An annual publication of the University of San Francisco Center for the Pacific Rim Volume V · Number 1 December · 2004 Copyright 2004 Special Issue: CHURCH, STATE, AND COMMUNITY IN EAST ASIA Editors Joaquin Gonzalez Introduction John Nelson >>.......................................................Joseph Tse-Hei Lee 1 Editorial Consultants Buddhism and State-Building in Song China and Goryeo Korea Barbara K. Bundy >>...........................................................Sem Vermeersch 4 Hartmut Fischer Patrick L. Hatcher Richard J. Kozicki A Battle for Minds: Regulating Buddhism in Sixteenth-Century Japan Stephen Uhalley, Jr. Xiaoxin Wu >>...........................................................Ronald K. Frank 12 Editorial Board The Anti-Christian Campaign and Imperial Control in Eighteenth-Century China Yoko Arisaka Bih-hsya Hsieh >>.....................................................................Ma, Zhao 18 Uldis Kruze Man-lui Lau Mark Mir The Role of German Missionaries in Post-Boxer North China Noriko Nagata Stephen Roddy >>................................................................Lydia Gerber 21 Kyoko Suda Bruce Wydick Mission Education as a Community Effort in Early Twentieth-Century North China >>.............................................................John R. Stanley 27 Bible versus Guns: Horace G. Underwood’s Evangelization of Korea >>.....................................................James Jin-Hong Kim 33 Church-State Relations in Post-1997 Hong Kong >>..............................................................Chan, Sze-Chi 38 Religion and Secular Society: A Comparison of Eastern and Western Perspectives >>...................................................Thomas D. O’Sullivan 45 Asia Pacific: Perspectives Center for the Pacific Rim Asia Pacific: Perspectives is a peer-reviewed journal published at least once a year, usually in April/May. It 2130 Fulton St, LM202 welcomes submissions from all fields of the social sciences and the humanities with relevance to the Asia Pacific San Francisco, CA region.* In keeping with the Jesuit traditions of the University of San Francisco, Asia Pacific: Perspectives 94117-1080 commits itself to the highest standards of learning and scholarship. Tel: (415) 422-6357 Our task is to inform public opinion by a broad hospitality to divergent views and ideas that promote cross- Fax: (415) 422-5933 cultural understanding, tolerance, and the dissemination of knowledge unreservedly. Papers adopting a [email protected] comparative, interdisciplinary approach will be especially welcome. Graduate students are strongly encouraged to submit their work for consideration. * ‘Asia Pacific region’ as used here includes East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Oceania, and the Russian Far East. Downloaded from http://www.pacificrim.usfca.edu/research/perspectives USF Center for the Pacific Rim Asia Pacific: Perspectives · December 2004 I. An Overview of the Life of Horace G. Underwood Bible versus Guns: Horace Grant Underwood was born in London in 1859 the fourth son of six children to John and Elizabeth Grant Horace G. Underwood’s Maire Underwood. In 1869 he entered a Roman Catholic boys’ school at Boulogne-Sur-Mer in France but left three Evangelization of Korea years later, at the age of thirteen, when his family migrated to by James Jin-Hong Kim, Ph.D. the United States. After graduating from New York Univer- sity (NYU) in 1881, he entered New Brunswick Theological Seminary, while continuing study for an M.A. degree in Abstract Education at NYU. Upon graduation from both institutions in This article has presented a critical overview of Horace G. Underwood's 1884, he was appointed by the American Presbyterian missionary career. In particular, it focuses on Underwood's approach to Mission Board as its first missionary to Korea and ordained as evangelisation and church-state relations in late nineteenth-century a minister. Korea. While Korea was facing the Japanese imperialistic intrusion, Underwood hoped to use Protestant Christianity to reform and modern- He arrived in Korea on Easter Day, April 5, 1885, and ize Korea, to make the church more important to the Korean state, and to worked briefly with Dr. Horace N. Allen (1858–1932). In 1886, support Korea against the Japanese aggression. His contributions made Underwood opened an orphanage, which later became the him a legendary figure in the modern history of Korea. His innovative Kyongsin High School. He also baptized his first convert and mission strategy based on a long-term vision helped transform Korea into began translating The Gospel of Mark into Korean with the help a success story of evangelisation in the global history of Protestant missionary movements. of his close friend and fellow missionary Henry G. Appenzeller (1858–1902). In 1887, he founded the Bible Committee and the first Korean Presbyterian Church in Seoul There has been growing interest in Horace G. with 14 members. Between the fall of 1887 and the spring of Underwood’s (1859–1916) evangelization of Korea in recent 1889, he traveled four times to the northern regions of Korea. years; the publication of his collected letters in 2002, for one, During the last trip, he honeymooned with his wife, Lillias has enabled scholars to evaluate his role in the Christian Horton Underwood, and baptized 33 Korean converts across evangelization of Korea (Choi, 1992; Kim, 2002). Horace G. the Yalu River. In 1890, he published an English-Korean and a Underwood represented the maturation of a Protestant Korean-English dictionary, and a book on Korean grammar. missionary movement that had begun in earnest with William Fascinated by John L. Nevius’ approach to church implanta- Carey’s pioneering work in India (1761–1834) in the late tion, he invited Nevius to a mission conference in Seoul in eighteenth century. By the time Underwood arrived in Korea mid-1890 and sought to apply Nevius’ mission methods to in 1885, therefore, the Protestant missionary enterprise had Korea. Indeed, his work in these years showed how visionary been active in proselytizing among local communities in Asia a missionary he was, and displayed the fact that Underwood and Africa for nearly a century. Underwood could look to was primarily concerned with the long-term development of missionaries such as Carey, Adoniram Judson (1788–1850), the Korean church. Robert Morrison (1782–1834) and Hudson Taylor (1832–1894) After a two-year furlough in the United States, during as models, even as he developed a long-term vision for the which he recruited four volunteers for the opening of the evangelization of Korea and laid the foundation for Southern Presbyterian Mission in Korea as well as a medical Christianity’s inculturation in Asia. Certainly, the majority of missionary, Underwood returned to Korea in February 1893 Protestant missionaries in Asia and Africa during the heyday and finished compiling the first Korean hymnal a few months of the Christian missionary movement from the 1860s to the later. In April 1897, he began publishing The Christian News, a 1920s relied on the political and military resources of Western newsletter which was circulated among the missionaries in powers. In contrast, Underwood not only relied on local Korea. At the turn of the twentieth century, he helped create Christians to spread the gospel message and trained large several major Christian institutions including the Korean numbers of Korean church leaders; he also laid the ground- YMCA, the Severance Hospital and the Korean Presbyterian work for a Christian Korea through the nurturing of its future Association, of which he was the first President. He also leaders. Indeed, Underwood’s approach was an alternative to played an active role in establishing Yonsei University; due to the mission strategy that Joseph Tse-Hei Lee has termed that illness, however, he returned to the United States subse- of “the Bible and the gun” (Lee, 2003). quently and died in Atlantic City, New Jersey on October 12, Clearly, then, Underwood’s legacy is of great importance 1916 (H. G. Underwood, 1908a; L. H. Underwood, 1983). for scholars interested in the spread of Christianity in Korea as well as the history of cultural interactions between Korea II. Horace G. Underwood in the Protestant and the United States. This article will discuss Underwood’s Global Mission missionary career in the wider context of a global Christian The subject of church-state relations is an integral part of movement by examining his approach to church-state the history of Christianity. One way of understanding this relations in Korea under foreign—especially Japanese— issue is to look at a particular context in which interactions imperialistic intrusion. between church, state, and community took place. Although http://www.pacificrim.usfca.edu/research/perspectives Bible versus Guns in Korea / Kim · 33 USF Center for the Pacific Rim Asia Pacific: Perspectives · December 2004 there had been a few isolated missionaries such as John Eliot sun”), a word referring to a sacred being in Japanese Bud- in 1631 evangelizing the American Indians, the Protestant dhism, to describe the Christian God.2 global mission had its roots in the pietistic evangelism and Succeeding Xavier in China as the chief architect of the ideal of the “Benevolent Empire” that existed in Euro- Jesuit mission strategy, Matteo Ricci entered the Ming Empire American churches of the eighteenth and nineteenth-century. in 1583 and spent the rest of his life acquiring a good knowl- Given this orientation,