DOCSLIB.ORG

Reconstructing Indo-European Syllabification Andrew M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reconstructing Indo-European Syllabification Andrew M University of Kentucky UKnowledge Linguistics Faculty Publications Linguistics Spring 6-1-2010 Reconstructing Indo-European Syllabification Andrew M. Byrd University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_facpub Part of the European Languages and Societies Commons, Indo-European Linguistics and Philology Commons, and the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Repository Citation Byrd, Andrew M., "Reconstructing Indo-European Syllabification" (2010). Linguistics Faculty Publications. 55. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_facpub/55 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Linguistics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reconstructing Indo-European Syllabification This dissertation is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_facpub/55 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Reconstructing Indo-European Syllabification A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Indo-European Studies by Andrew Miles Byrd 2010 © Copyright by Andrew Miles Byrd 2010 To my parents, Jack and Vicky, who have always encouraged me to look for four-leaf clovers. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Symbols and Abbreviations . viii 1 Assumptions, Previous Scholarship & Goals ................. 1 1.1 Overview. 1 1.2 Assumptions of Proto-Indo-European Phonology. 2 1.2.1 Allophonic Variation. 5 1.2.2 Reconstructing Consonant Clusters. 7 1.3 Optimality Theory. 14 1.3.1 Relevance to IE Phonology. 15 1.3.2 PIE Conspiracies. 22 1.4 Theoretical Assumptions of the Syllable. 23 1.5 Past Views of PIE Syllabification. 28 1.6 Goals of Dissertation . 37 2 Predicting Indo-European Syllabification through Phonotactic Analysis. 39 2.1 Overview. 39 2.2 CHCC > CCC Revisited. 40 2.2.1 Evidence and Past Scholarship. 41 2.2.2 Counterexamples. 46 2.2.3 Hackstein’s Syllable-Based Treatment of CHCC > CCC. 48 2.3 General Guidelines to Reconstructing Indo-European Syllabification. 49 2.3.1 Deducing Indo-European Syllabification. 50 iv 2.3.2 Proto-Indo-European ‘father’. 52 2.3.3 Why does *#CHC- simplify to *#CC-? . 57 2.4 The DECOMPOSITION THEOREM...................... 63 2.5 Exceptions to the DECOMPOSITION THEOREM.............. 65 2.5.1 Sequential Constraints. 65 2.5.2 Consonant Licensing. 67 2.5.3 Lexical & Morphological Gaps. 69 2.5.4 Morpheme Structure Constraints. 71 2.5.5 Extrasyllabicity. 72 2.5.6 Review of Exceptions to the DECOMPOSITION THEOREM... 72 2.6 Establishing the DECOMPOSITION THEOREM as a Typological Uni- versal. 73 2.7 Fine-tuning the DECOMPOSITION THEOREM............... 77 3 Livin’ on the Edge: PIE Extrasyllabicity and the MAXST. ........ 82 3.1 Overview. 82 3.2 Past Uses of the DECOMPOSITION THEOREM in Indo-European Studies. 83 3.3 Extrasyllabicity in Proto-Indo-European. 85 3.3.1 Extrasyllabic Consonants in Coda Position. 86 3.3.2 Revisions to CHCC > CCC. 87 3.3.3 *RF$. 88 3.3.4 Extrasyllabicity Test #1: Monosyllabic Lengthening. 94 3.3.5 Extrasyllabic Consonants in Onset Position. 100 v 3.3.6 Extrasyllabicity Test #2: Reduplication. 100 3.3.7 The Rule of Onset Extrasyllabicity. 105 3.4 Review of PIE Extrasyllabicity. 106 3.5 The Maximum Syllable Template. 107 3.6 The métron rule. 110 3.7 Exceptions to the MAXST? . 112 3.8 Conclusions. 114 4 Motivating Sievers’ Law. ............................. 116 4.1 Introduction and Overview. 116 4.2 Overview of Sievers’ Law. 117 4.2.1 Evidence in the daughter languages. 120 4.2.2 Einzelsprachlich or Inherited? . 123 4.2.3 Schindler 1977. 125 4.3 Motivating Sievers’ Law: the Avoidance of Superheavy Syllables. 128 4.3.1 Framework Used in Analysis. 130 4.3.2 The Stem Level. 132 4.3.3 The Postlexical Level. 134 4.3.4 Overgeneration. 138 4.4 Consequences of Analysis. 142 4.4.1 Advantages. 143 4.4.2 Disadvantages. 143 4.4.3 Predictions. 146 vi 4.5 Summary and Conclusions. 147 5 Concluding Remarks. ............................... 148 5.1 Overview of Findings. 148 5.2 The Rules of Proto-Indo-European Syllabification Redefined. 150 5.2.1 FAITH(σ) at the Word Level. 151 5.2.2 Why should VCCV be syllabified as VC.CV? . 157 5.3 Future Directions. 158 A Glossary of Concepts and Constraints ..................... 160 B Proto-Indo-European Edge Phonotactics ................... 163 References . 169 vii SYMBOLS C consonant U glide “ C syllabified consonant V vowel ˚ F fricative V¯ long vowel H or hx laryngeal * reconstructed as, violation K tectal ** non-occurring L liquid > diachronically develops into N nasal < diachronically derives from O obstruent becomes by analogy or sound law → P stop ! becomes by analogy & sound law R sonorant µ mora R syllabic sonorant σ syllable ˚ T dental stop $ or ]σ or . syllable boundary U high vowel # word boundary ABBREVIATIONS acc. accusative Alb. Albanian aor. aorist Arm. Armenian Av. Avestan Bal. Balochi Boeot. Boeotian Bret. Breton Corn. Cornish Cret. Cretan Cyp. Cypriot dat. dative Dor. Doric du. dual Eng. English Gaul. Gaulish GAv. Gathic Avestan gen. genitive viii Germ. German Gk. Greek Gmc. Germanic Goth. Gothic EWAia Mayrhofer 1985-2001 Hitt. Hittite HLuv. Hieroglyphic Luvian IE Indo-European IEW Pokorny 2005 Ion. Ionic impfct. imperfect instr. instrumental Ital. Italian iter. iterative Jap. Japanese Khot. Khotanese Lac. Laconian Lat. Latin Latv. Latvian Lith. Lithuanian LIV Rix et al. 2001 loc. locative Luv. Luvian Lyc. Lycian masc. masculine MBret. Middle Breton MIr. Middle Irish M/P mediopassive MWel. Middle Welsh NIL Wodtko et al. 2008 nom. nominative NPers. Modern Persian nt. neuter OCorn. Old Cornish OCS Old Church Slavic OE Old English OHG Old High German OIce. Old Icelandic OIr. Old Irish OLat. Old Latin OLith. Old Lithuanian OPhryg. Old Phrygian OPruss. Old Prussian OSax. Old Saxon Osc. Oscan Osc.-Umb. Osco-Umbrian OT Optimality Theory Parth. Parthian ix PGmc. Proto-Germanic PIE Proto-Indo-European PIIr. Proto-Indo-Iranian PInd. Proto-Indic PIran. Proto-Iranian PItal. Proto-Italic pl. plural pres. present PSlav. Proto-Slavic RCS Russian Church Slavic Russ. Russian TA Tocharian A TB Tocharian B Toch. Tocharian RV Rig Vedic sg. singular Skt. Sanskrit Slav. Slavic subj. subjunctive Umbr. Umbrian Ved. Vedic Wel. Welsh Yagh. Yaghnobi YAv. Young Avestan x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following dissertation would not be nearly as good – and probably never even completed – if I had not been helped by so many along the way. I would first like to thank my advisor, Craig Melchert, for giving an effective mix of skepticism and support throughout this process, and for putting a bug in my ear that the topic of Indo-European syllabification was one that so sorely needed revisiting. I have been blessed to have had a committee of excellent scholars at my disposal, with Kie Zuraw aiding me through the intricacies of generative phonology and Brent Vine, Cal Watkins and Chris Stevens through the mysteries of Indo-European linguistics. I am indebted to the many other teachers that I have had throughout my aca- demic career, beginning with Jared Klein at the University of Georgia, followed by Onofrio Carruba in Pavia, Jeremy Rau and Jay Jasanoff at Harvard, and Vyacheslav Ivanov, Raimo Anttila and Stephanie Jamison at UCLA. I am most especially grateful to Stephanie during my time in L.A., whose insightful work, though rarely dealing with consonant clusters per se, has taught me the value of effective presentation and of common-sense scholarship. I have also been fortunate to have studied generative phonology with Bruce Hayes and Kie Zuraw during my stay at UCLA, and to have been introduced to the wonderful world of Georgian (whose consonant clusters still make me giddy) with Pam Munro and Manana Batashvili as my guides. I would also like to thank all of my fellow UCLA PIES graduate students, espe- cially Jessica DeLisi and Tim Dempsey, who have been most kind to have read through multiple incarnations of what follows, as well as the sole other member of my 2004 cohort, Dieter Gunkel, for six years of challenging discussions and ideas. I would also like to show my appreciation to Masato Kobayashi and Götz Keydana, who have been kind enough to give me advice throughout this entire process and whose work xi the reader will no doubt recognize to be especially influential on my own. I would last like to thank my family and friends for listening to me prattle on about Indo-European linguistics and consonant clusters throughout the years, especially my wife Brenna, who keeps me sane and smiling, and my parents, who have kept me driving on. xii VITA Sept. 25, 1979 Born, San Diego, California. 2002 A.B., Linguistics University of Georgia, Athens Athens, Georgia 2002–2003 Fulbright Fellowship Università degli Studi di Pavia Pavia, Italy 2003-2004 Visiting Student in Linguistics Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 2005-2006 Graduate Research Mentorship University of California, Los Angeles 2007-2009 Teaching Assistant Linguistics Department University of California, Los Angeles 2008 Candidate of Philosophy Program in Indo-European Studies University of California, Los Angeles 2008 Lecturer in Linguistics California State University, Fullerton Fullerton, California xiii PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS Byrd, Andrew Miles (In press a). Motivating Sievers’ Law. Proceedings of the 21st Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference. ——— (In press b). Deriving Dreams from the Divine: Hittite tesha-/zash(a)i-. His- ˇ ˇ torische Sprachforschung. ——— (In press c). Predicting Indo-European Syllabification through Phonotactic Analysis. The Sound of Indo-European - selected papers from the conference, held in Copenhagen 16–19 April 2009. ——— (October 2009). Motivating Sievers’ Law in a Stratal OT Framework.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • O-TYPE VOWELS in CORNISH Dr Ken George
    GEORGE 2013 2ovowels O-TYPE VOWELS IN CORNISH by Dr Ken George Cornish Language Board 1 A B S T R A C T Evidence from traditional Cornish texts and from place-names is used to trace the development of the two o-type vowels, /o/ and / ɔ/. Recent denials by Williams of the existence of two long o-type vowels are refuted. Further evidence shows a difference between /o/ and / ɔ/ when short, and by inference, when of mid-length. The significance of this for the spelling of the revived language is briefly discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 /ɔ/ and /o/ In George (1984), I showed that there were two o-type vowels in Middle Cornish (MidC), which will be denoted /o/ and / ɔ/. /o/, from Old Cornish (OldC) /ui/ and /ɔ/ from OldC / ɔ/ were separate phonemes. Support for their separateness, when followed by [s], [z], [ θ] and [ ð] appears in three different historical orthographies, in rhymes and in place-names. (The evidence in other phonetic environments, particularly when followed by nasal and liquid consonants, is weaker, and is reviewed below). My discovery has gained wide acceptance, but has been persistently attacked by Nicholas Williams. In Williams (2006), he devoted a whole chapter (31 pages) to the case of the long stressed vowels, concluding: “Middle Cornish never contained two separate long vowels /o ː/ and / ɔː/. 2. The distinction … between troes ‘foot’ and tros ‘noise’ is unjustified.” In this paper, the evidence for the two o-type vowels is reviewed in detail, and the reasons for Williams’ erroneous conclusion are examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Sofya Dmitrieva Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Nasal-Infixed Presents and Their Collateral
    Sofya Dmitrieva Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Nasal-infixed presents and their collateral aorists in Homeric Greek1 The process of formation of the Greek verbal paradigm is closely related to secondary affixation: new presents are built on present and non-present stems, modifying the grammatical semantics of primary roots (Kuryłowicz 1964). The paper analyses the uses of the Greek verbs derived from the IE present stems of the type R(C1C2)-né/n-R(C3)- or R(C1)-né/n-R(C2)- (LIV) and their collateral aoristic formations attested in the Homeric poems. Indo-European nasal-infixed presents are known to be connected with transitivisation (Meiser 1993; Sihler 1995; Shatskov 2016). It has also been observed that Greek n-infix verbs, along with higher degree of transitivity, demonstrate higher degree of telicity in comparison with the corresponding verbs of the same roots without the nasal infix. This feature had been mentioned in earlier studies, particularly concerning the nasal presents in -ανω (Vendryes 1923; Chantraine 1961), and was recently addressed with regard to other Greek n-presents (Dmitrieva 2017). It should be considered that lexical aspect played a significant role in the earlier periods of Ancient Greek (Moser 2017). Imperfects from telic verbs can often express perfective meaning; the employment of imperfectives "pro perfective" has been discussed in the studies dealing with Homeric aspect. (Napoli 2006: 191). Some nasal preterits could even formally be interpreted either as imperfects or aorists (e.g. ὄρινε, ἔκλινε). These conditions provide a good opportunity to investigate how nasal imperfects correspond with the aorists built to the same roots, taking into account the distribution of usages, structure and completeness of verbal paradigm.
    [Show full text]
  • Tongan Personal Pronouns*
    TONGAN PERSONAL PRONOUNS* Catherine Macdonald University of Toronto 1. Background: Tongan Grammar Tongan is an ergative, VSO, mostly isolating language. The template of a clause is given in (1); an illustrative example, in (2): (1) Tense-Aspect-Mood Particle (TAM), Predicate, Arguments, PPs (2) Oku kai ‘e Sione ‘a e ika ‘i he potu ki tahi Pres eat Erg Sione Abs Det fish Loc Det area Loc sea "Sione eats the fish in the area of the sea." [Tchekhoff, 1981:15] 1.1. Tongan Pronouns Tongan has two series of personal pronouns. Those in the first series act like DPs: They can function as arguments, following the predicate and preceded by a case marker, as in (3a), or they can be the objects of prepositions as in (3b). (3) a. Na'e taki ‘e ia ‘a kinautolu past lead erg 3sg abs 3pl "He led them." b. Na'e hulohula ‘e Sione mo kimaua Past dance erg Sione with 1exc.du "Sione danced with us." These pronouns meet Cardinaletti & Starke's (1994) (henceforth, C&S) tests for “strong” pronouns. They can be co-ordinated; they are assigned 2-roles; and they are distributed like DPs. They can be new in discourse, defined by pointing, or bear contrastive stress. The paradigm of strong pronouns is presented in (4). *I wish to thank Diane Massam for guidance and critique, and my Tongan consultant Siokatame Vahavaha’i Moengangongo (“Moahengi”) for sharing his knowledge of Tongan. All errors are my own. 2 (4) Paradigm of strong pronouns 1st Exclusive Singular au Dual kimaua Plural kimautolu 1st Inclusive Singular kita Dual kitaua Plural kitautolu 2nd Singular koe Dual kimoua Plural kimoutolu 3rd Singular ia Dual kinaua Plural kinautolu In addition to the strong personal pronouns, there is a set of monosyllabic “deficient” personal pronouns in Tongan.
    [Show full text]
  • Using 'North Wind and the Sun' Texts to Sample Phoneme Inventories
    Blowing in the wind: Using ‘North Wind and the Sun’ texts to sample phoneme inventories Louise Baird ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Nicholas Evans ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Simon J. Greenhill ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University & Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History [email protected] Language documentation faces a persistent and pervasive problem: How much material is enough to represent a language fully? How much text would we need to sample the full phoneme inventory of a language? In the phonetic/phonemic domain, what proportion of the phoneme inventory can we expect to sample in a text of a given length? Answering these questions in a quantifiable way is tricky, but asking them is necessary. The cumulative col- lection of Illustrative Texts published in the Illustration series in this journal over more than four decades (mostly renditions of the ‘North Wind and the Sun’) gives us an ideal dataset for pursuing these questions. Here we investigate a tractable subset of the above questions, namely: What proportion of a language’s phoneme inventory do these texts enable us to recover, in the minimal sense of having at least one allophone of each phoneme? We find that, even with this low bar, only three languages (Modern Greek, Shipibo and the Treger dialect of Breton) attest all phonemes in these texts.
    [Show full text]
  • Sambahsa Mundialect Complete Grammar
    Sambahsa Mundialect Complete Grammar Henrique Matheus da Silva Lima Revision: Dr. Olivier Simon Version: !.!9.! IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT LEGAL ISSUES This grammar is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 license. You are free to: Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. You must give appropriate credit, provide a lin to the license, and indicate if changes !ere made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any !ay that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. "ere is the lin for more information# https#$$creativecommons.org$licenses$by$4.0$deed.en %or the elaboration of this grammar, The Grammar Of Sambahsa-Mundialect In English by &r. 'livier (imon !as used. (ome subchapters of this grammar are practically a transcription of 'livier)s book. &r. (imon has given me permission to do so, even considering the license of this book. *)ve also utilized many examples from The Grammar Of Sambahsa-Mundialect In English and others that Dr. Simon made for me. *t)s very important to inform the reader that the language it!elf ! not under a "reat #e "o$$on! l %en!e or anyth ng l ke that, the language is under the traditional Copyright license in !hich &r. 'livier (imon has all property rights. But the language ! free, you can translate your !orks or produce original !orks !ithout the need of &r.
    [Show full text]
  • A Note on the Phonology and Phonetics of CR, RC, and SC Consonant Clusters in Italian
    A note on the phonology and phonetics of CR, RC, and SC consonant clusters in Italian Michael J. Kenstowicz 1. Introduction Previous generative research on Italian phonology starting with Vogel (1982) and Chierchia (1986) has proposed that intervocalic consonant clusters are parsed into contrasting tauto- vs. heterosyllabic categories based on several factors: phonotactic restrictions on word-initial consonant sequences, syllable weight as reflected in the distribution of stress and the length of a preceding tonic vowel, the distribution of prenominal allomorphs of various determiners, and the application of syntactic gemination (radoppiamento sintattico). Based on these criteria, clusters of rising sonority (in particular stop plus liquid) fall into the tautosyllabic category while falling sonority clusters composed of a sonorant plus obstruent are heterosyllabic. Clusters composed of /s/ plus a stop display mixed behavior but generally pattern with the heterosyllabic group. In her 2004 UCLA Ph.D. dissertation, Kristie McCrary investigated corpus-external reflexes of these cluster distinctions with a psycholinguistic test of word division and measurements of the phonetic duration of segments (both consonants and vowels). Her results support some aspects of the traditional phonological analysis but call into question others. In this squib we summarize the literature supporting the traditional distinction among these clusters and then review McCrary’s results. An important finding in McCrary’s study was that stops in VCV and VCRV contexts (R = a liquid) were significantly shorter than stops in VRCV contexts. She observed that these contexts align with the distribution of geminates in Italian and proposed that singleton stops are significantly shorter in the VCV and VCRV contexts in order to enhance their paradigmatic contrast with geminates.
    [Show full text]
  • A Typology of Consonant Agreement As Correspondence
    A TYPOLOGY OF CONSONANT AGREEMENT AS CORRESPONDENCE SHARON ROSE RACHEL WALKER University of California, San Diego University of Southern California This article presents a typology of consonant harmony or LONG DISTANCE CONSONANT AGREEMENT that is analyzed as arisingthroughcorrespondence relations between consonants rather than feature spreading. The model covers a range of agreement patterns (nasal, laryngeal, liquid, coronal, dorsal) and offers several advantages. Similarity of agreeing consonants is central to the typology and is incorporated directly into the constraints drivingcorrespondence. Agreementby correspon- dence without feature spreadingcaptures the neutrality of interveningsegments,which neither block nor undergo. Case studies of laryngeal agreement and nasal agreement are presented, demon- stratingthe model’s capacity to capture varyingdegreesof similarity crosslinguistically.* 1. INTRODUCTION. The action at a distance that is characteristic of CONSONANT HAR- MONIES stands as a pivotal problem to be addressed by phonological theory. Consider the nasal alternations in the Bantu language, Kikongo (Meinhof 1932, Dereau 1955, Webb 1965, Ao 1991, Odden 1994, Piggott 1996). In this language, the voiced stop in the suffix [-idi] in la is realized as [ini] in 1b when preceded by a nasal consonant at any distance in the stem constituent, consistingof root and suffixes. (1) a. m-[bud-idi]stem ‘I hit’ b. tu-[kun-ini]stem ‘we planted’ n-[suk-idi]stem ‘I washed’ tu-[nik-ini]stem ‘we ground’ In addition to the alternation in 1, there are no Kikongo roots containing a nasal followed by a voiced stop, confirmingthat nasal harmony or AGREEMENT, as we term it, also holds at the root level as a MORPHEME STRUCTURE CONSTRAINT (MSC).
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Romance Laryngeal Patterns in Italian Phonology
    Anti-Romance laryngeal patterns in Italian phonology Bálint Huszthy Babes-Bolyai University [email protected] In the literature of laryngeal phonology all Romance languages are depicted as “voice languges”, exhibiting a binary laryngeal distinction between a voiced lenis and a voiceless fortis set of obstruents (Wetzels and Mascaró 2001; Petrova et al. 2006; etc.). Voice languages are characterised by regressive voice assimilation (RVA) due to the phonological activity of [voice] (Petrova et al. 2006; Cyran 2014). Italian manifests a process similar to RVA, called preconsonantal s-voicing; that is, /s/ becomes voiced before voiced consonantal segments; e.g., sparo [sp] ‘gunshot’ vs. sbarra [zb] ‘barrier’, sveglia [zv] ‘alarm clock’, smettere [zm] ‘to stop’, slitta [zl] ‘sled’, etc. (Nespor 1993; Bertinetto 2004; Krämer 2009). Since /sC/ is the only obstruent cluster in Italian phonotactics, Italian seems to fulfil the requirements for being a prototypical voice language. However, this paper argues that s-voicing is not an instance of RVA, at least from a synchronic phonological point of view. Data: This study is built on a loanword test: 15 Italian informants (from different dialectal zones) were recorded in a soundproof studio, who repeated five times 18 Italian sample texts containing 108 target loanwords (e.g., vo/dk/a, foo/tb/all, a/fɡ/ano, iceberg /sb/ etc.). The overall statistics reveal that the informants retain the underlying voice values in the respective obstruent clusters in 65% of the cases; that is, they avoid RVA in a two-thirds majority, which characterises the performance of all the informants rather evenly. Uniformity in voicing also occurs in the data: 20% out of the marked clusters is devoiced (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Ablaut and the Latin Verb
    Ablaut and the Latin Verb Aspects of Morphophonological Change Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Ville Leppänen aus Tampere, Finnland München 2019 Parentibus Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Olav Hackstein (München) Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Meiser (Halle) Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. Mai 2018 ii Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. vii List of abbreviations and symbols ........................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Scope, aim, theory, data, and method ............................................................................. 2 1.2. Previous research ............................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Terminology and definitions ......................................................................................... 12 1.4. Ablaut ............................................................................................................................ 14 2. Verb forms and formations .................................................................................................. 17 2.1. Verb systems overview ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Accents, Dialects and Languages of the Bristol Region
    Accents, dialects and languages of the Bristol region A bibliography compiled by Richard Coates, with the collaboration of the late Jeffrey Spittal (in progress) First draft released 27 January 2010 State of 5 January 2015 Introductory note With the exception of standard national resources, this bibliography includes only separate studies, or more inclusive works with a distinct section, devoted to the West of England, defined as the ancient counties of Bristol, Gloucestershire, Somerset and Wiltshire. Note that works on place-names are not treated in this bibliography unless they are of special dialectological interest. For a bibliography of place-name studies, see Jeffrey Spittal and John Field, eds (1990) A reader’s guide to the place-names of the United Kingdom. Stamford: Paul Watkins, and annual bibliographies printed in the Journal of the English Place-Name Society and Nomina. Web-links mentioned were last tested in summer 2011. Thanks for information and clarification go to Madge Dresser, Brian Iles, Peter McClure, Frank Palmer, Harry Parkin, Tim Shortis, Jeanine Treffers-Daller, Peter Trudgill, and especially Katharina Oberhofer. Richard Coates University of the West of England, Bristol Academic and serious popular work General English material, and Western material not specific to a particular county Anderson, Peter M. (1987) A structural atlas of the English dialects. London: Croom Helm. Beal, Joan C. (2006) Language and region. London: Routledge (Intertext). ISBN-10: 0415366011, ISBN-13: 978-0415366014. 1 Britten, James, and Robert Holland (1886) A dictionary of English plant-names (3 vols). London: Trübner (for the English Dialect Society). Britton, Derek (1994) The etymology of modern dialect ’en, ‘him’.
    [Show full text]
  • Indo-European Linguistics: an Introduction Indo-European Linguistics an Introduction
    This page intentionally left blank Indo-European Linguistics The Indo-European language family comprises several hun- dred languages and dialects, including most of those spoken in Europe, and south, south-west and central Asia. Spoken by an estimated 3 billion people, it has the largest number of native speakers in the world today. This textbook provides an accessible introduction to the study of the Indo-European proto-language. It clearly sets out the methods for relating the languages to one another, presents an engaging discussion of the current debates and controversies concerning their clas- sification, and offers sample problems and suggestions for how to solve them. Complete with a comprehensive glossary, almost 100 tables in which language data and examples are clearly laid out, suggestions for further reading, discussion points and a range of exercises, this text will be an essential toolkit for all those studying historical linguistics, language typology and the Indo-European proto-language for the first time. james clackson is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, and is Fellow and Direc- tor of Studies, Jesus College, University of Cambridge. His previous books include The Linguistic Relationship between Armenian and Greek (1994) and Indo-European Word For- mation (co-edited with Birgit Anette Olson, 2004). CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General editors: p. austin, j. bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n. v. smith Indo-European Linguistics An Introduction In this series: j. allwood, l.-g. anderson and o.¨ dahl Logic in Linguistics d.
    [Show full text]
  • The Primary Laryngeal in Uralic and Beyond
    JUHA JANHUNEN THE PRIMARY LARYNGEAL IN URALIC AND BEYOND 1. Laryngeals in synchronic systems Many languages, though not all, have in their phonemic inventory one or more segments that may be classifi ed as “laryngeals”, that is, as segments belonging to what may be called the “laryngeal range” of the consonantal paradigm. In a narrow sense of the term, the laryngeal range would comprise of only seg- ments produced with a laryngeal (glottal) primary articulation, but in a broad understanding this may be conveniently defi ned as comprising of any velar or postvelar consonants that are distinct from the basic velar stops [k ɡ] in terms of either the place or manner of articulation. Most laryngeals are continuants produced as either fricatives (with a relatively strong frication) or spirants (with a relatively weak frication) in the velar, uvular, pharyngeal, epiglottal or glottal zones of the vocal tract (cf. e.g. Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996: 39–46), though there are also non-continuant laryngeals produced as stops or affricates in the uvular and glottal zones. With the exception of the glottal stop [ʔ], which is pro- duced with a closure of the vocal chords, the segments classifi able as laryngeals can be either voiced or voiceless. It is synchronically typical of laryngeals that they often involve a consider- able lability of the articulatory parameters. Most languages have a very limited set of segments classifi able as laryngeals, which is why features such as place of articulation and voice are rarely fully exploited to distinguish one laryngeal from another. Many languages have only one segment in the laryngeal range, in which case its phonetic value can vary within a broad range.
    [Show full text]