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The Persian, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid Administrative Center at Tel Kedesh, Israel, in a Regional Context

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The Persian, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid Administrative Center at Tel Kedesh, Israel, in a Regional Context ‘PROVINCIAL’ PERSPECTIVES: THE PERSIAN, PTOLEMAIC, AND SELEUCID ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER AT TEL KEDESH, ISRAEL, IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences by Peter James Stone March, 2012 B.A. University of Minnesota, 2004 M.A. University of Cincinnati, 2007 Committee Chair: Kathleen M. Lynch, Ph.D. iii ABSTRACT In this dissertation I explore how people in the eastern Mediterranean responded to imperial rule under the Achaemenid Persians (539-331 BCE) and Alexander the Great and his Greco-Macedonian successors, the Ptolemies (c. 300-201 BCE) and Seleucids (c. 201-104 BCE). To get an intimate perspective on these responses, I approach them through the recently excavated Persian and Hellenistic Administrative building (hereafter PHAB) at Tel Kedesh in the Upper Galilee of modern day Israel. The PHAB was in use under the Persians, the Ptolemies, and the Seleucids before being abandoned after the Seleucids were defeated in a nearby battle against a Judean army led by Jonathan Maccabee in 143 BCE. People moved north from the Central Hills a few years after this battle and inhabited the site of the semi-ruined building as squatters for a generation. From the vantage of the PHAB, it is possible to consider how economies and lifestyles changed against the dramatic historical backdrop of Alexander’s conquest of the Persian Empire, the five Syrian Wars fought between his Ptolemaic and Seleucid successors over the southern Levant in the 3rd century, and the Maccabean Revolt against Seleucid rule in the mid 2nd century. In this dissertation I consider the largest body of evidence for economic and cultural interconnections of the staff of the PHAB, the pottery, in a regional context in order to characterize the daily habits and tastes of the administrators and squatters who lived at Kedesh. By considering changes in these tastes and habits over time as regimes and borders shifted, I show that people responded to the limitations and opportunities presented by Persian, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid rule (and its aftermath) in thoroughly local ways and at different paces according to political circumstances, economic opportunity, and their own sense of taste and tradition. iv ©2012 Peter James Stone v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The debt of gratitude that I owe to my colleagues, advisors, friends, and family for their assistance, advice, and support cannot be quantified or described coherently. I will here list the names of those people and institutions to whom I am most indebted for the completion of this dissertation. I have enjoyed the generous support of a Louise Taft Semple Fellowship from the Department of Classics at the University of Cincinnati and a University Graduate Scholarship since the fall of 2004. From 2004 to 2007, this funding allowed me to focus on classes that sharpened my research, writing and presentation skills, and since 2008 on the research and writing of this dissertation. Over this span, I have received assistance regarding a host of administrative matters from Gayle McGarrahan, Laura Deller, Deema Maghathe, and Kenneth Gottorff. The cheerful and capable staff of the Burnam Classics Library: Phoebe Acheson, the late David Ball, Mike Braunlin, and Jacquelene Riley have made it possible for me to make the most of a unique and vast collection of materials. Assembling the data for this dissertation and illustrating it required confidence in technology and my ability to use it. Thanks to the tutelage of John Wallrodt and his reassuring presence in the department, I have had no need to worry on either front. The archaeology graduate directors while I have been here, Jack Davis, Gisela Walberg, and Kathleen Lynch, deserve praise for clearly communicating the expectations and requirements of the program and making us aware of opportunities in the field. I was fortunate to participate in courses and lively seminars at the University of Cincinnati that broadened my knowledge of the ancient world as it deepened my understanding of how and why we study the past. I have been enriched by courses with vi Susan Allen, Barbara Burrell, Tom Carpenter, Getzel Cohen, Jack Davis, Eleni Hatzaki, William Johnson, Kathleen Lynch, Peter van Minnen, Holt Parker, and Gisela Walberg. I thank all of them for the time and careful thought that they invested in my development as a scholar and teacher. In the same vein I would like to thank Kathryn Gutzwiller for discussing the literary culture and aesthetic sensibilities of the Hellenistic world with me, Susan Prince for hosting a series of pedagogy lunches, and Alan Sullivan for sharing his thoughts on Classics from the point of view of an anthropologist. Sharon Herbert and Andrea Berlin gave me permission to work on the Persian and Hellenistic pottery from their extremely well run excavations at Tel Kedesh in Israel. When I began research at Kedesh in 2008, four seasons of excavation had taken place, but there was no backlog because Andrea Berlin conducted pottery readings in 1997, 1999, and 2000 and Nicholas Hudson did in 2006. I thank both of them for working diligently on this material. Moreover, when I arrived at Kedesh I found in place a system that ensured the pottery remained part of the stratigraphic record from its time of excavation until the assignment of stratigraphic loci at the end of each season. This system would not have worked without the dedication of the trench supervisors at Kedesh. The author of this system, Sharon Herbert, deserves credit too. Her commitment to the marriage of stratigraphy and pottery has made the formidable task of interpreting this huge corpus of pottery much more practical and pleasurable. I was blessed in the spring and summer of 2010 with the capable assistance and good company of Andrew Boos and Caitlin Clerkin for the final quantification of the pottery from Kedesh. They made long hours at the sorting tables much less arduous and were a sounding board for ideas I had about the pottery. Without the efforts of Linda Clougherty and Meg Morden vii in the registry, Suzanne Davis, Claudia Chemello, and Meghan McFarlane in conservation, the illustrators Darin Anderson, Fritz McBride, Hannah Schnobrich, and Lorene Sterner, and the photographer Sue Webb, I would literally have little to show for my efforts. My understanding of the pottery from Kedesh and its archaeological context benefited greatly from conversations in the 2008-2010 seasons and afterwards with Bjorn Anderson, Donald Ariel, Andrea Berlin, Lisa Cakmak, Henry Colburn, Suzanne Davis, Ameera Elrasheedy, Gerald Finkielsztejn, Sharon Herbert, Tom Landvatter, Kate Larson, Paul Lesperance, Lindy Lindorfer, Charlotte Maxwell-Jones, Fritz McBride, Leah Minc, Meg Morden, Adrian Ossi, Anastasia Shapiro, and Justin Winger. Collaborations with other scholars have helped me understand the material from Kedesh and how to work with it. Before I began work at Kedesh in 2008, I had the opportunity to work on pottery from the University of British Columbia excavations at Stymphalos and the Sikyon Survey Project in Greece. This experience helped me put the Persian and Hellenistic pottery from Kedesh and other eastern Mediterranean sites into broader perspective. I thank the directors of those projects: Hector Williams and Yannis A. Lolos as well as Ben Gourley, Matt Maher, Erika Nitsch, Leticia Rodriguez-Hinojosa, Gerald Schaus, Daniel Richard Stewart, Conor Trainor, and Elli Tzavella for camaraderie and productive conversations. In the summer of 2008, when I was just beginning work on the pottery at Kedesh, Andrea Berlin enlisted my help in publishing pottery from Hellenistic and early Roman Akko. I thank her and Danny Syon, Moshe Hartal, and Eliezer Stern, the directors of the project, for making this material available. In the fall of 2010 Søren Handberg invited me to join Jane Hjarl-Petersen in writing an article on the unusual distribution of Hellenistic Italian finewares in the eastern Mediterranean. Work viii on this article led me to a clearer view of the economic and social interconnections of the people who lived at Kedesh that has proved valuable in this dissertation. These collaborations have sharpened my skills as a researcher and all have been personally rewarding. In 2009, the United States Department of State awarded me an Educational and Cultural Affairs Grant to conduct research at the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in east Jerusalem. Thanks to the staff of the Albright, and in particular Helena Flusfeder and Sy Gitin, its director, this was a period of almost unparalleled scholarly productivity for me. Sy and Helena helped me arrange visits to the Israel Antiquities storerooms at Beit Shemesh and put me in contact with scholars working on Persian and Hellenistic sites throughout Israel. I offer thanks to Yardenna Alexandre, Nourit Feig, Moshe Fischer, Rafael Frankel, Moshe Hartal, Malka Hershkovitz, Yo’av Lehrer, Barak Monnikendam-Givon, Yiftah Shalev, Howard Smithline, Danny Syon, and Oren Tal for taking the time to show me material from their projects and discussing it with me. It would have been hard to make many of these meetings without the use of Sharon Herbert’s Renault. I thank her for letting me use it and making sure that it was registered. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Marie Henriette-Gates for allowing me to view pottery from her excavations at Kinet Höyük in Turkey, and Gisela Walberg for giving me the opportunity to study the Hellenistic pottery from her excavations at Episkopi-Bamboula in Cyprus. My advisors: Andrea Berlin and Kathleen Lynch, and committee members: Getzel Cohen, Eleni Hatzaki, and Sharon Herbert have read and commented on this dissertation with great care. They each deserve more than a word of thanks here.
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