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Dissertação De Doutorado José Carlos da Silva França In situ, ex situ: O virtual como elemento-chave entre o objeto de arte e seus usuários Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Estética e História da Arte São Paulo, 2018 José Carlos da Silva França In situ, ex situ: O virtual como elemento-chave entre o objeto de arte e seus usuários Trabalho apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Estética e História da Arte (PGEHA) da Universidade de São Paulo como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Artes na Área de Con- centração Estética e História da Arte Universidade de São Paulo Orientador: Profa. Dra. Lisbeth Rebollo Gonçalves Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Estética e História da Arte São Paulo Julho de 2018 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo França, José Carlos da Silva F814i In situ, ex situ: O virtual como elemento-chave entre o objeto de arte e seus usuários / José Carlos da Silva França ; orientador Profa. Dra. Lisbeth Rebollo Gonçalves. - São Paulo, 2018. 387 f. Tese (Doutorado)- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Estética e História da Arte da Universidade de São Paulo. Área de concentração: Estética e História da Arte. 1. Arte. 2. Museologia. 3. História da Arte. 4. Tecnologia. I. Gonçalves, Profa. Dra. Lisbeth Rebollo , orient. II. Título. Nome: FRANÇA, José Carlos da Silva. Título: In situ, ex situ: O virtual como elemento-chave entre o objeto de arte e seus usuários. Dissertação de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação Interunidades em Estética e História da Arte da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de doutor em Artes. Área de Concentração: Estética e História da Arte. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora: Profa. Dra. Lisbeth Rebollo Gonçalves Orientador Prof. Dr. Instituição: Julgamento: Prof. Dr. Instituição: Julgamento: Prof. Dr. Instituição: Julgamento: Prof. Dr. Instituição: Julgamento: Dedico estas linhas a Lélio e Irene França, os quais aguardavam, ansiosos, o momento desta defesa; mas que partiram - por caminhos diferentes, súbitos, dolorosos e inesperados - pouco antes deste momento se concretizar. Sem eles esta dissertação não existiria. Agradecimentos Agradeço a todos os integrantes do PGEHA e do MAC-USP por sua dedicação e disponibilidade em todos os momentos onde uma dose de experiência se fez necessária. À minha orientadora e minha co-orientadora: Muito obrigado pela paciência em sinalizar o caminho que trilhei como neófito. Sem a vossa visão ainda estaria no início da estrada, sem ideia do rumo a seguir. Stephen Fry, Paul Springer and Tim Stephens: Thank you very much guys, you rock! A todos os amigos e companheiros de jornada que dedicaram seu precioso tempo em comentários, análises, subsídios e estímulo, mi- nha eterna gratidão. Gisele Franco, Nelsita Trimer e Victor França: Meu agradecimento a vocês pela presença em todos os momentos críticos. Por fim, agradeço à Professora Ivette Claide Furlan Franco pela sua dedicada, amorosa e essencial tarefa de revisão do conteúdo. Resumo Um breve olhar sobre o passado recente do museu e sua convivência com a tecnologia nas duas últimas décadas, irá trazer à tona um fato relevante: não se trata mais de questionar se as instituições de arte devem possuir presença virtual, mas sim quando. E se esta presença terá maturidade suficiente para que a experiência da recepção se torne tão ou mais valiosa do que o olhar e a sensação direta do espectador em três situações distintas: frente ao objeto de arte, na ampliação da experiência in situ da produção artística e na utilização de modelos e mecânicas ex situ (através de aplicativos conectados à Internet e nas situações de novos espaços híbridos, os quais fazem convergir tanto o real quanto o virtual). A tecnologia traz ao universo da arte promessas de ampliação do espaço de atuação do museu através daquela. As expectativas geradas por tais promessas não se realizam de forma simples e natural. Esta dissertação busca o estudo de procedimentos para a inserção do virtual como prolongamento do espaço do museu - e a subsequente geração de modelos de emissão de conteúdo via redes de comunicação. Sugere caminhos para tais modelos, diante de um espectador habituado ao uso de aparelhos de intermediação e recepção. Considera as dife- renças de significação, para o espectador, entre a exposição no modelo tradicional e aquela que se baseia em um desdobramento virtual. Valida a inserção da tecnologia como parte deste processo, ao entender a exibição como um processo de mediação e ativação. Os meios eletrônicos atuam no sentido de ativar as possibilidades de acesso remoto a contextos e conteúdos. Ao ser ativado virtual e remo- tamente, o museu ganha a possibilidade de preencher espaços outrora inexplorados. O escopo da análise se dá no entendimento da relação entre a produção a ser exposta no modelo tradicional e aquela que ocorre através do mundo virtual. Tendo o arcabouço teórico da estética da recepção como pano de fundo, busca refletir sobre os procedimentos a serem desenvolvidos quando da criação de experiências virtuais na configuração dos meios de acesso do público ao museu. Destarte, é possível colaborar com as disciplinas ligadas à Estética, História da Arte, Crítica da Arte e Arte-educação; pois todas elas têm, numa visão presente e futura, interesse em utilizar soluções que permitam disseminar conteúdo através dos meios eletrônicos. Palavras-chave: arte. museu. tecnologia. virtual. imagem. estética. recep- ção. crítica. história. Abstract A brief glimpse over the recent past of the museum and its relationship with technology will bring to view a significant fact: it is not a matter of questioning if they must have a virtual presence but when that should happen. Additionally, how strong and worthwhile will be that interaction? Will the remote experience be strong enough in order to overturn the one that happens right in front of the visitor? There are three situations where that assertive must be tested: right in front of the work of art, in the process of expanding the experience that results from the art production and the use of devices and networks (through applications connected to the Internet or navigating into new hybrid spaces, a convergence of both real and virtual worlds). Considering the vacuum that exists, in the art domain, between the user reception and all the procedures that are necessary in order to make it effective, this study has the goal of investigating operational procedures, methodologies and techniques that may allow the inception of virtual models as an expansion of the museum physical space, and consequently their results: the generation of plataforms and models for sharing content from those virtual models, into an audience that is already used to deal with devices as their medium of reception. In bridging both the real and virtual worlds, this research aims to consider the different meanings, to the public, of a tradicional exhibit and its virtual counterpart. The insertion of technology as part of that workflow, when considering an exhibit as a process that acts as both activation and mediation. The fact that the museum is able to get into the viewer’s space without the need of physical transportation, thus filling spaces that were previously uncharted, is a major consideration in this study. The search aims to the understanding of those relationships that arise when the traditional model of an exhibition - adopted by museums since their foundation - shares its space with virtual exhibits and data sharing via Internet and social networks. It is the scope of this research to have a grounding on the Theory of Reception to reflect and suggest procedures, in order to enhance the virtual contexts that are going to be an essential part of the viewer’s experience. Keywords: art. museum. technology. virtual. image. aesthetics. reception. critique. history Sumário 1 INTRODUÇÃO ......................... 10 2 A RECEPÇÃO DO OBJETO DE ARTE PELO USUÁRIO . 16 2.1 O espectador e o sentido da obra ............... 16 2.2 A experiência in situ transferida ao mediador eletrônico . 27 2.3 Da ambientação à virtualização ................ 30 2.4 O (relativamente) novo contexto ................ 33 2.5 Características de uma nova configuração ......... 37 3 MODELOS TECNOLÓGICOS DISPONÍVEIS......... 41 3.1 A tecnologia como elemento integrador: uma introdução 41 3.1.1 Pressupostos ............................ 41 3.1.2 Histórico............................... 42 3.1.3 Tecnologias experienciais.................... 47 3.1.4 O guia de áudio.......................... 48 3.2 Tecnologias baseadas em dispositivos móveis ....... 50 3.2.1 Código QR (Quick Response).................. 52 3.2.2 Realidade virtual ......................... 56 3.2.3 Realidade aumentada...................... 58 3.2.4 Internet das Coisas (IoT) ..................... 61 3.3 O avanço da conectividade .................. 75 3.4 Adequação da tecnologia à museologia .......... 78 4 CRITÉRIOS NO USO DA TECNOLOGIA ........... 85 4.1 Campo de atuação e sua conformidade ........... 85 4.2 Os 4 critérios ligados à definição ................ 90 4.2.1 Parcerias tecnológicas e geração de recursos . 91 4.2.1.1 Pressupostos ............................. 91 4.2.1.2 Implementação ........................... 95 4.2.2 Digitalização...........................
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