Dissertação Mariana Clara

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Dissertação Mariana Clara Mariana Clara de Andrade MEDIDAS COMERCIAIS AMBIENTAIS COM EFEITOS EXTRATERRITORIAIS: ESTUDO CONFORME O DIREITO INTERNACIONAL GERAL E O REGIME JURÍDICO DA ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DO COMÉRCIO Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Direito e Relações Internacionais Orientador: Prof. Arno Dal Ri Júnior, Ph.D Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Potiara de Alcântara Veloso Florianópolis 2017 Para Lucas e Maia, na esperança de que essas linhas ajudem, ainda que timidamente, a construir-lhes um futuro mais sustentável AGRADECIMENTOS Como é o caso em boa parte dos agradecimentos dos trabalhos de conclusão de curso, ainda que não necessariamente adotando essa metodologia expressamente, tentei dividir meu apreço em dois grupos de pessoas: aqueles que contribuíram majoritariamente para o meu desenvolvimento acadêmico, e aqueles que contribuíram majoritariamente para a minha sanidade mental. Percebi claramente, contudo, que a fronteira entre esses dois grupos não é, absolutamente, impermeável, de modo que o que se tem é um constante exercício extrajurisdicional da competência (primária) de cada uma dessas pessoas. Em primeiro lugar, teoricamente no primeiro grupo, mas provando que no fundo o que se tem é uma grande cross-fertilization de contribuições, meus pais, acadêmicos sem cujo apoio e amor eu não teria chegado até aqui, e sem cuja influência eu certamente não teria desenvolvido o pensamento crítico que tento esboçar nas linhas deste trabalho. Pela amizade incondicional, fundamental nessa jornada, agradeço às minhas queridas Diana, Helena, Isabela, Naiana, Nicole e Priscila, que redefiniram meu conceito de amizade e cuja companhia me faz falta todo dia. Agradeço ainda à Nadine, Bel, Gabi e Téci, que compartilham comigo quase a minha vida até aqui. Pelos vários anos de trabalho e experiências conjuntas, e por ser responsável por grande parte de quem eu sou intelectual, acadêmica e pessoalmente, agradeço ao Lucas Lima. Sua contribuição e influência na minha vida não pode sequer ser listada, e talvez seu enquadramento em uma ou outra categoria seja o mais improvável. Também situado nessa zona transfronteiriça entre acadêmico e o círculo pessoal, e exercendo poderes em um território que não se limita ao espaço físico da 313, agradeço à equipe do ius gentium (e um perdido do ius commune). Pelas inúmeras discussões frutíferas e infrutíferas, pelas fofocas internacionais (e também as CCJtianas) e horas perdidas fazendo nada, pelos cafés no La Bohème, da máquina e da cafeteira, mas também pelo intercâmbio estimulante de ideias e pelo trabalho em grupo sensacional, nomeadamente: Gustavo, Fernanda, Taciano (PassiOnu), Felipe Berger, Felipe Pante, Chiara, Arthur Dalmarco, Carol Lacerda, Guilherme Agustini. Vocês são o meu dream-team, e eu nunca imaginei que a falta de produtividade da 313 pudesse ser tão importante na minha vida. Dentre esses, porém, um especial agradecimento ao Gustavo Carnesella, meu amigo há 7 anos, e um amigo com quem trabalhar foi também um prazer (e um eventual quiz sobre bandeiras e capitais). Agradeço ainda meu orientador pelos últimos 7 anos de trabalho conjunto, pelas oportunidades únicas das quais pouquíssimos estudantes podem desfrutar, pelos ensinamentos, pelos conselhos, pelas conversas e pela orientação valiosa. Certamente, a conclusão deste curso de Mestrado não teria se concretizado sem a sua interferência (esta última dentro dos limites consentidos pelo direito internacional). Por fim, e mais firmemente no território acadêmico, não posso deixar de agradecer à minha banca de qualificação, particularmente, novamente, meu orientador, e às profas. Aline Beltrame de Moura e Cristiane Derani, por seus valiosos comentários, grande parte dos quais incorporei (ou tentei incorporar), e que certamente enriqueceram meu trabalho de maneira significativa. RESUMO A relação entre meio ambiente e comércio no âmbito do direito internacional é passível de controvérsias jurídica por diversos aspectos. Um deles, foco da presente dissertação, é a proteção de bens ambientais por meio de medidas restritivas ao comércio internacional que tenham impacto extraterritorial. O direito internacional público, de modo geral, veda o exercício extraterritorial das competências do Estado, motivo pelo qual o tema se torna controverso. No âmbito da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), a questão não se encontra diretamente regulada pelos acordos nem foi esclarecida pelo seu Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias. Apenas um julgado emanado pelo Órgão de Apelação da organização (o caso US – Shrimp) fornece elementos concretos para o esclarecimento da questão, mas não a exaure. Este trabalho se propõe, portanto, a analisar os limites desses efeitos extraterritoriais, amplamente entendidos, para a sua conformação com os princípios relevantes de direito internacional geral e o sistema da OMC. Para tanto, o primeiro capítulo parte do estudo de conceitos e princípios relevantes de direito internacional geral; o segundo capítulo analisa as normas e a jurisprudência da OMC pertinentes ao debate; enquanto o terceiro capítulo propõe uma sistematização metodológica para a averiguação casuística de medidas comerciais ambientais com efeitos extraterritoriais conforme os dois sistemas analisados, que não podem ser considerados em separado, mas, ao contrário, como uma unidade. Palavras-chave: Organização Mundial do Comércio; Extraterritorialidade; Medidas Comerciais; Medidas Ambientais; Direito Internacional Público. ABSTRACT The relationship between environment and trade according to international law is subject to many controversies. Among such controversies, and the object of the present dissertation, is the protection of the environment by means of trade restrictive measures and which amount to an extraterritorial impact. Generally speaking, public international law does not permit the extraterritorial exercise of the competencies of a State, hence the debate on this topic. Within the legal system of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the issue is not directly regulated by its agreements, nor has it been resolved by its Dispute Settlement Body. Only one decision issued by its Appellate Body (the US – Shrimp case) provides elements for the clarification of the matter. This work proposes, therefore, to analyze the limits of the aforementioned extraterritorial effects, understood in a broad manner, according to its conformation with the relevant principles of international law and the WTO system. In order to do so, the first chapter describes relevant concepts and principles of general international law; the second chapter studies the pertinent rules and caselaw of the WTO; while the third chapter proposes a methodological systematization of a procedure for assessing, on a case-by-case basis, the conformity of environmental trade restrictive measures with extraterritorial effects with the two systems, which cannot be considered separately but, instead, in unity. Keywords: World Trade Organization; Extraterritoriality; Trade restrictive measures; Environmental Measures; Public International Law. LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ABNT – Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas CDI – Comissão de Direito Internacional CE – Comunidades Europeias CIJ – Corte Internacional de Justiça CITES – Convenção sobre Comércio Internacional das Espécies da Flora e Fauna Selvagens em Perigo de Extinção CJUE – Corte de Justiça da União Europeia CPJI – Corte Permanente de Justiça Internacional CVDT – Convenção de Viena sobre Direito dos Tratados DPCIA – Dolphin Protection Consumer Information Act EC – European Communities ESC – Entendimento Relativo às Normas e Procedimentos Sobre Solução de Controvérsias ETP – Eastern Tropical Pacific ETS – European Emissions Trading System GATT – Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas Aduaneiras e Comércio MEAs – Acordos Multilaterais Ambientais MSC – Mecanismo de Solução de Controvérsias MSC/OMC - Mecanismo de Solução de Controvérsias da Organização Mundial do Comércio PPMs – Métodos de Processo e Produção pr-PPMs - Métodos de Processo e Produção relativos ao produto (“product-related”) npr-PPMs - Métodos de Processo e Produção não relativos ao produto (“non-product-related”) SPS – Acordo sobre Medidas Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias OMC – Organização Mundial do Comércio ONU – Organização das Nações Unidas OAp – Órgão de Apelação NMF – Nação Mais Favorecida TED – turtle excluder devide TBT – Acordo sobre Barreiras Técnicas ao Comércio TN – Tratamento Nacional UE – União Europeia SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO .........................................................................17 2 DEFININDO CONCEITOS: LIMITES E CONTORNOS DA JURISDIÇÃO EXTRATERRITORIAL CONFORME O DIREITO INTERNACIONAL E SIGNIFICAÇÃO DE MEDIDAS COMERCIAIS AMBIENTAIS............................23 2.1 JURISDIÇÃO EXTRATERRITORIAL: A ANÁLISE DA COMISSÃO DE DIREITO INTERNACIONAL (CDI) E SUAS REGRAS BÁSICAS DE APLICAÇÃO SEGUNDO O DIREITO INTERNACIONAL ...................................................24 2.1.1 Princípios que regem o exercício da jurisdição extraterritorial ..........................................................................32 2.1.2 O caso Lotus e o desenvolvimento jurisprudencial do conceito de jurisdição extraterritorial .......................................39 2.2 A DOUTRINA DOS EFEITOS (EFFECTS DOCTRINE) .........48 2.3 ESPÉCIE DO GÊNERO: MEDIDAS COMERCIAIS AMBIENTAIS COM EFEITO EXTRATERRITORIAL ................59 2.3.1 Medidas restritivas ao comércio: abordagem da competência prescritiva do Estado
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