THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957 VOLUME FOUR A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURE OF THE SOUTHWEST EDITED BY Elaine L. Mills and AnnJ Brickfield

KRAUS INTER ATIONAL PUBLICATIONS A Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME FOUR

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Southwest Prepared in the National AnthropologicalArchives Department ofAnthropology National Museum ofNatural History Washington, D.C.

THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME FOUR

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Southwest

EDITED BY Elaine L. Mills and AnnJ. Brickfield

KRAUS INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS A Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited White Plains, N.Y. © Copyright The Smithsonian Institution 1986

All rights reserved. No part ofthis work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in anyform or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or taping, information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission ofthe publisher.

First Printing

Printed in the United Str.:tes of America

The paper in this publication meets the minimum Contents requirements of American National Standard for Information Science- Permanence of Papers for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. INTRODUCTION N / Vll Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scope and Content ofthis Publication IV / vn (Revised for vol. 4) History ofthe Papers and the Microfilm Edition IV / vnl Harrington, John Peabody. The papers ofJohn Peabody Harrington in the Editorial Procedures IV / X Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957. A guide to the Acknowledgements IV / xn field notes.

Vol. 4 also edited by Ann J. Brickfield. Vol. 4 prepared in the National Anthropological Archives, Dept. of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Bibliography: v. 1, p. NOTES TO RESEARCHERS N / xv Contents: v. 1. A guide to the field notes: Native Using the Guide IV / xv American history, language, and culture of Alaska/ Northwest Coast- -v. 4. A guide to the field Using the Microfilm IV / XVl notes: Native American history, language, and culture of Note on Terminology IV / xvn Southwest. 1. Indians- Manuscripts- Microform catalogs. 2. Indians-Languages-Manuscripts- Microform catalogs. 3. Harrington, John Peabody-Manuscripts­ Microform catalogs. 4. National Anthropological Archives- Microform catalogs. I. Mills, Elaine L. MAPS N / X1X II. Title. Z1209.H33 1981 [E58] 970.004'97 81-7290 Tribal Territories in Southwest IV / xx ISBN 0-527-84243-5 (v. 1) Sites ofFieldwork in Southwest IV / XXl ISBN 0-527-84262-1 (v. 2) ISBN 0-527-84287-7 (v. 3) ISBN 0-527-84329-6 (v. 4) IV /vi Contents PHOTOGRAPHS IV / xxzzz Scene in Navaho Territory IV / xxiv Adolph Dodge Bitanny IV / xxiv Harrington and Navaho Tribal Members IV / xxiv Harrington at Excavation ofElden Pueblo Site IV / xxv Ruins at Elden Pueblo IV / xxvi Harrington, J. O. Prescott, and Hopi Singers IV / xxv'! Governor ofTaos IV / xxvii Blue Lake IV / xxvii Black Mesa IV / xxviii Tewa Ceremony IV / xxviii Scene in Tewa Territory IV / xxviii SERIES DESCRIPTIONS Introduction and REEL CONTENTS IV / 1 Apache and Kiowa Apache IV / 1 Navaho IV / 6 Hopi IV / 26 SCOPE AND CONTENT Zuni IV / 32 OF THIS PUBLICATION Acoma / Laguna / Santo Domingo IV / 38 "A Guide to the Field Notes: Native American History, Language, and Cochiti IV / 43 Culture ofthe Southwest," is the fourth volume ofa ten-volume official Jemez IV / 44 inventory for the microfilm edition of The Papers ofJohn P. Harrington Isleta / Isleta del Sur / Piro IV / 47 in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957. This inventory supersedes Picuris IV / 52 any other published or unpublished finding aids describing the collec­ Taos IV / 54 tion. Volume One covers the region Alaska/Northwest Coast, Volume Tewa IV / 62 Two covers Northern and Central California, and Volume Three covers Southern California/Basin. Subsequent volumes of this inven­ General and Miscellaneous Materials IV / 72 tory will be issued as each section of the microfilm edition becomes available, and will cover Harrington's field notes on the Plains, North­ APPENDIX IV / 77 east/Southeast, and Mexico/Central America/South America. There will also be a volume on Harrington's notes and writings on special Abbreviations and Special Uses ofTerms IV / 77 linguistic studies and one on his correspondence and financial records. At the completion of the project all the volumes will be issued in a cumulated hardbound edition. The materials described herein represent the results ofJohn P. Harrington's study ofthe native languages and cultures ofthe South­ IV /vii IV / viii John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV fix

west, the area in which he first undertook fieldwork. The field notes portion of these California-based papers was actually.loan.ed on a l?ng­ were recorded just prior to and during his employment as ethnologist term basis to the Department ofLinguistics at the V nlverslty ofCalIfor­ (1915-1954) by the Bureau of American Ethnology. The documents nia, Berkeley, under the charge of Professor Mary R. Haas. After e~­ focus primarily on linguistic data, although they also include significant tensive use there by several generations of graduate students In amounts of ethnographic and historical information. linguistics, cultural anthropology, and archeology, they were shipped to Only original documents created by Harrington, his co­ the Smithsonian during the period from 1976 to 1979. workers, and field assistants or field notes given to him by others are Work on organizing the Harrington Papers began almost as contained in this publication. Related materials collected by Harring­ soon as the first boxes of documents arrived at the archives. Early in ton such as printed matter, journals, and books are not included. Photo­ 1962, Catherine A. Callaghan, then a graduate student at V.C., Berke­ stats, microfilm, and typed and handwritten copies ofpublications and ley, was hired on a temporary appointment to tackle the monumental manuscripts which lack his annotations have likewise been omitted. task of preparing a box list for several tons of notes. She spent several Some additional field notes from Harrington's work in the months identifying as many bundles as possible by tribe or language, at Southwest may be housed among his papers at the Santa Barbara Mu­ least down to the family level. seum ofNatural History. The anthropologists on the staffplan to inven­ Refinement of this initial sorting was continued by the then tory and microfilm those documents, funding permitting. Other current archivist Margaret C. Blaker and later, in the early 1970s, by a smaller blocks of Harrington's papers can be found outside the Smith­ member ofher staff,jane M. Walsh. Throughout this period the papers sonian Institution - notably at the Southwest Museum and the Ban­ were available to researchers, some ofwhom were able to make sugges­ croft Library, V niversity of California, Berkeley- and additional tions for improving the identification ofsmall portions ofthe collection. items may subsequently come to light. This publication presently repre­ A new energy was infused into the work on the papers after sents the majority of Harrington's output in the area. the arrival in 1972 ofNational Anthropological Archives Director Her­ manj. Viola. He not only encouraged the application ofmodern a:chi­ HISTORY OF THE PAPERS val methods to avoid the piecemeal efforts of the past, but also actIvely AND THE MICROFILM EDITION sought ways to improve the accessibility of the material to a steadily growing number of researchers. Encouraged by the interest ofa ~um­ The original documents comprising The Papers ofJohn Peabody H arring­ ber ofmicrofilm companies in publishing the papers on HIm, he decIded ton are housed in the Smithsonian Institution's National Anthropologi­ in 1975 to submit a proposal for funding such a project to the National cal Archives (N.A.A.) where they were brought together after Harring­ Historical Publications and Records Commission (N.H.P.R.C.). ton's death in 1961. Some of the papers were already located on the A major consultant in developing the documentation for this Smithsonian premises in the archives of the Bureau of American Eth­ proposal was Geoffrey L. Gamble, then a ~mit~sonian Fellow d?ing nology (B.A.E.), having been deposited by him as individual manu­ work on Harrington's Yokuts field data. Dunng hIs year at the archIves, scripts while in the bureau's employ. Others were located at various warehouses in the Washington, D.C., area and elsewhere. he began integrating the Berkeley-based material with the material. in Washington and compiled the first systematic inventory of th~ entIre The great bulk ofthe papers was sorted in a numberofstorage collection. Through correspondence and attendance at meetIngs he locations in California by his daughter Awona Harrington and sent to helped to marshall support for the archives' project among members of Washington, D.C., over a period of several years. Although the lin­ the anthropological profession. guist-ethnologist had expressed the wish that his field notes be given to In December 1976 the Smithsonian Institution received a some institution in California, Miss Harrington recognized that the grant from the N.H.P.R.C. for the first year ofan envisi?ned five-~ear approximately one million pages were actually government property as venture, and work on the "Harrington Microfilm ProJect" officIally they had been created while her father was a federal employee. A sizable began. Herman j. Viola was the project director. Elaine L. Mills, an IV Ix John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /xi archives staff member who had already done considerable work on The fact that Harrington, for many reasons, was a poor docu­ Harrington's photographs, was chosen as editor. N.A.A. archivist menter of his own work posed yet another challenge to the effort to James R. Glenn and Smithsonian linguist Ives Goddard agreed to act as consultants to the project. identify, arrange, and describe the field data. His notes often furnis?ed little internal evidence for easily determining either the language, trIbe, or identity of the informants involved, or the circumstances under EDITORIAL PROCEDURES which the work was done. A page-by-page examination was often neces­ sary to glean enough clues to file the material properly. . The present arrangement ofthe Papers ofJohn P. Harrington does not An important aspect ofthis work was the decIpherIng ofHar­ represent the state in which he left the papers. Much editorial work has rington's numerous personally devised abbreviations and special uses of had to be done for this published inventoryand to make the notes usable terms. Some codes were fairly obvious ("Tl." for Tlingit; "U.U." for by researchers at the National Anthropological Archives and through Upper Umpqua). Others were not nearly so clear (".Can." for Can~le~o, this publication. This was due in part to the way in which the various i.e. Chumash; "No Sir" for Noser, or Vana). SometImes an abbreVIatIon portions ofthe collection arrived at the archives and in part to Harring­ would have to be seen in many contexts before it could be correctly ton's lack of methodical organization and thorough documentation. interpreted. The creation ofa working file ofgeneral abbreviations and As explained above, the papers were widely scattered at the those referring to informants and tribes or languages assured that any time of Harrington's death. The urgency of packing the material and form could be recognized if encountered elsewhere in the papers. removing it from the various warehouses, storage sheds, and offices in The research necessarily led from the field notes to other which it was then beingstored made it necessary to pack many unrelated parts of the collection. The examination of the correspond~n~e was manuscripts and segments of field notes in any given box. Despite the quite illuminating. Harrington sometimes gave a fuller descrIptIon of early efforts to broadly categorize the material, much sorting still re­ mained to be done. his fieldwork in letters to his friends than in the field notes themselves. Searches offinancial records also proved exceptionally helpful in estab­ There was also the task ofinterfiling similar material from the lishing indirect identification of the notes. In accounts of expenses Washington, D.C., 2nd Berkeley repositories. In some cases parts ofthe Harrington often listed informants and the number of~ours h~ wor~e.d same individual manuscripts or sets of notes had been separated. Care with each. Cancelled checks also provided informatIon on lIngUIStIC had to be taken to assure that a meaningful order was restored. Interre­ services rendered. All such information, along with that gleaned from lationships also had to be determined between these sections and the annual reports andotheradministrative records ofthe Bureau ofAmer­ cataloged portion of the archives' holdings from Harrington. ican Ethnology, was compiled in a working chronology ofHarrington's The difficulties posed by the sheer bulk of material to be life and career, a valuable summary of all his activities which will be exanlined and sorted were complicated by additional factors. Harring­ published in the cumulated edition of this inventory. ton's method of sorting his papers was to tie them into bundles, some­ At times it was necessary to identify field notes through com­ times as much as a foot thick. Each stack might contain widely disparate parative work, with extensive use ofpublished dictionaries, grammars, materials: correspondence, financial records, notes to himself, and ethnographies, and maps, as well as unpublished vocabularies housed at other miscellaneous matter, in addition to the field notes for the Indian the National Anthropological Archives and elsewhere. The problems group or groups with which he was working at the time. of varying orthographies used by Harrington and the other linguists Inconsistencies in Harrington's system for labeling added to made it sometimes difficult to categorize positively the linguistic data he the confusion. Pages obviously intended as heading sheets might be recorded. For this reason a number of linguistic consultants were found in the middle or at the bottom ofa stack of loose, unnumbered brought in to cover each of the major language families represented in sheets and slips. The contents offolders and envelopes might not match the papers. (Those who worked on this section are listed ~n "Ac~nowl­ the outside labels if the containers had been reused. edgements.") Their examination of the relevant materIal dUrIng an IV / xiii IV / xii John Peabody Harrington Southwest trative support has come from Herman J. Viola, who has served as the average week-long visit allowed them to confirm identifications already project's director. The attention to detail shown by the project's con­ made and to supply explanations for any tentatively or totally uncate­ sultants,James R. Glenn and Ives Goddard, in reviewing the guide and gorized material. Their findings were submitted in reports which gave the reels of microfilm, has improved the accuracy and clarity of both suggestions for further editorial work. narrative descriptions and microfilm targets. jim's willingness to act as a In refining the arrangements of notes within each series, two liaison between the project and the publisher during late stages of the archival principles were kept constantly in mind. One was to determine and then preserve or restore any original arrangement scheme in­ work has also been very much appreciated. Special thanks go to Ann Brickfield who served as the assistant tended.by Harrington. Thus, if heading sheets were found indicating a editor for the project. Following general guidelines which were estab­ semantIc or an alphabetic organization, any misfiled pages were refiled lished in our work together on the preceding sections, she has under­ to conform to these plans. If, on the other hand, large blocks of notes taken the impressive task of arranging and describing the entire set of were totally without order, an attempt was made to find a logical field notes comprising Harrington's study ofthe history, languages, and method of reorganizing them. For example, a section of vocabulary cultures of the southwest. Her dedication and thoroughness have been elicited through the use of a secondary source was arranged to follow the order of the lexical items in that source. Time limitations required greatly appreciated. Another key staff member whose efforts have contributed that some particularly confusing sections be left in an "unsorted" state. directly to the preparation ofthis guide is Louise Mills. As section editor Considerable time was spent in preparing descriptions of the for Harrington's correspondence, she has been able to provide invalu­ field notes in an effort to make them maximally useful to researchers in able background data on his fieldwork in the southwest. as many. disc~pl.ines as possible. Harrington's field methods usually inte­ In addition, I wish to recognize the invaluable assistance of grated lIngUIstIC and ethnographic descriptive work into one approach. Vyrtis Thomas ofthe National Anthropological Archives. She has com­ Thus, while eliciting grammatical data, he developed ethnographic pleted delicate conservation work on many fragile pages in the collec­ data. He also had a strong sense of being an American Indian histori­ tion and has greatly facilitated the packing, shipping, and reboxing of ographer. All ofhis material incorporates data relevant to post-contact, the field notes. She was aided on a number of occasions by Catherine local history, and the personal histories of informants. Therefore, al­ Creek and DeDe Adams, also on the N .A.A. staff. Thanks also to Mary though a particular set of material is categorized in this publication as Frances Bell, archives' staff editor, who has provided expert editorial linguistic, it might just as accurately be described as ethnographic, his­ torical, or biographical. Division titles were assigned largely for conve­ assistance in all phases of preparing this guide. The "Harrington Microfilm Project" has drawn continually nience, depending upon the predominance ofanyone type ofmaterial on the technical resources of many other individuals inside the Smith­ within that division. The detailed descriptions which follow indicate the sonian Institution in the offices of Grants and Risk Management, Print­ variety of material to be found within each category. Researchers are ing and Photographic Services, and the Library. Deserving of special encouraged to at least skim each descriptive paragraph to ensure that mention are David R. Short of the Contracts Office and Jeanne Ma­ they locate all notes of potential interest to them. For more technical honey of the Department of Anthropology, whose competence, pa­ information on the microfilm and its use with this guide, please see the tience, and good spirits have made administrative details much less ofa "Notes to Researchers" which follow this introduction. nightmare. Thanks also to Britt Griswold, scientific illustrator, for his care in preparing the excellent maps for the guide. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Obviously of vital importance to the project have been the I wish to express my appreciation to the other staff members of the editorial and production staffs at Kraus International Publications and Graphic Microfilm, especially, at Kraus, Ruth Sandweiss, production "H.arrington Mic:o~lm Project" for their cooperation and support, whIch have been IndIspensable to the success of the project. Adminis­ manager; Barry Katzen, managing editor; and, at Graphic, Mickie IV /xiv John Peabody Harrington

Stengel, lead technician. I thank them for their cooperation in produc­ ing a high-quality publication. It has been a pleasure working with them. I would also like to acknowledge the generous financial support of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the Ahman­ son Foundation, and Kinetics Technology Incorporated. Frank Burke, Roger Bruns, and George Vogt of the N.H.P.R.C. have all been ex­ tr~mely helpfu~ in ?ffering training and advice in all aspects ofediting a microfilm publIcation. I have also benefited from the technical advice of Alan Bain, William Bright, and Marc Okrand, whose suggestions have improved the quality and usefulness of both the film and the guide. Special appreciation is due Awona Harrington, Mary R. Haas, and Catherine Callaghan for their early efforts to preserve the papers and to Geoffrey L. Gamble who helped in so many ways to forward the microfilm project in its early stages. Thanks also to the numerous scholars who have written so kindly in support ofthe present work. The e.nth~siasticencouragement ofall these people has served as an inspira­ Notes to Researchers tion In the often overwhelming task ofediting such a voluminous set of papers. .. A nurnber of consultants, researchers, and information spe­ cialIsts deserve thanks for theirwork on the field notes for" Southwest." USING THE GUIDE They collectively helped me to identify and better organize the notes Researchers are encouraged to read relevant portions of this guide ~ere at the archives and carefully reviewed our drafts ofseries descrip­ before examining the microfilm itself. A perusal of the series descrip­ tions. The project staffis particularly indebted to Marie Byrne, William tions and reel contents will give an accurate idea of both the general Leap, and Mary Jane Young. A special note of thanks is extended to scope and specific contents of each block of field notes. Robert W. Young for clarifying the nature of his collaboration with The field notes for the Southwest have been arranged by Harrington in the study of the Apache and Navaho languages. tribe/language or, in the case of comparative material, by field trip. I would also like to extend thanks to John P. Marr and the Each of these categories constitutes a "series." Series descriptions Harrington family for their notes of personal encouragement, A final, begin with a brief introduction, furnishing such background informa­ special thank you goes to my husband, Bob Kline, for his unfailing tion as the circumstances of the trip and the identity of the principal support and assistance in all phases of the project. Indian and non-Indian informants and co-workers. This is followed by ELAINE L. MILLS, Editor textual descriptions (highlighted by titles in bold face type) ofthe major The John P. Harrington Papers divisions within the notes-for example, vocabularies, dictionaries, National Anthropological Archives texts, ethnographic notes, historical and biographical data, and bibliog­ raphies. Finally, the reel contents list provides a detailed outline of contents complete with reel and frame numbers. Other helpful aids are checklists of the people with whom Harrington worked and the published and unpublished works to which he referred. In the first list, abbreviations and alternate spellings of IV /xv r

IV /xvi John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /xvii names appear in parentheses. In the second listing, brief notes in interspersed throughout the records. It serves primarily to announce brackets indicate whether Harrington possessed a copy of the work the beginning of each new section on a reel. It may also be use.d to (photostat, microfilm, typescript, handwritten copy, etc.). The notation explain the peculiarities of certain pages of notes such as: ~and~rI~ten "N.A.A." stands for National Anthropological Archives; "B.A.E." annotations by informants and assistants; errors in numberIng; mIssIng, stands for Bureau of American Ethnology. misplaced, and two-sided pages; abbreviations which are not obvious in Also included, if relevant, are a list of publications by Har­ context; old manuscript numbers; and cross-references to other parts of rington himselfand cross-references to other series in the "Southwest" the papers. The second device is the "flash space," a strip ~fbla~k.~lm field notes or elsewhere in the papers. Researchers are urged to skim the placed between major and nlinor sections to aid in spottIng dIvIsion forthcoming guide to "Correspondence" as well as the "Chronology of breaks (between letters of the alphabet in a dictionary, for example) Harrington's Career" for additional information. Interested re­ when reeling quickly through the film. searchers should contact the National Anthropological Archives for When individual manuscript pages are faded, discolored, information regarding any photographs or sound recordings men­ torn, or reversed (as in carbons), typed transcripts appear on the film tioned in the guide. beside the manuscript version. These follow the original text as closely as possible. Any information supplied by the editor is b~acketed. Before being duplicated each master reel of microfilm passed USING THE MICROFILM a frame-by-frame quality control check at Kraus International Publica­ TheJohn P. Harrington Papers are published on 35mm microfilm at a tions. It was then proofread by the "Harrington Microfilm Project" reduction of 14: 1. Images appear in the "A" position, usually two to a staff against the inventory list for the Papers as they appear in the frame. Each numbered reel begins with introductory frames giving folders and boxes at the National Anthropological Archives. The only general reel contents and technical information. omissions are those noted in the "Scope and Content" section and on Beginning with the first original item, a digital counter ap­ the backs ofthose pages where data has either been completely obliter­ pears at the bottom center of each frame for ease in locating and citing ated, or crossed out and copied exactly elsewhere. documents. The location ofeach section ofnotes for a given tribe/lan­ guage is provided in the reel contents lists in this guide. A list will direct researchers to the film by two sets of digits, the first designating the NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY correct reel and the second indicating a frame or group of frames. Occasionally, terms used in this publication for referri~g t~ In~ian Thus, to locate "Drafts and Notes Relating to Primers" under Navaho groups may not be those currently utilized by ant~ropologlsts,hnguI~ts, (021: 0001-1203) turn to Reel 021, Frames 0001 through 1203. or tribal members. To avoid confusion in chOOSing among alternative In citing the papers in footnotes and bibliographical refer­ terms or the various ways to spell them, the editor referred to a stan­ ences, researchers should refer to the original set of papers and their dardized master list based on the catalogs of manuscripts and photo­ location and should mention the use of the microfilm edition. A sug­ graphs in the National Anthropological Archives. gested form for the first citation is: Navaho Field Notes John P. Harrington Papers National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (Microfilm edition: Reel 021, Frame 0352) Two editorial devices have been used to guide the researcher through each reel of film. The first is the "target," a kind of signpost Maps

EXPLANATION OF MAPS Map 1 shows the tribal groups studied by Harrington during his work in the Southwest. Map 2 indicates the major sites of Harrington's fieldwork or other important locations mentioned by him in the field notes. Both maps were prepared by Theophilus Britt Griswold, Sci­ entific Illustrator, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institu­ tion, from sketches and data provided by the author.

IV /xix (-',,

" " i" "I A{...... \ -z. .~ cr: ''I 0"'­ :;(l.L.r' q:/ O( .J ....,.~

Map 1. Tribal territories in the Southwest, 1908-1945.

IV /xx «j "~",,.r"':1 WYOMING ~~._.~.~AH _._._.-.-.-._~~-~_.-. .'·i;;:·~rt:·;TI!;J· >1 -{:. -.-. _. -. _. w· I z! ~VAHOINDIAN R~~~QcJ,,~ ~ OK. I )'" _..li' ,,-,3> ._? i-'-'­ I .~ ~t.·: "J::CK ME'S~ ~ II r:· ':;~i! ~ .;:0 Taos I ~ c' \) t; '0 (( :.1 1 -<:) i- .;.1 I C",• .' T~ba CityJ : ,HOPIINDI':~O ~ CHACO f''"'\~ S ~ G.~~O 'v'Y~ l'~r i ;- f\ ~.~.j J \ .(') :.: RES 1 :{: ... an uan Santa Cruz ><;:) ;­ ~ l' <<-.. ~';~F'bi.POI~~ca l~ort Defianc:~ CANYON San IIdefons~~~ ~ ~ Pojoaque .<;:) \.., t·''t,ill··!· '''-1''~('> ~:: .' . I :.', ~""If:!.g ",;" Nambe ("d',"} ~ :l.·.~St. Window:.~.~.,:..:.~.:l Rock Jeme~";"" D ~~ ..:...... Michaels .b: ...... __ oSanta Fe "" ~ ~''''',:<::.~':~::;:~:::~:'3 - G~lIo ~ . San YSidro",.-.D~i~~· ~Cochiti , ~c %~Q ~....~. ~FortWlngatel ~M~a~i>l~iii .;1·lISant~ " .~ t) p Domingo ~.':.~ ~ ~ ~ I " .1 .... Flagstafto f:...... Q' ,;.; :.>10,,,,,,'.; ...... San Felipe Tucumari 0 . . .:.'~ .0. :J;";;.:;:.::..;.'::.~~'"",.:~..:i) -...;:. ~'"'::'I'-i.if:lH:b:'~ ,..~ l>. ~ ...... J.hf:~ ..oJ , Winslow ZU~i~'J"S, La.,~~.!la Albuquerque , ) HO~::::A'"'W~~ Acol:!l~~ ri~ I I \ I ! ~,~ I , I I cc; ':\""':'::"~~>,~~n~ i O~· , Ll-t . '}~ FORT APACHE "tI "':::1 ~ I :;;. "\~~ INDIAr'J RES. l") ~ I:l I .{ Co, U_I Phoenix \ i I 'l ~ LLANO i ('> 1 ii~~~~~2i~:~ ~ ESTACADa '",."\ 1J i, '¥ er Sacaton ~J~E~E:~~:J i ~ \ Gi,\a , ._( I "-".1 I IZ , "', 'm »1<: o Las Cruces , JJ'<: Tucson _I I ~ Njs: , ...... If. O·m ______\.---_.-'----TEXAS'-'-_. Zlx ~ »'- ""'-. flvf Jr/'CO"'_' ... _.... In \ o 50 100 MILES jo I I J ...... _ .. _ .. _ .. _ .. L .. _ .. _ .. _ . " """." "'. Map 2. Sites of fieldwork in the Southwest, 1908 -1945.

IV /xxi Photographs

IV / xxiii Scene in Navaho territory, Tzitijin 'j'{i'aatj{h, Adolph Dodge Biuany, mid- to late-1930s. (Photograph by Robert Navaho informant who W. Young.) (This and all following photo­ worked with Gladys Reich­ graphs from The Papers of]ohn P. H arring­ ard and Robert W. Young, ton, National Anthropological Archives, ca. 1936-1939. (Photograph Smithsonian Institution.) by Robert W. Young.)

. J W I Fewkes in excavation of Harrington during a stint as asslsta~t to. a t~ 1926 Harrington (far right) and unidentified Navaho tribal members, possibly Elden Pueblo site near Flagstaff, Anzona, May- ugust . on Navaho Reservation, 1938-1940. (Photograph by John P. Marr.) xxv /IV IV /xxiv Governor of Taos, near pu.eblo, 1927. This portrait was publIshed with Harrington's report in Exp~or­ ations and Field-Work oftheSmzth­ sonian Institution for 1928. (Photo­ graph by Fred Clark.)

General view of ruins at Elden Pueblo, May-August 1926.

Harrington (far right) with (left to right): J. O. Prescott; Kutqa, chief of the Walpi; Kakapti; Hunyi; and Hunawu, Grand Canyon, May-June 1926. Blue Lake in the Santa Fe Mountains, one of the most sacred places of the The Hopi speakers recorded songs under the supervision of J. Walter Taos Indians, n.d. Fewkes of the B.A.E. (Photograph by C.E. Wickemeyer.) xxvii/IV IV /xxvi Series Descriptions And Reel Contents Harrington as "Black Mesa of San Ildefonso," ca.

Apache and Kiowa Apache

Harrington's study of Apache and Kiowa Apache spanned almost a decade. It began with an examination ofsecondary sources in 1936 and culminated in 1945 with the recording of brief vocabularies from native speakers. Speakers of several dialects were interviewed. Asa Deklugie and Raymond Loco provided Chiricahua data while Percy Bigmouth and Victor Dolan gave Mescalero terms. White Mountain Apache words were obtained from Philip Cosen and Kiowa Apache items from Howard Soontay. Related Navaho and Yavapai terms were given by Adolph Dodge Bitanny, Howard Gorman, and Mollie Starr.

NOTES AND DRAFTS FOR PROPOSED PUBLICATIONS ON GERONIMO AND APACHE ~ ceremony witnessed by Har­ Scene, probably taken while on a trip In collaboration with Robert W. Young, Harrington evidently planned nngton during his early field­ to record the meanings ofTewa Indian a linguistic treatment of the life of Geronimo, the famous Chiricahua work with the Tewa, ca. 1908­ 1916. placenames around Santa Fe, ca. 1910. Apache chief, and, even more ambitiously, hoped to translate Geron­

IVI xxviii IVII IV /3 IV/2 John Peabody Harrington Southwest together. Wherever possible these groups ofnotes are now pasted on a imo's published autobiography into Apache. He was in Washington, D.C., for all of 1936 and 1937 and, in fact, was hospitalized for six weeks single sheet. 1 h d to use the notes for additional Harrington apparent y ope . , in January and February 1937. He therefore accumulated his initial ' "The Etymology of GeronImo s h nder such head lngs as , facts principally from secondary sources, using particularly S. M. Bar­ monograp s u W dA he "andareviewofClum s ""Th Etymology ofthe or pac , . d rett's Life ofGeronimo, identified in the field notes as "Autobiography," Name, e 10 of the word Apache, he intervlewe Apache Agent. For the ety~o gy. J I 1939 John Collier published a and W. Clum, Apache Agent. In most cases he gave page references for . S 'W shlngton In u y . Miss MollIe tarr In a bi" ' J ly 1936, There are the material he copied. At' the New Repu 'tC In u Between June 1936 andJune 1937, Harrington carried on a review of Apache gen dIn h dwritten preliminary drafts, but nei­ l ' plete type or an lively correspondence with William R. Hill, Engineer-in-Charge at the severa In:om blished the proposed papers. ther HarrIngton nor Young pu Mescalero Indian Reservation. Hill's father worked for the B.A.E. and was Harrington's friend. Robert Young also collected data for him in the fall of 1936 through interviews with Asa Deklugie and Eugene APACHE AND KIOWA APACHE VOCABULARIES Chihuahua. In his notes Harrington mentioned several times a ques­ . ile an Apache dictionary, although a random Harrington dId not comp h' . I d ethnographic observations tionnaire which he probably sent to both Hill and Young. The num­ f om the lstorlca an vocabulary emerges r . h h beginning of a dictionary bered typewritten slips filed with his Apache notes may be responses to he made on the tribe. There IS t e ro~g1944 and from Philip Cosen the questionnaire (which has not been found among Harrington's taken from informant Howard Soontay In , papers). Young and Hill reheard the copied entries from the secondary and Raymond Loco in 1945. sources, and Harrington attempted to synthesize the historic and eth­ nological information into a coherent text. He also tried to establish PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON AND HIS definitive etymologies and orthography for Apache placenames and personal names. COLLABORATORS Harrington was in touch with Father Berard Haile, a linguist Linguistic Informants and Navaho lexicographer at the Franciscan Mission in St. Michaels, APACHE (CHIRICAHUA) Arizona. Haile was in Washington inJune 1936, but there is no indica­ Eugene Chihuahua , tion that this was their initial contact. A limited number of letters were Asa Deklugie (Daklugle) exchanged with several other scholars involved in Athapascan studies, Raymond Loco such as Harry Hoijer and Leonard Bloomfield. APACHE (MESCALERO) Asa Deklugie was the principal source of primary data on Percy Bigmouth Apache. The son of Geronimo's sister, this speaker of Chiricahua had Victor Dolan acted as interpreter to Barrett in 1905 - 1906. Young worked with him APACHE (WHITE MOUNTAIN) at his home on Whitetail Mountain, and Harrington interviewed him in Philip Cosen Washington inJune 1937 when informants Percy Bigmouth and Victor KIOWA APACHE Dolan were also present. Howard Soontay The notes provide a useful block ofplacenames and names of NAVAHO ,,' "b Harrington) persons, with random linguistic, ethnographic, biographical, and his­ Adolph Dodge Bittany (spelled Bltanny y torical observations. The notes are arranged according to topic, each Howard Gorman probably corresponding to a proposed chapter heading in Harrington's Y~~M . ) write-up. Entries from secondary souces and the related information Mollie Starr Gould (Mollie Starr, MollIe Star supplied by rehearings in the field and in Washington were clipped IV /4 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV/5 N onlinguistic Informants Fred Baker Collier, john Isabel Meadows 1936 Review of Clum, Apache Agent. New Republic 87:246. Alma Phelps Cremony, john C. 1868 Life Among the Apaches. San Francisco: A. Roman & Company. Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Franciscans Leonard Bloomfield, Department of Linguistics, University 1910 An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language. St. Mi­ of Chicago chaels, Arizona: The Franciscan Fathers. Father Berard Haile (Fr. B), Franciscan Mission, St. Michaels, Gifford, Edward S. Arizona 1932 "The Southeastern Yavapai." University ofCalifornia Publica­ Colonel [Robert?] Hazzard, V. A. tions in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:3: 177 - 252. William B. Hill, Engineer, Mescalero Indian Reservation 1936 "The Northeastern and Western Yavapai." University ofCali­ Dr. Harry.Hoij.er, Department of Sociology and Anthropol­ fornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology ogy, UnIversIty of Wisconsin 34:4:247 -353. W. B. McCown, Superintendent, Kiowa Indian Agency, Ana­ Goddard, Pliny Earle darko, Oklahoma 1910 "Apache Tribes of the Southwest." The Southern Workman Mr. R. H. Ogle, Phoenix Union High School, Phoenix, Ari­ 39:9:481-485. zona 1911 "Jicarilla Apache Texts." Anthropological Papers ofthe Ameri­ Superintendent, San Carlos Indian Agency, Arizona can Museum ofNatural History 8:1-276. Superintendent, Ft. Sill Indian Agency, Oklahoma 1919 "San Carlos Apache Texts." Anthropological Papers of the Richard Fowler Van Valkenburgh, Department of Agricul­ American Museum ofNatural History 24:3:141-367. ture, Albuquerque, New Mexico Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. Arthur Woodward 1907- "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau Robert W. Young 1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30. Hoijer, Harry 1938 Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts. . . . Chicago: The SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON University of Chicago Press. Bancroft, Hubert Howe Sapir, Edward 1936 "Internal Linguistic Evidence Suggestive ofthe Northern Or­ 1889 HistoryofArizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888. San Francisco: The History Company. igin of the Navaho." American Anthropologist n.s. 38:2:224­ Barrett, Stephen M. 235. Wheeler, C. F. and j. R. 1906 Geronimo's Story ofHis Life. ... New York: Duffield and Co. Bourke, Captain John G. 1909 Life ofTwo Scout Braids (Thomas Stringfield . ..). San Antonio, Texas: Press of Wood-Brownlee Printing Co. 1885- "Wit~ Gen~ral Crook in the Sierra Madre." Outing 6-10. 1887 (Pubhshed In serial form, each issue from August 1885 to Woodward, Arthur August 1887.) 1943 "John G. Bourke on the Arizona Apache, 1874." Plateau Clum, W. 16:2:33-49. 1936 Apache Agent: the Story of John P. Glum. . .. Boston: In addition to the above sources, there are brief mentions of Houghton Mifflin Company. about thirty-four other books, articles, and dictionaries in the field notes. IV /6 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /7 APACHE AND KIOWA APACHE Hoijer, William Hill, and Richard Van Valkenburgh. He also contacted Reel 001 various university professors and graduate students, some of whom REEL FRAMES taught at such programs as those directed by the Summer Institute of 001 0001-0337 Notes and Draftsfor ProposedPublications on Geronimo Linguistics (Camp Wycliffe) and the University of New Mexico School and Apache of American Research. 0338-0402 Apache and Kiowa Apache Vocabularies Harrington consulted a wide array of secondary sources and reheard or compared data from them which he later combined with original notes. These include several hundred terms from then-unpub­ lished manuscripts of Edward Sapir, and two of Harry Hoijer's publications-Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts (1938) and "The Navaho Southern Athapascan Languages" (1938). He made extensive use of two works published by the Franciscan Fathers, An Ethnological Dictio­ Although Harrington published brief articles on Navaho in nary of the Navaho Language (1910) and A Vocabulary of the Navaho 1911 and 1929, his most sustained work in this language spanned the Language (1912). He turned to W. L. Jepson and Washington Matthews ye~rs 1~ 35 to 1946: Correspondence and reports indicate that during for botanical terms, and to Adrien G. Morice for Carrier comparisons. thIs penod he was In the field actually working with informants from In a search for precise grammatical terminology, he consulted a score or July to November 1939, and from August to mid-November 1940 at more of grammars, dictionaries, and publications on language and lin­ such pl~ces as For~ Wingate and Gallup, New Mexico, and Phoe~ix, guistics in Latin, Greek, Indo-Germanic, and several Arabic languages. Tuba CIty, and WIndow Rock, Arizona. His access to excellent infor­ Most prominent are Walter A. Ripman's Latin Handbook (1930) and mants is due in no small part to his brilliant young collaborator, Robert Alan H. Gairdner's publication on Arabic phonetics (1935).1 W. :oung, whom he first contacted in August 1936 and with whom he Informants were numerous; some of them were well edu­ carned on an extensive correspondence into the mid-1940s. In fact cated. Mentioned frequently are Willietto Antonio, Chee Dodge, How­ their joint efforts in Navaho were accomplished mainly by mail. ' ard Gorman, George E. Hood, Hoskie Naswood, Albert Sandoval (also : oung, who hadjustcompleted his studies at the University of called "Chic"), Charles Keetsie Shirley, and Sam Tilden. New .Mex~co and .t~e. School of American Research in Albuquerque, Because of their long-term collaboration, Young's notes are remaIned In .the vIcInIty of the Navaho reservation and agency during inextricably intermixed with those of Harrington. Although some are most ofthe tIme he worked with Harrington. As early as 1937, Young labeled "Y," a researcher will soon become familiar with Young's unla­ and the Navaho speaker William Morgan produced educational mate­ beled contributions, his handwriting and printing, and even with his rial for Willard W. Beatty, director ofthe Education Office ofthe Office style. Other hand-copied material is the work ofB.A.E. assistant, Arvilla of Indian Affairs. Morgan was then employed in the Southwestern Johnson. Harrington's daughter Awona, ofSan Diego, California, pro­ Range and Sheep Breeding Laboratory near Fort Wingate; Young was duced many of the copies in eighteen-point type. also. employed there as Laboratory Assistant in the Department of Researchers are advised to remember that Harrington often Agncul.ture. By 1940 Young was working at the Navaho Language used the same data for different categories of his records. Kinship School In Santa ~e, as a ~avaho Language Specialist in the employ of terms, for example, may be found among phonetic notes, in a semantic the Office of IndIan AffaIrs. It was this agency which published Young arrangement of notes on nouns, or in a semantically arranged vocabu­ and Morgan's The Navaho Language in 1943. lary in slipfile form. Harrington collaborated or corresponded with others, among whom were Ann Nolan Clark, Oliver La Farge, Francis Elmore, Harry 1. Gairdner is erroneously spelled "Gardner" throughout the notes. IV/8 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /9 VOCABULARY GRAMMAR This section contains.terms extracted from Young and Morgan's The Navaho La~guage, whIch were reheard principally to obtain Kiowa and The material on Navaho grammar is extensive and includes notes, ~ano2 ~quivalences. Information is occasionally included from Har­ drafts of a manuscript, excerpts from secondary sources, correspon­ dence between Young and Harrington, and slips. The file represents rIngton s Apache an~ Tewa notes. A brief typed vocabulary, semanti­ cally arranged, contaIns scattered grammatical material. many years of accumulating, annotating, rearranging, and collating information. The effort appears to be geared toward proposed publica­ tions ranging from introductory manuals to the structuring of a com­ VOCABULARY SLIPFILE prehensive Navaho grammar. Notes attributed to Young are usually Also arranged semantically is a slipfile of terms based mainly on An labeled, sometimes with his name and date, at other times merely Ethnological Dictionary ofthe Navaho Language. It contains annotations with a "Y." and relevant e.xcerpts from the Harrington-Young correspondence. A number ofdrafts exist, most ofthem incomplete, which can Plant names wIth. Young's annotations are based on W. L. Jepson's A be variously dated between 1936 and 1941. Some are Harrington's and Manual ofFlowerzng Plants of California (1925) and Washington Mat­ some are Young's. Grammatical categories (and their related notes) are thews' ~he Navajo. Names f~r Plants (1886). Of the twenty semantic placed generally in the order indicated by tables of contents found categon~s,the sectIons on anImals, animal parts, plants, and placenames among the notes. This, however, does not eliminate a certain amount of are partIcularly substantial. Supplementary notes on botanical terms chronological confusion as Harrington interfiled undated notes or are filed sep~,rately an~ d,~scribed below (see "Records Relating to notes of differing dates according to linguistic content. Due to such Ethnobotany ). The senes Ethnographic Notes" contains some Chaco extensive interfiling and subsequent annotation, each section or sub­ Canyon placenames. section should not be considered an exclusive entity; there is much overlapping ofdata. Elicitations from most ofthe major informants are represented; the identity of the contributors is frequently indicated. DICTIONARY NOTES AND SLIPFILE There are both drafts and notes for each of the two main Lexic,~l terms fr?m the Bureau of Indian Affairs' "Navajo Phrase categories, designatedas phoneticsand morphology, and for each ofthe Book were obtaI~ed from Willard Beatty and sent by Harrington to various subsections. The principal phonetic subjects covered are Young for reheanngs. One section of the phrase book was not anno­ vowels, consonants, and segments. Under morphology are filed data on tated. (See also "Extracts from Secondary Sources.") nouns, pronouns, verbs, particles, and postpositions. In-depth notes on Navaho ent~ies with ~iowa equivalences were apparently nouns are followed by a separate list ofnouns providedby Youngandby taken from a manuscrIpt for a dIctionary by Young; they were cut out another brief section, which is arranged into approximately twenty an~ pasted onto large s~eets and further annotated by Young, with the semantic categories. The verb section represents extensive input by aSSIstance of Adolph Bittany; correspondence indicates that this may Young on stems, paradigms, and lists of verbs. More information on have taken place in April and May 1937. verbs comes from portions ofYoung's correspondence which Harring­ . Tw? miscellaneous groups ofentries are in Navaho/English. ton cut and pasted onto large sheets. Also included in the series are One In Harnngton's hand is a brief "A" to "z" g I ossary; t h e ot her Harrington's notes on verb terminology, his "Rainbow Diagram," and covers only the letters "P' " "S , " "T , " "w ," "X,an" d "Y" andt h e reading notes on Morice's The Carrier Language (1932). Parts offormer terms are typed and mounted on cards. B.A.E. ms. 4099 are found among the material on particles and postpo­ sitions.

2. Hano is presently referred to as "Arizona Tewa." Thereare several discrete groups ofnotes that were not inter­ filed and a separate handwritten draft by Harrington, labeled "origi­ ------_...... _------~------

IV /10 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /11

nal," which covers only articles, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and spondence show conclusively that Harrington had copies of Sapir's postpositions. notes and that Young commented on them at least between October 8, Miscellaneous notes include excerpts from the Harrington­ 1940, and March 15, 1941. More than three hundred terms were Young correspondence for the years 1937, 1938, and 1941; a small annotated. Another set ofapproximately two hundred were typed one section ofunsorted grammatical data; information from other linguists to a page but were not annotated; these have not been filmed. such as Father Berard Haile, Bernard Bloch, and Edgar H. Sturtevant Parenthetically, Harry Hoijer, a student ofSapir's, remarked (abbreviated "Sturt"); lecture notes from Eugene A. Nida dated Au­ in his article, "The Southern Athapascan Languages," that the "Na­ gust 17, 1940, at the Linguistic Institute, Camp Wycliffe, Sulphur vaho forms and most of the Hupa and Sarcee quotations are from Dr. Springs, Arkansas; bibliographic notes; and notes on informants. Sapir's unpublished lists of stems and .prefixes w~i~h he ha~ kindly placed at my disposal" (p. 75). He agaIn used SapIr s collectIons for GRAMMATICAL SLIPFILES "Navaho Phonology" (1945). Young also reheard terms from Hoijer's Chiricahua and Mes­ A further substantial body of grammatical material is found on large calero Apache Texts late in 1940. George E. Hood commented on slips. Harrington hand copied some notes; others were typed and Hoijer's "The Southern Athapascan Languages," possibly at about the pasted, one item to a page. There are data on verb paradigms (including some for"Little Bear Primer") and on particles. same time. There are typed excerpts from Young's May 1938 letters regarding Morice's The Carrier Language and miscellaneous linguis~ic Individual items of information from Young's voluminous information given by Hood and reheard by Richard Long. Other mIS­ correspondence, not otherwise interfiled, were also cut out and pasted cellaneous rehearings are with Alfred Sanchez (abbreviated"Alf." or or copied on separate slips. Part ofthis section is a further rehearing by Young of Morice's The Carrier Language. "Alfredo"), Willietto Antonio, George Hood, and Robert Young (Sep­ tember 1939); and with Howard Gorman, Albert Sandoval, and John Another group of notes records comparisons with several Charles (1939). There is also a rehearing with Henry Tsosie of terms southern Athapascan languages, evidently based on Young's notes, vo­ from Gladys A. Reichard and Adolph Dodge Bittany's Agentive and cabulary items, correspondence, and other undocumented material. Causative Elements in Navaho (1940), including some excerpts from the Harrington also used the slipfile format to index questions which he had earlier sent to Young, again with one question on each slip. book. Harrington recorded information from a number ofinformants, apparently at the home of Richard Van Valkenburgh in 1939. Finally, in February 1941, he reheard the vocabulary of Pedro Bautista Pino REHEARINGS OF LINGUISTIC DATA FROM SAPIR, with Howard Gorman.3 HOIJER, MORICE, AND REICHARD The most extensive set of notes in this series consists of rehearings of RECORDS RELATING TO ETHNOBOTANY Edward Sapir's linguistic terms by Young in 1940 and 1941. How A package of notes with Navaho names for plants, handwritten by Harrington obtained the notes and who supplied them to him is uncer­ Harrington, was apparently sent to Young at the Southwes~ern Range tain. Kenneth L. Pike of the Summer Institute of Linguistics and the and Sheep Breeding Laboratory, Fort Wingate, New MeXICO, on Oc­ Wycliffe Bible Translators had access to a set in Ann Arbor but sug­ tober 6, 1939. Many were annotated by Young. The sources of the gested to Harrington in a letter dated August 18, 1940, that Harring­ ton would find them too fragmentary to be of use. botanical names were not documented but presumably they were culled from several published works, and possibly from original data lent to Though the copied materials may be similar in content, they do not appear to be exact duplicates of the Sapir linguistic holdings at the American Philosophical Society, which were edited by Harry Hoijer 3. Harrington referred to this as the "1812 Navaho vocabulary"; Robert W. and donated by Morris Swadesh. Nonetheless, field notes and corre­ Young does not believe that the twelve terms comprising this list are Navaho. IV/12 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /13

Harrington by colleagues or friends. There is a small set of slips in an TEXTS unidentified hand which was excerpted from Washington Matthews' In 1936 Robert W. Young sent to Harrington bilingual texts which he article, "The Navaho Names for Plants." had collected. They were written with interlinear translations and fol­ Harrington copied Navaho words from a manuscript which lowed by a precis in English. Titles include: "Deer and Coyote," had been supplied to Willard Beatty by Father Berard Haile and re­ "Where the People Came Out," "A Wedding Ceremonial," and "The heard them with informant "M" in March 1939. He also checked the Woman Who Changed into a Bear." Navaho names for plants and minerals given in Stella Young's 1940 A recording session on October 31, 1949, with Dick Left, article, " . . . Navajo Native Dyes. . . . " Richard Long, and Harry (not further identified) provided Navaho A set of index cards contains Francis H. Elmore's scientific songs, ceremonies, and legends. Harrington's notes supply the identity and Navaho names for plants, supplemented by translations and ofthe discs and peripheral information such as the gestures accompany­ Harrington's annotations which may date from September 1939. El­ ing the songs. Some linguistic annotations are interspersed. The discs more published Ethnobotany of the Navajo in 1944 and Harrington re­ described in the notes have not been located. viewed it in the same year. Many informants were involved in the ethnobotanical study. Those named include Roy Merton, Charles K. Shirley, Sam and DRAFTS AND NOTES RELATING TO PRIMERS Benjamin (Benny) Tilden, Alex (possibly Alexander Anderson), Grace Harrington's first interest in primers dated back to December 1920 McCrea (also spelled "McCray"), Alfred Sanchez, Mrs. Bia, Mrs. Nona­ when, in a report to bureau head J. W. Fewkes, he mentioned his desire bah Gorman Bryan, Norman, and Cliff Rose. to complete a Serrano primer. According to correspondence and field notes, Harrington suggested a primer project to promote bilingual ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES literacy among the Indians ofthe Southwest in a conversation withJohn Collier, Commissioner ofIndian Affairs, in 1923. The subject was men­ This series includes notes, vocabulary, and illustrations on the structure tioned again in a letter of May 1934, in which he suggested that he be of dwelling places as well as some information on the mythic origins of named the director ofa linguistic education program. Collier preferred the Navaho. Manyofthe illustrations are by Charles Keetsie Shirley. On to set up an advisory committee to study the matter. the same subject is a set of cards in Young's hand which was sent to InJune 1936, Harrington corresponded with Willard Beatty, Harrington at Fort Wingate in August 1939. At Harrington's request, Yo~ng head of the education division of the Indian Service, in an attempt to also translated what appears to be a lesson on hogans, possibly a resurrect the project. By June 17 he believed he had devised a simple, sectIon ofa proposed text for instructional purposes. A group ofChaco practical system for publishing interlinear texts-right d~wn to th.e Canyon placenames were given by Ed Henry in June 1939; several type and typewriter to be used. In July he attempted to Involve his others were extracted from various secondary sources. colleagues Richard Van Valkenburgh and Leonora Curtin in the prepa­ Other ethnographic subjects briefly covered are the Hoop ration ofa Navaho primer, although they only worked on it a month at and Pole game, a social and economic survey questionnaire, White most. In September Reginald Fisher, an associate of Edgar L. Hewett, Hat's funeral (1939), the Lord's Prayer as recorded by Berard Haile, recommended Robert W. Young as a collaborator for the project. On and notes on Sandoval's sound recordings. Malcolm Farmer supplied July 17, 1937, Harrington mailed the first of his primer material to nonlinguistic information and there is a small set of highly miscella­ Young for further input and correction. neous ethnographic and historical notes. During the course oftheir work together from 1937 to 1939, Some of the informants involved include George Hood, Harrington and Young prepared drafts for two primers, "Little Bear Willietto Antonio, Howard Gorman, and Sam Tilden. Ray Hanosa Primer" and "Spotted Dog Primer," a pre-primer (probably the so­ provided several Moencopi-Hopi notes. called "Doda Primer"), and a playbook or cut-out book. Despite an IV /14 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /15 assurance that at least both ofthe major works were to be printed, none the first ofthe Navaho primers. Willietto Antonio and Young se~ved as of these primers was ever published. translators on the project. There are no linguistic notes speCIfically Harrington was detailed to Fort Wingate inJuly 1939 to assist related to this set among Harrington's papers. with the Office of Indian Affairs primer program. At this time he and Young served as translators for a set of four primers in the "Little Herder" series. Harrington was also credited with developing the Unpublished Primers "Harrington- La Farge phonetic system" utilized in the three-volume Harrington's "Little Bear Primer" was never published, although he set entitled Little Man's Family. His interest remained alive at least until and Young produced a wealth ofmaterial for it. H~rrington apparently 1942 when the third and fourth volumes of the "Little Herder" series began work on it before July 1937 and was nearIng completl?n of at were published. least two volumes by April 1938. According to Young, the project was subsequently abandoned when it was learned that bears are a taboo subject for the Navaho. Published Primers The material begins with preliminary notes and drafts and The"Little Herder" series of primers was published by the Education continues through to instructions on type style and printing costs. In­ Division of the Office of Indian Affairs and edited by Willard Beatty, cluded are draft versions in various stages ofcompletion; notes ofcolla­ director of the division. A teacher in the Indian Service, Ann Nolan borating translators Robert Young and Adolph Bittany; rehe~rings Clark, wrote the English versions; Harrington and Young provided the with Howard Gorman, George Hood, and Cecil (no last name gIven); Navaho translations. The "Spring" and "Autumn" volumes (1940a-b) and texts to be used in successive primer lessons. were published in Septelnber 1940, and the "Winter" and "Summer" There are mock-ups ofthe primer which indicate how the text ones (1942c-d) in January and February of 1942.4 was to be integrated with illustrations, playbooks, and songs. Numerous For each of the four volumes there are several draft versions sketches by Joelle Danner are among the papers. Evelyn C. ~anner and notes in the handwriting of Harrington, Young, and Clark. The provided nonlinguistic aid. Other linguistic consultants were Blttany, principal linguistic informants were George Hood, Willietto Antonio, Chee Dodge, Richard Long, and "M." One draft is labeled "Telegraph Charles Shirley, Norman, Mrs. Angell, and "M." Pole" version and another "Post-telegraph Pole." The latter was Among the papers relating to the"Little Herder" primersare mounted by "~" and proofread by "A," symbols which have not been Harrington's notes for a lecture launching the primer project and an positively identified. . introductory paper (which included some Navaho history and pho­ Harrington and Young collaborated on two other prImers netics) by Harrington, Young, and author and Indian rights activist each approaching, but not culminating in, publication. For th~ "Spot­ Oliver La Farge. ted Dog Primer" there are drafts, notes, lessons, and numero~sIllustra­ Also published in 1940 was Clark's "Who Wants To Be a tions. Artwork was contributed by Ann Rosenbloth, a Mr. WIlson, and Prairie Dog?" (1940d) for which Young, Willietto Antonio, and the Navahos George Hood, G. Sandell, Andrew Tsinajini, and Charles Harrington again provided the Navaho version. Their original drafts Keetsie Shirley. The few dated notes range from December 1937 to and notes are contained in this section. 1940. A small section contains information on silversmithing and Harrington and La Farge were given credit for the simplified weaving. . Navaho alphabet used in another 1940 Office of Indian Affairs three­ "Doda Primer" evidently progressed at the same tIme. Drafts, volume primer series titled "Little Man's Family." This was probably notes, and water-color illustrations are included. Hood is the only infor­ mant named in the notes. A Harrington manuscript on "Wall Newspaper Titles" and 4. A 1950 reissue of two volumes combined "Spring and Summer" in one and "Autumn and Winter" in the other (1950a-b). the ensuing notes presumably refer to a bilingual educational method IV/16 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /17

describing Navaho daily life. The written material was to be augmented traces the initial appearances of the name in documents on the early by sketches ofthe activity described in the titles. Charles Keetsie Shirley Spanish expeditions to the Southwest, with brief references to more and Howard Gorman are named as informants. No dates are included. recent secondary sources. Some notes are included with the draft. This type of output, however, may have been part of Harrington's There are typed drafts for "The Navajos Learn To Write," primer work for the B.LA. beginning in July 1939, or it may have written with Oliver La Farge in August 1941; "A Little Grammar ofthe resulted from time spent on the Navaho Reservation between August Navaho Language: A Textbook for Use in Indian Service Schools on and mid-November of 1940. America's Largest Reservation," coauthored by Young (March 17, 1940); and "Navajo or Navaho" (no date). Also undated is a one-page WRITINGS draft with notes on "Bean, Blanket and Juniper Among the Navajo Indians." Published Articles In this section are notes for Harrington's "Southern Peripheral Atha­ EXTRACTS FROM SECONDA_RY SOURCES paskawan Origins, Divisions, and Migrations" (1940c). The article is Extracts from certain secondary sources have been microfilmed be­ based on a variety of secondary sources. There are preliminary drafts cause they contain annotations by either Harrington or Robert W. and notes for the Navaho portion of "Earliest Navaho and Quechua" Young or because they are not readily obtainable as published sources. (1944a) coauthored by Robert W. Young. The drafts for two book Included in the file are several annotated pages of Morphology of the reviews (1945m-n) are also part of this category. They include com­ Navajo Language (1938) by Alexander Black, a trader at Fort Defiance, mentary on Francis H. Elmore's Ethnobotany ofthe Navajo and Robert and paste-ups of terms from the Franciscan Fathers' A Vocabulary ofthe W. Young and William Morgan's The ABC ofNavaho (1944). Navaho Language, annotated mainly by Young. Also included are an undated typed manuscript which W. W. Hill sent to Harrington inviting UnpUblished Papers his criticism as well as notes and excerpts from the "Navajo Voice News" (1936) with translations by Berard Haile. Drafts and Notes for "Navaho Mouthmap" (1936) contain information The file contains field data and writings by Morris Swadesh, supplied by Berard Haile (abbreviated "Fr. B"), extracts from corre­ Mary Haas Swadesh, and Richard F. Van Valkenburgh. The material spondence with Young, and indication of the initial collaboration with from the Swadeshes consists of original notes on phonetics, grammar, Willard Beatty on a Navaho alphabet. and comparative terms from various Athapascan languages. Some are Drafts, notes, photographs, and sketches for "The Indian handwritten, some typed. From Van Valkenburgh are two typescripts Dog Comes into His Own" emerged from John Collier's interest in and a list of titles of articles for which he had manuscripts in various breeding back the American Indian dog. The earliest dated correspon­ stages of completion. dence is from 1935; most ofthe notes were written in 1938 with the aid The last identifiable group of notes relates to a Navaho­ of Young who was then employed at the Southwestern Range and English phrase book prepared by the U.S. Office of Indian Affairs Sheep Breeding Laboratory at Fort Wingate. Bibliographic informa­ tion is interspersed. (1938 -1939). The file includes a questionnaire and responses for com­ pilation by the O.LA. of a Navaho-English dictionary. The question­ "What Light Can Navajo Throw on Indogermanic Recon­ naire was sent for input to Navaho Agency personnel to develop a struction?" is a self-explanatory title. A preliminary typed draft dated vocabulary of modern terms to deal with such subjects as agriculture, October 1940 and the reading notes indicate that the bulk of source employment, and dentistry. Extensive correspondence with numerous material came from Franz Boas, Karl Brugmann, Hermann Hirt, and Edgar H. Sturtevant. Indian Service employees does not include any letters to or from Har­ rington. (Letters in this file are not part of Harrington's correspon­ A short article prepared in 1945 on "The Name Navajo" dence file.) w=-­ IV /18 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /19

This series also contains several items from unidentified Ed Henry sources. There are typed extracts on such subjects as hunting, games, Grant Holstoi and dwelling places as well as a group of brief miscellaneous notes. George E. Hood Paul Jones Dick Left Richard Long MISCELLANEOUS NOTES M (a female) Among the subjects covered in this series is a comparison of Navaho Grace McCrea (Gracie McCray) with other Indian languages. Informants for this section whose names Hoskie Naswood (Hoskie Naswood Brown?) do not appear elsewhere in the field notes are not listed as "persons Normal1 contacted by Harrington." There are briefnotes on trips made in 1940, "Old Man" a list of the names of non-Indians, miscellaneous correspondence, and Cliff Rose notes which are neither linguistic nor ethnographic. Alfred Sanchez (Alf. , Alfredo) G. Sandell Albert Sandoval (Chic) PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Charles Keetsie Shirley Linguistic Informants Benjamin Tilden (Benny) Sam Tilden (Sam) NAVAHO Andrew Tsinajini (Sin-ah-jinni) Alec Henry Tsosie (Tosie) Alex (Alexander Anderson?) John Watchman Mae S. Angel (Mrs. Angell) Willietto Antonio Informants ofRobert W. Young (not contacted by Harrington) Harry B. Jimmie Gleason Alfred Begay Monte Lope Scotty Begay William Morgan (also collaborator) Mrs. Bia Walter Shirley Adolph Dodge Bittany (spelling in Reichard/Bittany book; APACHE (LIPAN) Harrington spelling: Bitanny) Howard Soontay Mrs. Nonabah Gorman Bryan APACHE (WHITE MOUNTAIN) Hoskie Johnson Burnside (Hoskie) Philip Cosen Cecil Raymond Loco John Charles COSTANOAN (RUMSEN) Cruz Isabelle Meadows (Iz.) Curley HOPI (MOENCOPI) Danny ("Indian boy who came to visit") Ray Hanosa Chee Dodge KIOWA Thomas H. Dodge (son of Chee Dodge) Perry A. Keahtigh Roy Dunn ("white boy who talks Navaho") LAGUNA Howard Gorman (y) Francis Paisano I I\ii IV /20 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /21

PIMA Gerhardt Laves Paul Lewis Truman Michelson TEWA Eugene A. Nida Eduardo Cata Paul H. Oehser David Dozier Kenneth Pike Juan (Mr. & Mrs.) Ann Rosenbloth G. Sandell Non linguistic Informants J. Milton Snow (Jack) Norman Adams Moses Steinberg Mr. & Mrs. John Y. Keur Matthew W. Stirling Malcolm Farmer Edgar H. Sturtevant (Sturt.) Roberts (on birds, ruins, found by Judd) Morris Swadesh Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Mrs. Morris Swadesh (Mary Haas Swadesh) A. Tuttle Lucy Wilcox Adams Ruth M. Underhill Willard Beatty Richard F. Van Valkenburgh Bernard Bloch Charles F. Voegelin Mrs. Bernard Bloch Arthur Woodward (Art.) Leonard Bloomfield Robert W. Young (Y.) Ann Nolan Clark FOR PROJECT TO BREED BACK THE INDIAN DOG John Collier Carter J. Milton Cowan Dr. W. M. Dawson Evelyn Danner (Ev.) Mr. Gwynn Joelle Danner Dr.J. T.Jardine Francis H. Elmore Mr. Krieger [Herbert W. Krieger?] Reginald G. Fisher Gouverneur Morrison Allan Harrison Fry, Catholic University P. S. Peberdy E. R. Fryer S. R. Speelman FatherJames A. Geary, Catholic University ~ [Danner or Dodge?] Mary Haas (Mrs. Morris Swadesh) NOT IDENTIFIABLE AS TO INFORMANTS OR COLLABORATORS Berard Haile Mr. Hadley Arthur E. Harrington (A.E.H.) Wright Awona Harrington (Some may have been personnel, both Indian and nonnative, William Hill (Nibbs) at the Navaho Agency.) Charles F. Hockett Homer H. Howard SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Arvilla Johnson Oliver La Farge, president, American Association on Indian Black, Alexander Affairs 1938 Morphology ofthe Navajo Language. [Unpublished paper.] ~ .....

IV /22 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /23

Boas, Franz Hirt, Hermann 1917 "Grammatical Notes on the Tlingit Language." University of 1927 Indogermanische Grammatik, t.l. Heidelberg: C. Winter. Pennsylvania Museum Anthropology Publications 8:2: 1- 179. Hodge, Frederick W., ed. Brugmann, Karl, and August Leskien 1910 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau 1907 Zur Kritik der Kiinstlichen Weltsprachen. Strasburg: K. T. ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. Triibner. Hoijer, Harry Clark, Ann Nolan 1938a "Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts ... with Ethno­ 1943 Young Hunter ofPicuris. . . . Chilocco, Oklahoma: Printing logical Notes by Morris Edward Opler." University ofChicago Department, Chilocco Agricultural School. Publications in Anthropology, Linguistic Series 8: entire issue. Elmore, Francis H. 1938b "The Southern Athapascan Language." American Anthropolo­ 1944 "Ethnobotany of the Navajo. . . . " The University of New gist n.s. 40:1:75-87. Mexico Bulletin . .. Monograph Series 1:7:392 (whole num­ Jepson, W. L. ber). [Typed draft by Reginald G. Fisher in N.A.A.] 1925 A Manual ofthe Flowering Plants ofCalifornia. Berkeley: Asso­ Franciscans ciated Students Store, University of California. 1910 An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language. St. Mi­ Kamps,J. R. chaels, Arizona: The Franciscan Fathers. [Handwritten copy 1917 God Bi-zad. New York: American Bible Society. by Harrington of pages 138-201 in N.A.A.] 1912 A Vocabulary of the Navaho Language. 2 vols. St. Michaels, Matthews, Washington Arizona: The Franciscan Fathers. 1886 "The Navajo Names for Plants." American Naturalist Gairdner, W. H. T. 20:9:767 -777. 1925 The Phonetics ofArabic. ... London, New York, etc.: Oxford Mitchell, F. G. University Press. 1932 Dineh Bizad, Navajo, His Language. A Handbookfor Beginners in Haile, Berard the Study of the Navajo Language. New York: The Board of 1926 A Manual of Navaho Grammar. .. St. Michaels, Arizona: National Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. [s.n.]; Santa Fe: Printed by Santa Fe New Mexican Publishing Morice, Adrien G. Corporation. 1932 The Carrier Language. Vienna: Anthropos Linguistische Bib­ 1937 A Catechism and Guide, Navaho-English. .. St. Michaels, liothek. Arizona: St. Michaels Press. Radin, Paul 1938 "Origin Legend ofthe Navaho Enemy Way ... " Yale Uni­1919 "The Genetic Relationship of the North American Indian versity Publications in Anthropology 17: entire issue. Languages." University of California Publications in American 1941 Learning Navaho. St. Michaels, Arizona: St. Michaels Press. Archaeology and Ethnology 14:489- 502. Hewett, Edgar L. Reichard, Gladys A. 1906 "Origin of the Name Navaho." American Anthropologist n.s. 1928 "Social Life ofthe Navajo Indians.... " Columbia University 8:1:193. Contributions to Anthropology 7: entire issue. [Extracts by Ar­ Hill, W. W. thur E. Harrington in N.A.A.] 1938 "The Agricultural and Hunting Methods of the Navaho In­ Reichard, Gladys A., and Adolph Dodge Bittany dian." Yale University Publications in Anthropology 18 (whole 1940 Agentive and Causative Elements in Navaho. New York: J. J. volume). [Typed copy of pages 99-176 in N.A.A.] Augustin, Publisher. 11 '1 1111 !! 1:1 1

, I

IV /25 IV /24 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

Ripman, Walter A. 1945m "Review of 'The ABC of Navaho' by Robert W. Young and 1930 Handbook of the Latin Language, Being a Dictionary, Classified William Morgan." InternationalJournal ofAmerican Linguistics Vocabulary, and Grammar. London and Toronto: J. M. Dent 11:1:65-66. and Sons, Ltd. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. 1945n "Review of 'Ethnobotany of the Navaho' by Francis H. El­ Sturtevant, Edgar H. more." American Anthropologistn.s. 47:3:440-443. 1933 A Comparative Grammar ofthe Hittite Language. Philadelphia: 19450 "Review of 'Learning Navaho' by Berard Haile." American Linguistic Society of America, University of Pennsylvania. Anthropologistn.s. 47:3:443 -444. U.S. Department ofInterior, Bureau ofIndian Affairs Young, Robert W., andJohn P. Harrington 1934 "A Navajo Speller-Reader." [Mimeographed copy, inscribed 1944a "Earliest Navajo and Quechua." Acta Americana 2:4:315­ "To Elizabeth C. Stewart," in N.A.A.] 319. Van Valkenburgh, Richard F. Clark, Ann Nolan, linguistics by John P. Harrington an"d Robert W. Young 1938ms A Guide BookforaHistoricaland GeographicalMap ofthe Navajo 1940a Little Herder in Autumn. 'Aak'eedgoNa'nilkaadi Yazhi. Phoenix: Country. (Published 1941; see title below.) [Copy in N.A.A.] Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School. 1941 Dine Bikeyah. Window Rock, Arizona: U.S. Office of Indian 1940b Little Herder in Spring. Daago Na'nilkaadi Yazhi. Phoenix: Affairs. Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School. Young, Robert W., and William Morgan 1940d Who Wants To Be a Prairie Dog? Haisha' T'aa K'ad Dloo Silii? 1943 The Navaho Language; The Elements ofNavaho Grammar with a Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School. Dictionary in Two Parts Containing Basic Vocabularies ofNavaho 1942c Little Herder in Summer. Shiigo Na'nilkaadi Yazhi. Phoenix: and English. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School. School. 1942d Little Herder in Winter. Haigo Na'nilkaadi Yazhi. Phoenix: Young, Stella, compo Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School. 1940 ... Navajo Native Dyes, Their Preparation and Use. Recipes Clark, Ann Nolan, Robert W. Young, trans. and John P. Harrington, ed. Formulated by Nonabah G[ormanJ Bryan, Navajo, Instructorin 1950a Little Herder in Autumn and in Winter. Na'nilkaadi Yazhi Weaving . . . Illustrated with Drawings by Charles Keetsie Shir­ 'Aak'eedgo (and) Haigo. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoe­ ley, Navajo . . . Chilocco, Oklahoma: Printing Department, nix Indian School. Chilocco Agricultural School. 1950b Little Herder in Spring and Summer. Na'nilkaadi Yazhi Daago (and) Shiigo. Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School. PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON I Harrington,John P. 1911a "A Key to the Navaho Orthography Employed by the Francis­ CROSS REFERENCES can Fathers." American Anthropologistn.s. 13:1:164-166. There are related photographs in N.A.A. 1929a "The Apache and Navaho." EI Palacio 27: 1-7:37- 38. 1940c "Southern Peripheral Athapaskawan Origins, Divisions and Migrations. Essays in Historical Anthropology of North America." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 100:503­ NAVAHO 532. (In honor ofJohn R. Swanton.) Reels 002-025 1945i "Six Common Navajo Nouns Accounted For." Journal, Wash­REEL FRAMES ington Academy ofSciences 34: 12:373. 002 0001-0461 Vocabulary IV /26 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /27 0462_0886} 003 0001-0669 Although he published a short article on Hopi in 1945 and a review of 004 0001-0619 Vocabulary Slipfile The Hopi Way (1944) in 1946, his notes on this language are not exten­ 005 0001-0380 SIve. 0381-0923} His first contact with speakers of Hopi evidently occurred in 006 0001-0621 Dictionary Notes and Slipfile 1913, as suggested by his heading "Hopi Language. 1913." A more 007 0001-1059 precise date and location are not given, but it is possible that Harrington 008 0001-1133 made a side trip to the Third Mesa during February when he was 009 0001-0922 workingat a number ofother pueblos or that he located a speakerofthe 010 0001-0792 Oraibi dialect at one of those locations. 011 0001-1039 Grammar [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4099] From May through September of 1926, Harrington was 012 0001-0738 called away from fieldwork in northern California to assist J. Walter 013 0001-0991 Fewkes, head of the Bureau of American Ethnology, in archeological 014 0001-0773 excavations at Elden Pueblo near Flagstaff, Arizona. The B.A.E. An­ 015 0001-0695 nual Report for 1925 - 1926 (p. 5) provides the following summary of 016 0001_0622} their field activities: 017 0001-0649 Grammatical Slipfiles 018 0001-0310 Before commencing the archeological work the chief, 0311-0819} assisted by Mr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist, cooperated with Rehearings of Linguistic Data from Sapir, Hoijer, I 019 Mr. 0001-0288 Morice, and Reichard J. O. Prescott, of the Starr Piano Co., Richmond, Ind., in the 0289-0939 Records Relating to Ethnobotany 020 0001-0518 Ethnographic Notes recording ofsome Hopi songs. Through the kindness ofthe Office 0519-0620 Texts of Indian Affairs, four ofthe older Hopi were brought from Walpi to the Grand Canyon, where 11 katcina songs were recorded . . . Drafts and Notes Relating to Primers 021 0001-1203 Published Primers There are few field notes relative to this project and the related sound 022 0001-0761} recordings have not been located. 023 0001-0674 Unpublished Primers 024 0001-0494 Harrington had a second opportunity to record several short Writings vocabularies in the dialect ofFirst Mesa in 1939 when he and Robert W. Young were beginningjoint work on Athapascan in the Fort Defiance 0495-0606 Published Articles area of Arizona. His interest in Hopi was renewed again in March of 0607 -0975 Unpublished Papers 1944 when he made a comparative study with other Uto-Aztecan lan­ 025 0001-0804 Extractsfrom Secondary Sources guages of the Takic subfamily. 0805-0932 Miscellaneous Notes

ORAIBI LINGUISTIC NOTES Hopi Harrington accumulated a few geographical terms in slipfile format with Bert Fredericks as his informant. He also compiled a short etymol­ Harrington's field notes indicate that he worked on the Hopi ogy of the village name Awatobi and a small rudimentary file of pho­ language as early as 1913 and reviewed his material as late as 1944. netic sounds. The latter referred primarily to the works ofH. R. Voth in the publications of the Field Columbian Museum (later Field Museum ;11

IV /29 IV /28 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

ofNatural History). While at Elden Pueblo, Harrington elicited several NOTES ON PHONETICS Oraibi terms from Otto Lomavitu, described as an educated Indian Probably at the time of his comparative study of Hopi and other Uta­ associated with the Moravian missionaries. Kuyawaima, an elderly Or­ Aztecan languages, Harrington made a number ofobservations on the aibi, provided information on basket-making during another interview phonetics ofthe language. These were recorded in the form ofa "Hopi in August 1926. Mouthmap." Secondary sources referred to were Parsons (1936), Tru­ The majority of the early records in the Oraibi dialect consist betskoi (1939), Whiting (1939), and Whorf (unspecified works). The ofnumbered pages ofHarrington's handwritten notes which emerge as mouthmap appeared in Hewett, Dutton, and Harrington's The Pueblo a combination of vocabulary, phrases, and grammar in the early stages Indian World (1945). of development, followed by a brief text on Coyote with interlinear translation. Pages 38, 39, and 40 contain a selected number ofterms in Zuni. There is one briefmention ofan individual named Ignacio but it is WRITINGS not clear whether the vocabularies originated with him. The elicitation This series comprises preparatory notes and drafts in various stages of was based partly on a rehearing ofa typed "Oraivi Vocabulary" found completion for Harrington's writings on Hopi. From 1945-1946 are accompanying the handwritten notes. Harrington was in California in notes, handwritten drafts, and finished typescripts of his review ofThe 1912 and early 1913 and was engaged in various projects, one ofwhich Hopi Way by Laura Thompson and Alice Joseph, as well as the article was copying manuscripts at the Bancroft Library, a possible source of "Note on the Names Moqui and Hopi." Both ofthese were published in this material. the American Anthropologist. There is also a typed draft of an unpub­ lished note, intended for release in Indiansat Work, titled "Hopi Discov­ ered To Be Most Nearly Akin to Northern Paiute." WALPI LINGUISTIC NOTES Harrington's Walpi data from the work in 1926 and 1939 are ofa much MISCELLANEOUS NOTES less systematic nature. A pocket-sized notebook which he used while at Dating from both the periods around 1922 and 1939 are a number of the Grand Canyon contains notes from a brief survey ofpossible infor­ pages of miscellaneous notations. These contain observations of an mants, random vocabulary items from Percy Hilling, and an outline of ethnographic nature, bibliographies, and briefextracts from secondary the sequence of songs performed by kutKa, the chief of Walpi, and sources. One set, consisting of comments on seven "landnames," was others. Also recorded during this period are additional lexical items, obtained from an informant referred to as "Hopi atJack Snow's." Also possibly obtained from a man named Sam, and five pages describing a included is correspondence dated 1914 requesting information on placename trip which Harrington made from Polacca to Holbrook. Hopi rocks and a related photograph (originals in files of correspon­ The material from 1939 consists of notes from several brief dence and photographs). interviews with Walpi speakers encountered in the Fort Defiance area. On September 27, 1939, Harrington recorded one page ofplacenames from the son ofTom Polacca, an interpreter at First Mesa in the 1880s PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON and 1890s. Additional placename data were obtained from an uniden­ Linguistic Informants tified Hopi speaker at the home ofJack Snow. Following each of the vocabularies are copies which Harrington made ofthe names in 1944 in HOPI (ORAIBI) order to locate them on a map by Van Valkenburgh (1941). Three Bert Fredericks pages of miscellaneous vocabulary from an unidentified source also Ignacio (?) date from the 1939 period. Otto Lomavitu IV /31 Southwest IV /30 john Peabody Harrington 1905b "Oraibi Natal Customs and Ceremonies." Field Columbian HOPI (WALPI) Museum Publication 97, Anthropological Series 6:2:47 - 61. Percy Hillings 1905c "The Traditions ofthe Hopi." Field ColumbianMuseumPubli­ Mr. Polacca cation 96, Anthropological Series 8: 1-319. Sam (?) 1912 "Brief Miscellaneous Hopi Papers." Field Museum ofHistory N onlinguistic Informants Publication 157, Anthropological Series 11 :2:99 -149. "Hopi at Jack Snow's" Whiting, Alfred F. W. Templeton Johnson 1939 "Ethnobotany of the Hopi." Museum ofNorthern Arizona Bul­ Kuyawaima letin 15: 1- 120. Harrington also made use of unspecified works by Benjamin SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON L. Whorf and Adolph F. Bandolier (identified as "Br."). Dorsey, George Amos, and H. R. Voth 1901 "The Oraibi Soyal Ceremony." Field Columbian Museum Pub­ lication 55, Anthropological Series 3: 1: 161-261. PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON Fewkes,j. Walter Harrington,john P. 1894 "The Snake Ceremonials at Walpi." journal ofAmerican Eth­1945d "Note on the Names Moqui and Hopi." American Anthropolo­ nology and Archaeology 4: entire issue. gist n.s. 47: 1:177 - 178. 1896 "A Contribution to Ethnobotany." American Anthropologist 1946b "Review of The Hopi Way." American Anthropologist n.s. 9: 1:14- 21. [Copy by Harrington in N.A.A.] 48:3:432-433. Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. 1907 "HandbookofAmerican Indians North of Mexico."Bureauof American Ethnology Bulletin 30: 1:562 - 563. [Photostat in CROSS REFERENCES N.A.A.] See also "Zuni" and "Southwest General" for additional material re­ Parsons, Elsie Clews lated to Hopi. See descriptions of notes on Uto-Aztecan groups in 1936 "HopiJournal ofAlexander W. Stephen." With comments on SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA/BASIN for comparative study of Hopi glossary by B. L. Whorf. Columbia University Contributions to with those languages. There are related photographs in N.A.A. and Anthropology 23: entire issue. [Photostat of glossary (Part II, pp. 1198-1326) in N.A.A.] sound recordings on wax cylinders at the Library of Congress. Thompson, Laura, and Alice joseph 1945 The Hopi Way. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Trubetskoi, Nikolai Sergieevich HOPI 1939 "Grundziige der Phonologie." Travaux du Cercle Linguistique Reel 026 de Prague 7: entire issue. REEL FRAMES Van Valkenburgh, Richard F. 026 0001-0075 Oraibi Linguistic Notes 1941 Dine Bikeyah. Window Rock, Arizona: United States Depart­ 0076-0098 Walpi Linguistic Notes ment of Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Navajo Service. 0099-0107 Notes on Phonetics Voth, H. R. 0108-0133 Writings 1905a "Hopi Proper Names." Field Columbian Museum Publication 0134-0147 Miscellaneous Notes 100, Anthropological Series 6:3:65 -113. IV /33 IV /32 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

but does not identify the source. A third gives the Indian names of Zuni several informants and ethnologists. Brief intermixed vocabulary and grammar notes were taken As early as 1919, Harrington claimed a linguistic relationship in the field from Nachapani in June and July 1929. A few Navaho between Zuni and a putative Tano-Kiowan-Keresan-Shoshonean stock, comparisons were added. and the main thrust ofhis Zuni material lies in the development ofthat theory. In 1929, at the suggestion of Edgar L. Hewett, he was autho­ rized by the B.A.E. to work with University ofNew Mexico students at a VOCABULARY summer session in Chaco Canyon. Correspondence and reports indi­ Zuni terms are in Harrington's semantic arrangement and are most cate that he accumulated the bulk ofhis original Zuni notes at that time, numerous in the animal and animal parts categories. Other categories later reorganizing them at various intervals in Washington, D.C., with include age/sex, material culture, phenomena, placenames, plants, an eye toward producing a vocabulary and grammar that would clearly rank, relationship terms, religion, time, and tribenames. Most of the demonstrate affinity among these languages. Harrington also recorded original material was obtained in 1929 in New Mexico where Charles or several hundred kymograph tracings. Those that remain are too fragile Dick Nachapani was his principal informant. He later reorganized this and dark for microfilming but are preserved at N.A.A. material in Washington in two stages, one prior toJune 1941 , and one The principal informants in 1929 were Charles and Dick probably in the early 1950s. Nachapani (Natcapanih) and Charlie Cly. Harrington called one ofthe Nachapani brothers "the prince of all Zuni informants;" which one is uncertain. COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY Harrington's enthusiasm over the amount of Zuni notes col­ Harrington followed the same semantic arrangement he used for the lected in 1929 suggests a wealth of original material. The Zuni collec­ vocabulary notes, interfilingand comparing Tewa, Kiowa, Hano, Taos, tion, while reasonably substantial, does not match Harrington's de­ Acoma, and Cahuilla terms. The material stems from his original notes scription in content or size. It is more a compendium of information in these languages and contains references to his publications in Tewa excerpted from secondary sources, from his own notes in the languages ethnozoology and ethnogeography. Perry A. Keahtigh was cited as the he believed akin to Zuni, and from his own Zuni notes, all in about equal Kiowa informant and Adan Castillo as the source for Cahuilla terms. proportions. Add to this the fact that in February 1953 he sought Juan is the only Tewa speaker mentioned by name in the notes, al­ permission to review Zuni material still stored at Albuquerque with the though other Tewa informants undoubtedly contributedto the original elderly Nachapani, and a question arises. Was Harrington overstating notes used in the many comparisons. his 1929 accumulation, or are there more original notes somewhere in Also interfiled are excerpts from Ruth L. Bunzel's four papers Albuquerque? on Zuni ethnology published in 1932 and from her grammatical sketch published in 1935 as part of Franz Boas' "Handbook of American Indian Languages." Other entries come from compilations of Nahuatl FIELD NOTES from the works of Horatio Carochi and Alonso de Molina. Other terms The earliest field data which Harrington obtained on Zuni was re­ labeled "Gatschet revd by Hodge" may refer to B.A.E. ms. 2870 in corded in the form ofthree briefvocabularies. One, dated February 20, which many ofGatschet's approximately 200 Zuni/English vocabulary 1913, was elicited from George Piro. Harrington indicated that an­ slips contain annotations by Frederick W. Hodge. Harrington also other list of Zuni terms was "copied for Mr. Judd,l summer of 1919" tapped Matilda Coxe Stevenson's "The Zuni Indians" (1904) for fur­ ther comparisons. Kymograph tracings are mainly a comparison ofZuni and Navaho lexical terms; because this material is extremely fragile, it 1. Neil M. Judd, a colleague at the B.A.E. has not been filmed.

~ J, 1

IV /35 IV /34 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

GRAMMAR Drafts and Notes for Proposed Publications Consisting of notes only, Harrington's Zuni grammatical material was Harrington's article "The Name Zuni Comes from the Laguna Dialect probably assembled in Washington for correlation with his own notes ofWest Keresan" was apparently not accepted for publication. Most of on other languages and with notes from secondary sources to be com­ the notes are based on the Zuni section of Hodge's "Handbook." An­ piled into a comparative grammar. Most ofHarrington's original Zuni other unpublished article is on Zuni phrases and numbers. It is similar in material was derived from his fieldwork with Nachapani in June and approach to a draft on Aztec phrases and numbers, suggesting that he July of 1929. may have contemplated a series of such short articles.

COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Correspondence indicates that Harrington's first draft ofa comparative The early Nahuatl terms collected by Horacio Carochi are found in grammar was written in 1944 and was to be titled "Zuni Discovered To several compendiums and in more than one edition. Harrington's bib­ Be Hokan." Many of the notes which precede it, however, were inter­ liographical (and biographical) notes on this source are located at the filed later (probably in the early 1950s) and stem from his original field end of the Zuni material. The vocabulary and grammar of Alonso de notes in Zuni, Tewa, and Kiowa. Also included are a lesser number of Molina are part of the same compendiums. The Library of Congress Taos and Aztec expressions. Harrington utilized the same sources as Catalogue of Pre-1956 Imprints gives a complete list of the later edi­ those found in the grammatical notes, relying most heavily on Bunzel's tions, only one of which is listed in "Sources Consulted." There are "Zuni." Another version of the manuscript has the modified title additional scattered bibliographical notes. "Zuni, Tanoan, Kiowa Comparisons: Zuni Discovered To Be Hokan." It is edited in red pencil and the first page has the annotation "Returned PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON by request of author, C. F. V[oegelin]". Linguistic Informants RECORDS RELATING TO ETHNOBOTANY ZUNI Charlie Cly Harrington copied the scientific terms from Wooton and Standley's Jimmy James Flora ofNew Mexico (1913), one to a page. He then interfiled similar Charles Nachapani (Natchapanih) information from Stevenson's "Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians" Dick Nachapani (1915) and added linguistic annotations. An internal note indicates George Piro some ofthe work was done at the Library ofCongress onJune 4,1950. CAHUILLA Adan Castillo ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES KIOWA Harrington's Zuni files of an ethnographic nature are brief. He para­ Perry A. Keahtigh phrased random information from Matilda Coxe Stevenson's The Zuni TEWA Indians. This work is frequently referred to in the notes as "Zuni Book." Juan Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents WRITINGS Anna O. Shepard Students at Chaco Canyon, Summer 1929 Notes for Published Articles Reginald Fisher These are notes used in " Name of Zuni Salt Lake in Alarcon's 1540 Sara Godard Account" (1949) and in "Trail Holder" (1949). Clara Leibold IV IV /36 John Peabody Harrington Southwest /37

Anna Risser 1915 "Ethnobotany ofthe Zuni Indians." Thirtieth Annual Reportof Winifred Stamm the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1908-1909: 31 - 102. Janet Tietjens Whipple, Lt. A. E. 1855 Report upon the Indian Tribes. Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Ocean . .. in 1853 and 1854. Washington, D.C.: War De­ Bunzel, Ruth L. partment. 1932 "Introduction to Zuni Ceremonialism." Forty-seventhAnnual Whorf, Benjamin L., and George L. Trager Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1929-1930: 1937 "The Relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan." American 467 -544. Anthropologist n.s. 39:4:609 - 624. "Zuni Katcinas." Ibid. 837 -1086. Wooton, Elmer O. and Paul C. Standley "Zuni Origin Myths." Ibid. 545-610. 1913 "... Flora of New Mexico." Smithsonian Institution. United "Zuni Ritual Poetry." Ibid. 611-836. States National Museum. Contributionsfrom the United States Na­ 1933 "Zuni Texts." Publications of the American Ethnological Soci­ tional Herbarium 16:4:109-196. ety 15. 1938 "Zuni." Handbook of American Indian Languages. Part 3. Gliickstadt; New York: J. J. Augustin, Inc., Publisher. PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON Carochi, Horacio Harrington,John P. 1904 "Arte de la Lengua Mexicana." Coleccwn de Gramdticas de la 1949b "Name of Zuni Salt Lake in Alarcon's 1540 Account." El Lengua Mexicana 1:395 - 538. Palacio 56:4: 102 -105. Cushing, Frank Hamilton 194ge "Trail Holder." El Palacio 56: 11 :350 - 351. 1883 "Zuni Fetishes." Second Annual Report ofthe Bureau ofAmeri­ can Ethnologyfor 1880-1881: 9-45. Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. CROSS REFERENCES 1907- "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau There are related botanical specimens in N.A.A. 1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. K roeber, Alfred L. 1917 "Zuni Kin and Clan." Anthropological Papers of the American ZUNI Museum ofNatural History 18:2:39- 204. Reels 027-030 Michelson, Truman REEL FRAMES 1912 "Preliminary Report on the Linguistic Classification of Al­ 027 0001-0045 Field Notes gonquian Tribes." Twenty-eighth Annual Report ofthe Bureau of 0046-0494 Vocabulary American Ethnologyfor 1906-1907: 221-290. 028 0001-0734 Comparative Vocabulary Molina, Alonso de 029 0001-0334 Grammar 1904 "Arte de la Lengua Mexicana y Castellana." Coleccwn de Gra­ 0335-0847 } Comparative Grammar mdticas de la Lengua Mexicana 1: 129- 224. 030 0001-0241 Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 0242-0453 Records Relating to Ethnobotany 1904 "The Zuni Indians." Twenty-third Annual Report ofthe Bureau 0454-0479 Ethnographic Notes ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1901-1902: entire issue. Writings IV /39 IV /38 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

The most substantive body of material from a linguistic point 0480-0498 Notes for Published Articles 0499-0524 Drafts and Notes for Proposed Publications of view is a comparative vocabulary, for which the principal informant 0525-0552 Miscellaneous Notes wasJamesJohnson, an Acoma Indian. Harrington, who was detailed to assist the Office of Indian Affairs at Fort Wingate from July to October of 1939, may have metJohnson there at that time. Correspondence and field notes reveal that he worked with Johnson on at least two occasions. The rehearing labeled "Adequately Acoma / Laguna / Santo Domingo Johnson-ed," apparently the last and most satisfactory session, took place in August 1944. At that time, Harrington was translating letters for the Office ofCensorship in Washington, and perhaps for that reason Although Harrington's accumulation of material relating to he was permitted to commandeer the linguistic services ofthree young Keresan is not large, his field notes and reports indicate a continuing Army privates stationed in nearby Maryland. They were among the interest in these languages. He worked with Mrs. L. S. Gallup on a Keresan Indians whom Dutton had suggested in her letter ofAugust 3, Cochiti census as early asJune 1, 1909, and his last Keresan monograph, 1944. Calvin Solimon, a Laguna Indian, spoke both Laguna and Acoma a treatise on the name of Acoma, was published in 1949. He added linguistic and ethnographic data at various intervals during those forty dialects; Joe A. Mina and Santiago Pacheco were Santo Domingo men. Perry A. Keahtigh, who worked at The United Nations Service Center years. In 1919, and again in 1929, he sought to establish a relation­ in Washington, was frequently consulted for Kiowa comparisons. Harrington extracted tribenames and placenames from a ship among Keresan, Kiowa, and Zuni. He was among those who lec­ number ofsources to provide bases for the various rehearings. Because tured on Acoma at the Chaco Canyon Field School of the School of ofthe comparative nature ofthe material, a number ofthe works dealt American Research inJuly 1929. Between February 1944 and August with languages other than the Keresan dialects. Among the principal 1945, Harrington and Bertha P. Dutton exchanged Laguna informa­ sources consulted were Keresan Texts (1925, 1928) by Franz Boas, and tion in the course of their collaboration with Edgar L. Hewett on the Part I ofFrederick W. Hodge's "Handbook ofAmerican Indians North 1945 publication entitled The Pueblo Indian World, for which Harring­ of Mexico" (1907). For Navaho he relied on his own notes and those ton wrote the two appendices. Dutton supplied Harrington with the accumulated with the collaboration ofRobert W. Young. He compared names ofseveral Keresan informants who were in military service in the some Southern Paiute terms collected by Edward Sapir and turned Washington, D.C. area. again to Benjamin Whorf's additions to Elsie Clews Parsons' HopiJour­ nal (1936). VOCABULARY This material is arranged semantically and each page repre­ Harrington's field notes include data from an informant identified only sents two or more rehearings recorded at different intervals. The basic as "L. A. Alb," copies of Acoma slips lent to Harrington by Father Laguna and Acoma terms are compared with Santo Domingo and Zia, Jerome in 1913, and a Keresan vocabulary copied by Carobeth and with such non-Keresan languages as Hopi, Navaho, and Kiowa. Harrington Laird. No source is named for the last item nor is the There are a few words from the Hano, Queres, Luisefio, Teton, Tewa, material dated, although the assumption would be that it was copied and Zuni languages. before their 1921 divorce. Harrington also assembled a small group of miscellaneous lexical items relative to the Keresan migration story from informant NOTES AND DRAFTS Edward Hunt. They were probably recorded at Chaco Canyon inJune In 1944 Harrington used some of Hunt's information as a question­ 1929. naire in his work withJohnson. There are also notes without linguistic IV /41 IV /40 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

annotations which relate to Boas' Keresan publications. Included LUISENO among the papers is an early draft of Harrington's published work on Adan Castillo the origin of the name" Acoma." The sixteenth-century sources men­ NAVAHO tioned in the draft notes are taken directly from Hodge's "Handbook." Sam Acquilla Johnson, Solimon, and the Navaho speaker Sam Acquilla provided Charles Keetsie Shirley further linguistic information. Sam Tilden (Sam) A typed draft on Acoma phonetics and the meaning of the SANTO DOMINGO name "Queres" was evidently prepared in 1947. 1 Another manuscript John Dixon with accompanying notes and bibliography was titled''Quirix Equals P.F.C.Joe A. Mina Kastica." It is undated. Neither paper was published. Pvt. Santiago Pacheco Nonlinguistic Informants Mrs. L. S. Gallup MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Santiago Quintana H uero Some ofthe correspondence, phonetic notes, and word lists that Bertha Isabel (Venado's niece) P. Dutton sent Harrington are included. There are also handwritten Adelaido Montoya condensations by Harrington (not annotated) of George H. Pradt Marcial Quintana (1902) and excerpts of miscellaneous ethnographic information from Venado (Benado, V.) Matilda Coxe Stevenson (1894). Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Bertha P. Dutton PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Father Jerome Linguistic Informants Ruth Underhill

ACOMA L.A.Alb. SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Edward Hunt Anonymous James Johnson n.d. Laguna Hymnal and Prayer Book. [Copy in N.A.A., probably Calvin Solimon given to Harrington by Father Jerome.] COCHITI Boas, Franz John Dixon (Juan de Jesus Pancho) 1923 "A Keresan Text." InternationalJournal ofAmerican Linguis­ LAGUNA tics 2:3-4:171-180. Edward Hunt 1925_ "Keresan Texts." publicationsofthe American EthnologicalSoci­ James Johnson 1928 ety 8: 1:1 - 300; 8:2: 1 - 344. Francis Paisano Buechel, Eugene Calvin Solimon 1939 A Grammar ofLakota, the Language ofthe Teton Sioux Indians. KIOWA St. Louis, Chicago, etc.: Planographed by John S. Swift Co., Perry A. Keahtigh (Keah., Kigh) Inc. Bunzel, Ruth Leah 1938 "Zuni." Handbook of American Indian Languages. Part 3. 1. See Correspondence, Harrington to Matthew W. Stirling, March 25, 1947. Gluckstadt; New York: J. J. Augustin, Inc., Publisher.

L IV /43 IV /42 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

Franciscans ACOMA/LAGUNA/SANTO DOMINGO 1910 An Ethnological Dictionary of the Navaho Language. St. Mi­ Reel 031 chaels, Arizona: The Franciscan Fathers. REEL FRAMES Gatschet, Albert S. 031 0001-0348 Vocabulary 1891 A Mythic Tale ofIsleta Indians, New Mexico . . . Philadelphia: 0349-0402 Notes and Drafts MacCalla & Company, Printer. 0403-0419 Miscellaneous Notes Harrington,John P., and Robert W. Young 1944 "Earliest Navajo and Quechua." Acta Americana 2:4:315­ 319. Hewett, Edgar L., and Bertha P. Dutton, eds. 1945 The Pueblo Indian World; Studies on the Natural History ofthe Rio Cochiti Grande Valley in Relation to Pueblo Culture . . . with Appen­ dices: The Southwest Indian Languages and The Sounds and Harrington's notes on Cochiti are scanty. They appear to have Structure ofthe Aztecan Language, by John P. Harrington. Albu­ been collected during the latter half of 1909 when he was working out querque: The University of New Mexico and the School of of Santa Fe, New Mexico, on a fellowship for the School of American American Research. Archaeology. Hodge, Frederick W. 1907 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30, Part I: entire issue. VOCABULARY Parsons, Elsie Clews This material consists of a short general vocabulary in slip form taken 1928 "The Laguna Migration to Isleta." American Anthropologist from John Dixon in September 1909, and a vocabulary of primarily n.s.? 30:4:607 -613. geographic terms, also provided by Dixon Uuan deJesus Pancho). The 1936 "HopiJournal ofAlexander W. Stephen." With comments on numbers one to ten are given in the Santo Domingo dialect. glossary by B. L. Whorf. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology 23: entire issue. Pradt, George H. 1902 "Shakok and Miochin: Origin of Summer and Winter."Jour­ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES nal ofAmerican Folk-Lore 15:57:88-90. In 1909, Harrington recorded a sizable amount ofethnographic mate­ Sapir, Edward rial with a number of nonlinguistic informants, principally Mrs. L. S. 1930- "Southern Paiute." Proceedings ofthe American Academy ofArts Gallup and Marcial Quintana. Mrs. Gallup and Harrington compiled a 1931 and Sciences 65: entire issue. Cochiti census from an unidentified source datedJuly 1, 1909. She also Stevenson, Matilda Coxe had worked earlier with Matilda Coxe Stevenson. 1894 "The Sia." Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1889-1890:9-157. NOTES AND DRAFTS PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON These notes were apparently intended for future publication. "The Stone Idols of Cochiti" is in both manuscript and typescript forms and Harrington,John P. was written at the request of Edgar L. Hewett. A second brief manu­ 1949 "Haa'k'o, Original Form of the Name of Acoma." El Palacio 56:5:141-144. script touches on Cochiti history and language. IV /44 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /45 SKETCHES LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES The few sketches, two in water color and two consisting ofrough pencil This series contains an assortment of notes on vocabulary and gram­ outlines, include masks and regalia. The artists are not ident~fied. mar, with some ethnographic content as well. Cristino Yeppa was infor­ mant for some ofthem andJuan Pedro Coloque gave placename infor­ mation (September 26, 1909). The material includes such categories as PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON clans, relationship terms, body parts, material culture, and phenomena. Linguistic Informants In addition, there are several sketches of figures and houses in color COCHITI (artist unidentified), a rough map, and nonlinguistic information from John Dixon (Juan de Jesus Pancho) L. Miller. Several hunting stories were recorded inJemez and English. There is also a translation of the Lord's Prayer. Nonlinguistic Informants Mrs. L. S. Gallup Marcial Quintana LINGUISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL SLIPFILE The main body ofJemez material consists oftwo boxes ofslips contain­ ing a broad mixture ofvocabulary, grammar, and sentences, with some COCHITI general ethnographic information included. The random nature ofthe notes precludes a specific arrangement. More than half the notes were Reel 032 hand copied by Miss Druel and the copies follow the order of Harring­ REEL FRAMES ton's original slips. The informants "E" and "S" are mentioned infre­ 032 0001-0042 Vocabulary quently. A portion of the notes were part of former B.A.E. ms. 4679. 0043-0242 Ethnographic Notes 0243-0275 Notes and Drafts 0276-0278 Sketches CENSUS RECORDS Harrington copied census records for the Jemez Pueblo from an un­ identified source. Some are copied into a notebook, but the most sub­ stantive material is found on annotated pages with detailed ethno­ graphic and linguistic information. Harrington added the individuals' Jemez Indian names with translations into English, and tied together family relationships. Field notes indicate that he accumulated this information prior to March 9, 1910. Harrington's financial reports and the few dated field notes indicate that he worked at Jemez intermittently between September 1909 and September 1910. Juan Pedro Coloque and Cristino Yeppa PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON were evidently the main informants, although the names of others Linguistic Informants appear in Harrington's expense accounts. One specific session with JEMEZ Coloque took place at the U.S. Indian School in Santa Fe, New Mexico, Juan Pedro Coloque on September 26, 1909. The local postmaster, L. Miller (or possibly C. E (if applicable to Jemez) Miller), a young man of about eighteen years, provided what sparse S (if applicable to Jemez) nonlinguistic information the notes contain. Jose M. Toledo IV/46 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /47 Jose Rey Toya Cristino Yeppa (Yepa) Isleta / Isleta del Sur / Piro KERESAN-SIA Lorenzo Medina When Harrington was based in Santa Fe, New Mexico, espe­ PICURIS cially during the years 1909 and 1910, he collected information on a Jose Lopez broad range ofSouthwest Indian languages. Some field notes relative to the Isleta, Isleta del Sur, and Piro languages are in the form ofa compar­ Nonlinguistic Informants ative vocabulary and remain filed together to maintain integrity. Al­ L. Miller (or C. Miller) though some terms are loosely connected to two ofHarrington's publi­ Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents cations (1909a and 1910c) on the Piro and Taos languages, the greatest Miss Druel number are in Isleta. Jose R. Toya Harrington's wife, Carobeth Tucker Harrington, collected a substantial set of Isleta notes in June 1918. The following month she brought them to Taos, where Harrington was then working, and they SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON form part of this series. Harper, Blanche Wurdack 1929 Notes on the Documentary History, the Language, and the Rituals VOCABULARY and Customs ofJemez Pueblo. Master's Thesis, University of Harrington utilized a typed copy ofJohn Russell Bartlett's Piro vocabu­ New Mexico. [Typescript and partial copy by Harrington in lary (B.A.E. ms. 485b) as a basis for eliciting data during his fieldwork. N.A.A.] His handwritten annotations to the manuscript include a column of Reagan, Albert B. Isleta terms from Mary Chontal (obtained in Albuquerque in 1909)and 1902ms Jemez, Open and Secret. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. a column of Isleta del Sur words from Ponciano Juin. Vittoriano 1658. National Anthropological Archives. Pedraza, a Piro, evidently also reheard the material. Harrington made 1907ms Jemez Vocabulary and Grammar. Bureau of American Ethnol­ use of the same word list in his article "Notes on the Piro Language." ogy ms. 1657. National Anthropological Archives. [Con­ A separate vocabulary was recorded from the Isleta del Sur densed copies by Harrington in N.A.A.] speaker Mariano Colmenero. The notes also give the names of other Piro speakers, Santo Domingo and Santa Clara informants, and some of Bartlett's informants.

JEMEZ NOTES AND DRAFTS Reels 033-035 Brief notes on names collected about 1909 and 1910 are mainly Isleta REEL FRAMES but relate loosely to "Notes on the Piro Language" and to "An Intro­ 033 0001-0105 Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes ductory Paper on the Tiwa Language, Dialect of Taos, New Mexico." 0106-0451} FromJuly 1946 toJuly 1947 Harrington was in Washington 034 0001-0463 Linguistic and Grammatical Slipfile and among other endeavors, he prepared an article titled "Tihuex is 035 0001-0434 [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4679] Isleta, Quirix is San Felipe." He consulted a wide assortment ofsources 0435-0569 Census Records on early Spanish expeditions in the Southwest translations ofold Span­

L. Il!~

11: il

II IV /49 IV /48 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

ish manuscripts, and critical works. Related bibliographic data form a WRITINGS OF CAROBETH TUCKER HARRINGTON cohesive part ofthis section. While there is some linguistic content, the The series contains proposed monographs, dated 1920, and one un­ origins and early spellings of Tiwa names and the location of early dated article (probably 1919) by Carobeth Tucker Harrington, which habitations are the main themes ofthe unpublished monograph. James were prepared from field notes she accumulated in June 1918. Her Johnson, an Acoma Indian, reheard some of the Tiwa terms. handwritten notes form a part of the collection. Another undated proposed article is titled "Tihuex Equals The first part ofher monograph "Isleta Language; Texts and Puaray," for which Harrington consulted many of the same sources. Analytic Vocabulary," (former B.A.E. ms. 2299a) is divided into eight texts in Isleta with Spanish or English translations. One-half of the vocabulary section is semantically arranged; the balance is analyzed MISCELLANEOUS NOTES according to grammatical forms. Another monograph with a linguistic focus was "The Isleta Correspondence with professor Louis C. Karpinski, Marjorie F. Tichy, Pronoun" (former B.A.E. ms. 2299b). It consists of extensive tabula­ and Gordon Vivian relates to Harrington's paper "Tihuex is Isleta." Copies of random material from an unidentified Gatschet notebook, a tions and meticulous examples of pronoun usage. The typed, undated manuscript titled "Southern Tiwa Kat­ few slips in the Sandia dialect, and brief notes in the Santo Domingo cinas" provides ethnographic lore surrounding the kachina cult. In­ dialect (probably written at a much later date) complete the miscella­ cluded are crayon illustrations in color sketched by native artists. No neous section. informants are named, perhaps due to the secret nature ofthe ceremo­ nies and dances. Some annotations by John Harrington appear on the drawings. He reported receipt of this manuscript in February 1919. LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC SLIPFILE OF The draft and notes relative to it were formerly cataloged as B.A.E. ms. CAROBETH TUCKER HARRINGTON 2306 and part ofms. 2308. An internal note within Carobeth Harrington's Isleta slipfile indicates that the slips were probably culled from her field notes of 1918 and PERSONS CONTACTED BY JOHN AND CAROBETH were arranged during the time that she was at Taos. Her informants HARRINGTON were Luis Abetta, Maria Chihuihui, and Felicitas Jiron. It was not Tucker Harrington's habit to assign code names to her informants, Linguistic Informants which causes some difficulty in identifying the initials marked on some ISLETA slips and on each page of drafts described in the series below. "Fa," Luis Abetta "Fb," and "Lb" could, however, be reminders of who provided the Jesus Chihuihui Uose Pali?) information, or from which source she sought rehearings. "Mc" could Maria Chihuihui refer to Matilda Coxe Stevenson's notes on the Southwest which were in Mary Chontal (Maria) John Harrington's possession. Felicitas Jiron The material contains linguistic, grammatical, and ethno­ L. (not further identified) graphic information. Jesus Chihuihui was interviewed for kachina L. E. (not further identified) names;Jose Pali (Chihuihui?) was also mentioned as an informant. Both Jose Pali (Chihuihui?) names also appear in John Harrington's Isleta notes. The color plates ISLETA DEL SUR referred to in the notes appeared in J. Walter Fewkes' "Hopi Kat­ Mariano Colmenero (Colminero) cinas ... "(1904). PoncianoJ uin (Ponciano Olgin?) IV /51 IV /50 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

PIRO Lummis, Charles F. Vittoriano Pedraza 1920 Pueblo Indian Folk Stories. New York: The Century Company. ACOMA Mota Padilla, Matias de La James Johnson 1920 Historia de La Conquista del Reino de La Nueva Galicia CAHUILLA, LUISENO Escrita ... en 1742. Guadalajara: Talleres Graficos de Gal­ Adan Castillo lardo y Alvarez del Castillo. Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Powell, john Wesley Lansing B. Bloom 1891 "Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico." Francis Elmore Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology for Frederick W. Hodge 1885-1886:7 -142. Louis C. Karpinski Stevenson, Matilda Coxe H. J. Spinden 1890s- Manuscripts in the John P. Harrington Papers, National An­ Marjorie F. Tichy 1900sms thropological Archives. Gordon Vivian Terneaux-Compans, Henri, ed. 1837 Voyages, Relations et M emoires originaux pourServir al'Histoire de La Decouverte de l'Amerique ... Casteiiada de Magera, Pedro SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON de. Relation du Voyage de Cibola Entrepris en 1540. Tome 9. Paris: A. Bertrand. Bartlett, John Russell ca1862ms Piro Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 485b. Vivian, Gordon 1932 "A Restudy of the Province of Tiguex." Master's Thesis, National Anthropological Archives. Fewkes, Jesse Walter University of New Mexico. 1903 "Hopi Katcinas, Drawn by Native Artists." Twenty-first An­Winship, George Parker nual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1899­ 1904 The journey ofCoronado. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co. 1900:3 -126. Gatschet, A. S. n.d.ms Isleta Dictionary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 2506. PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON National Anthropological Archives. Harrington,john P. 1879- Isleta, Tiqua, and Tano Words, Sentences, Myths, and Songs. Bu­ 1909a "Notes on the Piro Language." American Anthropologist n.s. 1885ms reau ofAmerican Ethnology ms. 613. National Anthropologi­ 11 :4:563 - 594. cal Archives. 1910c "An Introductory Paper on the Tiwa Language, Dialect of 1899ms Sandia Pueblo Vocabulary. Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology filS. Taos, New Mexico." American Anthropologist n.s. 12:1: 11­ 614. National Anthropological Archives. 48. 1882- Notes on Zuni Language and Texts Annotated by F. H. Cushing. 1886 Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology ms. 1550 (old 290). National Anthropological Archives. Gibbs, George CROSS REFERENCES See also "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for additional Isleta 1868ms Isleta Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 1019. National Anthropological Archives. linguistic data. ~.. """

IV /53 IV /52 john Peabody Harrington Southwest

ISLETA/ISLETA DEL SUR/PIRO cation began upon his return to Washington in April 1922 and they were ready by late 1924. Proofs were in hand in 1926, at which time Reel 036 Harrington also translated Roberts' songs. There are notes, music, and REEL FRAMES galleys for the songs, but no notes for Roberts' forty-eight page analysis 036 0001-0016 Vocabulary among the papers. According to the field notes, a Mrs. Mullen drew the 0017-0264 Notes and Drafts Giant and Elf illustrations facing page 326. Many of the titles were 0265-0292 Miscellaneous Notes reworded in the final publication. 0293-0396 Linguistic and Ethnographic Slipfile ofCarobeth Tucker The series includes galley proofs of the manuscript. In addi­ Harrington tion, there are handwritten notes for the glossary, comments on pho­ 0397-1015 Writings ofCarobeth Tucker Harrington netics, and notes to the printer. [includes former B.A.E. mss. 2299a, 2299b, 2306, and 2308pt.] MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Notes include some Taos comparisons, mainly based on Harry S. Budd's Taos vocabulary (B.A.E. ms. 1028). Vargas, apparently fluent in Picuris Picuris and Taos, provided the Taos terms. Translations of the Lord's Prayer and ofthe hymn "Nearer My God to Thee" are on file, but only the former appeared in the publication. Also included are Harrington's In 1928 the Bureau of American Ethnology published Har­ rington's "Picuris Children's Stories with Texts and Songs." Helen H. comments on the notes of H. J. Spinden. Roberts transcribed the music and wrote a detailed analysis ofthe songs. Harrington had proposed an interlinear translation as the most effica­ PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON cious format, but the article appeared with Picuris and English on facing Linguistic Informants pages. Rosendo Vargas dictated the linguistic information and ren­ dered the songs. Virtually all of the Picuris material on file is related to PICURIS Rosendo Vargas the publication and most of it constituted former B.A.E. mss. 2298, 2300,2301,2302,2303,2304,2305, and 2572. Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Helen H. Roberts, ethnomusicologist, Yale University DRAFTS AND NOTES FOR PUBLISHED TEXT H.J. Spinden Contained here is Harrington's handwritten manuscript with interlin­ ear English translation for "Picuris Children's Stories. . . . " Also on SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON file are typed copies in the Picuris language and separate typed English Budd, Harry S. renditions. The scope ofthe material extends to nonmythological text­ 1885_ Taos Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 1028, lets and a subseries on Picuris customs. 1886ms National Anthropological Archives. Most ofthe notes reflect the various stages ofdevelopment of the final publication. They are both written and typed on large sheets PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON and on slips and they encompass a brief glossary of Picuris terms (not published) and some grammatical and ethnographic elaborations. Harrington,john P., and Helen H. Roberts Field notes indicate that Harrington worked with Vargas in 1928 "Picuris Children's Stories with Texts and Songs." Forty-third Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology for 1925­ the summer of 1921, having possibly laid the groundwork for these sessions late in 1920. Preparation and translation ofthe notes for publi- 1926:285-447. II\~

IV /55 IV /54 John Peabody Harrington Southwest This original material was taken in Taos in the summer of 1918 with CROSS REFERENCES Lujan and Mondragon as informants. Carobeth Harrington's draft and See also "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for additional Picuris notes are part of this section. linguistic data. There are related sound recordings on wax cylinders at the Library of Congress. FIELD NOTES Harrington prepared slips for semantic arrangement. Many of the PICURIS terms were used in the draft of an unpublished grammar, with some Reel 037 orthographic variations. The use of "q" for "kw" suggests an early REEL FRAMES date, possibly 1909-1910 (former B.A.E. mss. 2309 and 2290pt.). An 037 0001-0671 Drafts and Notes for Published Text [includes former early vocabulary is comprised of Harrington's comparative Taos terms B.A.E. mss. 2298, 2300, 2301, 2302, 2303, used in his article "Notes on the Piro Language" (1909a). 2304, 2305, and 2572] From former B.A.E. manuscripts 2290pt., 2292pt., and 2296 0672-0710 Miscellaneous Notes come several categories of miscellaneous field notes. Included are a vocabulary elicited in 1910, typed and annotated notes which collate much of the information written on slips, and miscellaneous slips­ some dated 1920, some probably earlier- which contain brief Picuris comparisons. Data encompass placenames, tribenames, ethnogeo­ Taos graphic terms, and some grammatical elaborations. There is a group of field notes which appears to be Taos with Isleta comparisons. This is a tentative identification still subject to the The first indication of Harrington's work among the Taos scrutiny oflinguists, who are not presently in complete agreement. The Indians comes from his financial records of September 20, 1909, to physical condition and type ofpaper used indicate that these notes may January 15, 1910, when he was based in Santa Fe and doing fieldwork in various languages of the Southwest. Peak periods of in-depth work on have been recorded during the period 1909 to 1911. Taos, sometimes in the field and sometimes in Washington, D.C., ap­ pear to be 1909-1911,1918-1922,1926-1930, and 1944-1945. GRAMMATICAL AND SEMANTIC SLIPFILE Joe Lujan (abbreviated "L.") and Manuel Mondragon ("M.") were the A set ofslips, formerly cataloged as B.A.E. mss. 2318 and 2295pt., fills principal informants, with Mondragon helping from 1910 to 1927. four boxes. Field notes and reports suggest that this comprehensive There are references to a trip which Harrington made with Margaret body of material may have been accumulated, annotated, and rear­ Tschirgi and F. E. Betts to the ruins east of Taos on September 30, ranged over a period of time ranging from 1909 to 1928. 1928, but there are no further explanatory notes. One group ofslips is dated 1916. In 1918, Harringtondrafted Mutual professional respect had arisen between Harrington a report which mentioned abundant Taos grammatical material and a and Matilda Coxe Stevenson of the Bureau of American Ethnology, at thoroughly explored vocabulary. As late as 1927 he still planned a whose ranch he spent six weeks in the autumn of 1908. He was in publication which would include both grammar and vocabulary. possession ofa large body ofher original notes on southwestern Indians The largest section of the file was arranged by Harrington at the time of her death in 1915 and planned to arrange, annotate, and according to grammatical categories and is especially substantial on publish them. Her material on Taos appears in an unpublished histori­ verb and pronoun usage. Another group of slips is semantically ar­ cal and ethnographic manuscript titled "The Taos Indians." ranged; some phonetic, ethnographic, and historical material is inter­ Carobeth Tucker, Harrington's wife from 1916 until their divorce in 1921, contributed an extensive analytical Taos grammar. jected. J... _ ! I~ Ii

IV /57 IV /56 John Peabody Harrington Southwest July 1929. As late as 1944 he referred to a Taos dictionary of 100 Many slips are labeled "Ta.9," a possible reference to Har­ printed pages, so presumably he amassed the basic material over a rington's fieldwork on Taos in 1909. No explanation has been discov­ ered for the numerical designations in the upper left-hand corners. period of time. Some entries in the dictionary are followed by the notes from Harrington distinguished between prefix variations by underlining which they evolved. Slips with data were clipped by Harrington to long them in different colors, a system which is obviously lost in microfilm­ sheets. For microfilming purposes, clips had to be removed and, where ing. Researchers are advised, therefore, to refer to the original material necessary, the editor has added lexical terms in brackets to the slips to if clarification is required. indicate to which larger pages they were originally clipped. The Taos-English section is in alphabetical order according to GRAMMAR the first sound of the base. Although the English-Taos section gives the This section includes tabulations in English ofpronoun prefix material English word first, it follows the alphabetical order of the Taos term which give an excellent indication of Harrington's methodology for according to Harrington's list of initial symbols. The English-Taos accumulating slipfiles. Taos slips deal with pronoun usage, verb para­ pages are numbered from 1 to 1829. digms, and sentence structure. These are early notes, probably dating A file ofTaos bird names, apparently intended for incorpora­ from 1909 to 1911. Manuel Mondragon was the principal informant. tion into the dictionary, involves slips in Harrington's writing pasted to Of three drafts of manuscripts on Taos grammar, only one sheets that repeat the information, sometimes with varying orthogra­ was published. "Ambiguity in the Taos Personal Pronoun" (1916a) phies, in the hand ofcopyist Hilda Kurze. She also copied a small group (former B.A.E. mss. 2293pt. and 4682pt.) was condensed from another of plant names. Correspondence with Mrs. Kurze indicates that she draft of an unpublished, more comprehensive grammar (former ms. made some dictionary copies in August and September of 1928. These 4682pt.). A draft of a paper on numerals is filed with some of the also are in Taos-English and English-Taos. Filed with this material is a original field notes from which it evolved (ms. 4681). Informants and list ofthe scientific names for Taos birds; annotations were supplied by dates for these writings are not well documented, although a report of Florence Merriam Bailey and Vernon Bailey. (See "Studying the Mis­ the Bureau indicates that Harrington had prepared a manuscript on the sion Indians of California and the Taos of New Mexico" [192ge].) Tiwa languages in July 1918. A separate list ofpostpositions and a small set ofmiscellaneous Other miscellaneous notes on phonetics and morphology dictionary entries follow the main sections. were evidently made in 1944 or later. Another major subsection of this series consists of a draft of over 500 typed pages of a comprehensive grammar by Carobeth LINGUISTIC NOTES Tucker Harrington. The manuscript (former B.A.E. mss. 2307 and A substantial body of linguistic notes (former B.A.E. mss. 2292pt. and 4680), titled "Grammatical Analysis of the Taos Language," is dated 2295pt.) including grammar, vocabulary, and textual material was ap­ 1920. The fieldwork for the paper was done in Taos during July and parently accumulated inJuly and August of 1918 with Lujan and Mon­ August of 1918 with informants Lujan and Mondragon. A partial and dragon as informants. Harrington reported a collection of750 pages of preliminary draft and notes reveal some annotations byJohn Harring­ linguistic material in his annual report to the Bureau in 1919 and could ton, who also was in Taos at the same time working with the same well have been referring to these notes. At least a portion ofthe material informants. was collected with the assistance ofhis wife Carobeth, and a number of pages are in her hand. The pagination evidently underwent several DICTIONARY reorganizations and is therefore somewhat chaotic. Other material resulted from comments on George L. Records of the Bureau of American Ethnology show that Harrington Trager's "The Kinship and Status Terms of the Tiwa Languages" was working on a Taos dictionary in July 1928 and again in June and IV /58 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /59

(1943) and on Elsie Clews Parsons' Taos Pueblo (1936). Relationship TEXTS terms, age and sex nouns, personal names, rank nouns, and tribenames Contained in a series of texts are stories of Wolf and Deer and two are mentioned. versions of the Lord's Prayer with grammatical notes. Also included is the Tanoan linguistic diagram (former B.A.E. ms. 2292 pt.) used in ETHNOGRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL NOTES Harrington's "An Introductory Paper on the Tiwa Language, Dialect of Taos, New Mexico" (191 Oc). Jose Lopez and Santiago Mirabel pro­ Harrington's unfinished manuscript on "The Taos Indians" (former vided the Taos terms used in this publication. B.A.E. ms. 3073) reflects in part his possession ofa substantial amount of the field notes of Matilda Coxe Stevenson. Correspondence and reports indicate that he probably began arranging her Taos material in PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON 1918 and, by 1922, had typed copies ready for publication. Any Ste­ Linguistic Informants venson material that does not contain original annotations by Harring­ ton has not been microfilmed but is available in N.A.A. TAOS Preparation ofa manuscript which also included Harrington's Jose Lopez 1908, 1909, 1911, 1918, and 1919 notes probably began in early 1927. Joe Lujan (L.) An internal note in the draft typed by Hilda Kurze suggests that prog­ Santiago Mirabel ress was still underway in 1930. The Stevenson contribution is mainly Manuel Mondragon ethnographic while a few pages are the work of her husband, James. Tony Romero Informant Tony Romero is the source for the clan names. R[osendo?] Vargas [informant for Picuris] For historical data, Harrington relied on published sources, TEWA especially early Spanish documents for which he supplied original David Dozier translations and throughout which some Picuris history is interwoven. Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents The bibliographic information for the historical sources is interspersed Florence Merriam Bailey throughout the notes. Vernon Bailey Harrington's working notes follow as closely as possible the F.E.Betts order of the manuscript's table of contents. Included are Mrs. Kurze's Carobeth Tucker Harrington copies of the Spanish histories, some typed and some handwritten. Fred Harvey Excerpts from Blanche C. Grant's Taos Indians (1925) with Edward P. Hunt Harrington's annotations and comments relate to history and customs. Hilda Kurze Notes for a review of another Grant publication undoubtedly were L. Pascual Martinez taken from her manuscript. The title given Grant's book in Harring­ James Stevenson ton's typescript is Taos, An Outpost on Old Trails. In 1934 Grant pub­ Matilda Coxe Stevenson lished When Old Trails Were New, the Story ofTaos. Despite discrepancies Margaret Tschirgi in the title and in chapter numbers, Harrington's notes and Grant's book follow parallel order, they are alike in content, and, in addition, SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Harrington was acknowledged in the foreword. There are miscellaneous notes on dances (former ms. Bancroft, Hubert Howe 2292pt.). A few random ethnographic notes on slips are written in 1889 Works. Vol. 17. San Francisco: The History Company, Pub­ English. lishers.

• IV /61 IV /60 john Peabody Harrington Southwest

Bandelier, Adolph F. Trager, George L. 1939a "'Cottonwood-tree,' a South-western Linguistic Trait." In­ 1910 "Documentary History of the Rio Grande Pueblos of New ternationaljournal ofAmerican Linguistics 9:2-4:117 -118. Mexico." ArchaeologicalInstitute ofAmerica. Papers ofthe School 1939b "The Days of the Week in the Language of Taos Pueblo." ofAmerican Archaeology 13: entire issue. Bolton, Herbert Eugene, Students of Language 15: 1:51-55. 1943 "The Kinship and Status Terms of the Tiwa Languages." 1945 Greater America: Essays in Honor of Herbert Eugene Bolton. Berkeley: University of California Press. American Anthropologist n.s. 45:4:557 - 571. 1946 "An Outline of Taos Grammar" in Linguistic Structures of Curtis, Edward S. Native America. Viking Fund: Publications in Anthropology 1926 The North American Indian. Vol. 16. Seattle: Edward S. Curtis, Publisher. [Typed excerpts by Harrington in N.A.A.] 6:184-22l. Espinosa, Aurelio M. Twitchell, Ralph E. 1914 The Spanish Archives ofNew Mexico, Compiled and Chronologi­ 1907 "Los Comanches." University of New Mexico Bulletin No. 45. cally Arranged . . . by Authority ofthe State ofNew Mexico. VoL Language Series 1: 1. Grant, Blanche C. 2. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Torch Press. 1925 Taos Indians. Taos: Santa Fe New Mexican Publishing Corpo­ Williston, Samuel W. and H. T. Martin 1897_ "Some Pueblo Ruins in Scott County, Kansas." Transactions ration. 1900 ofthe Kentucky State Historical Society (Kansas Historical Collec­ 1934 When Old Trails Were New, the Story of Taos. New York: The tions) 6: 124-130. [Superseded by Kansas Historical Quarterly. ] Press of the Pioneers. Hackett, Charles W. 1911 "The Revolt of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico in 1680." PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association 20:2: Harrington,john P. 93-147. 1910c "An Introductory Paper on the Tiwa Language, Dialect of 1917 "The Causes for the Failure ofOtermin's Attempt to Recon­ Taos, New Mexico." American Anthropologist n.s. 12: 1: quer New Mexico, 1681-82." The Pacific Ocean in History: 11-48. Papers and AddressesPresented at the Panama-Pacific Historical 1916a "Ambiguity in the Taos Personal Pronoun." Anthropological Congress . .. 1915:439-45l. Essays. Holmes Anniversary Volume: 142 -156. Healey, Ettie M. 192ge "Studying the Mission Indians of California and the Taos of 1922 The New Mexican Missions in the Middle Eighteenth Century: New Mexico." Explorations and Field-Work ofthe Smithsonian Translation of Original Documents with Introduction and Foot­ Institution in 1928:169-178. notes. Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of California, Berkeley. CROSS REFERENCES Martin, Horace See also "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for additional Taos 1909 "Further Notes on the Pueblo Ruins of Scott County." Uni­linguistic data. There are related photographs in N .A.A. versity ofKansas Science Bulletin 5:2:9 - 22. Parsons, Elsie Clews TAOS 1936 Taos Pueblo. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company. Reels 038-049 REEL FRAMES Thomas, Alfred B. Field Notes [includes former B.A.E. mss. 2290pt., 1924 Spanish Expeditions into the Colorado Region, 1541-1776. Un­ 038 0001-0819} 2292pt., 2296, and 2309] published Master's Thesis, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. 039 0001-0204

...-.­ .,ce~~·"'dI &

IV /63 IV /62 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

from the earlier period and from his own published works, with empha­ 0205-0643} Grammatical and Semantic Slipfile [includes former 040 0001-0428 B.A.E. mss. 2295pt. and 2318] sis on orthographic revisions. 041 0001-0878 With the exception ofone shortperiod (from February toJuly 042 0001-1073 Grammar [includes former B.A.E. mss. 2293pt., 1946), Harrington was in Washington from early 1942 until April 2307,4680, and 4682pt.] 1949. During this third period he published "Three Tewa Texts" 043 0001-0935 (1947) based on stories from Cata. The texts may have been received 044 0001-0883 from Cata during the middle period, but the notes represent a rehear­ 045 0001-0865 Dictionary ing in the 1940s with David Dozier and an informant identified only as 046 0001-0792 "0." Harrington knew David Dozier's father and in May 1944, he 047 0001-0587 wrote self-introductory letters to the son, a fluent speaker of the Santa 048 0001-0420 Linguistic Notes [includes former B.A.E. mss. Clara dialect, who was then in the Indian Service. Harrington also 2292pt. and 2295pt.] reworked and reorganized much of his grammatical information dur­ 0421-0684 } Ethnographic and Historical Notes [includes former ing these years in Washington. Notes indicate that he may have planned 049 0001-0395 B.A.E. mss. 2292pt. and 3073] to publish a Tewa grammar. 0396-0419 Texts [includes former B.A.E. ms. 2292pt.] The Tewa section includes a vocabulary, a brief dictionary, grammatical and linguistic notes, texts, and drafts and notes for pub­ lished and proposed papers. Ethnographic notes relate mainly to his three ethnoscientific publications: "Ethnozoology of the Tewa In­ dians" (19 14a) with Junius Henderson; "Ethnobotany of the Tewa Tewa Indians" (1916b) with W. W. Robbins and Barbara Freire-Marreco; and "The Ethnogeography ofthe Tewa Indians" (1 916c). A number of Harrington's study ofthe Tewa languages began inJuly 1908 linguistic and ethnographic notes were contributed by Barbara Freire­ under the auspices of the School of American Archaeology (S.A.A.) in Marreco. Some ofher original field notes are placed in the category of Santa Fe, and his interest in the Tewa Indians continued into the late "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for the Southwest. David Do­ 1940s. Accumulation and organization ofnotes fall generally into three zier was both informant and collaborator although manuscripts found time frames. The early period can be dated between 1908 and 1916 among the notes bearing his name apparently did not reach the publica­ when Harrington worked first for the Museum of New Mexico as assis­ tion stage. tant curator, then for Edgar Lee Hewett of the S.A.A., and, from December 1914, as ethnologist for the B.A.E. Six ofhis publications are based on the notes from this period. In October 1910 he spent several FIELD NOTES weeks on a tour ofTewa country securing placenames from large num­ During the early period Harrington kept a wide assortment oflinguistic bers ofinformants. The principal informants for the entire early period and ethnographic field notes in seven books identified as notebooks X, are Ignacio Aguilar and Santiago Naranjo (also called "Jim"). Adolph Y,66, Z,';u, .;UTI, and ri. He later transferred the material to individual F. Bandelier's Final Report . .. (1890-1892) is the most frequently slips and pasted certain groups ofslips onto large sheets. The lettersand used secondary source (also identified in the notes as "Br." and "Afb."). symbols, when found on slips or notes, merely indicate the notebook Dating from a middle period in 1927 is a substantial body of from which material was excerpted. The mounted notes and the slips material recorded during sessions in Washington with Eduardo Cata. deal primarily with grammar and vocabulary and show a multitude of The informant was described by Harrington as an educated San Juan orthographic changes in one word, one phrase, or one sentence. In­ Tewa Indian. Many ofthe notes are actually rehearings ofinformation cluded in the books are notes on grammar, vocabulary, placenames,

L IV /65 IV /64 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

names of persons, relationship terms, and material culture; texts con­ spersed. There is a handwritten copy of the Nambe census of 1911, a cerning Qwiqumat, other myths, and ethnohistory of early Southwest description and rough sketches ofthe Black Mesa ofSan Ildefonso, and tribes, pueblos, clans, and religion; copies of the San Ildefonso census; several references toJemez, Spanish Cochiti, Spanish Hopi, Taos, Zuni, and other miscellaneous ethnographic information. Informants identi­ and Sia. fied are Santiago Naranjo, Joe Horner, Desiderio Naranjo, Alfredo A collection of linguistic and ethnographic terms remains in Montoya, and Ignacio Aguilar. (At various times Harrington identified .slipfile form (former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.). Some are in various Tewa Joe Horner as either a speaker or student of Picuris, as a "Yuma dialects such as Nambe, San Ildefonso, Sanjuan, and Santa Clara. A few Dreamer," or as a "Yuma shaman.") Taos comparisons are included. The largest group is related to animal A small group of slips (former B.A.E. ms. 4678pt.) include parts and animal activities. Ethnographic information includes such material copied from various B.A.E. manuscripts all identified by Har­ topics as snakes, estufas, officers and government, plants, pottery, rington as to "ms." number. Some contain information excerpted from shrines, and societies. A small group is credited to Barbara Freire-Mar­ a 1909 letter from Matilda Coxe Stevenson. Other miscellaneous mate­ reco. Informants were Ignacio Aguilar, Bert Fredericks, and Santiago rial includes a random vocabulary and a few grammatical paradigms, Naranjo. Other informants include Manuel Vigil and Bernardo San­ possibly intended for comparison with Taos. chez. Some information from David Dozier was interfiled ata later date.

VOCABULARY DICTIONARY In this section is a group of slips identified as Rio Grande vocabulary The dictionary (former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.) is brief. It was arranged by with some Santa Clara terms specified as such. Other handwritten slips Cata in June 1927 from his field notes taken during the early period. are mounted one to a page and are ofalmost the same linguistic content. Part is in alphabetic order, part is devoted to adjectives with Julian One group of large sheets and slips covering a wide variety of terms Martinez as informant, and part covers adverbs with Santiago Naranjo follows Harrington's numerical order, with many slips bearing dupli­ as informant. cate identifying numbers. Harrington marked animal and plant vocab­ A second group is also arranged in alphabetic order but no ularies "A" and "P" respectively (former B.A.E. ms. 4678pt.) with particular informant is mentioned. Some related nonlexical and biblio­ some linguistic insertions. The information was collected during the graphical material is interspersed. early period. Harrington copied a small file of Spanish loanwords in Tewa RECORDS OF REHEARINGS from Eduardo Cata's material. Cata had apparently taken the terms Harrington reheard a small selection ofnumbered miscellaneous terms from a Lansing Bloom list which has not been identified. A few terms are annotated. primarily with Santiago Naranjo and probably in 1911. The most extensive rehearings took place in Washington with Eduardo Cata between February 19 and March 22, 1927. They are an LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES elaboration of Harrington's typed notes from the earlier period. Har­ ARRANGED SEMANTICALLY rington and Cata developed a linguistic treatment of notes based on an From many informants, Harrington recorded a few pages each ofover unpublished dissertation on New Mexico Spanish by Aurelio H. Espin­ twenty topics such as dances, estufas (kivas), pottery, societies, religion, osa. Together they reworked geographic terms from Harrington's superstitions, Tewa trails, and Tewa origins (former B.A.E. ms. "The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians." The terms had been cut 4704pt.). Barbara Freire-Marreco collaborated in the accumulation of out ofthe published volume and mountedone toa page. Other miscella­ some of the material, most of which came from the many informants neous rehearings with Cata were more grammatically oriented. who contributed to the early notes. Some linguistic material is inter- Substantial material on San Juan/Hano comparisons, which IV /66 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /67

was reheard with David Dozier and "0," includes placenames, tribe­ Notes probably recorded in 1910 for "Ethnogeography" and names, names ofpersons, and grammatical terms. Although the rehear­ "Ethnobotany" are intermixed and largely disorganized, although sub­ ings probably took place about 1948- 1949, some ofthe notes may have stantial in number (former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.). Additional informa­ been accumulated during a February 1946 visit to Albuquerque, where tion and some relevant correspondence for "Ethnogeography" is in­ Harrington interviewed Mr. Shupla, a Hano speaker. This meeting may cluded (former B.A.E. mss. 3801 and 4704pt.), as well as some notes have resulted also in his proposed article "Hano . . . Same Word as Tano." Harrington excerpted in 1946 from this publication. Harrington worked on the "Ethno-" publications under the joint auspices of the B.A.E. and the School ofAmerican Archaeology. There is a hand-writ­ TEXTS ten draft of the age-sex terms used in his "Tewa Relationship Terms" (1912). Further material apparently intended for publication covers Three myths given byJuan Gonzales on September 1,2, and 3, 1908 at such categories as sense verbs, colors, and adjectives. the camp near the Stone Lions are rendered in Tewa and English with Contained in this section are a handwritten draft and the some linguistic notes. Also in both languages is an Ignacio Aguilar story galleys for "Meanings of Old Tewa Indian Placenames Around Santa recorded on September 23, 1909. Some stories probably obtained be­ Fe," published in 1919, and a draft with notes for "Old Indian Geo­ tween 1908 and 1909 are in English only. Not all are complete and the graphical Names Around Santa Fe" (1920). Drafts and notes for continuity ofsome is broken due to repetitive material and interspersed "Three Tewa Texts" include insertions ofadditional information pro­ corrections. There are two short Nambe myths. Eduardo Cata supplied vided by David Dozier and "0." thirteen texts in addition to the three published in 1947. These are in There are five sets of drafts for proposed articles. "Ablaut in Tewa, most with either interlinear or parallel English translations. Har­ the Tewa Language of New Mexico" (1912) is an elaboration of the rington used pencils of different colors to insert orthographic correc­ phonetic material used in "A BriefDescription ofthe Tewa Language." tions and later annotations. Whether the texts were obtained in 1927 "Some Aspects ofTewa Indian Placenames" was written in 1920. Un­ II when Cata was in Washington or during the 1940s is uncertain. II dated are "Hano, Indian Pueblo ofArizona, the Same Word as Tano" (former B.A.E. ms. 4521pt.), "Santa Fe at Northern Edge of Tano :111 II: WRITINGS Country," and "The Tewa Pueblos." II,1 Eduardo Cata submitted or sold an essay to the B.A.E. i,1 , Thereare substantial notes accumulated for" A BriefDescription ofthe I (former ms. 4704pt.). It is titled "Phonetics of the Tewa Language" I,II Tewa Language" (1910) (former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.). Harrington's l and dated January 5, 1927. The title page, bill of sale, and notes in I notes contain more extensive phonetic and morphological information Harrington's handwriting, and some possibly in Cata's are on file. In­ than the final publication. Ignacio AguilarandJulian Martinez were the I111 formants Mr. and Mrs. "0" also contributed information. main informants. Some citations proved to be incorrect and others are Harrington and David Dozier co-authored two unpublished too cryptic to be properly identified. There is additional phonetic mate­ articles on Tewa tones- "Tewa Tones" and "The 3 Tone Accents and rial as a result of fieldwork in orthography between November 1911 the 1 Non-tone Accent ofTewa." There is overlapping material in each and June 1912, and brief notes on pronouns which may have been paper. Library requests and correspondence suggest that they orga­ arranged between October 1912 and February 1913, when Harrington nized this material in 1948. Each draft is followed by related notes. was working with Barbara Freire-Marreco. "Tewa Tones" includes Dozier's list of Tewa speakers. Two other There are scant notes for "The Indian Game of Canute," proposed papers deal further with tones, one an argument for the published in 1912, and two sets ofnotes for the phonetic key which was existence of Kiowa tones in the Tewa language. il used in general for each ofthe three publications in the "Ethno-" series (former B.A.E. ms. 3451). At this same time, Harrington apparently was engaged in a further reorganization of his Tewa notes into a grammar for possible

_------.....-. A ~ IV /69 IV /68 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

publication. An outline reveals, however, that not all contemplated Santiago Naranjo (Jim) (Santa Clara) sections were developed. The notes are most complete for phonetics Mr. and Mrs. O. and nouns. With informant "0" he recorded grammatical information Agapito Pena (San Ildefonso) from''ThreeTewa Texts" (1947)andalso rechecked material from" A Lorenzo Portrillo (Santa Clara) Brief Description of the Tewa Language." Diego Roybal (San Ildefonso) Bernardo Sanchez Tsire Senko (Nambe) MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Manuel Vigil (Nambe) These notes are mainly from the early period. Some ofthe information Virgil (Tesuque) came from Ignacio Aguilar. There is a small selection ofJemez, Ute, HOPI (ORAIBI) and Taos equivalences. Also included are a diagram of Tewa color Bert Fredericks symbolism (former B.A.E. ms. 1790), a reproduction of a San Juan PICURIS Joe Horner (also identified as "Yuma Dreamer" and "Yuma Pueblo religious painting, and a very short bibliography. Shaman") TAOS PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Mrs. A. G. Divine Linguistic Informants Nonlinguistic Informants John Dixon (Juan de Jesus Pancho) TEWA Ignacio Aguilar Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Andres Judge A.J. Abbott Boneficio (Tesuque) Eduardo Cata Juan Cana Kenneth M. Chapman Eduardo Cata (Sanjuan) Dr. Y. R. Chao Mrs. Crowe Jacqueline Danner C. Dieguito Frances Densmore David Dozier Nathan Dowell Juan Gonzales David Dozier Crescencio Martin (Cr.) Adele Fields Julian Martinez Barbara Freire-Marreco Pascual Martinez Pliny Earle Goddard Alfredo Montoya (San Ildefonso) Junius Henderson Mario Montoya Edgar Lee Hewett Rafael Montoya Mr. Jean<:on Tomas Montoya (Sanjuan) Mr. J. C. Nusbaum Vivian Montoya Wilfred W. Robbins Desiderio Naranjo Mr. H. J. Spinden Jose Manuel Naranjo (may have been informant of Barbara Matilda Coxe Stevenson Freire-Marreco) Mrs. Swasco

~ IV /71 IV /70 John Peabody Harrington Southwest 1908:29-636. Also published in Papers ofthe School ofAmeri­ SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON can Archaeology 40. Bandelier, Adolph F. 1919a "Meanings of Old Tewa Indian Placenames Around Santa 1890 - Final Report ofInvestigations among the Indians ofthe Southwest­ Fe." El Palacio 7:4:78-83. 1892 ern United States . .. 1880-1885.2 vols. Cambridge, Massa­ 1919b "Studies of the Kiowa, Tewa, and California Indians." Smith­ chusetts: J. Wilson and Son. sonian Miscellaneous Collections, Explorations and Fieldwork in 1916 The Delight Makers. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. 191870:2:118-120. Espinosa, Aurelio M. 1920b "Old Indian Geographical Names Around Santa Fe, New 1909 Studies in New Mexico Spanish, A Dissertation. Unpublished Dis­ Mexico." American Anthropologist n.s. 20:4:341- 359. sertation, University of Chicago. 1947d "Three Tewa Texts." InternationalJournal of American Lin­ Hodge, Frederick W., ed. guistics 13:2:112 -116. 1910 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Part II." 1949c "Olivella River." El Palacio 56:7:220 - 222. Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. Harrington,John Peabody and Junius Henderson Powell, John Wesley 1914a "Ethnozoology ofthe Tewa Indians." Bureau ofAmerican Eth­ 1891 "Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico." nology Bulletin 56: entire issue. Also published in Papers ofthe Seventh Annual Report ofthe Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology for School ofAmerican Archaeology 30. 1885-1886:1-142. Robbins, W. W., John Peabody Harrington, and Barbara Freire-Marreco Stevenson, Mathilda Coxe 1916b "Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians." Bureau ofAmerian Eth­ 1894 "The Sia." Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican nology Bulletin 55: entire issue. Also published in Papers ofthe Ethnologyfor 1889-1890:3-157. School ofAmerican Archaeology 41. 1904 "The Zuni Indians." Twenty-third Annual Report ofthe Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology:3- 634. Westermann, Diedrich CROSS REFERENCES 1912 The Shilluk People, Their Language and Folklore. Philadelphia: See also "General and Miscellaneous Materials" for additional Tewa The Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian linguistic data. There are related photographs in N.A.A. and sound Church of North America. recordings on wax cylinders at the Library of Congress.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON TEWA Harrington,John P. Reels 050-057 1910a "A Brief Description of the Tewa Language." American An­REEL FRAMES thropologist n.s. 12:4:487- 504. Also published-in Papers ofthe 050 0001-0467 } Field Notes [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4678pt.] School ofAmerican Archaeology 17. 051 0001-0453 1912c "The Tewa Indian Game of 'Canute'." American Anthropolo­052 0001-0599} Vocabulary [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4678pt.] gist n.s. 14:2:243 - 286. 053 0001-0275 Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes Arranged Seman­ 1912d "Tewa Relationship Terms." American Anthropologist n.s. 0276-0640} tically [includes former B.A.E. ms. 4704pt.] 14:3:472- 498. Also published in Papers ofthe School ofAmeri­054 0001-0249 Dictionary [includes former B.A.E. ms.4704pt.] can Archaeology 27. 0250-0532 1916c "The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians." Twenty-ninth 055 0001-0587 } Records ofRehearings Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for 1907­056 0001-0148 IV IV /72 John Peabody Harrington Southwest /73

0149-0555 Texts Colton and Mr. Gladwin provided most ofthe information. These notes 0556-0968} Writings [includes former B.A.E. mss. 3451, 3801, were formerly part of B.A.E. ms. 2291. Notes with a historical content include a personal narrative, 057 0001-0880 4521pt., and 4704pt.] 0881-0997 Miscellaneous Notes [includes former B.A.E. ms. the account ofan Indian scout (Yavapai) working for the U.S. Cavalry. 1790] The source and date are not given.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES There are fewer than ten pages of highly miscellaneous notes on the General and Miscellaneous Materials Southwest. These include notes on photographs, bibliography, and a large chart of pronouns. No language or date are indicated for the last item. Certain notes in this series encompass the Southwest as an entity; others constitute small files of miscellany which do not relate directly to the preceding sets of field notes. Few precise dates are as­ WRITINGS signed to this section of material as it is based on information accumu­ Harrington wrote two articles on various languages of the Southwest lated over an indefinite period of time. which were published in The Pueblo Indian World (1945j, 1945k). Pre­ liminary drafts and notes for "The Southwest Indian Languages" and ARCHEOLOGICAL FIELD NOTES RELATING TO "The Sounds and Structure of the Aztecan Languages" form part of ELDEN PUEBLO this section. Most ofthe information was evidently extractedfrom notes on hand at the time. Harrington mentionedJamesJohnson and Edward In 1926 Harrington was called to assistJ. W. Fewkes at the excavation of Hunt, both ofwhom spoke Acoma-Laguna and worked with him inJuly ruins at Elden Pueblo near Flagstaff, Arizona. This series comprises the and August of 1944. Tom Polacca's son gave Hopi data. journal entries which Harrington made on an almost daily basis be­ There are also a partial draft, notes, and bibliography for an tween May 27 and August 27,1926. There are two sets ofnotes-the article titled "Indians ofthe Southwest" (1942b). Sources for this work original handwritten ones and a typed copy which was submitted to include Harrington's Ethnogeography ofthe Tewa Indians (1916c); Ruth Fewkes on November 10,1926 (former B.A.E. ms. 6010). Thejournal Bunzel's "Zuni" (1935); and the Hopi Journal of Alexander Stephen, contains brief notes, sketches ofpits and artifacts, references to photo­ edited by Elsie Clews Parsons (1936). graphs, and names of associates; there are no significant linguistic or Material relating to unpublished writings includes notes for a ethnographic data. review of Mary Roberts Coolidge's The Rain-Makers (1929). An un­ dated draft and notes on "The Southern Athapascan" are also in­ LINGUISTIC NOTES cluded. Linguistic notes relating to the Southwest consist ofa comparative list of Taos, Picuris, Isleta, Tewa (San Juan), and Tanoan numerals. The FIELD NOTES OF OTHERS vocabulary is based mainly on Harry S. Budd's B.A.E. ms. 1028. A group of original field notes from Harrington's collaborators were left in his possession; in particular, a group of handwritten slips taken ETHNOGRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL NOTES between December 10, 1912, and April 6, 1913, were found in an While at Elden Pueblo in August 1926, Harrington interviewed several envelope addressed to Harrington. Barbara Freire-Marreco evidently of his associates on the subject of pueblo basket-making. Dr. and Mrs. sent them from Polacca, Arizona, to Harrington in Santa Fe, New IV /74 john Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /75 Mexico. The content is mainly grammatical, with vocabulary items and Annual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology for 1907­ ethnographic material interspersed. The language has not been identi­ fied. 1908:29 - 636. Hodge, Frederick W., ed. A second set of notes consists of cards and a typed list, evi­ 1910 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau dently compiled by Junius Henderson. The data include animal terms ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. in Hopi (Moki), Pima, and Walapai. Parsons, Elsie Clews 1936 "HopiJournal ofAlexander M. Stephen." Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology 23. [Photostat in N.A.A.] PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Linguistic Informants PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON ACOMA AND LAGUNA Edward Hunt 1910b "Butterfly in Southwestern Languages." AmericanAnthropolo­ gist n.S. 12:2:344- 345. James Johnson 1910e "On Phonetic and Lexie Resemblances Between Kiowan and HOPI Tanoan." American Anthropologist n.s. 12:1: 119 -122. Tom Polacca's son 1911b "The Numerals 'Two' and 'Three' in Certain Indian Lan­ Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents guages of the Southwest." American Anthropologist n.s. Dr. and Mrs. Colton 13: 1:166- 167. Bertha P. Dutton 1916d "House-builders of the Desert." Art and Archeology 4:6: 299 ­ Barbara Freire-Marreco 306. Mr. Gladwin 1929d "Linguistic Expert Lectures at Chaco." El Palacio 26: 19­ Junius Henderson 25:315. [Article about Harrington's lectures.] Names of persons with whom Harrington worked on the 1942b "The Indians ofthe Southwest." Leaflets ofthe School ofAmeri­ Elden Pueblo excavation are listed in his daily journal. can Research, Museum ofNew Mexico Santa Fe. 1944b "Indian Words in Southwest Spanish, Exclusive of Proper Nouns." Plateau 17:2:27 -40. SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON 1945j "The Southwest Indian Languages." The Pueblo Indian Budd, Harry S. World. Appendix 1. Albuquerque: The University of New 1885- Taos Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 1028. Mexico and the School of American Research. 1886ms National Anthropological Archives. 1945k "The Sounds and Structure of the Aztecan Languages." The Bunzel, Ruth Leah Pueblo Indian World. Appendix 2. Albuquerque: The Univer­ 1938 "Zuni." Handbook of American Indian Languages. Part J. sity of New Mexico and the School of American Research. Gliickstadt; New York: J. J. Augustin, Inc., Publisher. 1949d "Rito, a Short-Cut for Saying Riito." El Palacio 56:8:252­ Coolidge, Mary Roberts 253. 1929 The Rain-Makers. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. CROSS REFERENCES Harrington,john P. See also "Isleta," "Picuris," "Taos," and "Tewa" for additional lin­ 1916c "The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians." Twenty-ninth guistic information on these languages. IV /76 John Peabody Harrington

GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Reel 058 REEL FRAMES 058 0001-0220 Archeological Field Notes Relating to Elden Pueblo [in­ cludes former B.A.E. ms. 6010] 0221-0229 Linguistic Notes 0230-0270 Ethnographic and Historical Notes [includes former B.A.E. ms. 2291] 0271-0284 Miscellaneous Notes 0285-0381 Writings 0382-0409 Field Notes ofOthers Appendix

ABBREVIATIONS AND SPECIAL USES OF TERMS

A. unidentified associate (as in "proofread by A.") Ae. Acoma ace. according (as in "ace. to . . . ") or accusative accts. accounts Sp. adivina guesses (as opposed to "kw." - knows) adj. / adjvl. adjective / adjectival adv. adverb Aeh. Arthur E. Harrington (nephew, worked as field as­ sistant, chauffeur, and copyist) Afb. Adolph F. Bandelier See Also: Br. ag (tv). agentive Alk. or A.L.K. Alfred L. Kroeber See Also: K(r). Am. "American" (English as opposed to an Indian lan­ guage) or modern, nonnative (as in "Am. dress") an. animate (as in "an. or inan.") an(s). animal(s) I IV /77 l-----. IV /79 IV/78 John Peabody Harrington Southwest ans. answer (frequently used with kinship terms) d. dual (as in "d. you") app(l). apparently D(aw). Dawson (book on birds) art. article decl. declension asp. / aspd. aspiration / aspirated def. definite Ath. Athapascan demo demonstrative aug. augmentative dervl. derivational Az. Aztec diam. diameter dict. dictionary dif. different B. Bay (when given by name) dim. diminutive or diminutivism B.A.E. Bureau of American Ethnology dipth(s) diphthong(s) bee. because dirctv. directive betw. between Dix. Roland B. Dixon bot. botanical or bought do. ditto bpI. biplural Dom. Santo Domingo Br. Adolph F. Bandelier dpl. dual plural (as in "dpl. you" or reduplication) See Also: Afb. dq(s). direct question(s) (as in "At least dqs. can elicit noth­ Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin Bull. ing further.'') dr. downriver C. Elliott Coues or Edward S. Curtis dsl. downslope ca. about dstr. downstream ca. / ca. ca. cited above / cited above more than once dupe duplicate cald. called e.e. carefully caught e. east cd. could Eng. English cf. compare (L. confer) entv. entitative ch. clearly heard (as in "ch. forever" and "chpu."­ equiv(ce). equivalence clearly heard, perfectly understood) equv. equative ck. creek esp. especially clickt clicked eth. d. ethnobotanical dictionary colI. pI. collective plural eth. dict. Franciscans An Ethnological Dictionary cone. conceSSIve etym. etymology conj. conjunction eVe evidently cons. consonant Ev. Evelyn Danner (assistant) cpo / cps. / cpd. compare / compares / compared See Also: ~ and 1\ cs. California Spanish See also: Sp(an)/Sp. Cal. exe. excerpted from cttail cattail extnl. extensional cwd. coastward cyl. wax cylinder sound recording fame family IV /80 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /81

fingersn. fingersnapping hwriting handwriting fingerthr. fingerthrowing hw(y). highway fingerwr. fingerwrestling fn. footnote I. / I. del S. Isleta / Isleta del Sur Fr. French id(s). island(s) Fr. B. Father Berard Haile ie. / ied. copy / copied (as in "ie. ofGatschet Chumeto VOc.") freq. frequentative See Also: n ied. Frw. Lag. Freshwater Lagoon Imm. immediately or immediative fut. future imp(era). imperative (as in "imp. of verb") impersl. impersonal g. galley proof or going (as in "g. to") impt. important Gat. A. S. Gatschet inane inanimate (as in "in. or inan.'') gen. gender or general inch. inchoative geo. geographical indo indicative Ger. German Ind(s). Indian(s) gest. gesture (as in "gest. of wiping") indirv. indirective gew. [Ger. gewissen, known] infn. information (sometimes mistakenly used for "inft.") See Also: ungew. inft(s). informant(s) gl. / gld. glottal stop / glottalized instrl. instrumental graysq. graysquirrel int(erj). interjection grayh. grayhound int(erp). interpreter grf. grandfather (as in "mat. grf." or "pat. grf."­ interrvl. interrogatival maternal, paternal grandfather) inter. interview grm. grandmother (as in "mat. grm." or "pat. grm."­ intr. intransitive maternal, paternal grandmother) Ital. Italian grpl. groupal

hbk. or Hbk. handbook (particularly refers to F. W. Hodge's Jem. Jemez John Peabody Harrington (referring to himself) Handbook ofAmerican Indians North ofMexico or Jph. A. L. Kroeber's Handbook of the Indians of Cali­ jrabbit jackrabbit fornia) hd. heard K. Kiowa hdkf. handkerchief Ke. knows equivalence Hen. H. W. Henshaw Ker. Keresan hmgbird hummingbird K(r). Alfred L. Kroeber hort. hortatory See Also: Alk. or A. L. K. Hrd. Ales Hrdlicka k(w). knows (as in "Ja. kw. Fiddler John" and "kw. hspg. hotspring equiv." -knows equivalence); may also mean husb. husband knows word

~------_. IV /83 IV /82 John Peabody Harrington Southwest

doesnotknow(L.n~ci~ lag. lagoon nesc. Lag. Laguna See Also: n. or N. L. B. / L. B. P. "Little Bear Primer" (Navaho) n ied. not copied See Also: AB, ABn See Also: ie. / ied. ldns. "landnames" (geographical terms) non-possl. non-possessional do not know (L. nesciunt) (as in "Infts. nt."­ lit. literally nt. or Nt. informants do not know) 19. language (as in "Old Hyampom 19.") loc. locally called (as in "hopper mortar loc. pounding See Also: n. or N. basket") or locative num. numeral locnl. locational numd. numeroid lw(s). loanword(s) "okays" (as in "Inft. knows this word and o's it.") o's older (as in "0. bro." -older brother) m. mile(s) or month or mouth of river o. observation(s) made (as in "Obs. on bus River's End m.a. mentioned after (as in [placename] m.a. [name] and obs. to Marshfield") before [name]'') manz. Sp. manzanita (botanical species) obsc. obscene mat. maternal (as in "mat. grf." - maternal grandfather) opp. opposite mat. cult. material culture orlg. originally med. medicine ord. ordinal Mex(s). Mexican(s) oxy. oxytone mg. / mgless meaning / meaningless paces (as in "23 p." on map) or page mistrs. / mistrd. mistranslates / mistranslated p. Mjh. Marta J. Herrera (granddaughter of Mutsun infor­ P. Piro mant, Ascension Solorsano, hired as copyist) pan. panorama paragraph or paraphernalia modI. modal para. Parmenter (book on birds) momy. momentarily (as in "momy. forgets") Parm. motI. motional parts. particles ms. / msws. man speaking / man speaking, woman speaking passv. passive paternal (as in "pat. grm." - paternal grand­ (usually follows kinship terms) pat. mother) multv. multiplicative pc. personlc n.orN. does not know (L. nescit) (as in "Inft. n."­ pd. proofread paradigmatical informant does not know) pdl. See Also: nesc. and nt. or Nt. penin. peninsula Sp. pespibata (tobacco) n. north or noun pesp. phenomena (natural events) Nat. Museum United States National Museum phen. recorded on phonographic cylinders See Also: U .S.N.M. phoned Nav. Navaho Pic. Picuris neg. negative pI. plural IV /84 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /85 plcn(s) placename(s) rsn. rattlesnake pIns. plantnames postnl. positional s. singular (as in "s. you") or south poss. possessive (as in "poss. pronoun") Sap. Edward Sapir post. / postpsn. postposition / postpositional Sch. surely clearly heard ppp. perfect passive participle sep. separate pres. present Shoo Shoshonean prim. primer S.1. Smithsonian Institution priv. privative slipt "slipped," made file slips of data prtv. prioritive Sp(an) / Sp. Cal. Spanish / California Spanish prob. probably See Also: cs. proncn. / pronunciation / pronounces / pronounced sp. / spp. species / species (plural) proncs. / spg. spring (source of water or season) proncd. spn(s) specimen(s) pron. / pronl. pronoun / pronominal stip. stipulative pt(s). part(s) stns. statenames pte. participle subord. subordination pu. or Pu. perfectly understood (as in "chpu."-clearly subv. subjective heard, perfectly understood) swh. sweathouse pub. pts. "pubic parts" (genitals) syI. / syld. syllable / syllabified (as in "naha', syld. nah-ha' ") syn. synonomous quest. questionnaire Ta. Taos R. River temp. temporal ra. rancheria tho. though recd. received tob. tobacco recip. reciprocal touched up proofread, diacritical marks added refl. reflexive tpI. triplural (more than two) r(eg). region tr. translation (especially marks words which are not reh. rehearing cognates or true native terms but are approxima­ See Also: rhd. / r(h)g. tions) reI. / relvL relative / relatival trbn(s). tribename(s) rem. remotive trib. tributary rem. / rems. / remember / remembers / remembered trn. / trng. / translation / translating / translates remd. trs. res. or Res. reservation rhd. / r(h)g. reheard / rehearing upe. upcreek See Also: reh. ups. upstream rhet. rhetorical (as in "rhet. length'') ult. ultimate (as in "ult. syI." - ultimate syllable) IV /86 John Peabody Harrington Southwest IV /87 ungew. not known (from Ger. ungewissen) SPECIAL See Also: gew. ungld. unglottalized --d gone over with informant(s) named (as in "Ascd. and unlv. university Izd." - reheard with Ascenci6n Sol6rsano and U.S.N.M. United States National Museum Isabelle Meadows) See Also: Nat. Mus. J6 cross-reference symbol + secondary cross-reference symbol or contrasting v. I vI. verb I verbal form v. I vs. I vd. volunteer I volunteers I volunteered o ungrammatical, form not accurate or authentic (as val. valley in "But 0 p'un K'ehtfahat, one died. Have to say Van. Richard F. Van Valkenburgh (at Los Angeles Mu­ p'un K'ehta.") seum) o similar form viI. village * guess, form not verified (as in "Iz. Oct. 1934 adivina voc. vocabulary * ri . sim.") Voeg. C. F. Voegelin (See adivina above.) vow. vowel # or b sharp or fiat intonation contours vv. vIce versa d unidentified associate, possibly Evelyn Danner (as in "mounted by d") w. west See Also: Ev. W. Benjamin L. Whorf dn "Spotted Dog Primer" (Navaho primer) wd. would AB, ABn "Little Bear Primer" (Navaho primer) whm. whiteman or English (as opposed to any Indian lan­ See Also: L. B. I L.B.P. guage) npu.;f;l unidentified Navaho primer, possibly "Little Man's Wn. Washington, D.C. Family" wpkr. woodpecker 1\ "Doda primer"? (Navaho primer) Danner? Dodge? ws. woman speaking (usually follows kinship terms) See Also: ms. I msws.

y. yellow (as in "y. pine") y. younger (as in "y. bro." -younger brother) Y. IY. and M. Robert W. Young I Young and William Morgan yer second person plural yest. yesterday YJ· yellowjacket ym. young man

Z. Zuni The Papers ofJohn Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution) 1907-1957

A collection of more than 750,000 pages of documents representing a half century of research in Native American history, anthropology and language.

The complete microform program consists of the following parts:

Alaska / Northwest Coast Northern and Central California Southern California / Basin Southwest Plains Northeast / Southeast Mexico / Central America / South America Notes and Writings on Special Linguistic Studies Correspondence and Financial Records Photographs

DETAILED INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE FROM: Kraus International Publications One Water Street White Plains, NY 10601