Picuris SYNTAX

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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks. England HP10 8HR Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 78-4620 ZAHARLICK, Ann Marie, 1947- PI CURIS SYNTAX. The American University, Ph.D., 1977 Language, linguistics University Microfiims International, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1977 ANN MARIE ZAHARLICK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PICURis SYNTAX by Ann Marie Zaharlick Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology Signatures of Committee: Chairman: L r ( j U / Date: / 1977 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 THE AMERICA!! U:;iVZ20I7Y LI21 lpy Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To the people of Picuris who cherish their language and value its preservation. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Had it not been for the cooperation and considerable assistance of many individuals, this study might never have been made. Although it is impossible to mention all the people who helped me, several will be singled out for special recognition. Hopefully, all will accept this work as an expression of my gratitude. I must first thank my major professor, William L. Leap, for providing my early linguistic training, introducing me to the Tanoan languages, and monitoring my research and analytical progress. Through Dr. Leap I made the acquaint ance of George L. Trager. I was fortunate to receive training from Dr. Trager while I attended a field school at the Southern Methodist University, Ft. Burgwin Research Center in New Mexico. It was Dr. Trager who encouraged me to con tinue the work on Picuris which his late wife, Felicia Harben Trager, had begun some ten years earlier than my efforts. John J. Bodine, one of my committee members and Chairman of The American University, Department of Anthropology, helped me in numerous ways as both advisor and friend. To say that he "helped" me is really an understatement, for without his constant support and advice, I might not have enjoyed or profited from the whole experience as much as I did. He iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. advised me on the nuances of doing fieldwork in northern New Mexico and provided some initial financial assistance and field experience by inviting me to apply with him for a research grant which we subsequently received. Dr. Bodine also saw me through some of the more difficult admin istrative and technical aspects of completing the dissertation. I also benefited from discussions with my third committee member, Robert Fox, of the English Language Institute at The American University, who offered a valuable perspective on the linguistic analysis and Elizabeth A. Brandt, of Arizona State University, who readily shared her knowledge of Tiwa grammar. To all of these individuals I wish to express my sincere thanks. I would also like to recognize the organizations which provided funds for the data collection and analysis phases of this work. I received a Dissertation Fellowship from The American University and shared a faculty research grant with Dr. Bodine from the same institution. The National Science Foundation awarded me a Dissertation Improvement Grant, with Dr. Leap functioning as the principal investigator. These funds enabled me to work in New Mexico for a year and a half and accomplish the bulk of research reported in this dissertation. Of course, the most important contribution was made by the Picuris people themselves who permitted this work to proceed. I wish to thank the 1974 Pueblo Governor, Pat iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Martinez, and the Picuris Tribal Council for permission to initiate the study of the Picuris language, I would also like to thank Governor Joe Quanchello and the Picuris Education Committee for their continuing support. While many Picuris people have extended their friendship and hospitality, for which I will always be grateful, there are a few individuals whom I feel compelled to thank individually for their special encouragement and assistance. My deep thanks go to Cora Durand, Pat and Margaret Martinez, Marina Simbola, and Edith Simbola Martinez. Particularly valuable has been the assistance of Edith Simbola Martinez who crit ically examined all of the data contained in this study. Last, but not least, I must recognize three individ uals wnc played important roles in this study. I would like to thank Telesfor Romero who kindly provided me transportation while I was gathering my data. Penny Katson deserves special praise for taking on and competently typing such a difficult manuscript. Finally, I would like to thank my friend, Donna Roxey, for typing and editing the drafts of this work. Her assistance was invaluable. A. M. Zaharlick Albuquerque, New Mexico September, 1977 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I. INTRODUCTION .............................. 1 II. PICIJRlS PHONOLOGY.......................... 19 2.0 Introduction......................... 19 2 .1 Previous W o r k ....................... 19 2.2 Phoneme Is Defined................... 20 2.3 Consonant Phonemes................... 20 2.4 Vowel Phonemes....................... 24 2.5 Stress Phonemes..................... 31 2.6 Tone Phonemes....................... 33 2.7 Transition Phonemes ................. 34 2.8 Phonological Utterances ............. 36 2.9 Syllable Structure................... 37 III. WORDS AND WORD STRUCTURE IN PICURIS GRAMMAR............................ 41 3.0 Introduction......................... 41 3.1 Morpheme Is Defined................. 41 3.2 Picuris Word Structure............... 42 3.3 N o u n s ............................... 44 3.31 Stem Extension................. 45 3.32 Noun Environments............. 48 3.33 Noun Prefix Inflections....... 49 3.331 Noun Prefixes............ 50 3.332 Summary of Noun Prefixes.............. 54 3.4 V e r b s ............................... 54 3.41 Verb Prefix Inflections....... 56 3.411 Verbal Prefix Paradigms.............. 57 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 412 First and Second Person Object Prefixes............. 60 3.42 Verb Suffixes................. 61 3.43 Final Clitics................. 62 3.5 Particles........................... 64 IV. PICURfS SYNTAX........................... 8 2 4.0 Introduction....................... 8 2 4.1 Methodology for Picuris Syntactic Analysis ............... 82 4.11 Rationale..................... 82 4.12 Isletan Syntax............... 85 4.13 Terminology................... 88 4.14 Procedure..................... 89 4.2 Nouns............................... 90 4.21 Phrase-Words................. 93 4.22 Noun Phrases................. 102 4.221 Noun-Clitic Forms .... 102 4.222 Compound Base Nouns Plus Clitic.......... 106 4.223 Other Clitics.......... 112 4.23 Summary....................... 116 4.3 Verbs and Verb Constructions....... 116 4.31 The Verb-Word................. 118 4.32 Suffixless Verbs ............. 124 4.33 Summary....................... 126

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