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Tesi Dottorato Ruffolo Ida.Pdf To my parents ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures vi List of Tables vi Acknowledgements xi Abstract xiii Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Motivational background to the study 1 1.2 Reasons for choosing the tourism sector 3 1.3 Research focus and outline of the study 5 Chapter Two: Review of the Literature 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Defining Discourse 9 2.2.1 Analysing environmental discourse in the media 10 2.2.1.1 Identifying the construction of nature in advertisements 12 2.2.2 Analysing the social phenomenon of Tourism 18 2.2.2.1 Definition and brief history 18 2.2.2.1.1 Sustainable Tourism 20 2.2.2.2 Recognising the status of the discourse of tourism and its implications 22 2.3 Environment, Tourism and Advertising: A complex interaction 25 2.4 Theoretical Background of the Methodological Approach 28 2.4.1 Discourse Analysis 28 2.4.2 Corpus Linguistics 29 2.4.3 Corpus-based discourse analysis 32 Chapter Three: Methodology and Data Analysis 36 3.1 Research aims 36 3.2 Building up a corpus of travel promotion texts 37 3.3 Combining Corpus Linguistics to Discourse Analysis 39 iii 3.3.1 The quantitative approach: Collocational analysis 39 3.3.2 The qualitative contribution 46 3.3.2.1 Categories of nature 48 3.3.2.2 Functions of nature 51 3.3.2.3 Guidelines of sustainable tourism 58 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 62 4.1 Introductory remarks 62 4.2 Analysis 62 4.2.1 Quantitative investigation 63 4.3 Identifying the linguistic and social construction of nature (RQ1) 69 4.3.1 Accessible wild nature 73 4.3.2 Untamed nature 78 4.3.3 Tamed nature 81 4.3.4 Artificial nature 86 4.3.5 Discussion 89 4.4 Functions of nature (RQ2) 92 4.4.1 The Recreational function 97 4.4.2 The Promotional function 100 4.4.3 The Preservative function 101 4.4.4 The Educational function 102 4.4.5 The Aesthetic function 103 4.4.6 The Global economy function 104 4.4.7 The Nourishing/nurturing function 105 4.4.8 The Cultural function 106 4.4.9 The Local economy function 107 4.4.10 The Spiritual function 107 4.4.11 Discussion 108 4.5 The TPT Corpus and sustainable tourism (RQ3) 110 4.5.1 Enhancing Economic Opportunity 114 4.5.2 Protecting Natural and Cultural Heritage 122 4.5.3 Enhancing Quality of Life 126 4.5.4 Discussion 129 4.6 Concluding remarks 133 iv Chapter Five: Conclusion 134 5.1 Summary of the study 134 5.2 Pedagogical Implications 140 5.3 Limitations of the study 144 5.4 Implications for further research 145 References 146 Appendices 157 Appendix A: Collocates of ―nature‖ – all words 157 Appendix B: Collocates of ―nature‖ – all lexical words 164 Appendix C: Collocates of ―natural‖ – all words 167 Appendix D: Collocates of ―natural‖ – all lexical words 177 Appendix E: Concordance lines containing the collocates of the search term ―nature‖ 180 Appendix F: Concordance lines containing the collocates of the search term ―natural‖ 186 Appendix G: Categories of nature related to the search term ―nature‖ 193 Appendix H: Distribution of the categories of nature related to the search term ―nature‖ 203 Appendix I: Distribution of the functions of nature related to the search term ―nature‖ 214 Appendix J: Distribution of the functions of nature related to the search term ―natural‖ 222 Appendix K: Distribution of the benefits of sustainable tourism 231 v List of Figures 4.1: Distribution of the collocates of both ―nature‖ and ―natural‖ in the TPT Corpus 71 4.2: Distribution of the categories of functions in the TPT Corpus 93 4.3: Distribution of functions in the TPT Corpus 96 4.4: Distribution of references to the three benefits in the TPT Corpus 113 4.5: References to the expanded goals of Benefit #1 114 4.6: References to the expanded goals of Benefit #2 122 4.7: References to the expanded goals of Benefit #3 127 List of Tables 3.1: Corpus Data 40 3.2: TPT Corpus: the 30 most frequent collocates of ―nature‖ 43 3.3: TPT Corpus: the 30 most frequent collocates of ―natural‖ 43 3.4: TPT Corpus: the 30 most frequent collocates (lexical items) of ―nature‖ 44 3.5: TPT Corpus: the 30 most frequent collocates (lexical items) of ―natural‖ 44 3.6: Potential benefits of tourism in protected areas 60 4.1:Relational column based on t-score calculation provided by Wordsmith Tools for ―nature‖ 64 4.2:Relational column based on t-score calculation provided by Wordsmith Tools for ―natural‖ 65 4.3: Distribution of the collocates of ―nature‖ in the four categories 70 4.4: Distribution of the collocates of ―natural‖ in the four categories 70 4.5: Distribution of the collocates of ―nature‖ and ―natural‖ in the four categories 73 4.6: Distribution of the collocates of ―nature‖ in the functions 94 4.7: Distribution of the collocates of ―natural‖ in the functions 95 A.1: Relational column based on t-score calculation of the collocate ―nature‖ provided by WordSmith Tools (all words) 157 vi B.1: Relational column based on t-score calculation of the collocate ―nature‖ provided by WordSmith Tools (all lexical words) 164 C.1: Relational column based on t-score calculation of the collocate ―natural‖ provided by WordSmith Tools (all words) 167 D.1: Relational column based on t-score calculation of the collocate ―natural‖ provided by WordSmith Tools (all lexical words) 177 E.1: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate reserve 180 E.2: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate lovers 182 E.3: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate reserves 182 E.4: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate trails 183 E.5: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate tours 183 E.6: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate walks 183 E.7: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate bird 184 E.8: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate culture 184 E.9: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate park 184 E.10: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate tourism 185 E.11: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate clients 185 F.1: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate beauty 186 F.2: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate attractions 188 F.3: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate wonders 188 vii F.4: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate disasters 189 F.5: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate history 190 F.6: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate environment 190 F.7: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate habitat 191 F.8: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate resources 191 F.9: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate springs 191 F.10: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate cultural 192 F.11: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate areas 192 G.1: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate reserve 193 G.2: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate lovers 196 G.3: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate reserves 197 G.4: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate trails 197 G.5: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate tours 198 G.6: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate walks 198 G.7: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate bird 199 G.8: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate culture 199 G.9: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate park 200 viii G.10: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate tourism 200 G.11: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate 201 H.1: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate beauty 202 H.2: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate attractions 205 H.3: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate wonders 206 H.4: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate history 207 H.5: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate environment 208 H.6: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate habitat 208 H.7: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate resources 209 H.8: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate springs 210 H.9: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate cultural 210 H.10: Nature categories: Concordances containing the search term ―natural‖ and its collocate areas 211 I.1: Functions of nature: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate reserve 212 I.2: Functions of nature: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate lovers 214 I.3: Functions of nature: Concordances containing the search term ―nature‖ and its collocate reserves 215 I.4: Functions of nature: Concordances containing
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