldspar, a mineral often found in granite. These ions react with the water to form ______minerals.

3 Factors that affect the Rate of Weathering Rock type Some ______are more ______than others For example, ______is more resistant (harder) than ______

Surface Area The ______the surface area of the rock exposed, the ______the weathering rate

Climate Climate is the long-term pattern of ______and temperature in a large area • Climate affects both types of weathering • Chemical weathering occurs more rapidly in ______, wet climates. • The higher the temperatures the ______the chemical reactions in water take place • Mechanical weathering is often rapid in ______climates that have frequent ______and thawing or areas with lots of water & high winds

What happens to the newly formed sediments created from weathering?

______is the ______and ______of weathered materials by natural agents such as… 4 Agents of Erosion Glaciers • Mass of ______that moves under its own weight • Glaciers can leave behind large ______that are known as an ______• Glaciers can move lots of sediment that can carve ______(grooves) into rocks Gravity-Mass • The ______transportation of weathered materials by gravity in large masses Movement Water • Streams and rivers have running water that moves sediment from one location to another • The crashing of ______on a shoreline combined with ______continually shape the beach. Wind • Wind moves sand ______at the beach and in the deserts. • Wind can carve out landscapes as it carries ______Many storms combine ______and ______to cause significant erosion on landforms. Strong winds are capable of ______large amounts of sediment

______: The process of dropping or ______soil and ______.

______: Process of deposition of a solid material from a state of suspension or solution in a fluid (usually air or ______). • Once the sediments are deposited It can become ______!

SOIL FORMATION Soil is a mixture of ______minerals, water, air and organic matter that formed from ______remains of plants and animals and waste produced by living things.

Soil is important . Plants extract water and ______from soil and use soil to anchor themselves. . Organisms such as bacteria, fungi and animals ______in soil. . Soil helps cycle nutrients and substances, such as carbon and nitrogen, in the environment. . Water precipitates to the ground and ______along Earth’s surface. . Water seeps into the ground to form ______. Soil ______and cleans the water. 5 Factors that influence Soil Formation • For soil to form there must first be parent material Parent • Over time, parent material also known as bedrock is ______into small particles to form soil. Material . ______is solid rock & minerals that covers Earth and becomes exposed when overlying

soil or rock ______. Time • More exposure time leads to ______weathering. • Biota is all the ______organisms in a region. • Organisms help ______up the process of soil formation by breaking down large soil particles into smaller ones • ______begin to ______, and other organisms move ______in the newly weathered material • Living things known as ______help break down dead organisms into organic matter. • ______is the process of breaking down once living material into a dark colored organic matter

Biota *Organisms

• ______and ______influence the speed of chemical reactions, which in turn, control ______rocks weather and dead organisms decompose. • Increased ______and ______temperature causes faster weathering, which leads to Climate faster soil formation • Soils develops ______in warm, moist climates, and ______in cold and arid ones.

• The ______of the land and the ______it faces makes a difference in how much sunlight Topography/ the soil gets and how much ______it keeps. Relief

LAYERS OF SOIL  Most people think soil is just the “dirt” that covers the very top of the ground.  Soil is actually made of ______. We call these layers horizons.  ______are soil layers with ______properties that are ______from adjacent layers There are 5 major horizons of soil The ______layer of soil is called the O horizon. mostly made of leaf litter and decomposed ______matter. The decomposed organic matter is called ______. O Horizon ◦ Humus is the Dark ______matter in soil that is rich in nutrients. A Horizon The second layer is called the A horizon or ______. This layer is made of mineral and rock particles mixed with ______. ◦ This is the primary layer where plant ______grow and ______live. B Horizon The third layer is called the B horizon or subsoil. This layer is mostly made of _____ and ______deposits and helps filters water. ◦ When the water moves through the subsoil, minerals are left behind in a process called ______. Leaching: The ______of ______or ______in soil as C Horizon ______through the layers. This process is an important part of the hydrological cycle

4th layer is made of slightly broken up or ______rock. The rock in this layer is the ______to soil. ◦ ______in this layer

R Horizon BEDROCK

SOIL TEXTURE  Soil takes on the characteristics of the parent material  Characteristics of soil include density, color, consistency, texture, and porosity.  Texture ______on the ______of the particles within the soil.  Texture determines the ______of soil SOIL TEXTURE There are three soil textures that affect the leaching process: 1. ______: most porous 2. ______: medium porous *best for crops 3. ______: least porous