ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 System Operations Committee

Report rendered June 12, 2020 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity

Executive Summary

The HVDC links are important components for a stable op- maintenance outages as well as limitations. The unavail- eration of the Nordic and Baltic power system while sup- able technical capacity includes disturbance outages, limi- porting the commercial power trade in the European energy tations, unplanned and planned maintenance outages and markets. Furthermore, the HVDC links can provide other other outages. important functions like voltage and emergency power support to the HVAC grid. Hence, the advantages of keeping The most significant unavailabilities in 2019 occurred for the HVDC links in operation as much as possible are indis- Baltic Cable, EstLink 2, Konti-Skan 1–2, NorNed, Skager- putable. The ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailabil- rak 1–4 and SwePol. Baltic Cable limitations were mainly due ity Statistics 2019 report aims to provide an overview of the to wind and solar energy feeds and EstLink 2 had 3 more se- Nordic and Baltic HVDC links as well as a detailed view of vere disturbances caused by a cooling water leakage, another each individual link. The executive summary concludes the by a faulty capacitor and faulty thyristors in the valve hall most important parts of the report into one chapter. and the last by a faulty DC voltage divider. Konti-Skan 1–2 had their HVDC conductor lines (in Denmark) and their control systems replaced. NorNed had a faulty bushing in Febru- Overview ary, filter problems in March–April and maintenances in the Eemshaven region in Q4. Skagerrak 3 had a major planned In 2019, 52.9 TWh of electric energy was transmitted through maintenance for installation and testing of the new control the Nordic and Baltic HVDC links. This is approximately 58 % system on the Norwegian side. Skagerrak 4 had cable faults of the total technical capacity (E ) and correlates well with max that limited the usage of Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 due to restric- the percentage utilisation from previous years. Nevertheless, tions on the maximum allowed electrode currents. SwePol the transmitted energy and unavailable technical capacity is had 1 unplanned maintenance outage due to an oil leakage showing a slight increasing trend after a significant drop in and 1 disturbance outage due to a valve cooling system fail- 2012, as shown in Figure E.1. ure. The effect of these incidents can be seen in Figure E.2.

% Technical capacity not used % Transmission Annual utilisation of all HVDC links % Unavailable technical capacity Individual HVDC links 100% 69 TWh 69 TWh 75 TWh 80 TWh 89 TWh 89 TWh 89 TWh 90 TWh Emax

33% 33% 31% Baltic Cable 40% 37% 35% 35% 36% x a m E

f o Baltic Cable continued to have its transmitted energy at m u s

l 50% a

t about 30–46 % of the maximum technical capacity (Emax) o t

f 57% 58% o 57% 56% 50% 56% 58% 57% without a noteworthy change to previous years. The trans- % mitted energy was 36 % of the technical capacity (Emax) in 2019. However, the amount limited capacity was the highest 0% 10% 10% 8% 9% 10% 11% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 of all HVDC links during 2019 and was the all-time second highest of the annual values since 2012 when only consider- Figure E.1: The annual utilisation of all HVDC links since 2012. ing Baltic Cable. Limited capacity amounted to nearly 24 % Technical capacity not used is the amount of energy that has nei- of the total technical capacity (Emax) and was mostly due to ther been transmitted nor been unavailable due to limitations or wind and solar energy feeds. outages.

Estlink 1 and 2 The total number of disturbance outages registered was 63, preventing 2.8 TWh of potential energy transmission, or The use of EstLink 1 continued to be small in 2019, about 3.1 % of the total technical capacity (Emax). Maintenance out- 22 % of the technical capacity (Emax), yet it was utilised twice ages amounted to 3.5 TWh, or 3.8 % of the total technical ca- as much compared to 2018 (11 %). EstLink 1 has previously pacity (Emax), and limitations reduced the transmission ca- been utilised more than 22 % of the technical capacity in pacity by 3.8 TWh (4.2 % of the total technical HVDC trans- 2015, when it was utilised by approximately 29 %. The per- mission capacity). The total amount of unavailable technical centage of unavailable hours in 2019 was approximately 0 % capacity compared to the total technical capacity (Emax) has for EstLink 1 and 3 % for EstLink 2. The percentage values of increased by 1 % per year since 2015 and was in 2019 at its unavailable hours in 2019 were positive, considering that the highest point since 2012, as can be seen from Figure E.1. The number of disturbances in 2019 were above the average for change is mostly due to increasing planned and unplanned both EstLink 1 and 2.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | i European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity

Fenno-Skan 1 and 2 control system was replaced in October and November and Konti-Skan 2 control system was replaced in September. The use of Fenno-Skan 1 continued to be very high in 2019 with 95 % of the technical capacity (Emax) being used for transmission. For Fenno-Skan 2, 74 % of the technical capac- LitPol Link ity (Emax) was used for transmission leaving approximately LitPol Link is continuing in showing an increasing trend in 21 % of the technical capacity unused. However, the per- transmitted energy. While the transmitted energy was 34 % centage of technical capacity used for transmission was still of the technical capacity (Emax) in 2016, it was nearly 62 % approximately 14 percentage units higher than in 2018. Al- in 2019. Additionally, the unavailable technical capacity has most all of the transmitted energy of Fenno-Skan 1 and 2 was decreased annually since 2016 and was below 4 % of the tech- imported to Finland. The percentage of unavailable annual nical capacity (Emax) in 2019. hours continued to be insignificant for Fenno-Skan 1. How- ever, the percentage of hours limited during 2019 increased NordBalt by 5 % compared to 2018, when it was 1 %. The number of disturbances for Fenno-Skan 1 and Fenno-Skan 2 were lower NordBalt had its best year of transmission so far since 2016, than the 5-year average. with 63 % of the technical capacity (Emax) being transmitted through it. Furthermore, outages and limitations caused an Unavailability percentage of the rated capacity in 2019 for each HVDC link all-time low of unavailable technical capacity since 2016, be- Baltic Cable 2.6% 23.5% COBRAcable 5.1% ing about 8 % of the technical capacity (Emax) in 2019. How- EstLink 1 ever, the unused technical capacity remained the same, at EstLink 2 2.5% Fenno-Skan 1 1.7% about 29 %, compared to previous years. This could be inter- Fenno-Skan 2 5.0% % Limitations preted as NordBalt’s utilisation being very planned and reg- Kontek 2.5% % Disturbance outages Konti-Skan 1 13.7% ularly with each outage or limitation affecting greatly on its % Unplanned maintenance Konti-Skan 2 14.2% 1.6% % Planned maintenance transmission capabilities. LitPol Link 1.8% % Other outages NordBalt 2.3% 5.1% NorNed 1.5% 4.0% 7.5% Skagerrak 1 15.8% 7.3% 4.6% NorNed Skagerrak 2 16.7% 5.0% Skagerrak 3 8.9% 11.7% The utilisation of NorNed during 2019 was approximately Skagerrak 4 29.6% 3.2% Storebaelt 61 % of the maximum technical capacity. NorNed had 8 SwePol 3.5% 8.0% disturbances and 4 planned maintenances during 2019. In Vyborg Link 3.0% 2.4% Total 3.7% 3.1% 4.2% February, the outage was due to a fault on a bushing in 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Feda, and filter problems limited the transmission capacity % of Emax in March–April. The unavailable energy in Q4 was due to maintenance in the Eemshaven region. Furthermore, the un- Figure E.2: Percentage distribution of unavailable technical capac- available technical capacity is showing an increasing trend ity due to limitations, disturbance outages, unplanned and planned since 2015 even though it was lower in 2019 than in 2018. maintenance and other outages for each link in 2019. Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 Kontek Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have had a notable part of their techni- Kontek is reaching its past annual utilisation values of ap- cal capacity afflicted by disturbance outages and unplanned proximately 68 %–73 % of the technical capacity (Emax). In and planned maintenance outages since 2017, and 2019 was 2019, 69 % of the technical capacity was used for transmis- no exception. In 2019, Skagerrak 4 had 3 major disturbance sion. A significant reason for this may be that Kontek had outages due to faults on the Danish land cable, which also closely to no outages nor limitations that affected its avail- resulted in limitations for Skagerrak 1, 2 and 3 and all the ability, and was therefore readily available to the markets cables being operated in “careful operation” as of December without risk factors. 2019. Last, Skagerrak 1 and 2 had each an annual maintenance lasting approximately 57 days, and Skagerrak 3 had Konti-Skan 1 and 2 a major planned maintenance for installation and testing of the new control system on the Norwegian side. The utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 and 2 has not changed signif- icantly since 2017 and is at about 51 % and 49 % of the tech- Storebaelt nical capacity (Emax). However, the unavailable technical capacity was higher than usual due a considerable amount Storebaelt available capacity is continuing to be high at ap- of planned maintenance. Konti-Skan 1 and 2 had extensive proximately 98 % of the technical capacity (Emax). However, planned maintenances due to replacements their of conduc- its utilisation percentage is showing a slight decrease since tor lines in Denmark in May. Furthermore, Konti-Skan 1 2015, when it was 69 % of the technical capacity. In 2019,

ii | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity

54 % of the technical capacity was transmitted through the 2014. 61 % of the technical capacity (Emax) was transmitted link. in 2019, 67 % in 2018 and 25 % in 2014. Nevertheless, the transmitted energy was at its all-time second highest value in SwePol 2019. The annual maintenance of Vyborg Link lasted 31 days in July. Normally, maintenance work on Vyborg Link causes SwePol transmitted 62 % of its technical capacity (Emax), only limitations because the 350 MW units are not worked which is slightly less than in 2018 but still higher than the av- on simultaneously. erage utilisation since 2012. The available capacity was lower than normally due to an unplanned maintenance outage and COBRAcable a disturbance outage. The unplanned maintenance outage was caused by an oil leakage and the disturbance outage was COBRAcable was commissioned in late 2019, and the caused by a valve cooling system failure. DISTAC group is eager to see future results from it as the cur- rent amount of data is not yet ready for extensive analysis. Vyborg Link The annual utilisation of Vyborg Link did not increase in 2019 compared to the previous year, as it has done every year since

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | iii European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents

Executive Summary i 5.3.8 Konti-Skan 1 ...... 29 Overview ...... i 5.3.9 Konti-Skan 2 ...... 31 Individual HVDC links ...... i 5.3.10 LitPol Link ...... 33 5.3.11 NordBalt ...... 35 Table of contents iv 5.3.12 NorNed ...... 37 5.3.13 Skagerrak 1 ...... 39 List of figures v 5.3.14 Skagerrak 2 ...... 41 List of tables vii 5.3.15 Skagerrak 3 ...... 43 5.3.16 Skagerrak 4 ...... 45 1 Introduction and background 1 5.3.17 Storebaelt ...... 47 5.3.18 SwePol ...... 49 2 Scope 2 5.3.19 Vyborg Link ...... 51 2.1 Contact persons ...... 2 References 53 3 Methods, definitions and calculations 3 Appendices 54 4 Technical details of the HVDC links 4 A Schematic presentation of HVDC links 55 5 Results 6 5.1 Overview of 2019 ...... 6 B Contact persons 56 5.2 Overview of years 2012–2019 ...... 10 5.3 Individual presentations of each HVDC link . 13 C Sorted overview of utilisation and unavailability for all HVDC links 57 5.3.1 Baltic Cable ...... 15 5.3.2 COBRAcable ...... 17 D Additional figures 59 5.3.3 EstLink 1 ...... 19 D.1 Annual utilisation per type of HVDC converter 59 5.3.4 EstLink 2 ...... 21 D.2 Additional figures with unavailability hours 5.3.5 Fenno-Skan 1 ...... 23 due to different causes ...... 60 5.3.6 Fenno-Skan 2 ...... 25 D.3 Average utilisation and unavailability per 5.3.7 Kontek ...... 27 month per HVDC link ...... 63

iv | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators TABLE OF CONTENTS for Electricity

List of figures

E.1 Annual utilisation of all HVDC links in per- 5.30 Annual number of outages for Fenno-Skan 2 26 centages ...... i 5.31 Kontek availability and utilisation monthly .. 27 E.2 Percentage distribution of unavailable tech- 5.32 Annual utilisation of Kontek ...... 28 nical capacity for each HVDC link in 2019 .. ii 5.33 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for Kontek ...... 28 1.1 Map of HVDC links in this report ...... 1 5.34 Annual number of outages for Kontek .... 28 5.35 Konti-Skan 1 availability and utilisation monthly 29 3.1 The hierarchy of the availability and utilisa- 5.36 Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 ...... 30 tion categories used in the HVDC statistics 3 . 5.37 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.1 Availability and utilisation overview of each Konti-Skan 1 ...... 30 5.38 Annual number of outages for Konti-Skan 1 30 HVDC link in 2019 ...... 7 . 5.2 Availability and utilisation overview per bid- 5.39 Konti-Skan 2 availability and utilisation monthly 31 5.40 Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 32 ding zone in 2019 ...... 8 ...... 5.3 Percentage distribution of unavailable tech- 5.41 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for Konti-Skan 2 32 nical capacity for each HVDC link in 2019 .. 9 ...... 5.4 The number of outages for each HVDC link 5.42 Annual number of outages for Konti-Skan 2 . 32 in 2019...... 9 5.43 LitPol Link availability and utilisation monthly 33 5.5 Annual utilisation of all HVDC links in per- 5.44 Annual utilisation of LitPol Link ...... 34 centages ...... 10 5.45 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.6 Annual utilisation of all HVDC links in LitPol Link ...... 34 megawatt hours ...... 11 5.46 Annual number of outages for LitPol Link .. 34 5.7 Combined annual hourly utilisation rate ... 11 5.47 NordBalt availability and utilisation monthly . 35 5.8 Percentage of hours affected by limitations 5.48 Annual utilisation of NordBalt ...... 36 or outages for all HVDC links ...... 12 5.49 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.9 Map of HVDC links in this report ...... 13 NordBalt ...... 36 5.10 Baltic Cable availability and utilisation monthly 15 5.50 Annual number of outages for NordBalt ... 36 5.11 Annual utilisation of Baltic Cable ...... 16 5.51 NorNed availability and utilisation monthly .. 37 5.12 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.52 Annual utilisation of NorNed ...... 38 Baltic Cable ...... 16 5.53 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.13 Annual number of outages for Baltic Cable . 16 NorNed ...... 38 5.14 COBRAcable availability and utilisation monthly 17 5.54 Annual number of outages for NorNed .... 38 5.15 EstLink 1 availability and utilisation monthly . 19 5.55 Skagerrak 1 availability and utilisation monthly 39 5.16 Annual utilisation of EstLink 1 ...... 20 5.56 Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 1 ...... 40 5.17 Annual percentage of unavailability for Est- 5.57 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for Link 1 ...... 20 Skagerrak 1 ...... 40 5.18 Annual number of outages for EstLink 1 ... 20 5.58 Annual number of outages for Skagerrak 1 . 40 5.19 EstLink 2 availability and utilisation monthly . 21 5.59 Skagerrak 2 availability and utilisation monthly 41 5.20 Annual utilisation of EstLink 2 ...... 22 5.60 Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 2 ...... 42 5.21 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.61 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for EstLink 2 ...... 22 Skagerrak 2 ...... 42 5.22 Annual number of outages for EstLink 2 ... 22 5.62 Annual number of outages for Skagerrak 2 . 42 5.23 Fenno-Skan 1 availability and utilisation 5.63 Skagerrak 3 availability and utilisation monthly 43 monthly ...... 23 5.64 Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 3 ...... 44 5.24 Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 ...... 24 5.65 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.25 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for Skagerrak 3 ...... 44 Fenno-Skan 1 ...... 24 5.66 Annual number of outages for Skagerrak 3 . 44 5.26 Annual number of outages for Fenno-Skan 1 24 5.67 Skagerrak 4 availability and utilisation monthly 45 5.27 Fenno-Skan 2 availability and utilisation 5.68 Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 4 ...... 46 monthly ...... 25 5.69 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.28 Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 ...... 26 Skagerrak 4 ...... 46 5.29 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for 5.70 Annual number of outages for Skagerrak 4 . 46 Fenno-Skan 2 ...... 26 5.71 Storebaelt availability and utilisation monthly 47

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | v European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity TABLE OF CONTENTS

5.72 Annual utilisation of Storebaelt ...... 48 D.7 Percentage of hours unavailable due to 5.73 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for planned maintenance per primary cause .. 62 Storebaelt ...... 48 D.8 Average monthly availability and utilisation 5.74 Annual number of outages for Storebaelt .. 48 for Baltic Cable ...... 63 5.75 SwePol availability and utilisation monthly .. 49 D.9 Average monthly availability and utilisation 5.76 Annual utilisation of SwePol ...... 50 for EstLink 1 ...... 63 5.77 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for D.10 Average monthly availability and utilisation SwePol ...... 50 for EstLink 2 ...... 64 5.78 Annual number of outages for SwePol .... 50 D.11 Average monthly availability and utilisation 5.79 Vyborg Link availability and utilisation monthly 51 for Fenno-Skan 1 ...... 64 5.80 Annual utilisation of Vyborg Link ...... 52 D.12 Average monthly availability and utilisation 5.81 Annual percentage of unavailability hours for for Fenno-Skan 2 ...... 64 Vyborg Link ...... 52 D.13 Average monthly availability and utilisation 5.82 Annual number of outages for Vyborg Link . 52 for Kontek ...... 65 D.14 Average monthly availability and utilisation A.1 A schematic presentation of a converter sta- for Konti-Skan 1 ...... 65 tion of a LCC HVDC link ...... 55 D.15 Average monthly availability and utilisation A.2 A schematic presentation of a converter sta- for Konti-Skan 2 ...... 65 tion of a VSC HVDC link ...... 55 D.16 Average monthly availability and utilisation for LitPol Link ...... 66 C.1 Utilisation and unavailability for each HVDC D.17 Average monthly availability and utilisation link, sorted by unavailable technical capacity 57 for NordBalt ...... 66 C.2 Utilisation and unavailability for each HVDC D.18 Average monthly availability and utilisation link, sorted by transmission ...... 58 for NorNed ...... 66 C.3 Utilisation and unavailability for each HVDC D.19 Average monthly availability and utilisation link, sorted by technical capacity not used .. 58 for Skagerrak 1 ...... 67 D.20 Average monthly availability and utilisation D.1 Annual utilisation of all LCC HVDC links ... 59 for Skagerrak 2 ...... 67 D.2 Annual utilisation of all VSC HVDC links ... 59 D.21 Average monthly availability and utilisation D.3 Percentage of hours unavailable due to sea- for Skagerrak 3 ...... 67 sonal causes ...... 60 D.22 Average monthly availability and utilisation D.4 Annual percentage of hours limited per lim- for Skagerrak 4 ...... 68 itation type ...... 61 D.23 Average monthly availability and utilisation D.5 Percentage of hours limited between bid- for Storebaelt ...... 68 ding zones due to AC conditions ...... 61 D.24 Average monthly availability and utilisation D.6 Percentage of hours unavailable due to for SwePol ...... 68 planned maintenance per primary cause per D.25 Average monthly availability and utilisation HVDC link ...... 62 for Vyborg Link ...... 69

vi | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators TABLE OF CONTENTS for Electricity

List of tables

4.1 Main properties of the HVDC links ...... 4 5.10 LitPol monthly distribution of technical ca- 4.2 Technical details of the HVDC links ...... 5 pacity (Emax) ...... 33 5.11 NordBalt monthly distribution of technical 5.1 Baltic Cable monthly distribution of technical capacity (Emax) ...... 35 capacity (Emax) ...... 15 5.12 NorNed monthly distribution of technical ca- 5.2 COBRAcable monthly distribution of techni- pacity (Emax) ...... 37 cal capacity (E ) 17 max ...... 5.13 Skagerrak 1 monthly distribution of techni- 5.3 EstLink 1 monthly distribution of technical cal capacity (Emax) ...... 39 capacity (Emax) ...... 19 5.14 Skagerrak 2 monthly distribution of techni- 5.4 EstLink 2 monthly distribution of technical cal capacity (Emax) ...... 41 capacity (Emax) ...... 21 5.5 Fenno-Skan 1 monthly distribution of tech- 5.15 Skagerrak 3 monthly distribution of technical capacity (Emax) ...... 43 nical capacity (Emax) ...... 23 5.6 Fenno-Skan 2 monthly distribution of tech- 5.16 Skagerrak 4 monthly distribution of technical capacity (E ) 45 nical capacity (Emax) ...... 25 max ...... 5.7 Kontek monthly distribution of technical ca- 5.17 Storebaelt monthly distribution of technical pacity (Emax) ...... 27 capacity (Emax) ...... 47 5.8 Konti-Skan 1 monthly distribution of techni- 5.18 SwePol monthly distribution of technical ca- cal capacity (Emax) ...... 29 pacity (Emax) ...... 49 5.9 Konti-Skan 2 monthly distribution of techni- 5.19 Vyborg Link monthly distribution of technical capacity (Emax) ...... 31 cal capacity (Emax) ...... 51

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | vii European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter 1. Introduction and background for Electricity

1 Introduction and background

This report presents the availability and utilisation of HVDC HVAC Grid Disturbance Report and HVDC statistics were links connected to the Nordic and Baltic power system in separated into two reports, which is the format of the reports 2019, with an emphasis on disturbance outages. This in- today. In present time, this report includes 19 HVDC links cludes an overview of availability and utilisation for the connected to the Nordic and Baltic countries. HVDC links, information about disturbances and unavailability and individual presentations of the performance of The total HVDC transmission capacity connected to the each HVDC link. Nordic and Baltic power systems in 2019 is 10.9 GW, which The first version of the HVDC statistics for utilisation and makes the annual transmission capacity 91.1 TWh. Most of unavailability was published in 2011 as an addition to the the HVDC links connect the Nordic synchronous system to Nordic Grid Disturbance and Fault Statistics 2010 [1]. At that other systems. Each HVDC link has a predefined export di- time, the report covered only the Nordic power systems and rection only to distinguish a direction of power flow. These presented 8 HVDC links. For the statistical year 2012, the are presented in Figure 1.1.

Vyborg link Fenno-Skan 1–2 Estlink 2 Estlink 1

Skagerak 1–4

Konti-Skan 1–2

e NordBalt

N r Storebaelt o

N SwePol e l b a c Kontek Baltic Cable LitPol Link A

R B O C

Figure 1.1: A map of the 19 HVDC links included in this report. To distinguish the direction of power flow, each link has a predefined export direction. This direction is indicated by the arrows.

The HVDC links are important components for a stable op- installation routines, and efficient fault analysis combined eration of the Nordic and Baltic power system while support- with preventive maintenance. However, planned outages ing the commercial power trade in the European energy mar- and limitations due to maintenance work are necessary but kets. Furthermore, the HVDC links can provide other impor- should be planned and conducted as efficiently as possible. tant functions like voltage and emergency power support to the HVAC grid. Hence, the advantages of keeping the HVDC Therefore, mapping the available capacity, including the rea- links in operation as much as possible are indisputable. sons for unavailability, is of vital interest for the utilisation of To achieve as much uptime as possible, the number and this infrastructure. Furthermore, the utilisation of the links length of disturbance outages must be kept at minimum. directly correlates with the commercial value of the energy This requires high-quality hardware components, thorough trade.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 1 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter 2. Scope

2 Scope

The ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics includes transients, commutation failures, thyristor failures 2019 presents a macro view of the availability and utilisation and so on. In general, DISTAC has the macro view and CIGRE of each HVDC link, including disturbance, maintenance and has the micro view. But most of the data is the same for both other outage events as well as limitations. Limitations origi- reports. nating from maintenance work done in the AC grid are also included if they affect the power transfer of an HVDC connection. Furthermore, disturbance outages are more thor- 2.1 Contact persons oughly examined than other events. Each country is represented by at least one contact person, The scope of the ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavail- responsible for the statistical information of the correspond- ability Statistics 2019 is different from the CIGRE HVDC ing country. The contact person can provide additional in- statistics, which focuses more on outages, faults and distur- formation concerning the HVDC availability and utilisation bances of the HVDC links. This means that CIGRE is more statistics. The relevant contact information is given in Ap- detailed regarding what happens at the HVDC station, and pendix B.

2 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter 3. Methods, definitions and calculations for Electricity

3 Methods, definitions and calculations

To compare the utilisation and availability between HVDC • Technical capacity not used (ETCNU) is the amount of links, different ways of using them must be discerned and un- energy that has not been imported or exported or been derstood. This chapter explains the availability and utilisa- unavailable due to limitations or outages. tion categories used to differentiate between means of utilis- The unavailable technical capacity (E ) is the part of the tech- ing HVDC links. The hierarchy of the categories is illustrated U nical capacity (E ) that could not be utilised. It has five sub- in Figure 3.1. max categories: limitations (ELim), disturbance outages (ED), unplanned maintenance (EUM), planned maintenance (EPM) and Import losses L Losses I other outages (EOO). An outage occurs when the HVDC link is Export losses L E fully disconnected from the system and the transfer capacity is reduced to zero. A limitation occurs when the capacity of Technical capacity the link has been reduced by between 0–100 %. Limitations not used E and the outages are described in more detail below: Available TCNU Technical technical • A limitation (ELim) is a condition when the transmis-

capacity Emax capacity EA sion capacity of an HVDC link is limited, that is, the power transmission capacity of the link is less than the Import E Transmission E I rated power. The limitation is always motivated from T Export E E a technical perspective, but not always concerning the link itself. The most common causes of limitations are:

Limitations E Lim – faults on any HVDC link component that do not Unavailable Disturbance outages E D cause a total outage; technical Unplanned maintenance EUM capacity E Planned maintenance E U PM – faults, congestions or outages in the AC grid Other outages E OO causing a limitation in the transmission capacity of the link; Figure 3.1: The hierarchy of the availability and utilisation categories used in the HVDC statistics. – seasonal variations on the transmission capacity of the HVDC link.

• Disturbance outages (ED) is technical capacity lost due The technical capacity (Emax) of an HVDC link is the maximum energy that can be physically received through the to a fault on the HVDC link or in the AC grid causing a HVDC link to the converter station, excluding all HVDC link total outage of the link. This could be a forced outage losses, during a year. The technical capacity is divided into or an automatic trip. two categories: available technical capacity (EA) and unavail- • Unplanned maintenance outages (EUM) occurs when able technical capacity (EU). the HVDC link is not in service because of urgent maintenance, inspection, fault tracing or repairing af- The available technical capacity (EA) is further divided into ter disturbances or other faults that cannot wait un- technical capacity that has been transmitted (ET), that is, im- til a maintenance outage can be planned and (reported energy (EI) and exported energy (EE), and into technical capacity that could have been utilised, that is, technical )scheduled. Unplanned implies that the outage is to be taken as soon as possible due to increased risk of capacity not used (ETCNU). re-trip or further damage. • Exported energy (EI) is the energy transferred from the HVDC link to the exporting AC side. The direction • Planned maintenance outages (EPM) is technical capac- of export is defined for each HVDC link and can be ity lost due to maintenance work on the HVDC link. viewed in Table 4.2 or in the respective subchapter in The work must be done to retain an entity’s ability to perform its required function. Examples for planned Section 5.3. It does not include export losses (LI), that is, the energy losses in any of the HVDC link compo- maintenance are annual and preventive maintenance, nents during export. It should be noted that these val- replacement and updating of components.

ues are measurements and therefore considered fac- • Other outages (EOO) is technical capacity lost due to tual. any other reason except those mentioned above. This could be, for example, when the markets do not need • Imported energy (EE) and import losses (LE) is defined like the exported energy, but with an opposite point of the transmission capacity of the link and the link is dis- view. connected.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 3 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter 4. Technical details of the HVDC links

4 Technical details of the HVDC links

Table 4.1 presents the main properties of the HVDC links Schematic presentations of the HVDC links and their con- while Table 4.2 presents the technical properties of the verter stations, both for line-commutated converters (LCC) HVDC lines. The predefined export directions are also pre- and voltage-source converters (VSC) are presented in Ap- sented in Figure 1.1. pendix A.

Table 4.1: Main properties of the HVDC links.

Rated Parallel Commis- Type of power, monopolar Bipolar sioning Market HVDC mono-polar capacity capacity Export Link year connection converter (MW) (MW) (MW) direction Baltic Cable 1994 Yes LCC 600 South COBRAcable 2019 Yes VSC 700 West EstLink 1 2006 Yes VSC 350 South 1000 EstLink 2 2014 Yes LCC 650 South Fenno-Skan 1 1989 Yes LCC 400 West 1200 1200 Fenno-Skan 2 2011 Yes LCC 800 West Kontek 1995 Yes LCC 600 South Konti-Skan 12 2008 Yes LCC 370 West 680/740 Konti-Skan 22 1988 Yes LCC 370 West LitPol Link 2015 Yes LCC 500 West NordBalt 2016 Yes VSC 700 South NorNed 2008 Yes LCC 700 South Skagerrak 1 1976– Yes LCC 236 South Skagerrak 2 1977 Yes LCC 236 1000 1000 South Skagerrak 3 1993 Yes LCC 478 South Skagerrak 4 2014 Yes VSC 682 South Storebaelt 2010 Yes LCC 600 East SwePol 2000 Yes LCC 600 South 1981, 1982, Vyborg Link1 Partly LCC 1400 West 1984, 2000 Total 10972 3940 2200 1 Each commissioning increased capacity by 350 MW. However, the total commercial capacity of Vyborg Link is 1300 MW. Fingrid Oyj, the Finnish transmission system operator, allocates 100 MW for reserves. 2 Konti-Skan 1 and 2 are rated differently depending of direction of flow. They are rated towards east (import) at 740 MW (370+370) and towards west (export) at 680 MW (340+340). The capacity has been asymmetric due to historical limitations and reserve requirements, along with transmission measurements only being done in DK1. As a step towards correcting this, the rated capacity at the receiving end of DK1 was changed from 680 MW to 715 MW on 1 October 2019. As the final step towards correcting the asymmetrical NTC capacities, measurements will be done on receiving ends of the cables as of 1 February 2020.

4 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter 4. Technical details of the HVDC links for Electricity

Table 4.2: Technical details of the HVDC links

Length of DC Length of DC Total length of Length of mass Length of PEX overhead line back-to-back Link the link (km) cable (km) cable (km) (km) connection (km)

Baltic Cable 262 250 12 COBRAcable 325 325 650 (2 × 325 km) 0 EstLink 1 105 210 (2 × 105 km) EstLink 2 171 157 14 Fenno-Skan 1 233 200 33 Fenno-Skan 2 299 196 103 Kontek 160 160 Konti-Skan 1 150 89 61 Konti-Skan 2 150 89 61 LitPol Link < 1 < 1 NordBalt 450 2 × 450 NorNed 580 580 Skagerrak 1 212.5 133.6 78.5 Skagerrak 2 211.4 132.9 78.5 Skagerrak 3 212.9 134.4 78.5 Skagerrak 4 226 226 Storebaelt 57 57 SwePol 254 254 Vyborg Link < 1 < 1

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 5 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter 5. Results

5 Results

This chapter presents the utilisation and unavailability of all year 2019 and Section 5.2 provides an overview of the years the HVDC links as well as individual presentations of each 2012–2019. Section 5.3 presents the availability and utilisa- HVDC link connected to the Nordic and Baltic power sys- tion of each HVDC link for the year 2019 as well as an annual tem. overview of the utilisation and a trend of the utilisation and the number of outages for the years 2012–2019. Section 5.1 provides an overview of the HVDC links for the

5.1 Overview of 2019

In 2019, 52.9 TWh of electric energy was transmitted through • EstLink 2 had 3 more severe disturbance outages. The the Nordic and Baltic HVDC links. The total number of dis- first was caused by a cooling water leakage, the second turbance outages registered was 63, preventing 2.8 TWh of by a faulty capacitor and faulty thyristors in the valve potential energy transmission, or 3.1 % of the total technical hall and the last by a faulty DC voltage divider. capacity (E ). max • Konti-Skan 1 and 2 had a considerable amount of Maintenance outages amounted to 3.5 TWh, or 3.8 % of the planned maintenance due to replacements of conduc- total technical capacity (Emax), and limitations reduced the tor lines in Denmark in May. Furthermore, Konti- transmission capacity by 3.8 TWh (4.2 % of the total techni- Skan 1 control system was replaced in October and cal HVDC transmission capacity). November and Konti-Skan 2 control system was replaced in September. Figure 5.1 presents the overview of the availability and utilisation of HVDC statistics at an aggregated level, thus allow- • NorNed had 8 disturbances and 4 planned mainte- ing to compare links with each other. It should be noted nances during 2019. In February, the outage was due that the usages of the links show big variations. Most links to a fault on a bushing in Feda, and filter problems lim- are market dependent, some are mostly used only in one di- ited the transmission capacity in March–April. The rection, and some are used for technical reasons to control unavailable energy in Q4 was due to maintenance in power flow for system stability according to agreements. Ap- the Eemshaven region. pendix C shows the overviews of the HVDC links using the same values as Figure 5.1 but ranked according to the high- • Skagerrak 1 had 1 major disturbance during 2019 due est unavailable technical capacity, according to the highest to a failure on the pole transformer on the Norwegian transmission, and according to the highest technical capac- side. ity not used. • Skagerrak 4 had 3 more severe disturbances due to Figure 5.2 compares the availability and utilisation of the faults on the Danish land cable. HVDC links between bidding zones. That is, it measures • The planned maintenances on Skagerrak 1 and 2 were the utilisation of the energy transfer capacity between the annual maintenance lasting approximately 57 days bidding zones ignoring the performance of individual links. each. However, the number of HVDC links connecting different bidding zones varies. A map portraying the HVDC links is • Skagerrak 3 had 1 major planned maintenance for in- presented in Figure 5.9. stallation and testing of the new control system on the Norwegian side. Figure 5.3 presents the percentage unavailable technical capacity (EU) of the annual technical capacity (Emax) due to the • The limitations on Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 were due disturbance outages. Figure 5.4 presents the number of all to maintenances and restrictions on the maximum al- disturbance, maintenance and other outages. The explana- lowed electrode currents, which were put in place be- tions for the most notable unavailability in 2019 are listed because of the Skagerrak 4 cable faults. low. Further details are presented in Section 5.3. • SwePol had 1 unplanned maintenance outage due to • Baltic Cable limitations were mainly due to wind and an oil leakage and 1 disturbance outage due to a valve solar energy feeds. cooling system failure lasting 29 days.

6 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.1. Overview of 2019 for Electricity

Utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2019 Emax Baltic Cable 36% 26% 38% 5.3 TWh COBRAcable 80% 5% 15% 0.9 TWh EstLink 1 22% 76% 3.1 TWh EstLink 2 60% 38% 5.7 TWh Fenno-Skan 1 95% 3% 3.5 TWh Fenno-Skan 2 74% 6% 20% 7.0 TWh Kontek 69% 4% 28% 5.3 TWh Konti-Skan 1 51% 15% 34% 3.2 TWh Konti-Skan 2 49% 17% 34% 3.2 TWh LitPol Link 61% 4% 35% 4.4 TWh NordBalt 63% 8% 29% 6.1 TWh NorNed 61% 13% 26% 6.1 TWh Skagerrak 1 40% 28% 32% 2.1 TWh Skagerrak 2 45% 22% 33% 2.1 TWh Skagerrak 3 53% 21% 26% 4.2 TWh Skagerrak 4 44% 33% 23% 6.0 TWh Storebaelt 58% 39% 5.3 TWh SwePol 62% 14% 24% 5.3 TWh Vyborg Link 61% 5% 33% 11.4 TWh Total 58% 11% 31% 90.1 TWh

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Emax

% Transmission % Unavailable technical capacity % Technical capacity not used

Figure 5.1: Overview of the availability and utilisation of each HVDC link in 2019. The unavailable technical capacity (EU) is the amount of technical capacity (Emax) not available due to limitations or outages. Transmission (ET) is the amount of technical capacity (Emax) imported and exported through the HVDC link. Technical capacity not used (ETCNU) is the amount of energy that has not been imported or exported or been unavailable due to limitations or outages. More detailed explanations can be read in Chapter 3. Appendix C shows the overviews of the HVDC links using the same values as Figure 5.1 but ranked according to the highest unavailable technical capacity, according to the highest transmission, and according to the highest technical capacity not used.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 7 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.1. Overview of 2019

Overview of utilisation between bidding zones in 2019 Emax DK1–DK2 54% 4% 39% 5.3 TWh

DK1–NL 5% 39% 41% 15% 0.9 TWh

DK2–DE 25% 44% 28% 5.3 TWh

FI–EE 43% 3% 51% 8.8 TWh

FI–RU 61% 33% 11.4 TWh

FI–SE3 79% 14% 10.5 TWh

LT–PL 53% 9% 35% 4.4 TWh

NO2–DK1 7% 14% 6% 23% 23% 27% 14.3 TWh

NO2–NL 4% 8% 38% 23% 26% 6.1 TWh

SE3–DK1 14% 28% 22% 34% 6.5 TWh

SE4–DE 24% 25% 11% 38% 5.3 TWh

SE4–LT 5% 58% 5% 29% 6.1 TWh

SE4–PL 4% 8% 59% 4% 24% 5.3 TWh

Grand Total 4% 4% 37% 21% 31% 90.1 TWh

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Emax

% Other outages % Disturbance outages % Import % Planned maintenance % Limitations % Technical capacity not used % Unplanned maintenance % Export

Figure 5.2: Overview of the availability and utilisation of each HVDC link in 2019. More detailed explanations about each utilisation category can be read in Chapter 3.

8 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.1. Overview of 2019 for Electricity

Unavailability percentage of the rated capacity in 2019 for each HVDC link

Baltic Cable 2.6% 23.5% COBRAcable 5.1% EstLink 1 EstLink 2 2.5% Fenno-Skan 1 1.7% Fenno-Skan 2 5.0% % Limitations Kontek 2.5% % Disturbance outages Konti-Skan 1 13.7% % Unplanned maintenance Konti-Skan 2 14.2% 1.6% % Planned maintenance LitPol Link 1.8% % Other outages NordBalt 2.3% 5.1% NorNed 1.5% 4.0% 7.5% Skagerrak 1 15.8% 7.3% 4.6% Skagerrak 2 16.7% 5.0% Skagerrak 3 8.9% 11.7% Skagerrak 4 29.6% 3.2% Storebaelt SwePol 3.5% 8.0% Vyborg Link 3.0% 2.4% Total 3.7% 3.1% 4.2%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% % of Emax

Figure 5.3: Percentage distribution of unavailable technical capacity (EU) due to limitations, disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other outages for each link in 2019.

Number of outages in 2019

Baltic Cable 2 4 COBRAcable 4 2 2 EstLink 1 3 5 8 EstLink 2 5 Disturbances Fenno-Skan 1 5 Unplanned maintenances Fenno-Skan 2 3 2 Planned maintenances Kontek 2 2 Other outages Konti-Skan 1 4 5 Konti-Skan 2 8 9 LitPol Link 1 1 3 2 NordBalt 1 1 1 NorNed 4 8 Skagerrak 1 2 3 Skagerrak 2 3 1 Skagerrak 3 1 1 Skagerrak 4 6 Storebaelt 2 SwePol 6 2 1 Vyborg Link 4 3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Number of events

Figure 5.4: The number of disturbance outages, unplanned maintenance and planned maintenance outages and other outages for each link in 2019.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 9 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.2. Overview of years 2012–2019

5.2 Overview of years 2012–2019

Because the HVDC links are an important component in the slight increasing trend after a significant drop in 2012. How- Nordic and Baltic power systems, it is also very interesting ever, the total technical capacity (Emax) of all HVDC links has to see how the links have been utilised during the past years. increased, as can be seen in Figure 5.6. Figure 5.5 presents the annual utilisation (%) of all HVDC Figure 5.7 presents the combined annual hourly utilisation links and Figure 5.6 presents the annual utilisation with all rate for all HVDC links. Figure 5.8 presents the percentage utilisation categories. of hours a link has been affected by either a limitation, un- As can be seen, the percentage distribution of transmission planned or planned maintenance or disturbance or other (ET) and unavailable technical capacity (EU) is showing a outages.

Annual utilisation of all HVDC links

100% 69 TWh 69 TWh 75 TWh 80 TWh 89 TWh 89 TWh 89 TWh 90 TWh Emax

33% 35% 35% 36% 33% 31% 80% 40% 37% x a

m % Technical capacity not used E

f o 60% % Transmission m u s

l % Unavailable technical capacity a t o t

o 40% 58% 57% 57% 56% 57% % 50% 56% 58%

20%

10% 11% 0% 10% 10% 7% 7% 8% 9% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 5.5: The annual utilisation of all HVDC links since 2012. The unavailable technical capacity (EU) is the amount of technical capacity (Emax) not available due to limitations or outages. Transmission (ET) is the amount of technical capacity (Emax) imported and exported through the HVDC links. Technical capacity not used (ETCNU) is the residual energy that has neither been transmitted nor been unavailable due to limitations or outages. More detailed explanations can be read in Chapter 3.

10 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.2. Overview of years 2012–2019 for Electricity

Annual utilisation of all HVDC links

Technical capacity not used 80 TWh 28 TWh ] 31 TWh 30 TWh Import

h 32 TWh W

T Export

[ 28 TWh

o 27 TWh

i 60 TWh t 23 TWh Limitations a

s 28 TWh i

l 19 TWh

i 16 TWh t 18 TWh 14 TWh Disturbance outages u

l 13 TWh a

u 9 TWh n 40 TWh 15 TWh Unplanned maintenances n a

f 15 TWh

o Planned maintenances

m 35 TWh 34 TWh u 35 TWh S 34 TWh 33 TWh Other outages 20 TWh 30 TWh 20 TWh 27 TWh

0 TWh 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 5.6: Annual utilisation of all HVDC links presented in megawatt hours (MWh). Technical capacity not used (ETCNU) is the residual energy that has neither been transmitted nor been unavailable due to limitations or outages. Transmission (ET) is the amount of technical capacity (Emax) imported and exported through the HVDC links. Limitations, disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance outages and other outages form together the unavailable technical capacity (EU). More detailed explanations can be read in Chapter 3. From 2012, there are 14 HVDC links included. As of 2014, EstLink 2 and Skagerrak 4 were added. In 2016, LitPol Link and NordBalt were added. In 2019, COBRAcable was added. The maximum technical capacity (Emax) is marginally higher in 2012 and 2016 because they are leap years.

Percentage of hours categorised by utilisation rate, all HVDC links

100%

80% Utilisation rate 80–100%

s 69.6% r 72.3% 73.5% 72.2% 72.5% 71.2% 70.6% u 76.4% 60–80% o

h 60%

o 40–60%

e g a t 20–40% n e c r

e 0–20% P 40% 0%

20% 7.3% 5.0% 7.9% 8.1% 12.5% 9.4% 13.4% 10.0%

13.3% 16.0% 12.9% 12.8% 10.9% 12.4% 9.3% 11.7% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 5.7: Combined annual hourly utilisation rate for all HVDC link. The HVDC links were utilised by more than 80 % of their respective maximum technical capacity 70.9 % of the time during 2019.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 11 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.2. Overview of years 2012–2019

Percentage of hours unavailable, all HVDC links

20% r a e y

g n i r

u % hours limited d

15% e l

b % hours disturbance outage

a 10% l

i 15% a

v 7% % hours unplanned maintenance a 8% 7% n 9% u

s % hours planned maintenance r 10% u

o 2%

h 8% % hours other outage l l a

f 2% 3%

o 3%

4% e g

a 5% 2% t 5% 2% n

e 3% 1% c r e 6% P 5% 4% 5% 4% 3% 3% 3% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 5.8: The percentage of hours all HVDC links have been affected by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a disturbance or other outage. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

12 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3 Individual presentations of each HVDC link

This section presents the performance of each HVDC link. technical capacity Emax higher than the Emax stated in the Figure 5.9 presents the geographical location of each HVDC diagram. This is due to power flows that may momentarily link along with their predefined export direction. The cate- be higher than rated technical capacity of the links. Other gories used in the following presentations of each separate times, when power flow is below the rated technical capacity HVDC link are presented and defined in Chapter 3. (and there is no limitation reported), the difference is registered in the category “technical capacity not used”. Note that the sums in the tables for each link may show a

Vyborg link Fenno-Skan 1–2 Estlink 2 Estlink 1

Skagerak 1–4

Konti-Skan 1–2

e NordBalt

N r Storebaelt o

N SwePol e l b a c Kontek Baltic Cable LitPol Link A

R B O C

Figure 5.9: A map of the 19 HVDC links included in this report. To distinguish the direction of power flow, each link has a predefined export direction. This direction is indicated by the arrows.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 13 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

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14 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.1 Baltic Cable

Figure 5.10 presents the availability and utilisation of 74 %. The technical capacity not used was 38 %. Totally, Baltic Cable for 2019 and Table 5.1 presents the numerical 1.3 TWh (25 % of the technical capacity) was exported from values behind it. Baltic Cable is connected between south- Sweden to Germany and 0.6 TWh (11 % of the technical ca- ern Sweden (bidding zone SE4) and Germany (bidding zone pacity) was imported to Sweden. DE-TenneT). The operations started in 1994 and the trans- The annual maintenance of Baltic Cable lasted from late mission capacity is 600 MW. September to early October. Additionally, Baltic Cable had In 2019, Baltic Cable had an available technical capacity of 4 disturbance outages with only minor impact.

Monthly utilisation of Baltic Cable [Export SE4 -> DE]

2019 Total 100% % Technical capacity not used 23% 34% 34% 31% % Import 37% 37% 38% 41% 38% 38% 80% 46% 43% 12% 53% % Export % Limitations x 60% 12% a 13% 12% 11% m 20% 16% 10%

E % Disturbance outages

f 16% o 18% 20% 30% % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 25% 54% 23% 23% 25% 25% 49% 16% % Planned maintenance 26% 45% 19% % Other outages 20% 36% 24% 24% 25% 22% 28% 25% 27% 17% 14% 0% 10% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.10: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according toHVD monthC link for Baltic Cable in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.1: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for The Baltic Cable in 2019. Note thatEstL importink 2 and export losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Baltic Cable [Export SE4 -> DE] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 151.9 147.7 101.0 159.4 236.2 145.0 168.2 206.5 175.7 139.5 Kon1t8i-7S.9kan 2169.0 1988.1 37.8% Import, GWh 53.5 53.9 54.8 67.1 21.0 12.8 18.5 91.0 43.1 28.5 LitPo6l9 L.1ink 53.5 566.8 10.8% Export, GWh 81.7 102.2 89.0 109.4 115.3 233.2 220.5 87.1 98.4 20.0 Nord6B7a.3lt 103.6 1327.7 25.2% Limitations, GWh 159.6 99.3 201.6 96.6 74.0 41.8 40.5 62.1 102.9 133.2 Nor1N0e6d.5 120.6 1238.6 23.5% Disturbance outages, GWh - 0.6 ------1.2 - Skage1r.r3ak 1 - 3.1 0.1% Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh ------10.8 125.8 Skagerr-ak 3 - 136.6 2.6% Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 2.1 1.0 2.1 Storeb1.a7elt 1.1 14.1 0.3% Export losses, GWh 3.3 3.3 2.9 3.4 4.2 6.0 6.6 4.0 4.1 6.3 SweP3o.l4 3.9 51.4 1.0% Total, GWh 446.7 403.7 446.3 432.5 446.6 432.8 447.7 446.7 432.0 447.0 Vyb4o3r2g.1 Link446.7 5260.8 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 15 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.11 presents the annual utilisation of Baltic Cable per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.13 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.12 presents the percentage of hours of a year ages during the years 2012–2019. Baltic Cable has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Baltic Cable [Export SE4 -> DE]

100% 18% % Technical capacity not used 27% 32% y

t 36% % Import i 38% 38% c a 50% 46% p

a 57% % Export c

a 9% c i % Limitations n

h 15% 11% 10% c e

t % Disturbance outages

l 50% 55%

a 14% 41% 25% t o t % Unplanned maintenance 19%

e 25%

h 31% t 28%

f % Planned maintenance o 28% 13%

% 13% 33% % Other outages 16% 26% 24% 11% 22% 18% 22% 8% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.11: Annual utilisation of Baltic Cable according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Baltic Cable Number of outages annually for Baltic Cable 12 r a

e 40% y

a 10 g n

i 23% r 4 u d

e 30% l

e 8 b g a a l t i a u 6 2 v

44% o

a f n o

u 6

20% 33% r s e

r 27% b u 23% m o u h 3

l N l 4 4 4 a

23% f 22% 7 7

o 10% 18% 13% 6 6

% 3 2 5% 3 0% 2 2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 1 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage

Figure 5.12: Percentage of hours Baltic Cable has been affected Figure 5.13: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Baltic Cable turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The for the years 2012–2019. Baltic cable has not had any other out- percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a ages during the years 2012–2019. limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

16 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.2 COBRAcable

Figure 5.14 presents the availability and utilisation of nical capacity) was imported to Denmark. COBRAcable for 2019 and Table 5.2 presents the numerical values behind it. COBRAcable has been in operation since In 2019, COBRAcable was already used in trial mode and was 2019. In Denmark (bidding zone DK1) it is connected to En- available to the market as of 11 September, even though it drup substation and in Netherlands to Eemshaven (bidding was officially commissioned 5 November. Therefore, there is zone APX NL). The transmission capacity of COBRAcable is no unused technical capacity (ETCNU) before 5 November, as 700 MW. can be seen in Figure 5.14. In 2019, COBRAcable had had an available technical capac- COBRAcable had two disturbance outages, which were most ity of 95 %. The technical capacity not used was 15 %. Totally, likely teething troubles. Additionally, scheduled mainte- 0.6 TWh (39 % of the technical capacity) was exported from nance (lasting 3 days) was performed in late November be- Denmark to the Netherlands and 0.7 TWh (41 % of the tech- fore the final handover to operation in November.

Monthly utilisation of COBRAcable [Export DK1 -> NL]

2019 Total 100% 15% % Technical capacity not used 26% 24% % Import 80% 38% 41% % Export 64% 71% 22% 41% % Limitations x 60% a

m 38%

E % Disturbance outages

f o % Unplanned maintenance % 40% % Planned maintenance 62% 59% 20% 52% 39% % Other outages 20% 36% 29% 16% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.14: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingHV toDC monthlink for COBRAcable in 2019. The Baltic Cable availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. There is no unused technical capacity (ETCNU) during July– November because COBRAcable was commissioned 5 November. Technical capacity not usedCO isBRA ignoredcable during the testing period before commissioning. EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Table 5.2: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for COBRAcable in 2019. Note that import and export losses are not Kontek included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Konti-Skan 1 Monthly utilisation of COBRAcable [Export DK1 -> NL] Konti-Skan 2 LitPol Link Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh ------Nor1d1B5a.8lt 127.4 243.2 15.2% Import, GWh ------1.9 14.8 102.0 250.7 Nor1N7e1d.1 114.9 655.5 41.0% Skagerrak 1 Export, GWh ------3.0 8.2 145.9 101.6 91.4 268.5 618.5 38.7% Skagerrak 2 Limitations, GWh ------Skagerrak 3 Disturbance outages, GWh ------Skagerrak 4 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------0.1 - 0.1 0.0% Storebaelt Planned maintenance, GWh ------70.7 10.0 80.7 5.1% SwePol Other outages, GWh ------Vyborg Link Import losses, GWh ------0.1 0.4 2.4 6.1 4.0 2.7 15.8 1.0% Export losses, GWh ------0.1 0.2 4.1 2.8 2.5 7.6 17.4 1.1% Total, GWh ------4.9 23.0 247.9 352.3 449.1 520.8 1598.0 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 17 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

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18 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.3 EstLink 1

Figure 5.15 presents the availability and utilisation of Est- Link 2 is prioritised because of its lower transmission losses Link 1 for 2019 and Table 5.3 presents the numerical val- and because EstLink 1 is often used in Automatic Frequency ues behind it. EstLink 1 has been in operation since 2006 Control Mode. Totally, 0.6 TWh (20 % of the technical capac- and is the first HVDC connection between Finland and Esto- ity) was exported from Finland to Estonia and 0.1 TWh (2 % nia. In Finland, it is connected to Espoo substation (bidding of the technical capacity) was imported to Finland. zone FI) and in Estonia, it is connected to Harku substation (bidding zone EE). The transmission capacity of EstLink 1 is The annual maintenance of EstLink 1 lasted four days in June 350 MW. 2019. Additionally, EstLink 1 had 8 short disturbance out- In 2019, EstLink 1 had an available technical capacity of 98 %. ages with only minor impact Most of them had the same re- The technical capacity not used was 76 % due to that Est- occurring (and externally originated) cause.

Monthly utilisation of EstLink 1 [Export FI -> EE]

2019 Total 100% % Technical capacity not used % Import 80% 36% 52% % Export 70% 73% 74% 76% % Limitations x 60% 81% 79% a 85%

m 90% 91% 93%

E 94% % Disturbance outages

f o % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 48% % Planned maintenance 48% % Other outages 20% 29% 26% 25% 20% 16% 18% 15% 13% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.15: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to monthHVDC for lin EstLinkk 1 in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 Table 5.3: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for EstLink 1 in 2019. Note that importEs andtLink export 2 losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of EstLink 1 [Export FI -> EE] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 235.0 190.6 236.7 200.3 188.8 90.3 135.0 220.2 233.4 182.0 236.3 192.0 2340.6 76.3% Konti-Skan 2 Import, GWh 10.9 7.3 5.4 4.0 4.1 2.4 1.4 3.7 3.4 2.4 3.1 2.3 50.4 1.6% LitPol Link Export, GWh 12.5 37.3 17.7 45.9 66.6 119.9 124.0 32.9 14.4 76.4 12.5 66.1 626.3 20.4% NordBalt ------0.0% Limitations, GWh NorNed - - - 1.8 0.9 - - 0.2 - - - - 2.9 0.1% Disturbance outages, GWh Skagerrak 1 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh 2.0 - 0.2 - - 38.7 - - - - Skagerr-ak 3 - 40.9 1.3% Other outages, GWh - - - - - 0.8 - 3.4 0.8 - Skagerr-ak 4 - 5.0 0.2% Import losses, GWh 1.7 2.8 2.0 3.3 4.3 6.6 7.1 2.9 2.0 4.8 Storeb1.a9elt 4.5 44.0 1.4% Export losses, GWh 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.4 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 SweP1o.l5 1.1 14.3 0.5% Total, GWh 260.4 235.2 260.1 252.0 260.4 252.0 260.4 260.4 252.0 260.8 Vyb2o5r2g.0 Link260.4 3066.0 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 19 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.16 presents the annual utilisation of EstLink 1 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.18 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.17 presents the percentage of hours of a year Est- ages during the years 2012–2019. Link 1 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of EstLink 1 [Export FI -> EE]

100% % Technical capacity not used y

t % Import i 39% 40% c a p

a % Export c

l 68% a 69% 70% c i 77% 76% % Limitations

n 82% h

c 11% 90%

e 15% t % Disturbance outages

l 50% a t o t % Unplanned maintenance

e h t

f % Planned maintenance o 47%

% 40% 17% % Other outages 28% 23% 19% 20% 0% 8% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.16: Annual utilisation of EstLink 1 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for EstLink 1 Number of outages annually for EstLink 1 r a e

y 15

15% g n i

r 10% u d

8 s e l e b g a a l t i a 10% u 10 12 v o

a f n o

r s e r

b 5 7 u m o 5 9 u h

l N

l 2%

a 5% 5

8% f 6% 5

o 3 2 % 3% 5 4 4 0% 3 3 3 3 2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.17: Percentage of hours EstLink 1 has been affected by Figure 5.18: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for EstLink 1 for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The the years 2012–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

20 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.4 EstLink 2

Figure 5.19 presents the availability and utilisation of Est- to Estonia and 0.3 TWh (4 % of the technical capacity) was Link 2 for 2019 and Table 5.4 presents the numerical values imported to Finland. behind it. EstLink 2 was commissioned in Feb 2014 and is No annual maintenance for EstLink 2 was held in 2019. Nor- the second HVDC connection between Finland and Esto- mally, there is annual maintenance for HVDC links but for nia. In Finland, it is connected to Anttila substation (bidding EstLink 2 the maintenance happens every second year. Ad- zone FI) and in Estonia, it is connected to Püssi substation ditionally, there were 5 disturbances during 2019, of which 3 (bidding zone EE). The transmission capacity of EstLink 2 is had a more severe impact. The disturbance outage in April 650 MW. was caused by a cooling water leakage, the disturbance out- In 2019, EstLink 2 had an available technical capacity of 97 %. age in June by a faulty capacitor and faulty thyristors in the The technical capacity not used was 38 %. Totally, 3.2 TWh valve hall and the last one in December was caused by a faulty (55 % of the technical capacity) was exported from Finland DC voltage divider.

Monthly utilisation of EstLink 2 [Export FI -> EE]

2019 Total 100% 8% 11% % Technical capacity not used 32% 30% 29% % Import 80% 42% 38% 43% 43% 48% 53% 52% % Export 62% % Limitations x 60% a m

E % Disturbance outages

f 14% 84% o 89% % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 57% 21% 48% 67% 68% % Planned maintenance 56% 55% 50% 45% % Other outages 20% 44% 31% 26% 13% 0% 8% 8% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.19: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to monthHVDC forlink EstLink 2 in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.4: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for EstLink 2 in 2019. Note that importEst andLink 2 export losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of EstLink 2 [Export FI -> EE] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 255.2 187.2 298.7 198.4 152.9 39.3 51.8 207.9 225.1 145.5 Kon2t4i-5S.0kan 2141.3 2148.2 37.7% Import, GWh 103.9 59.2 33.5 7.3 8.3 0.2 - 6.2 9.9 7.5 LitPo1l3 L.4ink 3.3 252.8 4.4% Export, GWh 124.5 190.4 148.0 225.3 322.3 391.7 431.8 269.6 233.0 331.3 Nor2d0B9a.6lt 274.0 3151.4 55.3% Limitations, GWh ------NorNed- - - - Disturbance outages, GWh - - 2.8 36.9 0.2 36.9 - - - - Skagerr-ak 1 65.0 141.7 2.5% Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 3 - - - Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 2.5 4.0 2.9 4.4 6.8 8.7 9.5 5.5 4.6 7.1 Storeb4.a1elt 5.6 65.6 1.2% Export losses, GWh 2.0 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.2 - - 0.1 0.2 0.2 SweP0o.l3 0.1 4.9 0.1% Total, GWh 483.6 436.8 483.0 468.0 483.6 468.1 483.6 483.6 468.0 484.3 Vyb4o6r8g.0 Link483.6 5694.2 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 21 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.20 presents the annual utilisation of EstLink 2 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2014– age or other outage annually during the years 2014–2019. 2019. Figure 5.22 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.21 presents the percentage of hours of a year Est- ages during the years 2014–2019. Link 2 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of EstLink 2 [Export FI -> EE]

100% 20% % Technical capacity not used 32% y

t % Import i 38% 40%

c 42%

a 47% p

a % Export

c 59%

l a c i % Limitations n h c

e 11%

t % Disturbance outages

l 50% a t 72% 13% o t 53% % Unplanned maintenance

e h t

13% f % Planned maintenance

o 55% 48% 43% % 38% % Other outages 27% 11% 0% 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.20: Annual utilisation of EstLink 2 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2014–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for EstLink 2 Number of outages annually for EstLink 2 25% 14 r a e y

a 12

g n

i 20% r u

d 6

10 s e l e

b 21% g a a l t i 15% a u

v 8 o

a 4% f n o

r s e r b

u 10% 6 m o u h

l N l a

f 4 4 2

o 11% 5% 7 1

% 2 5% 5 4% 2 3% 3 3 0% 2 2 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours planned maintenance % hours other outage

Figure 5.21: Percentage of hours EstLink 2 has been affected by Figure 5.22: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for EstLink 2 for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2014–2019. The the years 2014–2019. EstLink 2 had neither unplanned mainte- percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a nance nor other outages during this period. limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

22 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.5 Fenno-Skan 1

Figure 5.23 presents the availability and utilisation of Fenno- 0.7 GWh (0.2 % of the technical capacity) was exported from Skan 1 for 2019 and Table 5.5 presents the numerical values Finland to Sweden and 3.2 TWh (95 % of the technical capac- behind it. Fenno-Skan 1 has been in operation since 1989 and ity) was imported to Finland. is the first HVDC connection between Finland and Sweden. In Finland (bidding zone FI), Fenno-Skan 1 is connected to The annual maintenance of Fenno-Skan 1 lasted five days Rauma and in Sweden to Dannebo (bidding zone SE3). The from late September to early October. Fenno-Skan 1 had no transmission capacity used to be 500 MW during summer disturbance outages during 2019. and 550 MW during winter but was permanently decreased It should be noted, that Fenno-Skan 1 and 2 is sometimes to 400 MW on 1 July 2014 after detailed DC cable investiga- operated at equivalent transmission levels but with reversed tions were completed. The investigations were started after directions to keep the temperature of Fenno-Skan 1 at ade- a cable fault 12 February 2013. quate levels. The utilisation is still regarded as import and In 2019, Fenno-Skan 1 had an available technical capacity export even though the resulting net exchange between Fin- of 98 %. The technical capacity not used was 3 %. Totally, land and Sweden is zero.

Monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 [Export FI -> SE3]

2019 Total 100% % Technical capacity not used 28% % Import 80% % Export % Limitations x 60% a

m 91% 91%

E % Disturbance outages

f 98% 99% 97% 97% 100% 100% 100% 97% 96% 95% o % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 71% % Planned maintenance % Other outages 20%

0% 9% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.23: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingH toVD monthC link for Fenno-Skan 1 in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.5: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Fenno-Skan 1 in 2019. Note thatEstLin importk 2 and export losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 [Export FI -> SE3] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 3.6 1.2 4.5 7.7 84.7 - 0.2 0.2 0.5 - Konti-5S.3kan 2 8.4 116.2 3.3% Import, GWh 293.7 266.1 289.0 280.6 213.1 288.6 297.2 298.0 262.0 272.3 LitP2o8l1 L.5ink 285.2 3327.4 94.8% Export, GWh - - 1.2 0.1 ------NordB1a.9lt 4.9 8.1 0.2% Limitations, GWh - - - - 0.4 - 0.7 - - - NorNe0d.2 - 1.2 0.0% Disturbance outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 1 - - - Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh 1.2 2.0 2.9 - - - - - 26.0 26.2 Skagerr-ak 3 - 58.3 1.7% Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 7.9 7.2 7.7 7.4 6.0 7.8 7.5 7.6 6.7 7.0 Storeb7.a3elt 7.5 87.8 2.5% SwePol Export losses, GWh ------0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0% Vyborg Link Total, GWh 298.5 269.3 297.6 288.4 298.2 288.6 298.1 298.2 288.5 298.4 288.8 298.5 3511.2 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 23 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.24 presents the annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.26 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.25 presents the percentage of hours of a year Fenno- ages during the years 2012–2019. Skan 1 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 [Export FI -> SE3]

100% 11% 15% % Technical capacity not used 22% 18% y

t % Import i c a p

a % Export c

l a c i 46% % Limitations n 76% h 41% c

e 73%

t % Disturbance outages

92% l 50% 92% 95% a 71% 92% t o t % Unplanned maintenance

e h t

f 9% % Planned maintenance o 25% % 16% % Other outages 19% 13% 0% 11% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.24: Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Fenno-Skan 1 Number of outages annually for Fenno-Skan 1 100% r a e

y 15

a 80%

g n i r u d

s e

l 9 e

b 60% g a a l t i a u 10 v 94% o

a 42% f n o

r s 40% e r b u 10 4 m o 9 9 u h

l N l

a 25% 46%

f 5

o 3 20% 16%

% 7 13% 11% 5 5 0% 3 2 2 2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage

Figure 5.25: Percentage of hours Fenno-Skan 1 has been affected Figure 5.26: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Fenno-Skan 1 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The during 2012–2019. Fenno-Skan 1 had no other outages during the percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a years 2012–2019. limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

24 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.6 Fenno-Skan 2

Figure 5.27 presents the availability and utilisation of Fenno- pacity) was imported to Finland. Skan 2 for 2019 and Table 5.6 presents the numerical values behind it. Fenno-Skan 2 has been in operation since 2011 and The annual maintenance of Fenno-Skan 2 lasted four days is the second HVDC connection between Finland and Swe- in September. Additionally, Fenno-Skan 2 had 2 disturbance den. In Finland (bidding zone FI) Fenno-Skan 2 is connected outages with only minor impact during 2019. to Rauma and in Sweden to Finnböle (bidding zone SE3). The It should be noted, that Fenno-Skan 1 and 2 is sometimes transmission capacity of Fenno-Skan 2 is 800 MW. operated at equivalent transmission levels but with reversed In 2019, Fenno-Skan 2 had an available technical capacity of directions to keep the temperature of Fenno-Skan 1 at ade- 95 %. The technical capacity not used was 21 %. Totally, quate levels. The utilisation is still regarded as import and 0.2 TWh (3 % of the technical capacity) was exported from export even though the resulting net exchange between Fin- Finland to Sweden and 5.0 TWh (72 % of the technical ca- land and Sweden is zero.

Monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 [Export FI -> SE3]

2019 Total 100% 11% % Technical capacity not used 18% 21% 16% 20% 27% 30% 31% 32% % Import 80% 36% % Export % Limitations x 60% a 51% m 85% 89%

E % Disturbance outages

f o

66% 92% 88% 76% 72% % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 58% 67% 68% 62% 58% % Planned maintenance % Other outages 20% 31% 9% 13% 12% 0% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.27: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingH toVD monthC link for Fenno-Skan 2 in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Table 5.6: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Fenno-Skan 2 in 2019. Note that import and export losses are not Fenno-Skan 1 included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 [Export FI -> SE3] Kontek Konti-Skan 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 179.6 168.9 192.7 210.0 105.5 119.2 45.0 62.8 18.3 10.9 Kont9i-5S.1kan 2159.2 1367.1 19.5% Import, GWh 406.7 332.5 341.9 333.4 303.8 379.9 549.1 524.9 488.3 532.1 LitP4o4l0 L.6ink 396.4 5029.9 71.7% Export, GWh 8.2 36.3 50.8 24.2 3.1 2.2 1.2 1.3 - 0.1 Nord1B2a.7lt 39.7 179.7 2.6% Limitations, GWh - - - 3.0 182.9 74.9 0.2 6.5 - 53.2 NorN2e7d.9 - 348.6 5.0% Skagerrak 1 Disturbance outages, GWh 0.9 - - 5.6 ------6.5 0.1% Skagerrak 2 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerrak 3 Planned maintenance, GWh - - 9.1 - - - - - 69.7 - - - 78.8 1.1% Skagerrak 4 Other outages, GWh ------Storebaelt Import losses, GWh 8.7 7.0 6.7 7.0 5.8 7.8 12.7 11.9 11.3 12.0 9.5 8.3 108.7 1.6% SwePol Export losses, GWh 0.1 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.1 - - - - - 0.2 0.8 3.5 0.1% Vyborg Link Total, GWh 595.4 537.7 594.5 576.2 595.3 576.2 595.5 595.5 576.3 596.4 576.3 595.3 7010.5 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 25 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.28 presents the annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.30 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.29 presents the percentage of hours of a year Fenno- ages during the years 2012–2019. Skan 2 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 [Export FI -> SE3]

100% % Technical capacity not used 21% 18% 22% 20% 28% 28% y

t 36% % Import i 40% 39% c a p

a % Export c

l a c i % Limitations n h c e

t % Disturbance outages

l 50% 57% a t 72% o t 80% % Unplanned maintenance 75% 65% e 70%

h 55%

t 53%

f 56% % Planned maintenance o

% % Other outages

19% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.28: Annual utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Fenno-Skan 2 Number of outages annually for Fenno-Skan 2

r 4% a

e 10

y 20%

g n i r u

d 8

s e 15% 3 5 l e b g a a l t i

a 5 u v o

a 6 f n o

u 7 3

10% 19% r s e

r 8 b u m o u h

4 2 l N l 10% a 1

o 5% 6 4 1 % 7% 2 4 3 3 0% 2% 2 2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 1 1 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.29: Percentage of hours Fenno-Skan 2 has been affected Figure 5.30: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Fenno-Skan 2 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The for the years 2012–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

26 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.7 Kontek

Figure 5.31 presents the availability and utilisation of Kontek to Germany and 2.3 TWh (44 % of the technical capacity) was for 2019 and Table 5.7 presents the numerical values behind imported to Denmark. it. Kontek has been in operation since 1995. In Denmark it The annual maintenance of Kontek was done in two parts is connected to Bjaeverskov (bidding zone DK2) and in Ger- (one in April and the second in August), with each of them many to Bentwisch (bidding zone DE-50Hertz). The trans- lasting approximately 4.5 days. Additionally, Kontek had two mission capacity of Kontek is 600 MW. minor disturbance outages. The first was due to a breaker In 2019, Kontek had an available technical capacity of 97 %. fault on a line connecting the connected busbar of Kontek, The technical capacity not used was 28 %. Totally, 1.3 TWh and the second was due to an operational fault during main- (25 % of the technical capacity) was exported from Denmark tenance.

Monthly utilisation of Kontek [Export DK2 -> DE]

2019 Total 100% % Technical capacity not used 21% 21% 28% 28% 26% 23% 24% 28% 30% 31% 31% 31% % Import 80% 38% % Export 12% % Limitations x 60% a 22% 45% m 37%

E % Disturbance outages

38% f 54% 44% o 48% 61%

56% 35% 48% % Unplanned maintenance % 69% 40% % Planned maintenance 57% 19% 48% % Other outages 20% 34% 32% 28% 25% 23% 22% 18% 16% 14% 15% 0% 8% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.31: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to monthHVDC forlink Kontek in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.7: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Kontek in 2019. Note that importE andstLink export 2 losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Kontek [Export DK2 -> DE] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 126.4 121.3 95.2 120.3 169.0 133.8 137.6 116.7 131.9 101.7 Kon1t0i-5S.5kan 295.2 1454.6 27.7% Import, GWh 215.2 152.8 271.0 160.4 154.1 53.7 96.5 248.6 206.6 308.0 LitP2o3l5 L.2ink 200.3 2302.5 43.8% Export, GWh 104.8 129.1 79.6 83.3 123.3 244.5 212.2 17.3 93.5 36.0 Nord2B6a.2lt 150.9 1300.7 24.7% Limitations, GWh ------NorN6e5d.1 - 65.1 1.2% Disturbance outages, GWh ------0.3 - 1.3 Skagerr-ak 1 - 1.5 0.0% Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh - - - 68.0 - - - 63.5 - - Skagerr-ak 3 - 131.5 2.5% Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 4.4 3.1 5.7 3.3 3.1 1.1 2.0 5.3 4.4 6.6 Storeb4.a8elt 4.1 47.8 0.9% Export losses, GWh 2.1 2.6 1.6 1.6 2.4 5.1 4.5 0.3 1.9 0.7 SweP0o.l5 3.3 26.7 0.5% Total, GWh 446.4 403.2 445.8 432.0 446.4 432.0 446.4 446.4 432.0 447.0 Vyb4o3r2g.0 Link446.4 5256.0 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 27 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.32 presents the annual utilisation of Kontek per util- age, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or other isation and unavailability category for the years 2012–2019. outage annually during the years 2012–2019. Figure 5.34 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, un- Figure 5.33 presents the percentage of hours of a year Kontek planned and planned maintenance and other outages during has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance out- the years 2012–2019.

Annual utilisation of Kontek [Export DK2 -> DE]

100% 20% 19% 21% % Technical capacity not used 24% 26% 23% 23% 28% 23% y

t % Import i c a p

a 14% 18% % Export

c 11%

a 27% c i 31% 28% % Limitations

n 34% h c e

t % Disturbance outages

47% 44%

l 50% a t o t % Unplanned maintenance

e 49% 26% h

t 59% 60%

f % Planned maintenance o

36% 40% % 39% % Other outages 23% 23% 25% 12% 0% 10% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.32: Annual utilisation of Kontek according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Kontek Number of outages annually for Kontek 25% 10 r a e y

a 1

n 20% 8 i r u d

s e l e

b 1 g a a l t i 15% 23% 6 a u v o

a 1 1 f n o

u 2 6

r s e

r 1 b

u 10% m o 4 u h

N 1 l 12% a

f 2 4 2 o 5% 3% 10% 3 5 % 2 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3 0% 3% 2 2 2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 1 1 1 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.33: Percentage of hours Kontek has been affected by Figure 5.34: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Kontek for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The the years 2012–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

28 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.8 Konti-Skan 1

Figure 5.35 presents the availability and utilisation of Konti- cables as of 1 February 2020. Skan 1 for 2019 and Table 5.8 presents the numerical values behind it. Konti-Skan 1 has been in operation since 1965 and In 2019, Konti-Skan 1 had an available technical capacity of it is connected in south-western Sweden to Lindome (bid- 85 % and the technical capacity not used was 34 %. Totally, ding zone SE3) and in Denmark to Vester Hassing (bidding 0.7 TWh (22 % of the technical capacity) was exported from zone DK1). It has a transmission capacity of 370 MW to- Sweden to Denmark and 0.9 TWh (28 % of the technical ca- wards east and 340 MW towards west. pacity) was imported to Sweden. The capacity has been asymmetric due to historical limi- Konti-Skan 1 and 2 had large amounts of planned mainte- tations and reserve requirements, along with transmission nance due to replacements of conductor lines in Denmark measurements only being done in DK1. As a step towards in May and Konti-Skan 1 control system replacement in Oc- correcting this, the rated capacity at the receiving end of DK1 tober and November. Additionally, Konti-Skan 1 had 5 dis- was changed from 680 MW to 715 MW on 1 October 2019. As turbance outages during 2019 of which some were due to the final step towards correcting the asymmetrical NTC ca- installation errors of previously mentioned planned mainte- pacities, measurements will be done on receiving ends of the nances.

Monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 [Export SE3 -> DK1]

2019 Total 100% 19% 15% % Technical capacity not used 23% 26% 38% 35% 34% 34% % Import 80% 41% 43% 47% 44% 44% 14% % Export 21% 24% % Limitations x 60% 9% a

m 22%

E % Disturbance outages

f 25% o

9% 27% 43% 25% % Unplanned maintenance % 26% 40% 27% 75% 53% 65% % Planned maintenance 56% 53% 28% % Other outages 20% 31% 37% 31% 29% 24% 29% 20% 14% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.35: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingHV toDCmonth link for Konti-Skan 1 in 2019. The Baltic Cable availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Table 5.8: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Konti-Skan 1 in 2019. Note that import and export losses are not Fenno-Skan 1 included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 [Export SE3 -> DK1] Konti-Skan 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total Konti-Skan 2 Technical capacity not used, GWh 113.5 107.8 128.1 102.4 53.2 62.4 96.3 121.9 91.2 70.9 40.7 121.7 1110.0 34.2% LitPol Link Import, GWh 144.7 68.0 75.1 66.7 7.7 3.5 24.6 72.2 113.6 66.0 14.8 67.5 724.4 22.3% NordBalt Export, GWh 17.1 72.8 65.2 83.0 57.4 199.0 146.5 80.7 54.5 23.9 37.1 85.9 923.1 28.5% NorNed Limitations, GWh - - 6.6 - 1.3 1.6 7.9 0.6 2.7 4.4 0.3 - 25.3 0.8% Skagerrak 1 Disturbance outages, GWh - - - - 2.0 - - - 1.1 9.5 - 0.2 12.8 0.4% Skagerrak 2 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerrak 3 Planned maintenance, GWh - - - 14.3 153.7 - - - 3.3 100.8 173.4 - 445.5 13.7% Skagerrak 4 Other outages, GWh ------Storebaelt Import losses, GWh 3.9 1.8 2.0 1.8 0.2 0.1 0.7 2.0 4.0 1.8 0.2 1.6 20.1 0.6% SwePol Export losses, GWh - 1.1 0.7 1.3 1.0 3.7 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.5 1.6 14.0 0.4% Vyborg Link Total, GWh 275.3 248.6 274.9 266.4 275.3 266.4 275.3 275.3 266.4 275.7 266.4 275.3 3241.2 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 29 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.36 presents the annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.38 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.37 presents the percentage of hours of a year Konti- ages during the years 2012–2019. Skan 1 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 [Export SE3 -> DK1]

100% % Technical capacity not used 31% y 33% t 36% 34% % Import i 38% 39% c 41% 45% a

p 53% a % Export c

l a c i % Limitations

n 19%

h 10%

c 22%

e 29% t % Disturbance outages

l 50% 26% a

t 26% o t 25% % Unplanned maintenance 19% e 20%

h 54% t

f % Planned maintenance

o 17%

46% 28%

% 22% 12% 26% % Other outages 27% 14% 29% 8% 14% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.36: Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Konti-Skan 1 Number of outages annually for Konti-Skan 1 r a

e 30% y 15

g n i r u d

s e l e b g a a l 20% 11 t i a u 10 v o

a f 2

n 32% o

r 4 s 14% e r 3 b u 8 6 m o 9% 3 5 u h

l 6 N

l 10% a

f 5

o 15% 4% 4 % 3% 5% 6% 7% 4% 5% 5 5 5 4 0% 3% 3 3 3 2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.37: Percentage of hours Konti-Skan 1 has been affected Figure 5.38: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Konti-Skan 1 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The for the years 2012–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

30 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.9 Konti-Skan 2

Figure 5.39 presents the availability and utilisation of Konti- 1 February 2020. Skan 2 for 2019 and Table 5.9 presents the numerical values In 2019, Konti-Skan 2 had an available technical capacity of behind it. Konti-Skan 2 is connected between Sweden and 83 % and the technical capacity not used was 34 %. Totally, Denmark in parallel to Konti-Skan 1 and has been in oper- 0.9 TWh (28 % of the technical capacity) was exported from ation since 1988. It has a transmission capacity of 370 MW Sweden to Denmark and 0.8 TWh (21 % of the technical ca- from west to east and 340 MW from east to west. The capac- pacity) was imported to Sweden. ity has been asymmetric due to historical limitations and reserve requirements, along with transmission measurements Konti-Skan 1 and 2 had large amounts of planned mainte- only being done in DK1. As a step towards correcting this, nance due to replacements of conductor lines in Denmark the rated capacity at the receiving end of DK1 was changed in May and Konti-Skan 2 control system replacement in from 680 MW to 715 MW on 1 October 2019. As the final step September. Additionally, Konti-Skan 2 had 5 disturbance towards correcting the asymmetrical NTC capacities, mea- outages during 2019 of which some were due to installation surements will be done on receiving ends of the cables as of errors of previously mentioned planned maintenances.

Monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 [Export SE3 -> DK1]

2019 Total 100% 9% % Technical capacity not used 19% 22% 35% 34% 35% 34% % Import 80% 41% 40% 38% 42% 47% 44% 16% % Export % Limitations x 60% 8% a

m 21%

E % Disturbance outages

30% 27% f 25%

o 25% 22% 26% 88% % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 27% 75% % Planned maintenance 53% 54% 28% 56% 21% % Other outages 20% 29% 31% 27% 29% 23% 29% 14% 0% 10% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.39: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingHV toDCmonth link for Konti-Skan 2 in 2019. The Baltic Cable availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Table 5.9: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Konti-Skan 2 in 2019. Note that import and export losses are not Fenno-Skan 1 included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 [Export SE3 -> DK1] Konti-Skan 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total Konti-Skan 2 Technical capacity not used, GWh 114.1 100.0 128.9 102.5 52.3 59.5 95.8 121.1 24.9 94.4 94.1 114.3 1101.8 34.0% LitPol Link Import, GWh 145.7 61.4 75.1 66.5 7.4 3.4 23.0 72.3 5.9 83.9 72.5 61.7 679.0 20.9% NordBalt Export, GWh 15.5 71.4 64.1 83.1 45.4 200.9 148.6 80.7 1.7 75.0 55.5 78.6 920.5 28.4% NorNed Limitations, GWh - - 6.8 - 1.5 1.5 7.9 1.1 - 8.5 1.1 - 28.4 0.9% Skagerrak 1 Disturbance outages, GWh - 15.9 - - 15.0 1.1 - - - 2.8 15.8 0.8 51.3 1.6% Skagerrak 2 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerrak 3 Planned maintenance, GWh - - - 14.3 153.7 - - - 233.8 10.9 27.4 20.0 460.1 14.2% Skagerrak 4 ------Other outages, GWh Storebaelt 3.8 1.5 1.7 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.9 0.2 2.3 2.1 1.4 17.3 0.5% Import losses, GWh SwePol Export losses, GWh 0.3 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.0 4.9 3.5 1.6 - 2.0 Vybor1g.3 Link 1.8 21.4 0.7% Total, GWh 275.3 248.6 274.9 266.4 275.3 266.4 275.3 275.3 266.4 275.7 266.4 275.3 3241.2 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 31 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.40 presents the annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.42 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.41 presents the percentage of hours of a year Konti- ages during the years 2012–2019. Skan 2 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 [Export SE3 -> DK1]

100% % Technical capacity not used y

t 37% 35% 34% % Import i 41% 38% 39% c 45% 42% 41% a p

a % Export c

l a c i % Limitations n h

c 12% 18% 21% e

t % Disturbance outages

l 50%

a 17% 27% t 36% 26% 27% o t % Unplanned maintenance

h 55% t

f 28% % Planned maintenance o 44% 34% % 32% % Other outages 26% 27% 27% 23% 14% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.40: Annual utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Konti-Skan 2 Number of outages annually for Konti-Skan 2 20% 2%

r 20 a e y

2% a

n 15% i r u

d 10%

15 s e l e b g a a l 14 t i 9 a u v 10% o

a f n o

u 9

r 10 s e

r 15% b u 4% 3% m o 4% 4 u h

l 2% N l

a 3%

5% 5% f 6 o

3 5 2 % 6% 8 4% 4% 5% 4% 5 3% 2% 6 3 6 2 0% 4 3 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 2 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.41: Percentage of hours Konti-Skan 2 has been affected Figure 5.42: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Konti-Skan 2 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The for the years 2012–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

32 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.10 LitPol Link

Figure 5.43 presents the availability and utilisation of of 96 %. The technical capacity not used was 35 %. Totally, LitPol Link for 2019 and Table 4.1 presents the numerical val- 2.3 TWh (53 % of the technical capacity) as exported from ues behind it. LitPol Link has been in operation since the end Lithuania to Poland and 0.4 TWh (9 % of the technical ca- of 2015. In Lithuania, it is connected to Alytus (bidding zone pacity) was imported to Lithuania. LT) and in Poland to Ełk (bidding zone PL). The transmission The annual maintenance of LitPol Link lasted six days in capacity of LitPol Link is 500 MW. May. Additionally, LitPol Link had 2 disturbance outages In 2019, LitPol Link had had an available technical capacity with only minor impact in 2019.

Monthly utilisation of LitPol Link [Export LT -> PL]

2019 Total 100% % Technical capacity not used 26% 33% 34% 30% 34% 33% 32% 35% % Import 80% 37% 36% 38% 38% 47% % Export % Limitations x 60% 15% 9% a 17% 12% m

E % Disturbance outages

o 30%

45% % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 67% 63% 57% 63% 53% 58% 53% % Planned maintenance 49% 51% 49% 45% % Other outages 20% 32% 21% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.43: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingH toVD monthC link for LitPol Link in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.10: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for LitPol Link in 2019. Note thatEs importtLink 2 and export losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of LitPol Link [Export LT -> PL] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 137.9 111.5 97.1 123.7 113.0 129.8 175.8 128.0 135.9 142.0 Kon1t1i-8S.9kan 2117.2 1530.7 34.9% Import, GWh 112.8 57.4 18.2 3.8 4.0 19.3 21.5 5.1 42.8 18.2 LitPo2l6 L.1ink 55.4 384.7 8.8% Export, GWh 117.8 164.5 248.1 227.5 167.5 203.8 167.5 234.8 177.1 198.9 Nor2d1B0a.3lt 191.2 2308.9 52.7% Limitations, GWh 3.5 2.6 8.1 5.0 2.8 7.1 3.7 3.5 4.1 13.4 NorNe4d.7 3.2 61.7 1.4% Disturbance outages, GWh ------0.7 - - Skagerr-ak 1 - 0.7 0.0% Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------3.5 - - - Skagerr-ak 2 5.0 8.5 0.2% Planned maintenance, GWh - - - - 77.5 - - - - - Skagerr-ak 3 - 77.5 1.8% Other outages, GWh - - - - 7.2 - - - - - Skagerr-ak 4 - 7.2 0.2% Import losses, GWh 1.8 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.4 Storeb0.a5elt 0.9 6.6 0.2% Export losses, GWh 1.9 2.5 3.7 3.4 2.6 3.1 2.7 3.6 2.8 2.9 SweP3o.l2 2.9 35.2 0.8% Total, GWh 372.0 336.0 371.5 360.0 372.0 360.0 372.0 372.0 360.0 372.5 Vyb3o6r0g.0 Link372.0 4380.0 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 33 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.44 presents the annual utilisation of LitPol Link per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2016– age or other outage annually during the years 2016–2019. 2019. Figure 5.46 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.45 presents the percentage of hours of a year ages during the years 2016–2019. LitPol Link has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of LitPol Link [Export LT -> PL]

100% % Technical capacity not used y

t 35% % Import i 40% c 43% 43% a

p 52% a % Export c

l a c i 9% % Limitations n h c e

t 11% 16% 12% % Disturbance outages

l 50% a t o t 10% % Unplanned maintenance

e h t

f % Planned maintenance

o 53% 24% 35% 37%

% 37% % Other outages

9% 8% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.44: Annual utilisation of LitPol Link according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2016–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for LitPol Link Number of outages annually for LitPol Link 12 r

a 40% e y

a 10 g n i r u d

30% 5 s e l

e 8 b g a a l t i a u

v 42% o

a f n o

u 20% 6 2

r s e r b u m o u h 3 3

l N l 16% 4 a

f 10% 3 o 15%

14%

% 1 2 3 1 0% 4% 2 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 1 1 % hours limited 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.45: Percentage of hours LitPol Link has been affected by Figure 5.46: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for LitPol Link turbance or other outage annually for the years 2016–2019. The for the years 2016–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

34 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.11 NordBalt

Figure 5.47 presents the availability and utilisation of Nord- 92 %. The technical capacity not used was 29 %. Totally, Balt for 2019 and Table 5.11 presents the numerical values 3.6 TWh (58 % of the technical capacity) was exported from behind it. NordBalt has been in operation since 2016. In Sweden to Lithuania and 0.3 TWh (5 % of the technical ca- Sweden, it is connected to Nybro (bidding zone SE4) and in pacity) was imported to Sweden. Lithuania to Klaipeda (bidding zone LT). The transmission The annual maintenance of NordBalt lasted eight days in capacity of NordBalt is 700 MW at the receiving end. September. Additionally, NordBalt had 1 disturbance outage In 2019, NordBalt had had an available technical capacity of with only minor impact during 2019.

Monthly utilisation of NordBalt [Export SE4 -> LT]

2019 Total 100% 10% 16% 15% % Technical capacity not used 24% 22% 33% 29% % Import 80% 40% 43% 47% 47% 49% % Export % Limitations x 60% 58% a

m 13%

E 10% % Disturbance outages

f 52%

o 12% 91% 10% 79% % Unplanned maintenance % 84% 40% 75% 58% 55% % Planned maintenance 41% 43% 35% 47% % Other outages 20% 39% 22% 28% 0% 8% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.47: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to monthHVDC for lin NordBaltk in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.11: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for NordBalt in 2019. Note that importEs andtLinkexport 2 losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of NordBalt [Export SE4 -> LT] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 224.6 185.9 246.0 168.7 123.4 37.8 82.6 76.7 52.3 114.5 Kon2t3i-9S.2kan 2253.4 1805.1 29.4% Import, GWh 54.0 58.9 60.9 18.5 4.6 0.2 0.4 3.1 0.4 5.1 LitPo2l5 L.6ink 53.6 285.3 4.7% Export, GWh 222.5 194.8 183.7 278.0 268.5 456.4 409.7 437.8 289.9 392.5 Nor2d3B6a.5lt 202.8 3573.2 58.3% Limitations, GWh 19.7 30.8 29.5 38.8 114.5 9.6 25.0 3.2 19.0 9.5 NorNe2d.7 11.0 313.3 5.1% Disturbance outages, GWh ------3.0 - - - Skagerr-ak 1 - 3.0 0.0% Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh ------142.3 - Skagerr-ak 3 - 142.3 2.3% Other outages, GWh - - - - 9.8 - - - - - Skagerr-ak 4 - 9.8 0.2% Import losses, GWh 9.7 8.3 8.1 12.2 11.8 20.8 18.7 20.0 13.2 17.5 Store1b0a.2elt 8.9 159.3 2.6% Export losses, GWh 1.9 2.0 2.1 0.7 0.2 - - 0.1 - 0.2 SweP0o.l9 1.8 10.0 0.2% Total, GWh 520.8 470.4 520.1 504.0 520.8 504.0 520.8 520.8 504.0 521.5 Vyb5o0r4g.0 Link520.8 6132.0 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 35 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.48 presents the annual utilisation of NordBalt per outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2016– other outage annually during the years 2016–2019. Fig- 2019. ure 5.50 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.49 presents the percentage of hours of a year Nord- ages during the years 2016–2019. Balt has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance

Annual utilisation of NordBalt [Export SE4 -> LT]

100% % Technical capacity not used 31% 28% 29% 30%

y 32% t % Import i c a p

a % Export c

l a c i % Limitations n h c e

t % Disturbance outages

l 50%

a 42% t 47% o t 50% 49% % Unplanned maintenance

h 58% t

f % Planned maintenance o

% % Other outages 18% 8% 12% 15% 0% 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.48: Annual utilisation of NordBalt according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2016–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for NordBalt Number of outages annually for NordBalt 25 r 25% a e y

a 9%

n 20 i

r 20% u d

s e l e b

18% g a a l t i 15 16 a 15% u v o

a f n o

r s e r b u 10% 12% m o 10 u h

12 l 11% N l 15% a

f o 5% 2 % 7% 5 3 4% 2% 0% 5 2 2 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.49: Percentage of hours NordBalt has been affected by Figure 5.50: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for NordBalt for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2016–2019. The the years 2016–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

36 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.12 NorNed

Figure 5.51 presents the availability and utilisation of NorNed 2.4 TWh (38 % of the technical capacity) was exported from for 2019 and Table 5.12 presents the numerical values behind Norway to the Netherlands and 1.4 TWh (23 % of the techni- it. NorNed has been in operation since 2008, and is, with a cal capacity) was imported to Norway. length of 580 km, the longest HVDC link connected to the Nordic power system. In Norway on the south-western coast NorNed had 8 disturbances and 4 planned maintenances (bidding zone NO2) it is connected to Feda substation and during 2019. In February, the outage was due to a fault in Netherlands to Eemshaven (bidding zone APX NL). The on a bushing in Feda. Furthermore, filter problems in transmission capacity of NorNed is 700 MW. Eemshaven caused maintenance outages and limitations in In 2019, NorNed had had an available technical capacity of March–April. The unavailable energy in Q4 was due to main- 82 %. The technical capacity not used was 11 %. Totally, tenance in the Eemshaven region.

Monthly utilisation of NorNed [Export NO2 -> NL]

2019 Total 100% % Technical capacity not used 17% 17% 21% 17% 20% 28% 29% 26% 28% 26% 31% 30% % Import 80% 43% 12% 10% % Export 27% 12% 31% 23% % Limitations x 60% 23% 28% a 23% m

E % Disturbance outages

43% 42% f

o 19% 24% % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 79% 21% 70% 67% 26% 29% 38% % Planned maintenance 52% 46% 16% % Other outages 20% 38% 22% 31% 25% 23% 18% 15% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.51: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to monthHVDC forlink NorNed in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 Table 5.12: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for NorNed in 2019. Note that importEs andtLink export 2 losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of NorNed [Export NO2 -> NL] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 224.9 145.4 144.3 152.9 149.0 87.3 89.6 135.4 106.8 90.1 139.9 106.7 1572.6 25.6% Konti-Skan 2 Import, GWh 97.7 56.8 225.7 117.2 122.2 18.9 65.1 147.1 50.5 140.8 209.6 159.7 1411.3 23.0% LitPol Link Export, GWh 195.7 24.8 115.0 106.3 153.5 399.3 366.8 238.6 335.8 126.1 154.0 136.1 2352.0 38.3% NordBalt 0.6 - 35.1 127.5 96.2 - - - - 84.6 0.7 118.3 463.0 7.5% Limitations, GWh NorNed 2.1 243.4 0.1 ------2.6 - - 248.2 4.0% Disturbance outages, GWh Skagerrak 1 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh ------11.8 77.5 Skagerr-ak 3 - 89.3 1.5% Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 3.4 2.2 8.4 3.5 4.0 0.7 2.5 5.7 1.9 4.9 Storeb8.a3elt 5.3 50.7 0.8% Export losses, GWh 6.9 0.9 4.0 2.9 4.8 15.1 14.0 9.0 13.0 4.1 SweP5o.l7 4.3 84.6 1.4% Total, GWh 521.0 470.4 520.2 504.0 520.9 505.5 521.5 521.1 504.8 521.7 Vyb5o0r4g.2 Link520.9 6136.5 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 37 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.52 presents the annual utilisation of NorNed per util- age, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or other isation and unavailability category for the years 2012–2019. outage annually during the years 2012–2019. Figure 5.54 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, un- Figure 5.53 presents the percentage of hours of a year NorNed planned and planned maintenance and other outages during has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance out- the years 2012–2019.

Annual utilisation of NorNed [Export NO2 -> NL]

100% 9% 9% 12% 19% 18% % Technical capacity not used 26% y

t % Import i c a p

a % Export c

l a c i 23% % Limitations n h

c 68% e

t 94% % Disturbance outages

l 50% 89% 81%

a 88% t 63% 74% o t 68% % Unplanned maintenance

e h t

f 38% % Planned maintenance o

% % Other outages

14% 8% 0% 9% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.52: Annual utilisation of NorNed according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for NorNed Number of outages annually for NorNed 30% r a e y

25% a 15 g n

i 6 r u d

20% s

e 4%

l 2 e b g a a l t i 27% 9% a 19% u v o 10 2

a 15% f n o

r 3 s e

r 18% 8 b u m o 10% 14% u h

l N l a

11 f 9%

o 6% 10% 5 9 % 5% 5% 3 3 6 3% 0% 3% 3% 3% 2 4 2 2 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.53: Percentage of hours NorNed has been affected by Figure 5.54: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for NorNed for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The the years 2012–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

38 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.13 Skagerrak 1

Figure 5.55 presents the availability and utilisation of Skager- Norway to the Denmark and 0.4 TWh (18 % of the technical rak 1 for 2019 and Table 5.13 presents the numerical values capacity) was imported to Norway. behind it. Skagerrak 1 and Skagerrak 2 have been in operation since 1976 and are the oldest HVDC links in operation in Skagerak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been operated in “careful oper- the Nordic countries. In Norway, the links are connected to ation” since December 2019 due to the cable faults on Sk- Kristiansand on the southern coast (bidding zone NO2) and agerak 4, which in turn caused limitations due to restrictions in Denmark to Tjele (bidding zone DK1), approximately 15 on the maximum allowed electrode currents. The annual km east of the town of Viborg in the northern part of Jutland. maintenance was done during refurbishment of Skagerak 1 The transmission capacity is 236 MW at the receiving end. AC equipment on the Danish side and lasted 58 days from In 2019, Skagerrak 1 had an available technical capacity of late September to late November. Additionally, Skagerrak 1 72 %. The technical capacity not used was 32 %. Totally, had 1 major disturbance during 2019 due to a failure on the 0.5 TWh (22 % of the technical capacity) was exported from pole transformer on the Norwegian side.

Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 1 [Export NO2 -> DK1]

2019 Total 100% 10% 19% % Technical capacity not used 26% 32% 25% 12% 32% % Import 80% 37% 38% 50% 11% 56% 55% % Export 61% 12% % Limitations x 60% a 18% m

E 44% % Disturbance outages

f 100% o 47% % Unplanned maintenance % 37% 40% 50% 10% 22% 9% 70% 72% 62% % Planned maintenance 32% 8% % Other outages 20% 29% 42% 28% 21% 21% 11% 15% 16% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.55: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingHV toDC month link for Skagerrak 1 in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.13: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Skagerrak 1 in 2019. Note thatEstLin importk 2 and export losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 1 [Export NO2 -> DK1] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 98.4 50.9 64.3 43.8 107.9 93.3 88.2 33.4 64.9 - Konti-0S.2kan 218.4 663.8 32.1% Import, GWh 57.0 74.1 88.2 74.9 15.5 16.6 11.7 19.3 2.0 - LitPol0 L.3ink 21.8 381.3 18.4% Export, GWh 20.2 33.6 13.9 47.0 14.5 50.0 74.5 122.9 63.5 - NordB4a.2lt 5.6 450.0 21.8% Limitations, GWh - - 9.1 2.6 37.7 10.0 1.3 - 13.4 - NorNe0d.2 20.7 95.0 4.6% Disturbance outages, GWh ------Skag4e2r.r8ak 1109.1 151.9 7.3% Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh - - - 1.7 - - - - 26.1 175.8 Ska1g2e2r.r1ak 3 - 325.7 15.8% Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 2.8 3.5 4.4 4.0 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.1 - Storeba-elt 0.9 18.5 0.9% SwePol Export losses, GWh 0.9 1.6 0.6 2.2 0.6 2.6 3.7 5.9 2.9 - 0.2 0.3 21.4 1.0% Vyborg Link Total, GWh 175.6 158.6 175.4 170.1 175.6 169.9 175.6 175.6 169.9 175.8 169.9 175.6 2067.7 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 39 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.56 presents the annual utilisation of Skagerrak 1 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.58 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.57 presents the percentage of hours of a year Ska- ages during the years 2012–2019. gerrak 1 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 1 [Export NO2 -> DK1]

100% % Technical capacity not used

y 32% t 35% 35% 36% % Import i 41% 41% c 41% a

p 53% 53% a % Export c

l a c i % Limitations n 11% 18% h

c 11% 11% e 13%

t 26% % Disturbance outages

l 50% a t o t 12% % Unplanned maintenance

e 31% 22% h t

f 55% % Planned maintenance o 33% 38% 28% 41% 19%

% 31% % Other outages 21% 11% 16% 0% 11% 9% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.56: Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 1 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Skagerrak 1 Number of outages annually for Skagerrak 1 r a e

y 30% 10% 11% 20 a

g n i r u d

s e l e

b 15 g a a l 20% t i 8% a u v o

a f n

27% 8% o

r s e

r 16% b 10 20 u 4% m o 24% 2 18 u h

l N l 10%

a 7%

f 16% o

% 11% 11% 5 3 7% 6% 6% 4 8 3 0% 3 3 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 2 2 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage

Figure 5.57: Percentage of hours Skagerrak 1 has been affected Figure 5.58: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Skagerrak 1 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The for the years 2012–2019. Skagerrak 1 had no other outages dur- percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a ing the years 2012–2019. limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

40 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.14 Skagerrak 2

Figure 5.59 presents the availability and utilisation of Skager- 0.5 TWh (22 % of the technical capacity) was exported from rak 2 for 2019 and Table 5.14 presents the numerical values Norway to the Denmark and 0.5 TWh (23 % of the technical behind it. Skagerrak 1 and Skagerrak 2 have been in opera- capacity) was imported to Norway. tion since 1976 and are the oldest HVDC links in operation in the Nordic countries. In Norway, the links are connected to Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been operated in “careful opera- Kristiansand on the southern coast (bidding zone NO2) and tion” since December 2019 due to the cable faults on Skager- in Denmark to Tjele (bidding zone DK1), approximately 15 rak 4, which in turn caused limitations due to restrictions on km east of the town of Viborg in the northern part of Jutland. the maximum allowed electrode currents. The annual main- The transmission capacity of Skagerrak 2 is 236 MW at the tenance of Skagerrak 2 was done during replacement of the receiving end. new control system on the Norwegian side and lasted 57 days In 2019, Skagerrak 2 had an available technical capacity of from late May to July. Additionally, Skagerrak 2 had one mi- 78 %. The technical capacity not used was 33 %. Totally, nor disturbance during 2019.

Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 2 [Export NO2 -> DK1]

2019 Total 100% 19% % Technical capacity not used 26% 32% 15% 30% 32% 33% % Import 80% 36% 11% 47% 56% 58% 54% % Export % Limitations x 60% a

m 33% 23% E 44% % Disturbance outages

f 100% 37% o 47% % Unplanned maintenance % 10% 40% 51% 76% 70% 22% % Planned maintenance 33% 41% 19% 30% % Other outages 20% 20% 19% 28% 21% 12% 13% 12% 17% 0% 9% 9% 8% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.59: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingHV toDC month link for Skagerrak 2 in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.14: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Skagerrak 2 in 2019. Note thatEstLin importk 2 and export losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 2 [Export NO2 -> DK1] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 98.2 50.7 63.3 43.9 101.3 - 9.9 33.2 79.4 94.8 Kont5i-0S.9kan 256.4 682.1 33.0% Import, GWh 57.1 74.2 88.9 74.9 12.2 - 5.9 19.4 5.6 17.1 LitPo5l5 L.5ink 64.5 475.4 23.0% Export, GWh 20.3 33.7 13.9 47.0 10.7 - 25.8 123.1 69.9 33.4 Nord5B0a.2lt 33.5 461.5 22.3% Limitations, GWh - - 9.3 2.6 35.9 - - - 15.0 7.0 NorN1e3d.4 20.6 103.8 5.0% Disturbance outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 1 0.6 0.6 0.0% Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh - - - 1.7 15.5 169.9 134.0 - - 23.5 Skagerr-ak 3 - 344.6 16.7% Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 2.9 4.0 4.5 3.6 0.4 - 0.3 1.1 0.3 0.9 Storeb2.a9elt 3.4 24.2 1.2% SwePol Export losses, GWh 0.9 1.7 0.7 2.4 0.3 - 1.3 6.4 3.2 1.7 2.2 1.6 22.4 1.1% Vyborg Link Total, GWh 175.6 158.6 175.5 170.2 175.6 169.9 175.6 175.6 169.9 175.8 170.0 175.6 2068.0 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 41 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.60 presents the annual utilisation of Skagerrak 2 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.62 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.61 presents the percentage of hours of a year Ska- ages during the years 2012–2019. gerrak 2 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 2 [Export NO2 -> DK1]

100% % Technical capacity not used 27%

y 34% 33% t 34% % Import i 41% c 42%

a 47% p 54% a 57% % Export c

l 10% a c i % Limitations n h

c 23%

e 26% 10% 19% 13%

t % Disturbance outages

l 50% 10% a t o t % Unplanned maintenance

e h t

18% 22% f 55% 31% % Planned maintenance o 38% 28%

% 31% 32% 30% % Other outages 9% 14% 17% 0% 11% 7% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.60: Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 2 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Skagerrak 2 Number of outages annually for Skagerrak 2 50% 20 r 8% a e y

g 40% n i r

u 15 d

s e l e b g

a 30% a l t i 28% a u v o

a 8% f n 14% o

u 10

r s e

r 20% 18 b u m o u h

9% l N l

a 15%

f 19% 12 o 10% 7% 5 % 14% 17% 4 8 5% 11% 8% 6% 6% 3 0% 1 3 3 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 2 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours planned maintenance % hours other outage

Figure 5.61: Percentage of hours Skagerrak 2 has been affected Figure 5.62: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Skagerrak 2 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The for the years 2012–2019. Skagerrak 2 had no other outages dur- percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a ing the years 2012–2019. limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

42 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.15 Skagerrak 3

Figure 5.63 presents the availability and utilisation of Skager- pacity) was imported to Norway. rak 3 for 2019 and Table 5.15 presents the numerical values Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been operated in “careful oper- behind it. Skagerrak 3 has been in operation since 1993. In ation” since December 2019 due to the cable faults on Ska- Norway, it is connected to Kristiansand (bidding zone NO2) gerrak 4, which in turn caused limitations due to restrictions and in Denmark to Tjele (bidding zone DK1). The transmis- on the maximum allowed electrode currents. There was no sion capacity of Skagerrak 3 is 478 MW at the receiving end. annual maintenance done on Skagerrak 3 in 2019. Instead, In 2019, Skagerrak 3 had an available technical capacity of there was 1 major planned maintenance for installation and 78 %. The technical capacity not used was 26 %. Totally, testing of the new control system on the Norwegian side, 1.1 TWh (26 % of the technical capacity) was exported from which lasted from late March to April. Additionally, Skager- Norway to Denmark and 1.1 TWh (26 % of the technical ca- rak 3 had 1 minor disturbance.

Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 3 [Export NO2 -> DK1]

2019 Total 100% 11% % Technical capacity not used 21% 28% 26% 28% 26% 30% 33% 31% 29% % Import 80% 37% 38% 8% % Export 12% % Limitations x 60% 18% 22% 58% 26% a 32%

m 47%

E % Disturbance outages

f 45%

o 32%

33% 86% 34% % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 61% 46% 34% 14% 26% % Planned maintenance 12% 52% % Other outages 20% 28% 29% 30% 12% 27% 22% 27% 20% 15% 0% 9% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.63: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according toHV monthDC link for Skagerrak 3 in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 Table 5.15: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Skagerrak 3 in 2019. Note thatEst importLink 2 and export losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 3 [Export NO2 -> DK1] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 99.6 117.7 73.9 14.8 133.9 103.2 115.6 112.0 89.5 104.1 95.9 37.7 1097.8 26.2% Konti-Skan 2 Import, GWh 161.5 101.3 166.1 5.8 121.3 62.8 42.8 21.5 26.2 78.0 109.2 207.3 1103.8 26.4% LitPol Link Export, GWh 94.6 38.8 19.8 14.2 100.5 178.1 164.8 119.0 208.3 120.3 47.0 4.0 1109.5 26.5% NordBalt - 63.4 18.9 - - - 32.5 103.2 20.2 53.8 92.0 106.6 490.6 11.7% Limitations, GWh NorNed - - - 15.0 ------15.0 0.4% Disturbance outages, GWh Skagerrak 1 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh - - 76.5 294.4 ------Skagerr-ak 3 - 370.9 8.9% Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 4.3 2.6 4.4 0.1 3.2 1.6 1.1 0.5 0.6 2.0 Storeb2.a8elt 5.1 28.3 0.7% Export losses, GWh 2.2 0.8 0.4 0.3 2.3 3.8 3.6 2.6 5.0 2.9 SweP1o.l2 0.3 25.4 0.6% Total, GWh 355.7 321.2 355.2 344.2 355.7 344.2 355.7 355.6 344.2 356.1 Vyb3o4r4g.2 Link355.6 4187.5 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 43 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.64 presents the annual utilisation of Skagerrak 3 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.66 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.65 presents the percentage of hours of a year Ska- ages during the years 2012–2019. gerrak 3 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 3 [Export NO2 -> DK1]

100% % Technical capacity not used 23% 25% 29% 28% 29% 30% 25% 26% 27% y

t % Import i c a p

a % Export

c 8%

l 19% a 12% 20% c 16% 18% i 14% 26% % Limitations n

h 30% c e

t % Disturbance outages

l 50% a t o t % Unplanned maintenance

e 38% h

t 39% 65% 44% 49% 26% 44% f % Planned maintenance o

55% % 34% % Other outages 12% 20% 13% 0% 8% 9% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.64: Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 3 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Skagerrak 3 Number of outages annually for Skagerrak 3 30% r a e y

a 25% 30

g n i r u d

20% 21% s e l e

b 11% g a a l t i a u

v 20 14% o

15% f n o

r s 7% e r 31 10% b u m o u h 10% 20%

l N l a

f 10 20 o 13%

% 5% 9% 9% 9% 7% 8% 3% 9 0% 5 6 4 4 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.65: Percentage of hours Skagerrak 3 has been affected Figure 5.66: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Skagerrak 3 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The for the years 2012–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

44 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.16 Skagerrak 4

Figure 5.67 presents the availability and utilisation of Ska- Norway to the Denmark and 1.3 TWh (23 % of the technical gerrak 4 for 2019 and Table 5.16 presents the numerical val- capacity) was imported to Norway. ues behind it. Skagerrak 4 has been in commercial operation Skagerrak 1, 2, 3 and 4 have been operated in “careful oper- since 29 December 2014. In Norway, it is connected to Kris- ation” since December 2019 due to the cable faults on Ska- tiansand (bidding zone NO2) and in Denmark to Tjele (bid- gerrak 4, which in turn caused limitations due to restrictions ding zone DK1). The transmission capacity is 682 MW at the on the maximum allowed electrode currents. There was no receiving end. annual maintenance done on Skagerrak 4 in 2019. Addition- In 2019, Skagerrak 4 had an available technical capacity of ally, Skagerrak 4 had 6 disturbance outages of which 3 were 67 %. The technical capacity not used was 23 %. Totally, major due to faults on the Danish land cable. The cable faults 1.3 TWh (21 % of the technical capacity) was exported from occurred in February, July and October.

Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 4 [Export NO2 -> DK1]

2019 Total 100% 11% % Technical capacity not used 22% 21% 10% 26% 25% 27% 23% 29% 31% % Import 80% 42% 38% 12% 10% % Export 15% 23% % Limitations x 60% 18% a m

E % Disturbance outages

46% 13% f 44% 32% 100% 57% o

23% 34% 55% 21% % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 81% 10% 73% % Planned maintenance 18% 51% % Other outages 20% 34% 35% 26% 28% 14% 30% 18% 17% 16% 0% 8% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.67: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according toHV monthDC link for Skagerrak 4 in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1 Table 5.16: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Skagerrak 4 in 2019. Note thatEst importLink 2 and export losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 4 [Export NO2 -> DK1] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 149.4 32.0 131.2 208.1 192.9 152.0 124.4 - 106.2 54.7 134.8 107.0 1392.9 23.3% Konti-Skan 2 Import, GWh 225.1 44.8 234.4 113.4 172.7 87.9 49.6 - 35.2 21.4 73.4 290.4 1348.3 22.6% LitPol Link Export, GWh 132.9 9.2 28.4 86.6 141.6 251.1 160.7 - 268.1 61.8 63.7 71.0 1275.1 21.3% NordBalt - - 19.5 82.8 0.2 - 0.1 - 1.9 0.7 47.1 39.0 191.4 3.2% Limitations, GWh NorNed - 372.3 93.1 - - - 172.5 507.4 79.7 369.6 171.9 - 1766.6 29.6% Disturbance outages, GWh Skagerrak 1 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 3 - - - Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 5.5 1.1 5.5 2.7 4.1 2.2 1.2 - 0.8 0.5 Storeb1.a8elt 7.8 33.2 0.6% Export losses, GWh 2.5 0.2 0.5 1.7 2.7 5.1 3.3 - 5.0 1.1 SweP1o.l1 1.1 24.2 0.4% Total, GWh 507.4 458.3 506.7 491.0 507.4 491.0 507.4 507.4 491.0 508.1 Vyb4o9r1g.0 Link507.4 5974.4 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 45 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.68 presents the annual utilisation of Skagerrak 4 per bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2015– age or other outage annually during the years 2015–2019. 2019. Figure 5.70 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.69 presents the percentage of hours of a year Ska- ages during the years 2015–2019. gerrak 4 has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 4 [Export NO2 -> DK1]

100% % Technical capacity not used 23% 29% 29% 31% 30% y

t 36% % Import i c a p

a % Export c

a 23%

c 14% i 20% 18% % Limitations n 22% h 12% c e

t % Disturbance outages

l 50% a t

o 21% t % Unplanned maintenance

e h t

f 52% 42% % Planned maintenance o 49% 45% 42% % % Other outages 30%

0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.68: Annual utilisation of Skagerrak 4 according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2015–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Skagerrak 4 Number of outages annually for Skagerrak 4 14 r

a 8% e y

a 12 3 g 30% n i r u d

10 s e 1 l e b g a a l t i a u 6 v 8 20% o

a f n o

r s e r 30% b 2 u 6 4 m o u h

l N l

a 9 1 1

10% f 12% 14% 4 o

% 3% 2 2 6 4% 2 4 0% 2 2 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage Other outages

Figure 5.69: Percentage of hours Skagerrak 4 has been affected Figure 5.70: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Skagerrak 4 turbance or other outage annually for the years 2015–2019. The for the years 2015–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

46 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.17 Storebaelt

Figure 5.71 presents the availability and utilisation of Store- pacity is 600 MW. baelt for 2019 and Table 5.17 presents the numerical values In 2019, Storebaelt had an available technical capacity of behind it. Storebaelt has been in operation since 2010. It con- 97 %. The technical capacity not used was 39 %. Totally, nects the western part of the Danish system, which belongs 2.9 TWh (54 % of the technical capacity) was exported from to the Continental European synchronous system (Jutland Jutland to Zealand and 0.2 TWh (4 % of the technical capac- and the island of Fynen), with the eastern part, belonging to ity) was imported to Jutland. the Nordic synchronous system (Zealand). The link is connected to Fraugde on Fynen (bidding zone DK1) and to Her- The annual maintenance of Storebaelt lasted 4 days in Octo- slev on Zealand (bidding zone DK2). The transmission ca- ber. Additionally, Storebaelt had no disturbance outages.

Monthly utilisation of Storebaelt [Export DK1 -> DK2]

2019 Total 100% 18% % Technical capacity not used 28% 34% 33% % Import 80% 40% 37% 39% 42% 44% 44% 47% 49% 52% % Export % Limitations x 60% a 8% m

E % Disturbance outages

f o % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 80% 51% 71% 57% % Planned maintenance 59% 54% 54% 47% 51% 50% 40% 45% 47% % Other outages 20%

15% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.71: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingH toVD monthC link for Storebaelt in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.17: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Storebaelt in 2019. Note thatEs importtLink 2 and export losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of Storebaelt [Export DK1 -> DK2] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 125.6 136.3 187.8 190.9 197.6 213.7 232.1 211.7 78.7 146.0 Kon1t7i-3S.3kan 2166.1 2060.0 39.2% Import, GWh 3.8 10.9 17.0 27.6 25.9 22.3 11.3 21.4 6.1 9.7 LitPo3l6 L.0ink 18.0 210.0 4.0% Export, GWh 317.0 228.8 240.0 203.6 222.9 174.3 201.9 211.6 347.3 226.1 Nor2d2B1a.1lt 262.2 2856.7 54.4% Limitations, GWh - 27.2 0.9 9.9 - 21.7 1.2 - - - NorNe1d.5 - 62.4 1.2% Disturbance outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 1 - - - Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerr-ak 2 - - - Planned maintenance, GWh ------1.7 - 65.1 Skagerr-ak 3 - 66.8 1.3% Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 Storeb0.a6elt 0.3 3.4 0.1% Export losses, GWh 5.4 3.8 4.1 3.4 3.8 2.8 3.3 3.6 6.1 3.8 SweP3o.l7 4.4 48.3 0.9% Total, GWh 446.4 403.2 445.8 432.0 446.4 432.0 446.4 446.4 432.0 447.0 Vyb4o3r2g.0 Link446.4 5256.0 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 47 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.72 presents the annual utilisation of Storebaelt per outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. Fig- 2019. ure 5.74 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.73 presents the percentage of hours of a year Store- ages during the years 2012–2019. baelt has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance

Annual utilisation of Storebaelt [Export DK1 -> DK2]

100% 19% % Technical capacity not used 28% y

t 36% 35% 34% 35% % Import i 37% 39% c a

p 52% a % Export c

l a c i % Limitations n h c e

t % Disturbance outages

l 50% a t o t 77% % Unplanned maintenance

h 52% 69% t

58% f 54% 60% 61% % Planned maintenance

o 54%

% 40% % Other outages

8% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.72: Annual utilisation of Storebaelt according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Storebaelt Number of outages annually for Storebaelt 15% 5 r a e y

n 4 i r u d

s e

l 10% e b g a a l t i 14% 3 2 a u v o

a f n o

u 1

r s e r b u 9% m o 2 2 u h

5% l N l a

f 5% 1 1 3 1 o

4% % 2% 2% 1 2 2 2 2% 0% 2% 1% 1% 1 1 1 1 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours planned maintenance % hours other outage

Figure 5.73: Percentage of hours Storebaelt has been affected by Figure 5.74: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Storebaelt turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The for the years 2012–2019. Storebaelt had no other outages during percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a the years 2012–2019. limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

48 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.18 SwePol

Figure 5.75 presents the availability and utilisation of SwePol (59 % of the technical capacity) was exported from Sweden for 2019 and Table 5.18 presents the numerical values behind to Poland and 0.2 TWh (4 % of the technical capacity) was it. SwePol Link has been in operation since 2000 and it con- imported to Sweden. nects the Swedish and Polish transmission grids. In south- The annual maintenance of SwePol lasted 11 days in Septem- eastern Sweden (bidding zone SE4) it is connected to Stärnö ber 2019. Additionally, SwePol had one more severe un- and in Poland (bidding zone PL) to Slupsk. The transmission planned maintenance outage due to an oil leakage and 6 mi- capacity is 600 MW. nor planned maintenance outages. Last, SwePol had 1 major In 2019, SwePol had an available technical capacity of 86 %. disturbance outage due to a valve cooling system failure in The technical capacity not used was 24 %. Totally, 3.1 TWh August. The disturbance outage lasted for 29 days.

Monthly utilisation of SwePol [Export SE4 -> PL]

2019 Total 100% 12% 12% 19% % Technical capacity not used 27% 23% 24% 24% 32% 32% 33% 34% 34% % Import 80% % Export 12% 52% % Limitations x 60% a 18% m

E 72% % Disturbance outages

o 94% 70% 59% % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 75% 72% 66% 60% 61% 62% 62% % Planned maintenance 48% % Other outages 20% 35% 16% 8% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.75: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to monthHVDC forlink SwePol in 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. Baltic Cable COBRAcable EstLink 1

Table 5.18: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for SwePol in 2019. Note that importEs andtLink export 2 losses are not included in the technical capacity (Emax), as is shown in Figure 3.1. Fenno-Skan 1 Fenno-Skan 2 Monthly utilisation of SwePol [Export SE4 -> PL] Kontek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct KontiN-Sovkan 1 Dec Total % total Technical capacity not used, GWh 144.0 109.5 141.6 141.0 152.9 52.3 85.0 17.4 52.6 101.3 Kon1t0i-5S.1kan 2151.1 1254.0 23.9% Import, GWh 78.8 49.2 29.6 1.7 0.5 - 0.5 - - 2.9 LitPol8 L.3ink 17.0 188.4 3.6% Export, GWh 216.5 244.5 274.5 287.0 269.9 310.6 312.8 9.9 225.3 337.4 Nor3d1B1a.2lt 277.5 3077.2 58.5% Limitations, GWh - - - 2.2 23.1 0.6 23.4 - 2.3 5.3 NorNe3d.3 0.8 61.0 1.2% Disturbance outages, GWh ------419.0 - - Skagerr-ak 1 - 419.0 8.0% Unplanned maintenance., GWh - - - - - 68.5 - - - - Skage1r.r8ak 2 - 70.3 1.3% Planned maintenance, GWh 7.1 - - - - - 24.8 - 151.8 - Skage2r.r3ak 3 - 186.1 3.5% Other outages, GWh ------Skagerr-ak 4 - - - Import losses, GWh 1.9 1.2 0.7 ------0.1 Storeb0.a2elt 0.4 4.5 0.1% Export losses, GWh 6.2 7.1 7.9 8.2 7.6 9.0 8.9 0.4 6.6 9.7 SweP9o.l1 8.0 88.6 1.7% Total, GWh 446.4 403.2 445.8 432.0 446.4 432.0 446.4 446.4 432.0 447.0 Vyb4o3r2g.0 Link446.4 5256.0 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 49 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.76 presents the annual utilisation of SwePol per util- age, an unplanned or planned maintenance outage or other isation and unavailability category for the years 2012–2019. outage annually during the years 2012–2019. Figure 5.78 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, un- Figure 5.77 presents the percentage of hours of a year SwePol planned and planned maintenance and other outages during has been affected by either a limitation, a disturbance out- the years 2012–2019.

Annual utilisation of SwePol [Export SE4 -> PL]

100% % Technical capacity not used 25% 24% 29% 32% 30% y 32% t 35% % Import i c

a 47% p

a % Export c

63% l a c i % Limitations n h c e

t % Disturbance outages

l 50% a t

o 59% t 52% % Unplanned maintenance 67% e

h 59% 59% t

59% 53% f % Planned maintenance

o 15% 50% % % Other outages 19% 11% 8% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.76: Annual utilisation of SwePol according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for SwePol Number of outages annually for SwePol 70% r

a 60% 12 e y

a 2

g n i 50% r 10

u 1 d 6 s e l e 1 b g

a 40% a l 8 8 t i a 63% u 5 5 v o

f 2 n o

u 30%

r s e 6 r b

u 3 m o u h

l N

l 20% 9 a

4 8 f 21% o 1 6 6 % 10% 8% 5 5 2 4 0% 6% 3 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Unplanned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours other outage

Figure 5.77: Percentage of hours SwePol has been affected by Figure 5.78: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for SwePol for turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The the years 2012–2019. SwePol had no other outages during the percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a years 2012–2019. limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

50 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link for Electricity

5.3.19 Vyborg Link

Figure 5.79 presents the monthly availability and utilisation ber 2014, one 350 MW unit was successfully tested to be able of the Vyborg Link for 2019 and Table 5.19 presents the nu- to export electricity to Russia. The possibility of commercial merical values behind it. The Vyborg Link is a back-to-back trade from Finland to Russia started on 1 December 2014. HVDC connection between Russia and Finland. The HVDC In 2019, the Vyborg Link had an available technical capacity substation is situated in Vyborg, Russia. The 400 kV lines of 95 %. The technical capacity not used was 33 %. Totally, from Vyborg are connected to substations Yllikkälä and Kymi 7.0 TWh (62 % of the technical capacity) was exported from in southern Finland. Russia to Finland and none was imported to Russia. Vyborg link has been commissioned four times. It was first The annual maintenance of Vyborg Link lasted 31 days in commissioned in year 1981, and further in 1982, 1984, and July. Normally, maintenance work on Vyborg Link causes 2000. Each commissioning increased the transmission ca- only limitations because the 350 MW units are not worked pacity by 350 MW. Today, the total technical capacity is on simultaneously. Furthermore, additional (corrective) 4 × 350 MW and the commercial transmission capacity is planned maintenance work lasting 25 days was held from the 1.3 GW. Fingrid Oyj, the Finnish transmission system oper- end of October to the middle of November. Last, Vyborg Link ator, allocates 100 MW for reserves. Earlier, the direction of had 3 disturbance outages with only minor impact during transmission has been only to Finland but during Septem- 2019.

Monthly utilisation of Vyborg Link [Export RU -> FI]

2019 Total 100% % Technical capacity not used 20% 21% 24% 28% 25% 33% 31% 35% 33% % Import 80% 41% 36% 52% 50% % Export % Limitations x 60% a m

E 13% % Disturbance outages

f o % Unplanned maintenance % 40% 79% 78% 67% 75% 69% 61% 67% 69% 22% 65% 58% % Planned maintenance 48% 50% % Other outages 20% 25% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Figure 5.79: Percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category accordingHVD toC lin monthk for Vyborg Link in 2019. The Baltic Cable availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3. COBRAcable EstLink 1 EstLink 2 Table 5.19: Monthly distribution of the technical capacity (Emax) for Vyborg Link in 2019. Measurements from the other side of the Vyborg Link is unknown and therefore losses are based on assumptions. Therefore, transmissionFenno losses-Skan 1 have been omitted from this table. Fenno-Skan 2 Kontek Konti-Skan 1 Monthly utilisation of Vyborg Link [Export RU -> FI] Konti-Skan 2 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total % total LitPol Link Technical capacity not used, GWh 197.2 184.4 231.9 311.5 296.8 490.3 391.9 334.6 341.4 267.9 238.3 484.6 3771.0 33.1% NordBalt Import, GWh ------NorNed Export, GWh 765.9 683.6 726.9 624.5 670.4 444.7 128.7 633.6 542.5 672.5 626.1 480.8 7000.0 61.5% Skagerrak 1 Limitations, GWh 4.1 1.6 - - - 0.7 208.8 - 52.1 - 1.8 - 269.1 2.4% Skagerrak 2 Disturbance outages, GWh - - 3.6 ------2.5 - 1.8 7.9 0.1% Skagerrak 3 Unplanned maintenance., GWh ------Skagerrak 4 - 4.0 3.5 - - 0.3 237.8 - - 25.5 69.8 - 341.0 3.0% Planned maintenance, GWh Storebaelt Other outages, GWh ------SwePol- - - - Total, GWh 967.2 873.6 965.9 936.0 967.2 936.0 967.2 968.2 936.0 968.5 Vyb9o3r6g.0 Link967.2 11389.0 100.0%

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 51 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section 5.3. Individual presentations of each HVDC link

Figure 5.80 presents the annual utilisation of Vyborg Link bance outage, an unplanned or planned maintenance out- per utilisation and unavailability category for the years 2012– age or other outage annually during the years 2012–2019. 2019. Figure 5.82 presents the annual number of disturbance outages, unplanned and planned maintenance and other out- Figure 5.81 presents the percentage of hours of a year Vy- ages during the years 2012–2019. borg Link has been affected by either a limitation, a distur-

Annual utilisation of Vyborg Link [Export RU -> FI]

100% % Technical capacity not used 28%

y 33% t % Import i c

a 48% p 53% 53% a 56% % Export c

l 63%

a 71% c i 74% % Limitations n h c e

t % Disturbance outages

l 50% a t o t % Unplanned maintenance

e 67%

h 61% t

f % Planned maintenance o 34% 50%

% 46% 44% 36% % Other outages 25% 29% 0% 9% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Grand total

Figure 5.80: Annual utilisation of Vyborg Link according to the utilisation and unavailability categories for the years 2012–2019. The utilisation and unavailability categories are described in more detail in Chapter 3.

Percentage of unavailable hours annually per category for Vyborg Link Number of outages annually for Vyborg Link 20% 8 r a e y

a 7%

g n

i 15% r

u 6 d

e 3 l e b g a a l t i a u

v 2% o

a 10% f n o

u 4

r s e r b u m o u h

12%

l 12% N l a

5% 1 f 9% 2 o 2 4

% 6% 1 1 3% 2 0% 2% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 % hours limited 2012 2013 2014 2017 2019 % hours disturbance outage Disturbances % hours unplanned maintenance Planned maintenances % hours planned maintenance Other outages % hours other outage

Figure 5.81: Percentage of hours Vyborg Link has been affected Figure 5.82: The annual number of disturbances, unplanned and by either a limitation, unplanned or planned maintenance or a dis- planned maintenance outages and other outages for Vyborg Link turbance or other outage annually for the years 2012–2019. The for the years 2012–2019. percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation or outage and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year. It should be noted, that any single hour can be affected by both an outage and a limitation.

52 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators REFERENCES for Electricity

References

[1] DISTAC, “Nordic Grid Disturbance Statistics 2010.” https://www.fingrid.fi/contentassets/ 03690e21eae3449f8fe5d8d96b746e12/pohjoismainen-vika-ja-hairiotilasto-2010-2.pdf, August 2010.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 53 Appendices

54 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter A. Schematic presentation of HVDC links for Electricity

A Schematic presentation of HVDC links

Figure A.1 and Figure A.2 show the schematic presentations also show the locations of the circuit breakers and measure- of a HVDC converter station having line-commutated con- ment points for transferred energy on a link. verters (LCC) and voltage-source converters (VSC), respec- tively. All the figures also show definitions for the origin of an It should be noted, that these figures are only show an exam- event. The origin of each event is used for categorizing a dis- ple of a possible LCC or VSC converter station as there are turbance or a limitation for statistical purposes. The figures multiple different ways to construct one.

Schematic of a line-commutated converter HVDC station

smoothing AC filter reactor

thyristor bridge DC filter converter AC line transformer

AC transformer

electrode

AC grid AC substation DC substation DC line (OHL/cable)

Origin of event: AC External grid AC busbar, feeder, - DC converter and yard - DC Overhead line filters and transformer - DC electrodes - DC Cable

Origin of event on station level: Circuit breaker - Control center operation - Converter station operation Measurement point - Control, protection and communication

Figure A.1: An example of a line-commutated converter (LCC) station schematic with the connection to the AC grid. The other (remote) side of the HVDC link has a similar albeit mirrored version of the converter station.

Schematic of a voltage-source converter HVDC station

AC filter +U DC converter transformer DC capacitor

AC line

UD C IGB-transistors or AC transformer other semiconductors

AC grid AC substation DC substation DC line (OHL/cable)

Origin of event: AC External grid AC busbar, feeder, - DC converter and yard - DC Overhead line filters and transformer - DC electrodes - DC Cable

Origin of event on station level: Circuit breaker - Control center operation - Converter station operation Measurement point - Control, protection and communication

Figure A.2: An example of a voltage-source converter (VSC) station schematic with the connection to the AC grid. The other (remote) side of the HVDC link has a similar albeit mirrored version of the converter station.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 55 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter B. Contact persons

B Contact persons

Denmark: Energinet Norway: Statnett SF Tonne Kjærsvej 65 Nydalen allé 33, PB 4904 Nydalen DK-7000 Fredericia, Denmark NO-0423 Oslo Anders Bratløv Jørn Schaug-Pettersen Tel. +45 51 38 01 31 Tel. +47 23 90 35 55 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Morten Vadstrup Sweden: Svenska kraftnät Tel. +45 25 32 27 74 Sturegatan 1, P.O. Box 1200 E-mail: [email protected] SE-172 24 Sundbyberg Estonia: Elering AS Tarek Tallberg Kadaka tee 42 Tel. +46 10 475 86 79 Tallinn, Estonia Mobile: +46 72 244 96 97 E-mail: [email protected] Irene Puusaar Tel. +372 508 4372 Jeremy Iehl E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +46 10 475 87 78 Mobile: +46 70 512 28 18 Kaur Krusell E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +372 564 86011 E-mail: [email protected] Production of the Hillner Consulting report: Finland: Fingrid Oyj Henrik Hillner Läkkisepäntie 21, P.O. Box 530 Tel. +358 41 505 7004 FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland E-mail: [email protected]

Markku Piironen Publisher: ENTSO-E AISBL Tel. +358 30 395 4172 Rue de Spa 8 Mobile +358 40 351 1718 1000 Brussels, Belgium E-mail: [email protected] Tel. +32 2 741 09 50 Lithuania: Litgrid AB [email protected] www.entsoe.eu Viršuliškių skg. 99B LT-05131, Vilnius Valdas Tarvydas Tel. +370 7070 2207 E-mail: [email protected] Vaidotas Rukša Tel. +370 7070 2298 E-mail: [email protected]

56 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter C. Sorted overview of utilisation and unavailability for all HVDC links for Electricity

C Sorted overview of utilisation and unavailability for all HVDC links

This chapter contains sorted versions of Figure 5.1 Availability and utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2019.

Utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2019 Emax Skagerrak 4 33% 23% 44% 6.0 TWh Skagerrak 1 28% 32% 40% 2.1 TWh Baltic Cable 26% 38% 36% 5.3 TWh Skagerrak 2 22% 33% 45% 2.1 TWh Skagerrak 3 21% 26% 53% 4.2 TWh Konti-Skan 2 17% 34% 49% 3.2 TWh Konti-Skan 1 15% 34% 51% 3.2 TWh SwePol 14% 24% 62% 5.3 TWh NorNed 13% 26% 61% 6.1 TWh NordBalt 8% 29% 63% 6.1 TWh Fenno-Skan 2 6% 20% 74% 7.0 TWh Vyborg Link 5% 33% 61% 11.4 TWh COBRAcable 5% 15% 80% 0.9 TWh Kontek 4% 28% 69% 5.3 TWh LitPol Link 4% 35% 61% 4.4 TWh EstLink 2 38% 60% 5.7 TWh Storebaelt 39% 58% 5.3 TWh Fenno-Skan 1 3% 95% 3.5 TWh EstLink 1 76% 22% 3.1 TWh Total 11% 31% 58% 90.1 TWh

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Emax

% Unavailable technical capacity % Technical capacity not used % Transmission

Figure C.1: Overview of each HVDC link sorted by descending unavailable technical capacity (EU) in 2019.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 57 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Chapter C. Sorted overview of utilisation and unavailability for all HVDC links

Utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2019 Emax Fenno-Skan 1 95% 3% 3.5 TWh COBRAcable 80% 15% 5% 0.9 TWh Fenno-Skan 2 74% 20% 6% 7.0 TWh Kontek 69% 28% 4% 5.3 TWh NordBalt 63% 29% 8% 6.1 TWh SwePol 62% 24% 14% 5.3 TWh LitPol Link 61% 35% 4% 4.4 TWh Vyborg Link 61% 33% 5% 11.4 TWh NorNed 61% 26% 13% 6.1 TWh EstLink 2 60% 38% 5.7 TWh Storebaelt 58% 39% 5.3 TWh Skagerrak 3 53% 26% 21% 4.2 TWh Konti-Skan 1 51% 34% 15% 3.2 TWh Konti-Skan 2 49% 34% 17% 3.2 TWh Skagerrak 2 45% 33% 22% 2.1 TWh Skagerrak 4 44% 23% 33% 6.0 TWh Skagerrak 1 40% 32% 28% 2.1 TWh Baltic Cable 36% 38% 26% 5.3 TWh EstLink 1 22% 76% 3.1 TWh Total 58% 31% 11% 90.1 TWh

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Emax

% Transmission % Technical capacity not used % Unavailable technical capacity

Figure C.2: Overview of each HVDC link sorted by descending transmission (ET) in 2019.

Utilisation overview of each HVDC link in 2019 Emax EstLink 1 76% 22% 3.1 TWh Storebaelt 39% 58% 5.3 TWh Baltic Cable 38% 26% 36% 5.3 TWh EstLink 2 38% 60% 5.7 TWh LitPol Link 35% 4% 61% 4.4 TWh Konti-Skan 1 34% 15% 51% 3.2 TWh Konti-Skan 2 34% 17% 49% 3.2 TWh Vyborg Link 33% 5% 61% 11.4 TWh Skagerrak 2 33% 22% 45% 2.1 TWh Skagerrak 1 32% 28% 40% 2.1 TWh NordBalt 29% 8% 63% 6.1 TWh Kontek 28% 4% 69% 5.3 TWh Skagerrak 3 26% 21% 53% 4.2 TWh NorNed 26% 13% 61% 6.1 TWh SwePol 24% 14% 62% 5.3 TWh Skagerrak 4 23% 33% 44% 6.0 TWh Fenno-Skan 2 20% 6% 74% 7.0 TWh COBRAcable 15% 5% 80% 0.9 TWh Fenno-Skan 1 3% 95% 3.5 TWh Total 31% 11% 58% 90.1 TWh

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Emax

% Technical capacity not used % Unavailable technical capacity % Transmission

Figure C.3: Overview of each HVDC link sorted by descending technical capacity not used (ETCNU) in 2019.

58 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Chapter D. Additional figures for Electricity

D Additional figures

This appendix was introduced to allow experimenting with new kinds of figures without affecting the rest of the report. Furthermore, it shows what kind of statistical data can be derived from the data collected by the DISTAC group.

D.1 Annual utilisation per type of HVDC converter

Figure D.1 presents the annual utilisation of all HVDC links HVDC links using voltage-source converters (VSC). using line-commutated converters (LCC) and Figure D.2 all

Type Annual utilisation of all LCC HVDC links LCC

Technical capacity not used 80 TWh 27 TWh Import 31 TWh 32 TWh 30 TWh 28 TWh Export 27 TWh 60 TWh 23 TWh Limitations 28 TWh 16 TWh 19 TWh 18 TWh 14 TWh Disturbance outages 13 TWh 40 TWh 9 TWh 15 TWh Unplanned maintenances 15 TWh Planned maintenances 35 TWh 35 TWh 34 TWh 34 TWh 33 TWh Other outages 20 TWh 30 TWh 20 TWh 27 TWh

0 TWh 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure D.1: Annual utilisation of all HVDC links using line-commutated converters (LCC) together presented in megawatt hours (MWh).

Type Annual utilisation of all VSC HVDC links VSC

Technical capacity not used 80 TWh 31 TWh 32 TWh 30 TWh 29 TWh Import 28 TWh Export 27 TWh 60 TWh 23 TWh Limitations 28 TWh 16 TWh 19 TWh 18 TWh 14 TWh Disturbance outages 13 TWh 40 TWh 9 TWh 15 TWh Unplanned maintenances 15 TWh Planned maintenances 35 TWh 35 TWh 34 TWh 30 TWh 34 TWh 33 TWh Other outages 20 TWh 20 TWh 27 TWh

0 TWh 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure D.2: Annual utilisation of all HVDC links using voltage-source converters (VSC) together presented in megawatt hours (MWh).

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 59 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section D.2. Additional figures with unavailability hours due to different causes

D.2 Additional figures with unavailability hours due to different causes

This section presents additional figures with a more detailed have been limited, distributed per type of limitation. The categorisation of unavailability. The figures presenting the limitation types are AC limiting and DC limiting. Figure D.5 percentage of hours unavailable may be interesting when presents the percentage of hours the HVDC connection be- one considers how often any size of unavailability is affect- tween each bidding zone has been limited due to an AC lim- ing an HVDC link. iting condition during 2019. Figure D.3 presents the percentage of hours all the Nordic Figure D.6 presents the percentage of hours each HVDC link and Baltic HVDC links have been affected by a limitation has been available due to planned maintenance, distributed due to seasonal causes during a year. Figure D.4 presents per cause, during 2019. Figure D.7 presents the same but for the percentage of hours all the Nordic and Baltic HVDC links all links during 2019.

Percentage of hours unavailable, seasonal causes, all HVDC links r a e

y 2.1%

g n

i 2.0% r u d

e l b a l i a v a n u

s r u

o 1.0% h

l l a

f o

e g a t

n 0.2% e 0.2% 0.2% c r

e 0.0% 0.0%

P 0.0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

Figure D.3: Percentage of hours all HVDC links have been affected by a limitation due to seasonal causes. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation due to a seasonal cause and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year.

60 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section D.2. Additional figures with unavailability hours due to different causes for Electricity

Percentage of hours limited per limitation type, all HVDC links

15% Limitation type AC limiting condition DC limiting condition

7.9% y /

D 10% O L

s n o i t a t i m i l 5.6% 4.9% s r u o h

% 3.5% 5% 5.0% 4.9% 8.0% 6.9%

4.5% 3.7% 4.3% 1.8% 2.5% 2.4% 0% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year

Figure D.4: Annual percentage of hours all HVDC links have been affected by a limitation per limitation type. The limitation types are AC limiting and DC limiting. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a limitation and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year.

Percentage of hours limited between bidding zones due to AC conditions

DK1–DK2 2.1% DK1–NL DK2–DE 1.6% FI–EE 0.0% FI–RU 0.2% FI–SE3 5.1% LT–PL 1.3% NO2–DK1 6.2% NO2–NL 18.7% SE3–DK1 2.0% SE4–DE 33.3% SE4–LT 8.2% SE4–PL 2.3%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Percentage of all hours limited during a year

Figure D.5: Percentage of hours the connection between each bidding zones has been limited due to AC conditions in 2019. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with an AC limiting condition and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 61 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section D.2. Additional figures with unavailability hours due to different causes

Percentage of hours planned maintenance per primary cause Annual maintenance HVDC link Commissioning Baltic Cable 2.6% Corrective maintenance COBRAcable 1.2% EstLink 1 1.3% Maintenance Fenno-Skan 1 1.5% Modi cation or refurbishment work Fenno-Skan 2 1.0% Testing Kontek 2.5% Upgrade or refurbishment work Konti-Skan 1 1.0% 13.7% Konti-Skan 2 0.7% 14.1% LitPol Link 1.8% NordBalt 2.3% NorNed 1.5% Skagerrak 1 15.8% Skagerrak 2 16.6% Skagerrak 3 8.9% Storebaelt 1.3% SwePol 2.9% Vyborg Link 3.8% 8.5%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% % hours planned maintenance

Figure D.6: Percentage of hours each HVDC link has been unavailable due to planned maintenance, distributed per cause, in 2019. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a planned maintenance and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year.

Percentage of hours planned maintenance per primary cause, all HVDC links

5% 1.2% e

c Primary cause

n 4% a n

e Annual maintenance t n i a

m Commissioning

d e

n 3% Corrective maintenance n a l p Maintenance s r u o

h Modi cation or refurbishment work

o 2% 3.8%

% Testing Upgrade or refurbishment work

0% 2019

Figure D.7: Percentage of hours all HVDC has been unavailable due to planned maintenance, distributed per cause, in 2019. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of hours with a planned maintenance and dividing it by the total number of hours in a year.

62 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section D.3. Average utilisation and unavailability per month per HVDC link for Electricity

D.3 Average utilisation and unavailability per month per HVDC link

The figures in this section present average monthly utilisation starting from 2012 or the year the HVDC link was added into the ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics. COBRAcable is not included in this figure because it was commissioned in late 2019.

Average monthly utilisation of Baltic Cable [Export SE4 -> DE] since 2012

100%

% Technical capacity not used 34% 37% 36% 33% 36% 36% 36% 80% 39% 40% 41% 43% 38% 45% % Import % Export 9% 9%

x 60% 9% 8% 8%

a 9% 13% 14% 9% 10% % Limitations m 10% 7% E

f 15% % Disturbance outages o

16%

% 31% 40% 20% % Unplanned maintenance 40% 38% 41% 25% 27% 31% 42% 29% 32% % Planned maintenance 30% 9% 20% 10% % Other outages 20% 13% 9% 12% 11% 13% 15% 17% 17% 9% 20% 11% 15% 11% 8% 0% 10% 9% 10% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.8: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Baltic Cable during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of EstLink 1 [Export FI -> EE] since 2012

100%

% Technical capacity not used 80% 51% % Import 58% 67% 68% 65% 65% % Export 73% 72% 72% 68% 68% 77% 78%

x 60%

a % Limitations m E

f % Disturbance outages o

% 40% % Unplanned maintenance 31% 11% % Planned maintenance % Other outages 20% 40% 18% 23% 29% 12% 23% 18% 26% 22% 25% 16% 15% 15% 10% 0% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.9: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for EstLink 1 during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 63 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section D.3. Average utilisation and unavailability per month per HVDC link

Average monthly utilisation of EstLink 2 [Export FI -> EE] since 2014

100%

35% 34% 35% 31% % Technical capacity not used 80% 41% 41% 36% 40% 40% 40% 49% 48% 44% % Import % Export 8% 11% x 60%

a % Limitations

m 10% 11% E

f 12% % Disturbance outages o 7%

% 40% 47% % Unplanned maintenance 49% 43% 60% 57% 47% 52% 48% % Planned maintenance 42% 49% 47% 38% 43% 20% % Other outages

17% 11% 10% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.10: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for EstLink 2 during 2014–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 1 [Export FI -> SE3] since 2012

100% 8% 12% 10% 11% 8% 9% 10% 9% 11% 17% 16% 13% % Technical capacity not used 80% % Import % Export 59%

x 60% a 73% 74% 66% 71% % Limitations m 67% 73%

E 79%

72% 77% f % Disturbance outages o 74% 78% 84% % 40% % Unplanned maintenance % Planned maintenance

20% % Other outages 25% 12% 14% 15% 15% 15% 0% 9% 7% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.11: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Fenno-Skan 1 during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of Fenno-Skan 2 [Export FI -> SE3] since 2012

100% 16% 20% 21% 25% 27% 32% 33% 30% 32% 32% 31% 28% % Technical capacity not used 80% 37% % Import % Export

x 60%

a % Limitations m E

f % Disturbance outages o 68% % 50% 55% 84% 40% 67% 59% 77% 67% 65% % Unplanned maintenance 62% 64% 66% 58% % Planned maintenance

20% % Other outages

13% 10% 0% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.12: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Fenno-Skan 2 during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

64 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section D.3. Average utilisation and unavailability per month per HVDC link for Electricity

Average monthly utilisation of Kontek [Export DK2 -> DE] since 2012

100% 20% 19% 20% 24% 22% 24% 26% 23% 24% 25% 22% 23% 27% % Technical capacity not used 80% % Import 21% 24% 21% 30% % Export 27% 28% 23% 31% 31% 28% x 60% 31% a 29% 41% % Limitations m E

f % Disturbance outages o

% 40% 36% % Unplanned maintenance 46% 30% 24% 56% 40% % Planned maintenance 47% 33% 47% 20% 48% 44% 46% 20% % Other outages 13% 21% 13% 20% 11% 0% 7% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.13: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Kontek during 2012– 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 1 [Export SE3 -> DK1] since 2012

100%

% Technical capacity not used 37% 33% 80% 40% 41% 42% 42% 38% 39% 40% 39% 37% 38% 39% % Import % Export

x 60%

a % Limitations

m 29% E 15% 19% 22% 25% f 23% 30% 26% % Disturbance outages o 21% 30% 24% 33% % 40% 37% % Unplanned maintenance 20% 19% 20% % Planned maintenance 20% 24% 25% 41% 22% 12% 36% 11% % Other outages 20% 9% 30% 10% 12% 9% 13% 12% 9% 13% 13% 12% 15% 0% 8% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.14: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Konti-Skan 1 during 2016–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of Konti-Skan 2 [Export SE3 -> DK1] since 2012

100%

31% % Technical capacity not used 38% 38% 36% 34% 38% 80% 40% 44% 43% 40% 41% 39% 45% % Import % Export 13%

x 60%

a % Limitations

m 19% 24% E 19% 23%

f % Disturbance outages o 24% 28% 27%

% 27% 24% 40% 40% 30% 34% % Unplanned maintenance 39% % Planned maintenance 30% 30% 41% 38% % Other outages 20% 22% 34% 26% 27% 25% 29% 22% 18% 15% 11% 0% 8% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.15: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Konti-Skan 2 during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 65 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section D.3. Average utilisation and unavailability per month per HVDC link

Average monthly utilisation of LitPol Link [Export LT -> PL] since 2016

100%

% Technical capacity not used 35% 39% 39% 38% 80% 45% 42% 45% 43% 43% 43% 49% 50% 45% % Import % Export 9% x 60%

a % Limitations

m 9% E

14% 8% 13% 20% 12% f 10% % Disturbance outages o 20% 10%

% 16% 40% % Unplanned maintenance 41% 34% 51% 48% 38% % Planned maintenance 37% 38% 37% 27% 22% 32% 41% 36% 20% % Other outages

11% 7% 13% 12% 0% 8% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.16: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for LitPol Link during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of NordBalt [Export SE4 -> LT] since 2016

100% 13% 18% 18% 20% 17% 27% 31% 30% % Technical capacity not used 36% 80% 41% 42% 43% 52% % Import % Export

x 60%

a 50% 59% 52% % Limitations m E

f 63% 59% % Disturbance outages o

% 53% 49% 40% 57% % Unplanned maintenance 43% 45% 34% 30% 44% % Planned maintenance 20% 10% % Other outages 32% 9% 26% 7% 8% 8% 16% 10% 9% 13% 0% 9% 8% 10% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.17: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for NordBalt during 2016–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of NorNed [Export NO2 -> NL] since 2012

100% 8% 9% 14% 12% 14% 12% 12% 10% 15% 14% 10% 11% 12% 7% % Technical capacity not used 80% 8% % Import % Export

x 60%

a % Limitations m

E 72%

f 67% 68% % Disturbance outages o 79% 69%

76% 67% 79% 85% 71% 74% % 76% 40% 78% % Unplanned maintenance % Planned maintenance

20% % Other outages

10% 14% 12% 0% 7% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.18: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for NorNed during 2012– 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

66 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section D.3. Average utilisation and unavailability per month per HVDC link for Electricity

Average monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 1 [Export NO2 -> DK1] since 2012

100%

% Technical capacity not used 36% 35% 37% 80% 42% 39% 38% 37% 41% 41% 41% 48% 47% 47% % Import % Export

x 60% 8% a 14% 9% 10% % Limitations

m 13% E 18%

f % Disturbance outages o 10%

23% 18%

% 20% 40% 26% 39% % Unplanned maintenance 31% 38% 20% 48% 46% 41% 33% % Planned maintenance 36% 23% 20% 30% % Other outages 25% 8% 28% 18% 11% 16% 8% 0% 7% 9% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.19: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Skagerrak 1 during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 2 [Export NO2 -> DK1] since 2012

100%

32% 33% % Technical capacity not used 38% 34% 38% 80% 44% 42% 39% 43% 41% 51% 49% 47% % Import % Export 11% 8%

x 60% 7% a 7% % Limitations

m 13% E

f 16% % Disturbance outages o

21%

% 28% 16% 40% 40% 24% % Unplanned maintenance 23% 33% 38% 36% 32% 24% 31% % Planned maintenance 34% 10% 26% 20% 30% % Other outages 26% 25% 12% 18% 12% 12% 16% 12% 12% 0% 9% 7% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.20: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Skagerrak 2 during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 3 [Export NO2 -> DK1] since 2012

100% 26% 23% 26% 21% 25% 24% 30% 29% 31% 32% 30% 28% 27% % Technical capacity not used 80% 10% % Import 11% 15% 13% 13% % Export 22% 9% 18% 15% x 60% 24% 22% a 30% % Limitations m 35% E

f % Disturbance outages o

% 36% 49% 40% 47% 58% % Unplanned maintenance 54% 51% 44% 41% 45% % Planned maintenance 40% 38% 29% 20% 38% % Other outages 24% 8% 13% 0% 10% 9% 7% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.21: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Skagerrak 3 during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 67 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Section D.3. Average utilisation and unavailability per month per HVDC link

Average monthly utilisation of Skagerrak 4 [Export NO2 -> DK1] since 2015

100% 17% 24% 32% 28% 31% 30% 28% 29% 32% 29% 30% % Technical capacity not used 80% 40% 37% % Import 8% 9% 9% 11% % Export 21% 18%

x 60% 17% a 16% % Limitations m 30% 30% 48% E 38%

f % Disturbance outages o

26% % 40% 42% % Unplanned maintenance 33% 53% 63% 58% 38% 42% % Planned maintenance 42% 30% % Other outages 20% 37% 29% 20% 29% 14% 18% 7% 0% 7% 9% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.22: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Skagerrak 4 during 2015–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of Storebaelt [Export DK1 -> DK2] since 2012

100% 24% 28% 29% 29% 31% % Technical capacity not used 37% 38% 35% 34% 35% 80% 43% 44% 47% % Import % Export

x 60%

a % Limitations m E

f % Disturbance outages o

% 40% 72% % Unplanned maintenance 70% 68% 62% 59% 61% 49% 60% 58% 58% 46% % Planned maintenance 45% 51% 20% % Other outages

0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.23: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Storebaelt during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

Average monthly utilisation of SwePol [Export SE4 -> PL] since 2012

100%

29% 34% 36% 33% 31% 35% % Technical capacity not used 80% 37% 36% 36% 36% 36% 38% 40% % Import % Export

x 60% a 7% % Limitations m E

f % Disturbance outages o

% 42% 40% % Unplanned maintenance 60% 48% 54% 58% 53% 54% 54% 58% 53% 50% 56% 50% % Planned maintenance 20% % Other outages 21% 12% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.24: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for SwePol during 2012– 2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

68 | ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 European Network of Transmission System Operators Section D.3. Average utilisation and unavailability per month per HVDC link for Electricity

Average monthly utilisation of Vyborg Link [Export RU -> FI] since 2012

100%

35% % Technical capacity not used 80% 43% 43% 47% 49% 53% 52% 53% % Import 60% 61% 59% 66% 69% % Export

x 60%

a % Limitations m E

f % Disturbance outages o

% 40% % Unplanned maintenance 65% 11% 57% 53% % Planned maintenance 50% 53% 36% 45% 47% 44% 20% 40% 15% % Other outages 34% 31% 13% 0% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand..

Figure D.25: Average percentage distribution of the availability and utilisation per category according to month for Vyborg Link during 2012–2019. The availability and utilisation categories are defined in detail in Chapter 3.

ENTSO-E HVDC Utilisation and Unavailability Statistics 2019 | 69