Making the Medieval Relevant Das Mittelalter Perspektiven Mediävistischer Forschung
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Making the Medieval Relevant Das Mittelalter Perspektiven mediävistischer Forschung Beihefte Herausgegeben von Ingrid Baumgärtner, Stephan Conermann und Thomas Honegger Band 6 Making the Medieval Relevant How Medieval Studies Contribute to Improving our Understanding of the Present Edited by Chris Jones, Conor Kostick, and Klaus Oschema The publication of this book has been generously supported by a British Academy Rising Star Engagement Award, by the Mediävistenverband e.V., and by open access grants from the University of Canterbury (Christchurch, New Zealand) and the Ruhr-University Bochum (Germany). ISBN 978-3-11-054530-2 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-054631-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-054648-4 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018958050 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Chris Jones, Conor Kostick, Klaus Oschema, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Contents Chris Jones, Conor Kostick, and Klaus Oschema Why Should we Care about the Middle Ages? Putting the Case for the Relevance of Studying Medieval Europe 1 Science Tobias Kluge and Maximilian Schuh Providing Reliable Data? Combining Scientific and Historical Perspectives on Flooding Events in Medieval and Early Modern Nuremberg (1400–1800) 31 Conor Kostick and Francis Ludlow Medieval History, Explosive Volcanism, and the Geoengineering Debate 45 Jörg Feuchter The Middle Ages in the Genetics Lab 99 Freya Harrison and Erin Connelly Could Medieval Medicine Help the Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance? 113 Education Julien Demade The Contemporary Delegitimization of (Medieval) History – and of the Traditional University Curriculum as a Whole 135 Chris Jones and Madi Williams Pacific Perspectives: Why study Europe’s Middle Ages in Aotearoa New Zealand? 151 Laura Grazia Di Stefano How to be a Time Traveller: Exploring Venice with a Fifteenth-Century Pilgrimage Guide 171 VI Contents Society Klaus Oschema Heaven Can Tell ... Late Medieval Astrologers as Experts – and what they can Teach us about Contemporary Financial Expertise 191 Elva Johnston Eoin MacNeill’s Early Medieval Ireland: A Scholarship for Politics or a Politics of Scholarship? 211 Hélène Sirantoine What’s in a Word? Naming ‘Muslims’ in Medieval Christian Iberia 225 Niamh Wycherley The Enduring Power of the Cult of Relics – an Irish Perspective 239 Ben Jervis Resilience and Society in Medieval Southampton: An Archaeological Approach to Anticipatory Action, Politics, and Economy 255 Reflections Pierre Monnet Studying the Middle Ages: Historical Food for Thought in the Present Day 277 Notes on Contributors 289 Index 293 Chris Jones, Conor Kostick, and Klaus Oschema Why Should we Care about the Middle Ages? Putting the Case for the Relevance of Studying Medieval Europe Abstract: This introductory chapter puts forward a case for the continuing importance of studying the European Middle Ages. The early twenty-first century is witness to a boom in popular interest in the medieval, one which is playing a significant role in shaping both politics and popular culture. Paradoxically, while this boom has led to increasing study of ‘medievalism’, investment in the disciplines that involve the study of the Middle Ages themselves is in relative decline with questions frequently raised about the value of such research. This chapter begins by examining the challenges that necessitate a defence of research whose key focus is the period between the fifth and the fifteenth centuries. It goes on to consider the nature of the relationship that has developed between Modernity and the Middle Ages and reflects on the changing role that medieval scholars have played in society since History emerged as a profes- sional discipline in the nineteenth century. It poses the important question of what a focus on the medieval might offer contemporary society, arguing that a significant dis- tinction should be drawn between ‘usefulness’ and ‘relevance’. It contends that not only does the medieval remain relevant but that that relevance is to be found in sur- prising, frequently overlooked, areas that range from advancing modern medical knowledge and assessing the impact of climate change to informing contemporary po- litical and social discourse. Keywords: Medieval Studies, historiography, medievalism, History and Society, popular history, ideology, contemporary and modern nationalisms There is a growing ambivalence concerning the relationship between modern (west- ern) societies and the medieval world from which they sprang. The experience of the first decades of the twenty-first century suggests that attempts at critical reflection on the state of the study of Europe’s Middle Ages, and on the relationship between the medieval period and contemporary society in particular, often involve paradoxes, Chris Jones, Department of History, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, [email protected] Conor Kostick, Department of History, School of History & Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland, [email protected] Klaus Oschema, Geschichte des Mittelalters (insb. des späten Mittelalters), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Historisches Institut, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany, [email protected] Open Access. © 2020 Chris Jones et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110546316-001 2 Chris Jones, Conor Kostick, and Klaus Oschema contradictions, and ideological conflicts.1 This is, in part, the result of an abuse of the period by those intent on fabricating a mythical ‘golden age’ to justify abhorrent, rac- ist ideologies. Tragically, on 15 March 2019, a horrifying example of such abuse was evident in connection with the massacre of fifty-one people attending Friday prayers at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand: the alleged perpetrator made use of a cycle of medieval images that white supremacists have sought to associate with their repugnant ideology. This dialectic, however, is also a consequence of the way in which the period between the fifth and the fifteenth centuries has proved a fecund source for shaping wider popular culture. The influence of images, concepts, and ideas that are – correctly or wrongly – identified with ‘the Middle Ages’ can, for ex- ample, be felt in the pseudo-medieval, pseudo-Shakespearian world constructed by Kenneth BRANAGH for Marvel Studio’s ‘Thor’ (2011). It informs the re-imagining of Aotearoa New Zealand as J. R. R. TOLKIEN’s Middle Earth (2001–2014) by Peter JACKSON. And it strongly marks the dark fantasy that is both George R. R. MARTIN’s novels and their adaptation by HBO as ‘Game of Thrones’ (2011–).2 Without doubt, these latter are less reprehensible than the twisting of history to create a sense of identity for neo-Nazi groups. But even if these creations are clearly fictional, they have the power to convey images and ideas that shape the attitudes and beliefs of their audiences in the ‘real’ world. In recent years, there has been a marked shift in scholarship to focus on popular culture’s increasing embrace of the Middle Ages. The trend is termed, by academics at 1 See, for example, Peter RAEDTS, Die Entdeckung des Mittelalters. Geschichte einer Illusion, Darmstadt 2016 (Dutch orig. 2011); Tommaso DI CARPEGNA FALCONIERI, Medioevo militante. La po- litica di oggi alle prese con barbari e crociati, Turin 2011 (English translation in preparation; we refer to the French translation: Médiéval et militant. Penser le contemporain à travers le Moyen Âge, transl. Michèle GRÉVIN, Paris 2015); Valentin GROEBNER, Das Mittelalter hört nicht auf. Über his- torisches Erzählen, Munich 2008; Jacques LE GOFF, Faut-il vraiment découper l’histoire en tranches?, Paris 2014; K. Patrick FAZIOLI, The Mirror of the Medieval: An Anthropology of the Western Historical Imagination, New York 2017. Inspiring older contributions include: Peter VON MOOS, Gefahren des Mittelalterbegriffs. Diagnostische und präventive Aspekte, in: Joachim HEINZLE (ed.), Modernes Mittelalter. Neue Bilder einer populären Epoche, Frankfurt, Leipzig 1994, pp. 33–63. 2 For a detailed study of the latter: Carolyne LARRINGTON, Winter is Coming. The Medieval World of Game of Thrones, London, New York 2015 (German transl. by Jörg FÜNDLING, Stuttgart 2016); Zita ROHR / Lisa BENZ (eds.), Queenship and the Women of Westeros: Female Agency and Advice in Game of Thrones and A Song of Ice and Fire, Cham 2019 (forthcoming). For a more general perspec- tive see Andrew B. R. ELLIOTT, Medievalism, Politics and Mass Media. Appropriating the Middle Ages in the Twenty-first Century (Medievalism 10), Cambridge 2017. Further studies on construc- tions of the Middle Ages in popular culture can be found in Tobias ENSELEIT / Christian PETERS (eds.), Bilder vom Mittelalter. Vorstellungen von einer vergangenen Epoche und ihre Inszenierung in modernen Medien (Wissenschaftliche Schriften der WWU Münster. Reihe X, 26),