DOCSLIB.ORG

1 in Presenting This Dissertation As a Partial Fulfillment of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 in Presenting This Dissertation As a Partial Fulfillment of The In presenting this dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I agree that the Library of the University shall make it available for inspection and circulation in accordance with its regulations governing materials of this type. I agree that permission to copy from, or to publish, this dissertation may be granted by the professor under whose direction it was written when such copying or publication is solely for scholarly purposes and does not involve potential financial gain. In the absence of the professor, the dean of the Graduate School may grant permission. It is understood that any copying from, or publication of, this thesis/dissertation which involves potential financial gain will not be allowed without written permission. Student’s signature ______________________________ Haemin Lee 1 International Development and Public Religion: Changing Dynamics of Christian Mission in South Korea By Haemin Lee Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Division of Religion Person, Community, and Religious Life ___________________________ Emmanuel Lartey, Ph.D. Advisor ___________________________ Arun Jones, Ph.D. Committee Member ___________________________ Steven Tipton, Ph.D. Committee Member Accepted: ___________________________ Lisa A. Tedesco, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School ___________________________ Date 2 International Development and Public Religion: Changing Dynamics of Christian Mission in South Korea By Haemin Lee B.A., Yonsei University, 2002 M.Div., Harvard Divinity School, 2006 Th.M., Candler School of Theology, Emory University, 2007 Advisor: Emmanuel Lartey, Ph.D An Abstract of A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Division of Religion Person, Community, and Religious Life 2013 3 Abstract International Development and Public Religion: Changing Dynamics of Christian Mission in South Korea By Haemin Lee Since the mid to late twentieth century, Christianity in the Third World has grown exponentially in size and influence, becoming increasingly polycentric – with many centers around the globe. In this process, the rise of faith-based, humanitarian, international, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has become one of the most phenomenal trends. By probing into the development practices of two major Korean organizations, Korea Food for the Hungry International (KFHI) and Good Neighbors (GN), the role that religion plays in encountering secular society is explored from various angles, drawing upon discourses in mission studies, sociology of religion, and anthropology of development. Overall, this study investigates the following hypothesis: in terms of its emerging form, humanitarian care through international development NGOs appears to be the growing interest of Korean Christian mission and this shows a new direction of Korean Christianity as public religion. However, on closer examination, a more complex reality emerges in which diverse theological and developmental ideals motivate the Korean NGOs’ humanitarian efforts. This research suggests that Korean Christians’ involvement in humanitarian mission has become prominent since the early 1990s spurred by changing socio-cultural, political, and economic climates in and out of Korea. As a result, the goal of Christian mission has shifted from being unidirectional to multidirectional, which now includes humanitarian enterprises that challenge global problems including poverty, disease, and illiteracy. It reveals the diversifying theological and developmental trends of Korean Christian humanitarian mission. In terms of its mission theology, KFHI represents the holistic evangelical theology that underscores both proclamation of the gospel and serving those in need. This differs from GN’s humanitarian approach that highlights the universal love of God, which inspires Christians to serve others without ulterior motives. With regard to the diversifying trends in developmental approach, KFHI undertakes its development operations by mobilizing Korean Christian churches around the world, thus being strongly ecclesial, whereas GN takes an inclusive approach that embraces development partners regardless of faith tradition. KFHI and GN thus illustrate some of the reasons why it is important to consider international development as a crucial part of Korean Christian mission. 4 International Development and Public Religion: Changing Dynamics of Christian Mission in South Korea By Haemin Lee B.A., Yonsei University, 2002 M.Div., Harvard Divinity School, 2006 Th.M., Candler School of Theology, Emory University, 2007 Advisor: Emmanuel Lartey, Ph.D A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the James T. Laney School of Graduate Studies of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Division of Religion Person, Community, and Religious Life 2013 5 CONTENTS Introduction (Outline of the Dissertation) Motivations behind this Project.……………………………………………………………...7 Methodological Approaches………………………………………………………………...13 Key Terminology Used in the Dissertation………………………………………………….15 Dissertation Structure………………………………………………………………………..17 One: A Brief Historical Summary of Korean Christianity………………………….....27 Two: Introducing Three Korean Organizations: Global Mission Society (GMS), Korea Food for the Hungry International (KFHI) and Good Neighbors (GN)……..…………..49 Three: History of Mission with a Special Focus on the History of the Humanitarian Dimension of Christian Mission with respect to South Korea I. A Brief Survey of Protestant Humanitarian Mission……………………………...................59 II. A Historical Survey of the Humanitarian Dimension of Christian Mission to and of Korea..63 III. The Historical Development in the Diversifying of the Theology of Mission within Korean Christianity………………………………………………………………………….68 Four: Theology of Mission and Practical Theology I. The Diversifying Public Mission Theology of Korean Christian Humanitarian NGOs…….79 II. The Influence of Holistic Evangelical, Mainline Protestant, and Catholic Theologies of Mission on Korean Christian Humanitarian NGOs…………………………………………84 III. Intercultural and Interfaith Dimensions of Korean Christian Humanitarian NGOs………104 Five: The Rise of Korean Christian Humanitarian NGOs and its Implications in Sociology of Religion and International Development I. The Growth of Korean Christian Humanitarian NGOs and its Socio-Religious Implications………………………………………………………………………………...121 II. Religion and its Role in International Aid and Development……………………………...136 III. Similarities and Differences Between Korean Christian Humanitarian NGOs and their American Counterparts………………………………………………………………………151 IV. Comprehensive Community Development of Korean NGO Missionaries: A Case Study of KFHI’s Mission in Kumi, Uganda…………………………………………………………..162 Six: From ‘Development or Mission’ To ‘Development as Mission’?…………………..170 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………...184 6 Introduction Motivations behind this Project There are several theoretical and practical reasons why I decided to explore the dynamics of Korean Christians’ global humanitarian mission through my doctoral dissertation. The first theoretical influence on me is derived from Philip Jenkins’ work on global Christianity. Jenkins’ book, The Next Christendom: the Coming of Global Christianity, has become essential reading for many students and scholars of sociology of religion and mission studies. The shift of centers of gravity is one of the major concepts that Jenkins has sensationalized. Its premise is that over the past century the center of gravity of Christianity has turned southward, to Africa, Asia, and Latin America.1 In other words, Christianity is rapidly growing in numbers in the global South whereas it is barely surviving in the global North. Thus, Jenkins believes that the center of gravity of the Christian world has already shifted to the Southern Hemisphere. Furthermore, Jenkins shows that the churches that have grown most rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America tend to be more “conservative, supernatural, and apocalyptic” compared to their northern counterparts, which have become “secular, rational, and tolerant.”2 In this, Jenkins predicts that unless the countries in the global South undergo similar types of secularization and modernization that Western countries have encountered – thus becoming more liberal and formal – the current religious trend could potentially lead to a 1 Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (Oxford University Press, 2002), 2. Jenkins, throughout his book, uses the terms “South” and “North” in order to distinguish Christians and “younger churches” in predominantly developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America from their economically developed counterparts, which are mostly located in Europe and North America. 2 Ibid., 8, 78, 107, and 162. Jenkins adds that some of the concepts – mysticism, prophecy, faith- healing, exorcism, and dream-visions – stand strong in the newer churches in the Southern Hemisphere whereas most liberal Western churches have replaced these concepts with progressive political and social ideologies. 7 catastrophic warfare between Christianity and Islam.3 Jenkins also provides historical reasons why Christianity in Korea has become successful. In doing this, he mostly relies upon the historical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In the Liverpool District of the Methodist Church
    THE ECCLESIAL REALITY OF FRESH EXPRESSIONS “DOING CHURCH DIFFERENTLY” IN THE LIVERPOOL DISTRICT OF THE METHODIST CHURCH by CHRISTINE MARGARET DUTTON A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Urban Theology Unit, Sheffield Department of Theology and Religion College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham March 2017 1 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT In the light of the Mission-Shaped Church report (2004) and the foundation of the joint Anglican/Methodist Fresh Expressions Initiative (2005), churches were encouraged to seek ‘fresh expressions of church for our changing culture, established primarily for the benefit of people who are not yet members of any church’. The ecclesial reality of four case studies of new forms of worshipping communities across Methodist Churches in the Liverpool District was examined and analysed in relation to the official statements of the Methodist Church and the Fresh Expressions Initiative, questioning the rhetoric of “church for the unchurched”. Operating at the interface of ethnography and ecclesiology, this thesis employed ethnographic and negotiated research methods in order to establish why, in an age of declining church attendance, people are choosing to join groups that are doing church differently.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecumenical Ecclesiology in Its New Contexts: Considering the Transformed Relationship Between Roman Catholic Ecclesiology and Ecumenism
    religions Article Ecumenical Ecclesiology in its New Contexts: Considering the Transformed Relationship between Roman Catholic Ecclesiology and Ecumenism Kristin Colberg Department of Theology, College of Saint Benedict, St. John’s School of Theology & Seminary, Collegeville, MN 56321-2000, USA; [email protected] Received: 20 August 2018; Accepted: 25 September 2018; Published: 26 September 2018 Abstract: The quest for Christian unity is entering a new phase amidst the movement’s many voices, perspectives and tensions. Christians are witnessing the advent of an emerging ecumenical paradigm, which, because it is not fully realized, is still realizing its full definition. The paradigm operates in a global context rather than a Eurocentric one, and even as it is more global, it is simultaneously more local. It cultivates shared praxis while being less concerned with the comparison of dogmas. Ecclesiology is also entering a new paradigm which shares many features with its ecumenical counterpart, particularly its global perspective and interest in shared praxis ahead of dogmatic questions. Even though ecumenism and ecclesiology share common trajectories, their journeys are unfolding in largely parallel rather than cooperative and mutually-enriching ways. This raises the question: What opportunities might arise from examining the shifts in ecumenism and ecclesiology together? This article examines how new methodological and practical developments in these two fields can form and inform one another. It studies the shift to synodality in the Catholic Church and the turn towards discernment in the ecumenical sphere as manifestations of similar theological commitments and a common interest in cultivating participatory processes. The seismic changes reshaping the religious landscape are transforming the relationship between ecumenism and ecclesiology; yet a strong connection between them endures and illumines paths forward for the church in the third millennium.
    [Show full text]
  • The Promise of the New Ecumenical Directory
    Theological Studies Faculty Works Theological Studies 1994 The Promise of the New Ecumenical Directory Thomas P. Rausch Loyola Marymount University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/theo_fac Part of the Catholic Studies Commons Recommended Citation Rausch, Thomas P. “The Promise of the New Ecumenical Directory,” Mid-Stream 33 (1994): 275-288. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Theological Studies at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theological Studies Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thomas P. Rausch The Promise of the ew Ecumenical Directory Thomas P. Rausch, S. J., is Professor of Theological Studies and Rector of the Jesuit Community at Loyola Marym01.1nt University, Los Angeles, California, and chair of the department. A specialist in the areas of ecclesiology, ecumenism, and the theology of the priesthood, he is the author of five books and numerous articles. he new Roman Catholic Ecumenical Directory (ED), officially titled the Directory for the Application ofPrinciples and Norms on Ecumenism, was released on June 8, 1993 by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. 1 In announcing it, Pope John Paul II said that its preparation was motivated by "the desire to hasten the journey towards unity, an indispensable condition for a truly re­ newed evangelization. "2 The pope's linking of Christian unity with a renewal of the Church's work of evangelization is important, for the very witness of the Church as a community of humankind reconciled in Christ is weakened by the obvious lack of unity among Christians.
    [Show full text]
  • American Protestant Missionaries, the US Legation, and the Chosŏn State
    International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.1, Feb.2012) 67 Establishing the Rules of Engagement: American Protestant Missionaries, the U.S. Legation, and the Chosŏn State, 1884-1900 Paul S. Cha* Introduction The phrase “unequal treaties” and term extraterritoriality are evocative, conveying more than simply the stale concepts that treaties are unequal or that foreigners are not subject to local laws. Indeed, observing that nearly alltreaties are inherently unequal, Dong Wang, a scholar of China who has written extensively on the topic of unequal treaties and popular historical memory in China, has noted that during the twentieth century the phrase unequal treaties and term extraterritoriality have served both to refer to China’s history of past humiliation and as a clarion call for various socio-political mobilization projects in the country. 1 Likewise, these concepts hold a degree of symbolic meaning in Korea. In particular, they often refer to the weakness of the Chosŏn government during the “open ports” period, paint a picture of rapacious Western and Japanese nations hungering to devour the peninsula, and serve as harbingers of Korea’s pending colonization and division. To a degree, all of these characterizations are accurate and have advanced our understanding of late-nineteenth century Korea. Two drawbacks of these images and characterizations, however, have been a slowness to interpret this period * Assistant Professor, Samford University 68 Establishing the Rules of Engagement: ~ in a manner that paints the Korean state in terms other than fundamental weakness or decay, and the tendency to view Westerners and other foreigners as simply exploitive actors.
    [Show full text]
  • Specific Mditions Is That the Phohmpy Or Reproduction Is Not to Be “Used
    .. ....... .. I. ... ., ... : .. , . j;. ..... .. .... The Copyright law of the United States (title 17, United States Code) governs the making of phwtmwpies or wtha reproductiwns of mpyrighted material. Under cetZBin conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorid to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specific mditions is that the phohmpy or reproduction is not to be “Used fir my purpose other than private study, schdanhip, or research.” If B user make3 a quest far, or later uses, a photompy or repductim for puqmses in ecess of ‘‘fair we9’’that user may be liable for mpyright infringement, This institution reserves the right to rehe to accept a copying order if, in its judgmenk fulfitlrnent of the order would involve violation ofcoMght Jaw- By the using this materid, you are couwnting t~ abide by this copyright policy, Any duplication, reprodndinn, nr modification of this material without express waitken consent from Asbuv Theological Seminary andhr the original publisher is prohibited. Q Asbury TheoIogi@alSeminary 2009 B. L. Fisher Library Asbuy Ssrnhww 404 North Lexington Ave Witmore, W 40390 ASEURY SEMINARY 1090281833 ABSTRACT KOREAN IMMIGRANTS AND THEIR MISSION: EXPLORING THE MISSIONAL IDENTITY OF KOREAN IMMIGRANT CHURCHES IN NORTH AMERICA Sinyil Kim This is a study of Korean immigrants and their mission, investigating the way Scripture, self-identity, and mission are understood among Korean immigrants in the United States and Canada. The rationale for study was the observation that even though Korean immigrants have often formed very church-centered communities and are involved in mission in many ways, their sense of Christian identity as immigrants, and the missional implications of this status, remain largely undeveloped.
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Barth's Reception in Korea
    KARL BARTH'S RECEPTION IN KOREA: FOCUSING ON ECCLESIOLOGY IN RELATION TO KOREAN CHRISTIAN THOUGHT YOUNG-GWAN KIM FACULTY OFRELIGIOUS STUDIES, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL DECEMBER 2001 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY COPYRIGHT BY YOUNG-GWAN KIM DECEMBER 2001 COPY NO. 1 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 canada canada Your file Vol... r6Mrenœ Our file Notre rëférenœ The author bas granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son penmSSlOn. autorisation. 0-612-78706-0 Canada TABLE OFCONTENTS ABSTRACT -------- - --- - - - - - - - ---- - - - --- - - ----- - ----- - --- - - - 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - - - - --- - - - -- - - ----- - ------------------ VIl LIST OFABBREVIATIONS - - - ---- - -------------------- - --- - - --- IX GLOSSARY -- - ----------------------------------------- - --- X INTRODUCTION: THE RECEPTION OF KARL BARTH'S THEOLOGY IN KOREA - - - - - - - 1 Chapter 1. AN ACCOUNT OFTHE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIANITY IN KOREA AND THE ROLE OF CONFOCIANISM IN ITS RAPID GROWTH ------------ - ---- - - - - - - ----- - 8 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecclesial Community: a Place Where to Grow Our Faith
    The Ecclesial Community: a place in which to grow our faith Marie-Madeleine Mwifi Bodibatu Branche Feminie Bondeko Democratic Republic of Congo The ecclesial community brings together the children of God who enter it by baptism which confers on the baptised the theological virtues of hope, faith and love. Thus the Christian attached to the risen Christ cannot live these virtues fully without the others. The word of God is the Word ''to live, to put in practice''. The first community of Christians was nourished by these virtues which strengthened their unity. ''The whole group of believers was united, heart and soul; no one claimed private ownership of any possessions, as everything they owned was held in common…None of their members was ever in want, as all those who owned land or houses would sell them, and bring the money from the sale of them, to present it to the apostles; it was then distributed to any who might be in need.'' (Ac 4, 32-35) Where there is Christ, there is love, unity and sharing. But by this love, coming from Jesus' heart, the Christian shares with the other children of God, not only nourishment, but also joy, sorrow, life, ideas, initiatives, enlightening thoughts, rewarding experiences in the family, at work, in prayer. These favour unity in faith. ''They may be one as we are one.'' (Jn 17, 22). The Catholic Church in DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) lives the experience of the Basic Living Ecclesial Communities ''B.L. E.C.'', managed by the laity, bringing parishioners together weekly to share not only in the Word of God but also in food, joy, sorrow, illness, mourning, etc., in short, all social problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Ecclesial Communities: a Meeting Point of Ecclesiologies Marcello De C
    Theological Studies 46 (1985) BASIC ECCLESIAL COMMUNITIES: A MEETING POINT OF ECCLESIOLOGIES MARCELLO DE C. AZEVEDO, S.J. Gregorian University, Rome, and Centro Joào XXIII, Rio de Janeiro HEOLOGY IN Latin America, as verified in the reflection underlying Tthe final document of the Third General Assembly of the Latin American Bishops that was held in Puebla, Mexico, in 1979, is directly related to the reality of Basic Ecclesial Communities (BECs in English; CEBs in Portuguese and Spanish). Hence that theology offers a valid set of instruments for their analysis and interpretation. The same can be said of the various theologies of liberation. Although in one or another version they may not dovetail exactly with the theological frontiers of Puebla, liberation theologies are a meaningful and important way to approach and understand BECs. WHAT ARE THE BASIC ECCLESIAL COMMUNITIES? For the sake of precision, let me make clear what BEC means in the context of this article. The currently so-called Basic Communities, Basic Christian Communities, Grassroots Christian Communities, or Basic Ecclesial Communities in different parts of the world share some common and fundamental features. However, at the present level of ecclesiological awareness as it is mirrored in the specialized theological literature, we can hardly talk about the current phenomenon of BECs in a general, univocal way. They are a diversified reality from which we can draw an analogical concept. They offer a certain unity in their diversity. Even within a more homogeneous scenario such as Latin America, there are significant differences between the BECs in Brazil, in Peru, in El Sal­ vador, or Nicaragua, for instance, which prevent us from talking of them without further specification.
    [Show full text]
  • I VATICAN II and the LITURGY
    VATICAN II AND THE LITURGY: REVISITING LOST TRADITIONS By MARY L ZIMMERMAN A thesis submitted to the Graduate School – Camden Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies Graduate Program in Liberal Studies Written under the direction of Dr. John Wall And approved by Camden, New Jersey January 2011 i ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Vatican II and the Liturgy: Revisiting Lost Traditions By MARY L ZIMMERMAN Thesis Director: Dr. John Wall The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the changes that occurred in the Catholic liturgy either by the council fathers or by over-zealous liturgists who ignored the decree of Vatican II and chose to interpret the Vatican‟s directives in their own way. I will examine the various parts of the mass before and after Vatican II. I will visit a traditional mass (pre-Vatican II) to determine its usefulness in today‟s world. I will look at past traditions swept aside post Vatican II and determine if these traditions still hold value to Catholic‟s today. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract of the Capstone ii Table of Contents iii I. Introduction 1 II. The Tridentine Mass 2 III. Visiting A Traditional Mass 5 IV. John XXIII and Vatican II 7 V. Changes in the Ordinary of the Mass 11 VI. Scholars Debate Vatican II And Its Goofs 13 VII. Imagery, Lost Traditions, And Rituals 20 VIII. The Latin Mass Today 25 IX. Conclusion 29 X. Final Thoughts 31 XI. Bibliography 33 iii 1 INTRODUCTION “When the Christian soul in its distress cannot find words to implore God’s mercy, it repeats ceaselessly and with a vehement faith the same invocation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Christian Witness in the Context of Poverty
    University of Pretoria etd – Mathole, E M K (2005) THE CHRISTIAN WITNESS IN THE CONTEXT OF POVERTY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN CHARISMATIC EVANGELICALS By EZEKIEL MOKWELE KATISO MATHOLE Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (PHD) In the Faculty of Theology of the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA PROMOTOR: Prof. PGJ Meiring Department of Science of Religion and Missiology PRETORIA MARCH 2005 University of Pretoria etd – Mathole, E M K (2005) TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi DEDICATION vii SUMMARY viii KEY TERMS ix ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS x 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Problem Statement 3 1.3 Goal of Study 4 1.4 Research Methods 6 1.5 Definition of Terms 7 1.6 Overview 17 2. THE MANY/HUMAN FACES OF POVERTY IN SA 20 2.1 The Prevalence of Poverty 20 2.2 The Causes of Poverty in South Africa 23 2.2.1 Poverty and Inequality 23 2.2.2 Poverty and Race 26 2.2.3 Poverty and Gender 29 2.2.4 Poverty and Children 31 2.2.5 Poverty and Class 33 2.2.6 Poverty and Education 34 2.2.7 Poverty and Unemployment 35 2.2.8 City/ Urban and Rural Poverty 36 2.2.9 Regions and Poverty 38 2.2.10 Poverty as a Systemic Problem 39 2.3 The Experience of the Poor 40 2.3.1 Basic Needs 41 2.3.2 Vulnerability 42 2.3.3 Crime and Violence 42 2.3.4 Substance Abuse 44 2.3.5 Social Exclusion 46 2.3.6 Unemployment 47 2.4 The Dehumanising Power of Poverty 49 2.5 Poverty, Illness and Death 56 2.6 Hope for the Poor 59 2.7 Conclusion 62 i University of Pretoria etd – Mathole, E M K (2005) 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism During the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods 1884-1920
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2011 The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism during the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods 1884-1920. Walter Joseph Stucke East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, History of Religion Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Stucke, Walter Joseph, "The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism during the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods 1884-1920." (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1338. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1338 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism during the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods, 1884-1920 _______________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History _______________ by Walter J. Stucke August 2011 _______________ Dr. Henry Antkiewicz, Chair Dr. William Burgess Dr. Dale Schmitt Keywords: Protestantism, Christianity, Missionaries, Nationalism, Korea, Late Choson Dynasty, Japanese Annexation, March First Movement ABSTRACT The Direct and Indirect Contributions of Western Missionaries to Korean Nationalism during the Late Choson and Early Japanese Annexation Periods, 1884-1920 by Walter J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Christianity Upon Korea, 1884-1910: Six Key American and Korean Figures." Journal of Church and State 36:4 (Autumn 1994): 795-821
    Daniel M. Davies, "The Impact of Christianity upon Korea, 1884-1910: Six Key American and Korean Figures." Journal of Church and State 36:4 (Autumn 1994): 795-821. Christianity has had a profound impact upon Korean political and social life. That influence began in the 1600s and continues until the present time.[1] Indeed, Korea has been the only East Asian nation that has incorporated Christianity into the mainstream of its political and social life. This essay deals with the impact of Christianity upon Korean political and social life, focusing upon the work of three pioneer Protestant missionaries and three early Korean converts to Protestantism at the end of the Yi dynasty (1884-1910). That discussion is preceded, however, by a brief sketch of the history of Korea's cultural development prior to the first impact of Christianity in 1600. BACKGROUND ON KOREAN HISTORY Korea has one of the longest continuous histories--at least two thousand years--of any nation in the world.[2] Shamanism has had a vital presence in Korea from prehistory.[3] Buddhism and Confucianism have been firmly entrenched in Korea from about 370 A.D.,[4] while Taoism entered Korea from China around 600 A.D.[5] All the major building blocks, minus Christianity, of Korea's political and social life--Shamanism, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism--had been established in Korea by 636 A.D. the time of the Unified Shilla dynasty.[6] As shall be noted below, Christianity's first influence upon Korean society and politics came much later, around 1600 A. D.[7] The secret to Korea's longevityy has been the natural birth and death cycle of its dynasties.[8] Each of the three great dynasties in Korea--Silla (668-935), Koryo (935-1392), and Yi (1392-1910)- -have followed the pattern of birth, a period of creativity, a period of stagnation, a period of decadence, and death.
    [Show full text]