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SCIENCE and SUSTAINABILITY Impacts of Scientific Knowledge and Technology on Human Society and Its Environment EM AD IA C S A C I A E PONTIFICIAE ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARVM ACTA 24 I N C T I I F A I R T V N Edited by Werner Arber M O P Joachim von Braun Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo SCIENCE and SUSTAINABILITY Impacts of Scientific Knowledge and Technology on Human Society and Its Environment Plenary Session | 25-29 November 2016 Casina Pio IV | Vatican City LIBRERIA EDITRICE VATICANA VATICAN CITY 2020 Science and Sustainability. Impacts of Scientific Knowledge and Technology on Human Society and its Environment Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarvm Acta 24 The Proceedings of the Plenary Session on Science and Sustainability. Impacts of Scientific Knowledge and Technology on Human Society and its Environment 25-29 November 2016 Edited by Werner Arber Joachim von Braun Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo EX AEDIBVS ACADEMICIS IN CIVITATE VATICANA • MMXX The Pontifical Academy of Sciences Casina Pio IV, 00120 Vatican City Tel: +39 0669883195 • Fax: +39 0669885218 Email: [email protected] • Website: www.pas.va The opinions expressed with absolute freedom during the presentation of the papers of this meeting, although published by the Academy, represent only the points of view of the participants and not those of the Academy. ISBN 978-88-7761-113-0 © Copyright 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, pho- tocopying or otherwise without the expressed written permission of the publisher. PONTIFICIA ACADEMIA SCIENTIARVM LIBRERIA EDITRICE VATICANA VATICAN CITY The climate is a common good, belonging to all and meant for all. At the global level, it is a complex system linked to many of the essential conditions for human life. A very solid scientific consensus indicates that we are presently witnessing a disturbing warming of the climatic system. In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each par- ticular phenomenon. Humanity is called to recognize the need for changes of lifestyle, production and consumption, in order to combat this warming or at least the human causes which pro- duce or aggravate it. It is true that there are other factors (such as volcanic activity, variations in the earth’s orbit and axis, the solar cycle), yet a number of scientific studies indicate that most global warming in recent decades is due to the great concentration of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides and others) released mainly as a result of human activity. As these gases build up in the atmosphere, they hamper the escape of heat pro- duced by sunlight at the earth’s surface. The problem is aggravated by a model of development based on the intensive use of fossil fuels, which is at the heart of the worldwide energy system. An- other determining factor has been an increase in changed uses of the soil, principally deforestation for agricultural purposes. Pope Francis, Encyclical Laudato Si’, §23. 6 Science and Sustainability Science and Sustainability 7 8 Science and Sustainability Contents Address of His Holiness Pope Francis..................................................... 15 Introduction ............................................................................................ 17 Word of Welcome Werner Arber ............................................................................................ 18 Presentation of the Plenary Session H.E. Msgr. Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo ....................................................... 19 Programme .............................................................................................. 20 List of Participants .................................................................................. 27 The Pius XI Medal Award........................................................................ 30 Memory Introspection Mariano Sigman ....................................................................................... 32 Self-Presentations Francis L. Delmonico ............................................................................... 36 Cédric Villani ........................................................................................... 36 Salvador E. Moncada ................................................................................. 39 Hans Joachim Schellnhuber ...................................................................... 43 Commemorations Walter Thirring: Physics (Carlo Rubbia) ................................................... 46 Alexander Rich: Biophysics (Werner Arber) ............................................. 48 Charles Townes: Physics (William D. Phillips)............................................ 48 Georges M.M. Cottier: Philosophy (Jean-Michel Maldamé) ...................... 52 Ahmed Hassan Zewail: Chemistry/Physics (Theodor W. Hänsch) .............. 55 Raymond Hide: Geophysics (Martin J. Rees) ............................................ 57 Mambillikalathil G.K. Menon: Physics (Chintamani N.R. Rao) ................. 59 Long Term Responsibility Jürgen Mittelstraß .................................................................................... 62 The Project for Mankind for a Sustainable Development of the World Antonino Zichichi | Presentation available at: http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/ publications/acta/acta24/zichichi.html Science and Sustainability 9 CONTENTS NEUROSCIENCES AND SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION SESSION Building a Bridge from Neuroscience to Education Stanislas Dehaene | Presentation available at: http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/ publications/acta/acta24/dehaene.html Educating for Sustainable Development and Climate Change: A Challenge for Science Academies Pierre Léna .............................................................................................. 69 SPECIAL SESSION Cosmology on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of Msgr. Georges Lemaître’s Death The Future of Space Exploration and Technology Martin J. Rees ........................................................................................... 83 Exploiting Solar System Resources: Opportunities and Issues Br. Guy Consolmagno SJ ......................................................................... 89 The Origin of the Universe Stephen W. Hawking ............................................................................... 101 The State of Understanding of the Nature and Evolution of the Observable Universe James Peebles .......................................................................................... 103 The Quantum Universe Robbert Dijkgraaf | Presentation available at: http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/ publications/acta/acta24/dijkgraaf.html What We Learn When We Learn that the Universe is Accelerating Saul Perlmutter | Presentation available at: http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/ publications/acta/acta24/perlmutter.html Thousands of New Worlds. Changing our View of our Place in the Universe Lisa Kaltenegger | Presentation available at: http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/ publications/acta/acta24/kaltenegger.html) The Figure and Legacy of Msgr. Lemaître Thomas Hertog ....................................................................................... 111 10 Science and Sustainability CONTENTS Role of Space Technology for Enabling Inter-Generational Equity of Natural Capital and Disaster Resilience: Corollaries of Indian Space Programme Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan and John Mathew ..................................... 122 Power Scaling Laws in Particle Physics and Astrophysics Rudolf Muradyan ................................................................................... 136 CHEMISTRY SESSION Atmospheric Chemistry and Sustainability Mario J. Molina ..................................................................................... 163 Splitting of Water by Artificial Photosynthesis Chintamani N.R. Rao and Mohd Monis Ayyub ..................................... 170 BIOLOGY SESSION Sustainable Cohabitation of Living Organisms Werner Arber .......................................................................................... 189 New Development in Genetic Engineering: Scientific and Ethical Aspects Nicole M. Le Douarin ........................................................................... 192 New Knowledge on the Causes of Human Birth Defects: Impact on Society Edward M. De Robertis .......................................................................... 197 The Challenges and Chances of Complexity: Implications for Governance and Ethics Wolf J. Singer .......................................................................................... 203 My Sixty-Six Years of Medical Research Michael Sela ........................................................................................... 211 Impacts of Microbial Studies on Human Society and its Environment Takashi Gojobori | Presentation available at: http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/ publications/acta/acta24/gojobori.html Plastics in the Oceans: Perspectives for Their Biodegradation Rafael Vicuña ......................................................................................... 213 Science and Sustainability 11 CONTENTS HUMAN SCIENCES SESSION Presentation on the Current Status of Organ Donation and Transplantation Around World – With the Dilemma of Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism Francis L. Delmonico .............................................................................
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