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EWEA Offshore Report 2009

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EWEA Offshore Report 2009 Oceans of Opportunity Harnessing Europe’s largest domestic energy resource A report by the European Wind Energy Association Oceans of opportunity Europe’s offshore wind potential is enormous and able to power Europe seven times over. Huge developer interest Over 100 GW of offshore wind projects are already in various stages of planning. If realised, these projects would produce 10% of the EU’s electricity whilst avoiding 200 million tonnes of CO2 emissions each year. Repeating the onshore success EWEA has a target of 40 GW of offshore wind in the EU by 2020, implying an average annual market growth of 28% over the coming 12 years. The EU market for onshore wind grew by an average 32% per year in the 12-year period from 1992-2004 – what the wind energy industry Oceans of Opportunity has achieved on land can be repeated at sea. Building the offshore grid EWEA’s proposed offshore grid builds on the 11 offshore grids currently operating and 21 offshore grids currently being considered by the grid operators in the Baltic and North Seas to give Europe a truly pan-European electricity super highway. Realising the potential Strong political support and action from Europe’s policy-makers will allow a new, multi-billion euro industry to be built. EWEA Results that speak for themselves This new industry will deliver thousands of green collar jobs and a new About EWEA renewable energy economy and establish Europe as world leader in EWEA is the voice of the wind industry, actively promoting the utilisation of offshore wind power technology. wind power in Europe and worldwide. It now has over 600 members from almost 60 countries including manufacturers with a 90% share of the world Oceans of Opportunity A single European electricity market with large amounts of wind power wind power market, plus component suppliers, research institutes, national will bring affordable electricity to consumers, reduce import dependence, wind and renewables associations, developers, electricity providers, finance cut CO emissions and allow Europe to access its largest domestic Harnessing Europe’s largest domestic energy resource 2 and insurance companies and consultants. energy source. A report by the European Wind Energy Association www.ewea.org [email protected] Tel: +32 2 546 1940 – Fax: +32 2 546 1944 Oceans of Opportunity Harnessing Europe’s largest domestic energy resource By the European Wind Energy Association September 2009 Coordinating and main authors: Dr. Nicolas Fichaux (EWEA) and Justin Wilkes (EWEA) Main contributing authors: Frans Van Hulle (Technical Advisor to EWEA) and Aidan Cronin (Merchant Green) Contributors: Jacopo Moccia (EWEA), Paul Wilczek (EWEA), Liming Qiao (GWEC), Laurie Jodziewicz (AWEA), Elke Zander (EWEA), Christian Kjaer (EWEA), Glória Rodrigues (EWEA) and 22 industry interviewees Editors: Sarah Azau (EWEA) and Chris Rose (EWEA) Design: Jesus Quesada (EWEA) Maps: La Tene Maps and EWEA Cover photo: Risø Institute OCEANS OF OPPORTUNITY OFFSHORE REPORT 3 Contents Executive Summary . ....................................................7 EWEA target . 7 Unlimited potential . 7 Over 100 GW already proposed . 8 Grids . 8 2010 will be a key year for grid development planning . 9 Supply chain . .......................................................... 9 Technology . 9 Spatial planning . 9 1. The Offshore Wind Power Market of the Future . ...............................10 2008 and 2009: steady as she goes . 11 2010: annual market passes 1 GW . 11 2011-2020. .......................................................... 12 Annual installations. .............................................. 12 Wind energy production . ........................................... 13 Offshore wind power investments . .................................... 13 Avoiding climate change . 13 2021-2030. .......................................................... 14 Annual installations. .............................................. 14 Wind energy production . ........................................... 14 Offshore wind power investments . .................................... 14 Avoiding climate change . 15 Offshore development – deeper and further. ................................... 16 Europe’s first mover advantage. ............................................ 17 The United States: hot on Europe’s heels . 17 China: the first farm is developed . .......................................... 18 2. Spatial Planning: Supporting Offshore Wind and Grid Development . 20 Maritime spatial planning. ................................................ 21 Recommendations. ..................................................... 23 Offshore wind synergies with other maritime activities . 23 3. Building the European Offshore Grid . .......................................24 Introduction . 25 Mapping and planning the offshore grid. ...................................... 25 Drivers for planning . .............................................. 25 Planning in the different maritime areas . 26 Planning approach. ............................................... 26 Policy processes supporting the planning . 26 Offshore grid topology and construction . 26 No lack of ideas . 27 Offshore grid technology . 27 Offshore grid topology . 28 Spotlight on specific EU-funded projects . 29 4 OCEANS OF OPPORTUNITY OFFSHORE REPORT EWEA’s 20 Year Offshore Network Development Master Plan . 29 How an offshore grid will evolve . 31 Kriegers Flak. ................................................... 31 Offshore grid construction timeline – staged approach . 34 Onshore grid upgrade . 35 The operational and regulatory aspects of offshore grids . 35 Network operation: close cooperation within ENTSO. ....................... 35 Combining transmission of offshore wind power and power trading . ............ 36 Regulatory framework enabling improved market rules . ..................... 36 Economic value of an offshore grid . ......................................... 37 Intrinsic value of an offshore grid . 37 Value of an offshore grid in the context of a stronger European transmission network . 38 Investments and financing . 39 Investment cost estimates. ......................................... 39 Financing the European electricity grid . 40 Recommendations. ..................................................... 41 4. Supply Chain . ........................................................42 Building a second European offshore industry . ................................. 43 Supply of turbines . ..................................................... 44 The future for wind turbine designs. ......................................... 47 Supply of substructures . ................................................. 49 Vessels – turbine installation, substructure installation and other vessels . ............. 53 Recommendations. ..................................................... 55 A brief introduction to some vessels used in turbine installation . .................... 56 Vessels status for European offshore wind installation . 57 Future innovative installation vessels . 58 Ports and harbours . 58 Harbour requirements . 58 Existing facilities . ................................................ 59 Showcase: Bremerhaven’s success story . 60 Harbours of the future . ............................................ 61 Future trends in manufacturing for the offshore wind industry . ...................... 62 5. Main Challenges. ......................................................64 Annex: Offshore Wind Energy Installations 2000-2030. 66 OCEANS OF OPPORTUNITY OFFSHORE REPORT 5 Executive Summary 6 OCEANS OF OPPORTUNITY OFFSHORE REPORT Photo: Dong Energy Offshore wind power is vital for Europe’s future. will match that of the North Sea oil and gas endeavour. Offshore wind power provides the answer to Europe’s However, the wind energy sector has a proven track energy and climate dilemma – exploiting an abundant record onshore with which to boost its confidence, energy resource which does not emit greenhouse and will be significantly longer lived than the oil and gases, reduces dependence on increasingly costly gas sector. fuel imports, creates thousands of jobs and provides large quantities of indigenous affordable electricity. To reach 40 GW of offshore wind capacity in the EU This is recognised by the European Commission in its by 2020 would require an average growth in annual 2008 Communication ‘Offshore Wind Energy: Action installations of 28% - from 366 MW in 2008 to 6,900 needed to deliver on the Energy Policy Objectives for MW in 2020. In the 12 year period from 1992-2004, 2020 and beyond’(1). the market for onshore wind capacity in the EU grew by an average 32% annually: from 215 MW to 5,749 Europe is faced with the global challenges of climate MW. There is nothing to suggest that this historic change, depleting indigenous energy resources, onshore wind development cannot be repeated at increasing fuel costs and the threat of supply disrup- sea. tions. Over the next 12 years, according to the European Commission, 360 GW of new electricity Unlimited potential capacity – 50% of current EU capacity – needs to be built to replace ageing European power plants and By 2020, most of the EU’s renewable electricity meet the expected increase in demand. Europe must will be produced by onshore wind farms. Europe use the opportunity created by the large turnover in must, however, use the coming decade to prepare capacity to construct a new, modern power system for the large-scale exploitation of its largest indig- capable of meeting the energy and
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