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Offshore Wind Submarine Cable Spacing Guidance
Offshore Wind Submarine Cable Spacing Guidance Contract # E14PC00005 United States Department of Interior Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement December 2014, For Public Use Offshore Wind Submarine Cable Spacing Guidance Contract # E14PC00005 United States Department of Interior Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement December 2014, For Public Use The authors gratefully acknowledge permission of the Crown Estate to base parts of this report on their study “Principles of Cable Routing and Spacing (2012)”, Reference ID 8 in this report Document Control Responsible for Job Title Name Date Signature Chris Sturgeon Cables specialist Jim Hodder Cables specialist Colin Poat Cables specialist Content 2014-12-15 Cables specialist Steven Drew Principal Environmental Consultant Rachel McCall EHS Senior Consultant Tanjia Maynard Checked EHS Senior Consultant Tanjia Maynard 2014-12-15 Approval Principal Engineer Jim Doane 2014-12-15 Copyright: PMSS © Document Reference: 734300670/140708 Signatures in this approval box have checked this document in line with the requirements of QP16 This report has been prepared by TÜV SÜD PMSS and Red Penguin Associates with all reasonable skill and care, within the terms of the contract with the Client. The report contains information from sources and data which we believe to be reliable but we have not confirmed that reliability and make no representation as to their accuracy or completeness. The draft report is confidential to the Client and TÜV SÜD PMSS accepts no responsibility to any third party to whom information in this report may be disclosed. No part of this document may be reproduced without the prior written approval of TÜV SÜD PMSS © TÜV SÜD PMSS 2014 Offshore Wind Submarine Cable Spacing Guidance 1 Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Table of Contents Abbreviations 2 1. -
Development of Submarine MV AC Power Cable With
B5.2 9th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables B5.2 Development of submarine MV-AC power cable with aluminum conductor Sven MUELLER-SCHUETZE, Heiner OTTERSBERG, Carsten SUHR, Ingo KRUSCHE, Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke GmbH/General Cable, Nordenham, Germany, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Daniel ISUS FEU, General Cable, Manlleu, Spain, [email protected] ABSTRACT cables due to its very good conductivity. However, the high demand of copper material results in a very high A single armored MV-AC submarine power cable with an market value. This was set to above 6000 $/ton at the aluminum conductor was developed for offshore beginning of April 2015. renewable energy, interconnections between offshore platforms, islands and shore. For the cable design Aluminum has lower conductivity compared to copper process an intended installation in water depths up to 300 resulting in the need to select larger conductor cross m and the application of additional cable protection sections. Despite the larger conductor cross section, cost methods such as rock dumping for on-bottom stabilization reduction is achieved due to the lower material price of were considered. aluminum compared to copper. At the beginning of April 2015 the market value for aluminum was oscillating A type test has been successfully performed on 3x 800 around 1770 $/ton. Due to that market value difference mm² 19/33 (36) kV XLPE submarine power cable with an aluminum is a cost-effective replacement for copper as aluminum conductor. The qualification program was conductor material. During the selection conductor performed under consideration of the CIGRE Electra 171, material, both the electrical and mechanical material CIGRE TB 490, IEC 60502-2 and CENELEC HD620-10C properties were reviewed for all aluminum alloy standards. -
Offshore Wind Submarine Cabling Overview Fisheries Technical Working Group
OFFSHOREoverview WIND SUBMARINE CABLING Fisheries Technical Working Group Final Report | Report Number 21-14 | April 2021 NYSERDA’s Promise to New Yorkers: NYSERDA provides resources, expertise, and objective information so New Yorkers can make confident, informed energy decisions. Our Vision: New York is a global climate leader building a healthier future with thriving communities; homes and businesses powered by clean energy; and economic opportunities accessible to all New Yorkers. Our Mission: Advance clean energy innovation and investments to combat climate change, improving the health, resiliency, and prosperity of New Yorkers and delivering benefits equitably to all. Courtesy, Equinor, Dudgeon Offshore Wind Farm Offshore Wind Submarine Cabling Overview Fisheries Technical Working Group Final Report Prepared for: New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Albany, NY Morgan Brunbauer Offshore Wind Marine Fisheries Manager Prepared by: Tetra Tech, Inc. Boston, MA Brian Dresser Director of Fisheries Programs NYSERDA Report 21-14 NYSERDA Contract 111608A April 2021 Notice This report was prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. in the course of performing work contracted for and sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (hereafter “NYSERDA”). The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of NYSERDA or the State of New York, and reference to any specific product, service, process, or method does not constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of it. Further, NYSERDA, the State of New York, and the contractor make no warranties or representations, expressed or implied, as to the fitness for particular purpose or merchantability of any product, apparatus, or service, or the usefulness, completeness, or accuracy of any processes, methods, or other information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. -
System Plan 2018 – Electricity and Gas in Denmark 2 System Plan 2018
SYSTEM PLAN 2018 – ELECTRICITY AND GAS IN DENMARK 2 SYSTEM PLAN 2018 CONTENTS 1. A holistic approach to electricity and gas planning ......................................3 1.1 Energinet’s objectives and the political framework .............................................. 3 1.2 New organisation ............................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Analysis and planning .................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Research and development .......................................................................................... 8 1.5 Environmental reporting ..............................................................................................10 1.6 Energy efficiency ............................................................................................................11 2. Electricity .........................................................................................................16 2.1 Security of electricity supply ......................................................................................17 2.2 Resources to safeguard balance and technical quality ......................................22 2.3 Cooperation with other countries ..............................................................................24 2.4 Cooperation with other grid operators ....................................................................29 2.5 Planning for conversion and expansion of electrical installations -
EWEA Offshore Report 2009
Oceans of Opportunity Harnessing Europe’s largest domestic energy resource A report by the European Wind Energy Association Oceans of opportunity Europe’s offshore wind potential is enormous and able to power Europe seven times over. Huge developer interest Over 100 GW of offshore wind projects are already in various stages of planning. If realised, these projects would produce 10% of the EU’s electricity whilst avoiding 200 million tonnes of CO2 emissions each year. Repeating the onshore success EWEA has a target of 40 GW of offshore wind in the EU by 2020, implying an average annual market growth of 28% over the coming 12 years. The EU market for onshore wind grew by an average 32% per year in the 12-year period from 1992-2004 – what the wind energy industry Oceans of Opportunity has achieved on land can be repeated at sea. Building the offshore grid EWEA’s proposed offshore grid builds on the 11 offshore grids currently operating and 21 offshore grids currently being considered by the grid operators in the Baltic and North Seas to give Europe a truly pan-European electricity super highway. Realising the potential Strong political support and action from Europe’s policy-makers will allow a new, multi-billion euro industry to be built. EWEA Results that speak for themselves This new industry will deliver thousands of green collar jobs and a new About EWEA renewable energy economy and establish Europe as world leader in EWEA is the voice of the wind industry, actively promoting the utilisation of offshore wind power technology. -
Submarine Cables, There's Power Under Water!
Submarine cables, there's power under water! Marco Marelli, SC B1 Chair (IT) [email protected] Submarine power cables are now among the most important key enablers for the energy transition. Power generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and interconnection among networks are, in fact ,the two main areas where energy links across water is developing massively and – as such – are driving the recent technological evolution. Figure 1 – Laying activities for Submarine cables (source TB 610) In recent years the number and size of installed offshore wind farms have increased rapidly and more and larger farms are being planned. Other types of offshore generation are expected to come in the near future, such as tidal and wave energy generation. Submarine cables are and will be an essential part of this development where they are used as array cables between the generators, as export cables to connect the offshore generation farms with the onshore transmission grid, and even as part of interconnections between different synchronous systems, countries, or price areas . Another important factor for the energy transition is the implementation of a large electrical grid. The number of HVDC interconnectors in the construction stage is larger than ever before. Also, there are many projects in progress at various preliminary stages (planning, studies, …), and they are typically very long and with higher power ratings, thus pushing voltages to new levels with new cable technologies. Typical drivers are the “political” change toward green energy production as well as the differential cost of energy between countries/areas that make viable and desirable the interchange of energy in parallel or in substitution of new generation plants. -
The Norned Hvdc Link – Cable Design and Performance
ReturnClose and to SessionReturn THE NORNED HVDC LINK – CABLE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE Thomas WORZYK, ABB Power Systems, Sweden, [email protected] Mats SJÖBERG, ABB Power Systems, Sweden, [email protected] Jan-Erik SKOG, Statnett, Norway, [email protected] Kees KOREMAN, TenneT, The Netherlands, [email protected] ABSTRACT The NorNed link is the longest submarine power cable +450 kV system ever with a distance of 580 km. The bipolar HVDC DC-cable system with ± 450 kV dc represents the state-of-the-art of “classic” HVDC technology while modern production and installation technology helped to push forward the limit of Eemshaven -450 kV Feda HVDC power transmission. This paper describes some of the characteristics of the power cables in the NorNed link. Figure 1. NorNed main circuit configuration KEYWORDS NorNed, HVDC, mass-impregnated cable, submarine cable. CABLE ROUTE INTRODUCTION The challenging cable route includes the following components: The cables for NorNed were supplied by two manufacturers. o Trenched land cable in the Netherlands Technical data given in this paper relate to the cables o Submarine cable in the tidal flats off the Netherlands, supplied from one manufacturer for approx. 70% of the with strict environmental installation requirements, and cable route. risks of moving sands changing the thermal cable ambient o Long portions of flat sea bottom with boulder fields with NORNED HVDC CABLE LINK water depth <100 m The NorNed link connects the Dutch to the Norwegian o The Norwegian trench with up to 400 m of water national power grid. Since these grids belong to different o Steep tunnels in Norway power frequency control areas in Europe (UCPTE and Nordel, resp.) they are asynchronous. -
Submarine Power Cables Submarine Power Cables
Submarine Power Cables Submarine Power Cables Since decades Nexans‘ plant in Han- The properties of cross-linked poly- a lead sheath. Their construction is nover is specialised in the design, ethylene (XLPE) and ethylene propylene therefore of lighter weight permitting production and installation of low and rubber (EPR) insulated cables longer continuous delivery lengths and medium voltage submarine power cab- Cross linked polyethylene and EPR have easier handling during transportation les required for river or lake crossings, proven as excellent cable insulating com- and laying. The bending radius is power supply to islands and platforms pounds for submarine power cables. small. The solid dielectric and the hea- for offshore oil and gas production and The main reasons are the outstanding vy steelwire armouring are superior to offshore wind mill parks. electrical and mechanical properties of the paper insulated and lead sheathed Numerous successfully completed these materials. Compared to oil filled cables and are much less sensitive to projects with our cables in Europe and paper insulated submarine cables, severe stresses to which submarine cab- overseas have proven the capability of XLPE and EPR insulated cables offer the les are subjected during transportation, Nexans ‘s highly skilled technical staff following advantages: laying and operation. to cope with submarine cable design, • XLPE and EPR are solid dielectrics. They • The main electrical and mechanical production, transportation and laying are maintenance free, no supervision characteristics of XLPE and EPR insula- problems. and control of the oil level in the cable ted medium voltage cables compared The experience gained by Nexans in systems is necessary. -
Feasibility Analysis of Turkey-North Cyprus Submarine
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF TURKEY-NORTH CYPRUS SUBMARINE ELECTRIC INTERCONNECTOR CABLE INCLUDING EXTERNALITIES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF GRADUATE PROGRAMS OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, NORTHERN CYPRUS CAMPUS BY AHMAD RASHEED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY SYSTEMS AUGUST 2019 Approval of the Board of Graduate Programs _______________________ Prof. Dr. Gürkan Karakaş Chair person I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ______________________ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ceren İnce Program Coordinator This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _______________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Fahrioğlu Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Fahrioğlu EEE Program METU NCC __________________ Asst. Prof. Dr. Hayriye Kahveci PSIR Program METU NCC __________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Güngör Dept. of Eco. EMU __________________ DECLARATION I hereby declare that all the information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname: Signature : i ABSTRACT FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF TURKEY-NORTH CYPRUS SUBMARINE ELECTRIC INTERCONNECTOR CABLE INCLUDING EXTERNALITIES Rasheed, Ahmad M.Sc. Sustainable Environment and Energy Systems Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Fahrioğlu August 2019, 78 pages Heavy dependency of electrical industry on fossil fuels have led to overexploitation of natural resources, which causes emission of greenhouse gases and climatic change. -
<I>Teredo</I> Worm and Subsea Umbilicals
doi:10.3723/ut.33.239 Underwater Technology, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 239–243, 2016 www.sut.org The Teredo worm and subsea umbilicals: risks and recommendations Larry Parkes* and Alan Keeble Technical Briefing Technical Received 19 March 2015; Accepted 23 March 2016 Abstract Xylophagainae family are widely dispersed, being The Teredo worm is a bivalve mollusc that is well known for present in every saline ocean basin so far studied. its destructive activity caused by boring into woods under (The Xylophagainae form the deep-sea and high- water. It can also damage subsea cables and many cable latitude ecological replacements of teredinids designs incorporate anti-Teredo protection. The Teredo worm (Voight, 2007).) Currently, the only seas thought is an alien species to many marine environments, but its dis- to be free of wood-borers are the Baltic and Black tribution is increasing. It is, therefore, possible that subsea Seas, where well-preserved shipwrecks have been umbilical failures, specifically in relation to power and/or com- found (Glover et al., 2013). However, it is probable munication transmission in the oil and gas industry, that have that their distribution is increasing; both families previously been fully or partially attributed to Teredo activity, are highly successful alien species with life histo- may increase in the future. This paper reviews some methods ries and responses to waterborne cues that support of detecting impending Teredo-related umbilical failure and movements into new areas (Borges et al., 2014; makes recommendations for future subsea umbilical design. Toth et al., 2015). Protection from the effects of Teredo attacks has Keywords: Teredo worm, subsea umbilicals, design recom- mendations historically involved copper, initially as sheathing over the wooden hulls of ships, where its physical barrier to biomechanical activity was also associated 1. -
Submarine Power Cables and the Marine Environment
LLM in Natural Resources Law and International Environmental Law Submarine Power Cables and the Marine Environment Legal obligations of the Coastal States in the North-East Atlantic Stefán Erlendsson Dr. Aðalheiður Jóhannsdóttir Faculty of Law School of Social Sciences May 2016 Abstract Submarine Cables have been laid on the seabed since the nineteenth century and have special status according to international law, which provides for the right of all states to lay cables and pipelines on the seabed. Only recently, due to increased number of cables and the cumulative impact adding to other offshore activities, awareness is raised in relation to the impact on the marine environment, which to some extent is not fully understood by scientists. Interconnection of electricity markets and the increase in use of renewable energy sources, such as wind and currents, with offshore power generation, is promoting submarine power cables as important energy infrastructure, in addition to the better known role of carrying telecommunications. This thesis describes the international obligations of the coastal states, in relation to submarine power cable projects, and operation of those in marine areas where coastal states exercise jurisdiction. The main focus is on the protection of the marine environment, while taking into account the importance and special status of such cables. The potential impact is considered and to what extent there may be obligations assess, prevent, manage or mitigate such impact. These obligations are found in the general principles of international law, and in international agreements. Further, the obligations as stipulated in EU law are highlighted, and special attention paid to the approach of the two EFTA states, Iceland and Norway, parties to the EEA Agreement. -
2018 International High Voltage Direct Current Conference in Korea October 30(Tue) - November 2(Fri) 2018, Gwangju, Korea
http://hvdc2018.org 2018 International High Voltage Direct Current Conference in Korea October 30(Tue) - November 2(Fri) 2018, Gwangju, Korea Supported by Sponsored by 2018 International High Voltage Direct Current Conference in Korea Time table Date Plan Time Topic Speaker Co-chair/Moderator Oct.30 Welcome Party 18:00 - 20:00 Event with BIXPO 2018 Opening Ceremony 13:30 - 13:40 Chairman KOO, Ja-Yoon Opening Welcome Address Chair: Ceremony 13:40 - 13:50 Congratulation Address CESS President Dr. KIM, Byung-Geol 13:50 - 14:00 Congratulation Address KEPCO President Plenary session 1: Arman Hassanpoor 14:00 - 14:40 On Development of VSCs for HVDC Applications (ABB) Plenary session 2: Oct.31 14:40 - 15:20 Shawn SJ.Chen Introductionof China HVDC Development (NR Electric Co., Ltd) Co-chair: Plenary 15:20 - 15:30 Coffee Break Arman Hassanpoor Session Plenary session 3: Prof. KIM, Seong-Min 15:30 - 16:10 Introduction of KEPCO’s HVDC East-West Power KIM, Jong-Hwa Grid Project (KEPCO) Plenary session 4: Prof. Jose ANTONIO JARDINI 16:10-16:50 The Brazilian Interconnected Transmission System (ERUSP University) Oral Session 1: Testing experiences on extruded cable systems Giacomo Tronconi 09:10-09:40 up to 525kVdc in the first third party worldwide (CESI) laboratory Oral Session 2: An optimal Converter Transformer and Valves Yogesh Gupta (GE T&D INDIA Ltd) 09:40 - 10:10 arrangement & Challenges in Open Circuit Test for B Srikanta Achary (GE T&D INDIA Ltd) Parallel Bipole LCC HVDC System with its Mitigation 10:10 - 10:20 Coffee Break Co-chair: Conference Oral Session 3: Mats Andersson 10:20 - 10:50 Overvoltages experienced by extruded cables in Mansoor Asif Prof.