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The Stormy Sixties, 1960—1968

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The Stormy Sixties, 1960—1968 _______ ________ ______________ Name Section Date 39 The Stormy Sixties, 1960—1968 PART I: Reviewing the Chapter A. Checklist of Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter, you should be able to 1. describe the high expectations Kennedy’s New Frontier aroused and the political obstacles it encountered. 2. analyze the theory and practice of Kennedy’s doctrine of “flexible response” in Asia and Latin America. 3. describe Johnson’s succession to the presidency in 1963, his electoral landslide over Goldwa- ter in 1964. and his Great Society successes of 1965. 4. discuss the course of the black movement of the 1960s, from civil rights to Black Power. 5. indicate how Johnson led the United States deeper into the Vietnam quagmire. 6 explain how the Vietnam war brought turmoil to American society and eventually drove John son and the divided Democrats from power in 1968. 7. describe the cultural rebellions of the 1 960s, and indicate their short-term and long-term con sequences. B. Glossary fo build your social science vocabulary, familiarize yourself with the following terms. 1. free world The noncommunist democracies of the Western world, as opposed to the commu nist states. “But to the free world the ‘Wall of Shame’ looked like a gigantic enclosure around a concentration camp.” (p. 919) 2. nuclear proliferation The spreading of nuclear weapons to nations that have not previously had them. “Despite the perils of nuclear proliferation or Soviet domination, de Gaulle de manded an independent Europe.. .“ (p. 919) 3. exile A person who has been banished or driven from her or his country by the authorities. ‘He had inherited . a CIA-backed scheme to topple Fidel Castro from power by invading Cuba with anticommunist exiles.” (p. 921) 1. peaceful coexistence The principle or policy that communists and noncommunists— specifically, the United States and the Soviet Union—ought to live together without trying to dominate or destroy each other. Kennedy thus tried to lay the foundations for a realistic policy of peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union.” (p. 923) 5. détente In international affairs, a period of relaxed agreement in areas of mutual interest. iiere were the modest origins of the policy that later came to be known as ‘détente.” (p. 923) 6. sit-in A demonstration in which people occupy a facility for a sustained period to achieve po litical or economic goals. “Following the wave of sit-ins that surged across the South. (p. 923) Chapter 39 The Stormy Sixties 1960—1968 383 7. establishment The ruling inner circle of a nation and its principal institutions. “Goldwater’s forces had . rid[denj roughshod over the moderate Republican ‘eastern establishment.” (p. 929) 8. literacy test A literacy examination that a person must pass before being allowed to vote. “Ballot-denying devices like the poll tax, literacy tests, and barefaced discrimination still barred black people from the political process.” (p. 931) 9. ghetto The district of a city where members of a religious or racial minority are forced to live, either by legal restriction or by informal social pressure. (Originally, ghettoes were enclosed Jew ish districts in Europe.) “. a bloody riot exploded in Watts, a black ghetto in Los Angeles.” (p. 932) 10. black separatism The doctrine that blacks in the United States ought to separate themselves from whites, either in separate institutions or in a separate political territory. “.. Malcolm X trumpeted black separatism.. .“ (p. 932) 11. hawk During the Vietnam War, someone who favored vigorous prosecution or escalation of the conflict. “If the United States were to cut and run from Vietnam, claimed prowar ‘hawks,’ other nations would doubt America’s word. .“ (p. 935) 12. dove During the Vietnam War, someone who opposed the war and favored de-escalation or withdrawal by the United States. “New flocks of antiwar ‘doves’ were hatching daily.” (p. 935) 13. militant In politics, someone who pursues political goals .in a belligerent way. often using para military means. “Other militants. shouted obscenities. .“ (p. 938) 14, dissident Someone who dissents, especially from an established or normative institution or position. “. Spiro T. Agnew [was] noted for his tough stands against dissidents and black militants.” (p. 939) 15. coattails In politics, the ability of a popular candidate at the top of a ticket to transfer some of his or her support to lesser candidates on the same ticket. “Nixon was. the first president- elect since 1848 not to bring in on his coattails at least one house of Congress (pp. 939—940) PART 11: Checking Your Progress A. True-False Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F, and correct it in the space immedi ately below. 1. Kennedy’s attempt to control rising steel prices met strong opposition from big business. 2. The Kennedy doctrine of ‘flexible response” was applied primarily to conflicts with So viet communism in Europe. 3. The U.S.-supported coup against the corrupt Diem regime brought South Vietnam greater democracy and political stability. 4. Kennedy financed and trained the Cuban rebel involved in the Bay of Pigs invasion but refused to intervene directly with American troops or planes. 5. The Cuban missile crisis ended in a humiliating defeat for Khrushchev and the Soviet Union. 6. Kennedy encouraged the civil rights movement to become more outspoken in its opposi tion to segregation and discrimination. 384 Chapter 39 The Stormy Sixties, I96O- 1968 L)atc Name - - Section the traditionally Re 7. Johnso&s landslide victory came in every part of the country except publican Midwest. attacks but 8. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized the president to respond to naval kept the powcr to make war in Vietnam firmly in the hands of Congress. return — 9. J0h1Th0115 Great Society programs attempted to balance the federal budget and power to the states. great vie —— 10. The nonviolent cr il rights movement. led by Martin Luther King. Jr.. achieved tories in integration and voting rights br blacks in 1964 and 1965. that the South had not been improved by — I I. [h urban riots of the late l960s demonstrated the civil rights movement. withdraw as a 12. The campaigns of Senators McCarthy and Kennedy Ihrced Johnson to presidential candidate and promoted dc-escalation of the Vietnam War. in 1968. 13. [he deep Democratic dis isions over Vietnam helped elect Nixon as president the l960s —. 14. One major American institution largely unallècted by the cultural upheaval of was the Roman Catholic Church. pill IS. The ‘sexual revolution” of the 1960s included the introduction of the birth control and the increasing sisibility of gays and lesbians. B. Multiple Choice Select the best answer and write the proper letter in the space provided. I. President Kennedy s proposals tbr increased educational aid and medical assistance a. succeeded because of his skill in legislatise bargaining. b. sere traded away in exchange for passage of the bill establishing the Peace Corps. c. were stalled by strong opposition in Congress. d. were strongly opposed by business interests. 2. The industry that engaged in a bitter conflict with President Kennedy over price increases a. the aircraft industry. b. the meat industry. c. the steel indusirs. d. the oil industry. 3. [he fundamental military doctrine ol the Kennedy administration involved a. flexible response” to “hrushfir.. wars” in the Third World. h. a massive nuclear retaliation against communist advances. c. a heavy buildup of conventional armed forces in Western Europe. d. reliance on rapid-response jet and helicopter air power. i pt:r v ,‘q. nrnre SAnies 96O 1968 385 4. The first major foreign-policy disaster of the Kennedy administration came when a. Middle East governments sharply raised the price of imported oil. b. American-backed Cuban rebels were defeated at the Bay of Pigs. c. Khrushchev threatened American interests in the Cuban missile crisis. d. American forces suffered severe battlefield losses in Vietnam, 5. The Cuban missile crisis ended when a. the American-backed Cuban invaders were defeated at the Bay of Pigs. b. the United States agreed to allow Soviet missiles in Cuba as long as they were not armed with nuclear weapons. c. the Soviets agreed to pull all missiles out of Cuba and the United States agreed not to invade Cuba. d. The United States and the Soviet Union agreed that Cuba should become neutral in the Cold War. 6. The Kennedy’ administration was pushed into a stronger stand on civil rights by a. the civil rights movement led by the Freedom Riders and Martin Luther King, Jr. b. the political advantages of backing civil rights. c. the pressure from foreign governments and the United Nations. d. the threat of violence in northern cities. 7. Lyndon Johnson won an overwhelming landslide victory’ in the 1964 election partly because a. he repudiated many of the policies of the unpopular Kennedy’ administration. b. he promised to take a tough stand in opposing communist aggression in Vietnam, c. Republican candidate Senator Barry Goldwater was seen by many Americans as a trigger-happy” extremist. d. Johnson had achieved considerable personal popularity with the electorate. 8. President Johnson was more successful in pushing economic and civil rights measures through Congress than President Kennedy because a. he wa better at explaining the purposes of the laws in his speeches. b. the Democrats gained overwhelming control of Congress in the landslide of 1964. c. Republicans were more willing to cooperate with Johnson than with Kennedy’. d. Johnson was better able to swing southern Democrats behind his proposals. 9. The Civil Rights Act of 1965 was designed to guarantee a. desegregation in interstate transportation. b. job opportunities for African-Americans. c. desegregation of high schools and colleges.
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