DOCSLIB.ORG

Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 106 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Congressional Record United States Th of America PROCEEDINGS and DEBATES of the 106 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 106 CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION Vol. 146 WASHINGTON, TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 22, 2000 No. 16 House of Representatives The House was not in session today. Its next meeting will be held on Tuesday, February 29, 2000, at 12:30 p.m. Senate TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 22, 2000 The Senate met at 11 a.m. and was lic for which it stands, one nation under God, And now to the address proper. called to order by the President pro indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Mr. MOYNIHAN, at the rostrum, read tempore [Mr. THURMOND]. f the Farewell Address, as follows: RECOGNITION OF SENATOR To the people of the United States: PRAYER FRIENDS AND FELLOW CITIZENS: The MOYNIHAN The Chaplain, Dr. Lloyd John period for a new election of a citizen to Ogilvie, offered the following prayer: The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. administer the executive government Today, on George Washington’s ENZI). Under the order of January 26, of the United States being not far dis- birthday, it seems appropriate to re- 2000, the Senator from New York, Mr. tant, and the time actually arrived peat a prayer that he prayed for the MOYNIHAN, will now read Washington’s when your thoughts must be employed Nation exactly as it is reproduced on Farewell Address. in designating the person who is to be the wall of the chapel at Valley Forge. The Senator from New York. clothed with that important trust, it Let us pray. f appears to me proper, especially as it ‘‘Almighty God: We make our earnest READING OF WASHINGTON’S may conduce to a more distinct expres- prayer that Thou would keep the FAREWELL ADDRESS sion of the public voice, that I should United States in Thy holy protection; now apprise you of the resolution I that Thou will incline the hearts of the Mr. MOYNIHAN. Mr. President and have formed, to decline being consid- citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordi- my revered mentor, the Senior Senator ered among the number of those out of nation and obedience to the govern- from West Virginia, in his life, George whom a choice is to be made. ment, and entertain a brotherly affec- Washington did two things without I beg you at the same time to do me tion and love for one another and for equal in the history of Government. the justice to be assured, that this res- their fellow citizens of the United The American Colonies having re- olution has not been taken without States at large. And, finally, that Thou volted against the rule of King George strict regard to all the considerations would most graciously be pleased to III, Washington assumed command of a appertaining to the relation which dispose us all to do justice, to love makeshift army and in 6 years fought binds a dutiful citizen to his country— mercy, and to demean ourselves with his way to victory, whereupon he re- and that, in withdrawing the tender of that charity, humility, and pacific signed as Commander in Chief and service which silence in my situation temper of mind which were the charac- turned over the army to the civil au- might imply, I am influenced by no teristics of the Divine Author of our thorities, such as they were. Fourteen diminution of zeal for your future in- blessed religion and, without a humble years later, having served two terms as terest, no deficiency of grateful respect imitation of whose example in these President of a new Government, he an- for your past kindness, but am sup- things, we can never hope to be a nounced he would retire, although his ported by a full conviction that the happy nation. Grant our supplication, reelection was not in doubt. These two step is compatible with both. we beseech Thee, through Jesus Christ actions, said George III, ‘‘placed him in The acceptance of, and continuance our Lord. Amen.’’ a light the most distinguished of any hitherto in the office to which your man living, the greatest character of suffrages have twice called me have f the age’’—looking back, we might say been a uniform sacrifice of inclination PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE ‘‘the greatest character of the ages’’— to the opinion of duty, and to a def- The Honorable MIKE ENZI, a Sen- for these two actions laid the founda- erence for what appeared to be your de- ator from the State of Wyoming, led tions of republicanism which in his sire. I constantly hoped that it would the Pledge of Allegiance, as follows. Farewell Address he presciently fore- have been much earlier in my power, I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the saw and fervently predicted would consistently with motives which I was United States of America, and to the Repub- strengthen and grow across the world. not at liberty to disregard, to return to ∑ This ‘‘bullet’’ symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor. S649 . VerDate Mar 15 2010 23:28 Dec 04, 2013 Jkt 081600 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4637 Sfmt 0634 E:\2000SENATE\S22FE0.REC S22FE0 mmaher on DSKCGSP4G1 with SOCIALSECURITY S650 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE February 22, 2000 that retirement from which I had been union and brotherly affection may be birth or choice of a common country, reluctantly drawn. The strength of my perpetual; that the free constitution, that country has a right to concentrate inclination to do this, previous to the which is the work of your hands, may your affections. The name of American, last election, had even led to the prepa- be sacredly maintained; that its admin- which belongs to you in your national ration of an address to declare it to istration in every department may be capacity, must always exalt the just you; but mature reflection on the then stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, pride of patriotism more than any ap- perplexed and critical posture of our in fine, the happiness of the people of pellation derived from local discrimi- affairs with foreign nations, and the these states, under the auspices of lib- nations. With slight shades of dif- unanimous advice of persons entitled erty, may be made complete by so care- ference, you have the same religion, to my confidence, impelled me to aban- ful a preservation and so prudent a use manners, habits, and political prin- don the idea. of this blessing as will acquire to them ciples. You have in a common cause I rejoice that the state of your con- the glory of recommending it to the ap- fought and triumphed together. The cerns external as well as internal, no plause, the affection, and adoption of independence and liberty you possess, longer renders the pursuit of inclina- every nation which is yet a stranger to are the work of joint councils and joint tion incompatible with the sentiment it. efforts—of common dangers, sufferings of duty or propriety; and am persuaded, Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a and successes. whatever partiality may be retained solicitude for your welfare, which can- But these considerations, however for my services, that in the present cir- not end but with my life, and the ap- powerfully they address themselves to cumstances of our country you will not prehension of danger natural to that your sensibility, are greatly out- disapprove my determination to retire. solicitude, urge me on an occasion like weighed by those which apply more im- The impressions with which I first the present to offer to your solemn mediately to your interest. Here every undertook the arduous trust were ex- contemplation, and to recommend to portion of our country finds the most plained on the proper occasion. In the your frequent review, some sentiments commanding motives for carefully discharge of this trust, I will only say which are the result of much reflec- guarding and preserving the Union of that I have, with good intentions, con- tion, of no inconsiderable observation, the whole. tributed towards the organization and and which appear to me all important The North, in an unrestrained inter- administration of the government the to the permanency of your felicity as a course with the South, protected by the best exertions of which a very fallible people. These will be offered to you equal laws of a common government, judgment was capable. Not unconscious with the more freedom as you can only finds in the productions of the latter, in the outset of the inferiority of my see in them the disinterested warnings great additional resources of maritime qualifications, experience, in my own of a parting friend, who can possibly and commercial enterprise, and pre- eyes, perhaps still more in the eyes of have no personal motive to bias his cious materials of manufacturing in- others, has strengthened the motives counsel. Nor can I forget, as an encour- dustry. The South, in the same inter- to diffidence of myself; and, every day, agement to it, your indulgent recep- course, benefiting by the same agency the increasing weight of years admon- tion of my sentiments on a former and of the North, sees its agriculture grow ishes me more and more that the shade not dissimilar occasion. and its commerce expand. Turning Interwoven as is the love of liberty of retirement is as necessary to me as partly into its own channels the sea- with every ligament of your hearts, no it will be welcome. Satisfied that if men of the North, it finds its particular recommendation of mine is necessary any circumstances have given peculiar navigation invigorated; and while it to fortify or confirm the attachment.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union's
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union’s East Border Brie, Mircea and Horga, Ioan and Şipoş, Sorin University of Oradea, Romania 2011 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/44082/ MPRA Paper No. 44082, posted 31 Jan 2013 05:28 UTC ETHNICITY, CONFESSION AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AT THE EUROPEAN UNION EASTERN BORDER ETHNICITY, CONFESSION AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AT THE EUROPEAN UNION EASTERN BORDER Mircea BRIE Ioan HORGA Sorin ŞIPOŞ (Coordinators) Debrecen/Oradea 2011 This present volume contains the papers of the international conference Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union‟s East Border, held in Oradea between 2nd-5th of June 2011, organized by Institute for Euroregional Studies Oradea-Debrecen, University of Oradea and Department of International Relations and European Studies, with the support of the European Commission and Bihor County Council. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY STUDIES Mircea BRIE Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Dialogue in the European Border Space.......11 Ioan HORGA Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Education in the Curricula of European Studies .......19 MINORITY AND MAJORITY IN THE EASTERN EUROPEAN AREA Victoria BEVZIUC Electoral Systems and Minorities Representations in the Eastern European Area........31 Sergiu CORNEA, Valentina CORNEA Administrative Tools in the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Ethnic Minorities .............................................................................................................47
    [Show full text]
  • Educational Strategy Selection of Religious Minorities in Modern Iran: the Case of the Jewish, Christian, and Baha’I Communities
    Educational Strategy Selection of Religious Minorities in Modern Iran: The Case of the Jewish, Christian, and Baha’i Communities Sina Mossayeb Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2010 © 2010 Sina Mossayeb All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Educational Strategy Selection of Religious Minorities in Modern Iran Sina Mossayeb Based on the concept of education as a universal right, this dissertation analyzes the impact of government repression on the access to and quality of educational opportunities of minority groups, and the strategies used by marginalized and discriminated groups in response to educational inequity under authoritarian regimes. Do minority groups accept, tolerate, resist, or reject the limitations imposed on them? Do they establish their own institutions and services, or leave the country in pursuit of educational opportunity? This dissertation describes and illustrates the situation of three groups: Jews, Christians, and Baha’is, living in modern Iran. I argue that group composition and characteristics, networks, and regime-group relations significantly shape the strategies developed, selected, and deployed by minority groups in meeting educational needs. Relational dynamics between the groups (and their internal communities) and the regime, and other transnational actors are critical motivating factors in the pursuit of educational opportunities. I draw on historical analysis and the mechanism-process approach to identify educational strategies and explain how they are selected, and argue that group features both affect educational strategy selection, and are affected by previous strategies. The relational dynamics of interactions, conditions, processes, and outcomes are considered as causal factors in educational strategy selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthony Sherley's Relation of His Trauels
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications -- Department of English English, Department of 2016 Courtly Connections: Anthony Sherley’s Relation of his trauels (1613) in a Global Context Julia Schleck Kaya Sahin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/englishfacpubs Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, English Language and Literature Commons, Modern Literature Commons, and the Reading and Language Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications -- Department of English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Courtly Connections: Anthony Sherley’s Relation of his trauels (1613) in a Global Context KAYA S¸AHIN, Indiana University JULIA SCHLECK, University of Nebraska –Lincoln This article revisits Anthony Sherley’s Relation of his trauels into Persia (1613), reading the text within the larger context of early modern Eurasia. It highlights the ways in which at least one European traveler sought and found not alterity, but commensurable structures, social roles, political ideologies, and personal motivations in the Islamic polities to the east and emphasized these connections to his European readers. Furthermore, in making the case that Sherley’s narrative is informed by local actors in Safavid Persia, it maintains that a certain level of Eastern knowledge is present within Western texts from this period and awaits scholarly excavation. INTRODUCTION DESPITE VARIOUS ATTEMPTS by literary theorists and historians to find more integrative ways of studying early modern societies and cultures, fairly essentialist notions of the difference between Europe and the rest of the world continue to persist in scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • The Strategic Roots of Russian Expansionism in the Middle East Reza Parchizadeh
    The Journal for Interdisciplinary Middle Eastern Studies Volume 6, No. 2, Fall 2020, pp. 131-163 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26351/JIMES/6-2/2 ISSN: 2522-347X (print); 2522-6959 (online) The Strategic Roots of Russian Expansionism in the Middle East Reza Parchizadeh Abstract Russian expansionism in the Middle East follows a systematic approach to the region that is predicated on a profound understanding of the geopolitical, cultural, and religious landscape of the Middle East along the lines of the historical Russian strategic imperatives. For the time being, Russia’s aim is to supplant the United States as the main political power in the Middle East. However, in the long run, the ultimate Russian goal is to dominate the world as the sole global superpower. My argument is that although Russia’s fortunes have ebbed and flowed throughout modern history, what the Russian political establishment has demonstrated in regard to ideological/territorial expansionism, from the Tsarist Empire to the USSR to the Russian Federation, is strategic continuity. As such, in this article I am going to conduct a strategic survey of the Russian expansionism in the Middle East throughout modern history and then warn of the impending dangers of unchecked Russian expansionism for contemporary US and Middle East security and for the future of global democracy and liberal world order. Keywords: Aleksandr Dugin, Eurasianism, geopolitics, Halford John Mackinder, Middle East, Russian expansionism, Vladimir Putin Dr. Reza Parchizadeh – Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP); [email protected] 131 132 Reza Parchizadeh Introduction Russia is no stranger to the Middle East, and Russian expansionism in that region of the world is by no means a new phenomenon.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bazaars Are Full of Surprises … Where One Can Buy All Kinds of Junk Laid out in Little Chess- Board Squares on the Grou
    Глава 7. MECHANICS FLEEING COMMUNISM: RUSSIAN REFUGEES IN IRAN AND THEIR RESETTLEMENT IN AUSTRALIA, 1930–1955 1 “The Bazaars are full of surprises … where one can buy all kinds of junk laid out in little chess- board squares on the ground, for a few farthings, eve- ry kind of thing from old sardine-tins to silver kettles pawned by Russian refugees. Nothing more tragic than this evidence of the Russian catastrophe; here is an old gramophone record, and here a pair of high button boots, very small in the foot, with a pair of skates screwed on; they speak not only of present day misery, but of a life once lived in gaiety; and all theo- retical sympathy with Lenin vanishes at the sight of this human, personal sacrifice made on the altar of a compulsory brotherhood. Russia seems very near.2” Vita Sackville-West made this observation on the human consequences of the Russian Revolution when in Tehran in 1926 while visiting her husband, Harold Nicholson, who was Charge d’affaires at the British Legation. The Russian Diaspora in Iran (and indeed in the Middle East more generally) has not been the subject of academic study to date. The purpose of my research is to address this gap, examine the experience of this group of stateless refugees, 1 Сведения об авторе: Маркус Джеймс – PhD, научный сотруд- ник Центра арабских и исламских исследований (Центральная Азия и Ближний Восток), Колледж искусств и социальных наук АНУ, Австралийский национальный университет, Актон, Ав- стралийская столичная территория 2601, Австралия. Email: [email protected] 2 Sackville-West, Vita.
    [Show full text]
  • Postrevolutionary Iran a POLITICAL HANDBOOK
    ASSOCIATION FOR IRANIAN STUDIES انجمن ایران پژوهی http://associationforiranianstudies.org AIS Newsletter | Volume 39, Number 1 | Spring 2018 PRESIDENT’S NOTE Dear Colleagues, I am writing to you about the Association for Iranian Studies Conference which is to be held at the Dr. Samuel M. Jordan Center for Persian Studies at the University of California, Irvine. Thanks to the hard work of Dr. Mateo Farzaneh and Dr. Camron Amin, we have our final program ready to be printed. We will have a number of special panels dealing with the impact of the travel ban, Abbas Amanat’s monumental book on the history of Modern Iran, and the importance of the late Iranian intellectual Dariush Shayegan. We are all set for the conference which will have many attendees, as well as lots of Persian food! One of our main concerns is the visa situation for our colleagues in Iran. As the President of AIS, I have written letters for all those who are planning to attend and are attempting to receive a U.S. visa. Unfortunately, some of our colleagues from Iran have been denied visas to attend the conference. I hope that in the coming months there will be a change in the policies of some of the U.S. embassies in the Persian Gulf countries and the rest of the Middle East. Touraj Daryaee, President of AIS LIKE OUR AIS FACEBOOK PAGE! HTTPS://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/ASSOCIATIONFORIRANIANSTUDIES/ Please note that the Association’s web address has changed to http://associationforiranianstudies.org/ Please update your bookmarks. Association for Iranian Studies Founded in 1967 AIS 2018 OFFICERS AIS Newsletter | Volume 39, Number 1 | Spring 2018 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2018 MEMBER NEWS AIS CONFERENCE NEWS TOURAJ DARYAEE Abbas Amanat’s new book Iran: A Modern History has been published Conference Chair Mateo Farzaneh and Program Chair Cameron Amin have finalized PRESIDENT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE by Yale University Press, 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • National Convention 2009
    National Convention 2009 American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies November 12–15, 2009 Boston, Massachusetts American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies 41st National Convention November 12–15, 2009 Marriott Copley Place Boston, Massachusetts American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies 8 Story Street, 3rd fl oor Cambridge, MA 02138 tel.: 617-495-0677, fax: 617-495-0680 e-mail: [email protected] web site: www.aaass.org iii CONTENTS Convention Schedule Overview ................................................................. iv List of the Meeting Rooms at the Marriott Copley Place ............................ v Diagrams of Meeting Rooms .................................................................vi–ix Exhibit Hall Diagram ...................................................................................x Index of Exhibitors, Alphabetical................................................................ xi Index of Exhibitors, by Booth Number .......................................................xii 2009 AAASS Board of Directors ...............................................................xiii AAASS National Offi ce .............................................................................xiii Program Committee for the Boston, MA Convention ................................xiii AAASS Affi liates .......................................................................................xiv 2009 AAASS Institutional Members ......................................................... xv Program
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of 18Th and 19Th Centuries Russian Neoclassical Architecture
    Bagh- e Nazar, 16 (70):85-100 /Apr. 2019 DOI: 10.22034/bagh.2019.84971 Persian translation of this paper entitled: تبیین تأثیر معماری نئوکﻻسیک قرن 18 و 19 روسیه بر معماری بناهای اداری-خدماتی ایران )دورۀ قاجار و پهلوی اول( is also published in this issue of journal. The Effect of 18th and 19th Centuries Russian Neoclassical Architecture on the Architecture of Iranian Administrative-Service Buildings (During Qajar and First Pahlavi Eras)* Behnaz Montazer1, Hossein Soltanzadeh**2, Seyed Behshid Hosseini3 1. PhD Student of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. 2. Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3. Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University, Tehran, Iran. Received 2018/08/11 revised 2018/10/28 accepted 2018/11/19 available online 2019/03/21 Abstract Problem Statement : Russo-Persian Wars were one of the important factors in understanding the modern world by Iranian. Moreover, trips that made by officials to Russia, due to historical and political events after the war, were the main factors in encountering the new world and modernity. Therefore, along with long-standing interactions with Russia, and neighbor neighbor countries in various fields, it seems that by concluding numerous contracts, in addition to the increasing presence of the Russians in Iran (especially in the northern regions) and the construction of various buildings with the architectural knowledge of that time of Russia (neoclassical architecture), the Iranian proprietors have also constructed monuments with an inspirational Russian style in Iran, by observing the neoclassical structures of Russia, in order to demonstrate the power of their own government.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian/Soviet 'Iranology' and Russo-Iranian
    Oriental Studies and Foreign Policy: Russian/Soviet ‘Iranology’ and Russo-Iranian relations in late Imperial Russia and the early USSR A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2014 Denis V. Volkov School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Table of Contents List of Contents.....................................................................................................................2 Alphabetical List of Abbreviations and Acronyms...........................................................5 List of Archives used for research (Russia and Georgia).................................................9 Abstract...............................................................................................................................10 Declaration……………………………………………….……………………………….11 Copyright Statement…………………………………………………………………….11 A Note on Transliteration……………………………………………………………….12 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..13 About the Author………………………………………………………………………14 Introduction........................................................................................................................15 Research context and rationale...................................................................................15 Statement of method...................................................................................................20 Chapter One Theoretical framework: Foucauldian notions and their applicability to the Russian Case………………..……………………………… 26 Introduction………………………..…………….……….………………..………26
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical and Current State of Romanian-Russian Relations
    DEFENCE, FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY THE HISTORICAL AND CURRENT STATE OF ROMANIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS TOMASZ PORĘBA • STANISŁAW GÓRKA • ARMAND GOSU • OCTAVIAN MANEA • CORINA REBEGEA • ZUZANNA CHORABIK www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform Established by Margaret Thatcher, New Direction is Europe’s leading free market political foundation & publisher with offices in Brussels, London, Rome & Warsaw. New Direction is registered in Belgium as a not-for-profit organisation and is partly funded by the European Parliament. REGISTERED OFFICE: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Naweed Khan. www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication. Sole liability rests with the author. TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL by Tomasz Poręba 7 1 RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN ROMANIA Conversation with Stanisław Górka, PhD 8 2 ROMANIA IN A CHANGING GLOBAL CONTEXT: 20 RELATIONS WITH THE US AND RUSSIA by Armand Gosu & Octavian Manea 3 RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN ROMANIA by Corina Rebegea 30 4 IS ROMANIA A ‘NATURAL’ ENEMY OF RUSSIA? by Zuzanna Chorabik 54 APPENDIX 62 New Direction - The Foundation for European Reform www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform EDITORIAL Tomasz Piotr Poręba Tomasz Poręba is a Member of the European Parliament and President of New Direction – The Foundation for European Reform. THE HISTORICAL AND ussia has been a significant neighbour and its attempts to undermine European unity through regional actor for Romania since the end of energy interests, political funding and media (dis) R the Communist regime in 1989. Russia has information. CURRENT STATE OF been perceived in Romania as a threat for much of its history.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran: Soviet Interests, Us Concerns
    Mc N A I R PAPERS NUMBER ELEVEN IRAN: SOVIET INTERESTS, US CONCERNS By RALPH A. COSSA - ~~-- THE INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES pi~i ¸~~! ip~!~ ~ ~,~~~ ~i~'~i I~i~! ~¸i"~ ~I! ¸~!~ ~'~,ii ~i ~i~i~i~~ii ¸¸I! !i!~i~r!~ i!~iI~i,!i !~i~ ~~!~i ~i~~p! ! ~ii ~p~i ~~I~ !i ~ ~' ~ ~ i~!~i~Jk~~i,~L ~ !Ik ~ • • ~ • ~. ~ ~,~ ~' ~ i ~ ~' ~i~ ~i ~ ~ i~J ~ ~ ~ • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ IRA/q: SOVIET INTERESTS, US CONCERNS IRAN: SOVIET INTERESTS, US CONCERNS By RALPH A. COSSA PROLOGUE 5 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 9 Russian Expansion Before 1800 Nineteenth-Century Russian Expansion Twentieth-Century Russian and Soviet Penetrations of Iran Lessons from History H SO VIET MILITARY POSTURE 26 Improved Command and Control Force Improvements Expanded Soviet Presence and Influence 111 SOVIET STRA TEGIC INTERESTS 40 To Preserve Soviet Security Military Considerations-ldeological Challenges-Outside Alliances-Instability-The Overall Security Equation To Gain Geopolitical, Economic, or Strategic Advantage Geopolitical Advantages-Economic Advantages-Strategic Advantages To Consolidate World Socialism Risks versus Gains IV IMPLICA TIONS 70 The Soviet Threat Soviet Objectives and Intentions-The Afghan Model- Most Likely Scenario Effect of Recent Developments Withdrawal from Afghanistan-Perestroika, Glasnost, and "'New Thinking"-Soviet-Iranian Rapprochement- "'Neither East nor West'" The Road Ahead V TOWARD A US STRATEGY 86 NOTES 93 USSR USSR Cha Bandar PROLOGUE he invasion began early one August morning. Invok- ~ ing Article Six of the 1921 Treaty of Friendship, which states, "The Soviet Government shall have the right to send its army into Persia in order to take the necessary military steps in its own defense," the Soviets sent their forces marching toward Tehran.
    [Show full text]
  • 279 >A/8 /C/ A/0, 2 1
    279 >A/8 /c/ A/0, 21^6 MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNAL CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE CASE OF THE KURDS DISSERTATION Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Manouchehr Rostamy Khosrowshahi, B.A., M.A, Denton, Texas December, 1983 Khosrowshahi, Manouche'nr Rostamy, Management of Communal Conflict in the Middle East: The Case of The Kurds Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science), December, 19S3, 255 pp., 6 tables, 1 map, bibliography, 298 titles. The objective of this study is to describe and analyze the management of communal conflict in the Middle East, focusing on the Kurds. To this end, an effort is made to examine (1) the means that have been used to manage the Kurdish conflict by Middle Eastern countries; (2) the degree of success or failure of applied measures and (3) possible explanations for the first two questions. The Ottoman Empire, which at one time included most of the Middle East, managed communal conflicts by the means of dhimmis and millet systems until the beginning of the 20th century. The emergence of nationalism and the principle of self-determination coupled with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire caused these systems to fail. From World irfar I until 1975, suppression and other violent means were the prevalent means used by Middle Eastern countries to manage the Kurdish problem. Preventive and peaceful measures, on the other hand, were devised to appease the Kurds; or the Kurds have been exploited for foreign policy objectives as well.
    [Show full text]