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Sustainable Mobility in Copenhagen

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Sustainable Mobility in Copenhagen Aalborg University - Sustianable Design 4th. Semester - June 2nd. 2016 Martin Walthers Schmidt & Thorbjørn Egelund Jørgensen Sustainable Mobility in Copenhagen Report Building.indd 1 30-05-2016 22:41:11 2 Report Building.indd 2 30-05-2016 22:41:12 Aalborg University, Sustainable Design, 4 Semester, 2016 Design, 4 Semester, Sustainable University, Aalborg Martin Walthers Schmidt, Thorbjørn Egelund Jørgensen Egelund Thorbjørn Schmidt, Walthers Martin Titel Page Titel: Sustainable Mobility in Copenhagen Theme: A Sustianable Transition in the Copenhagen Mobility Sector Period: January 15th 2016 - 22nd of June 2016 Supervisors: Andrés Valderrama & Christian Clausen No. of Pages: 110 Appendix: Eksternal drive Hand in: 2nd of June 2016 Master of Sustianable Design Institute of Design, Innovation and Sustainable trasitions Aalborg University - CPH Martin Walthers Schmidt Thorbjørn Egelund Jørgensen 3 Report Building.indd 3 30-05-2016 22:41:12 Table of Content 5 Abstract 6 Introduction 8 Problemstatement 10 Methodology 12 Research 13 Historical development of Copenhagen Mobility 19 The Current Mobility of Copenhagen 30 Survey on Transport Thinking in Copenhagen 33 Interviews With the Users 35 Discussion on Research 40 Analysis 41 Practice Theory 59 Multi Level Perpective 68 Evaluation of Practice Theory with MLP 70 Concept Development 71 Co-Design in Practice Theory 78 Concept Suggestions 81 Evaluation of Concepts 87 Selected Concept 90 Product 93 Implementation 96 Prototypes 97 Vision 98 Expected Effects of the Solution 99 Conclution 101 Evaluation of the Project 102 Reflection of Process and Further Work 105 References 4 Report Building.indd 4 30-05-2016 22:41:12 Aalborg University, Sustainable Design, 4 Semester, 2016 Design, 4 Semester, Sustainable University, Aalborg Martin Walthers Schmidt, Thorbjørn Egelund Jørgensen Egelund Thorbjørn Schmidt, Walthers Martin Abstract This report investigates the effects of user-involvement towards creating a sustainable transition of the Copenhagen mobility. While the municipality of Copenhagen aims for a CO2 neutral city by 2025, the mobility is getting be- hind in achieving this vision. Many investments have been done in altering or improving infrastructure, but an element of user-involvement is missing. This report will attempt to look further into this problem and provide a solution. An investigation of the mobility of Copenhagen and its users have been de- veloped, which will give an analysis consisting of the user oriented Practice theory and the systematic Multi-level perspective as to succeed in creating the best solution possible for a successful transition. Through a workshop with the users, a co-design process was initiated, which ended up giving new perspectives for further work. A concept has been developed centering around creating awareness and direct the citizens of Copenhagen towards a more sustainable mobility behavior. This is done by getting the users to see and re- late to the issues at hand and creating a better understanding, while providing options for how they can continue in their process towards a more sustainable behaviour. Acknowledgements We would like to thank our two supervisors Andrés Valderrama and Christian Clausen for supporting us in our work and taking interest in our project with much enthusiasm. Furthermore, we would like to thank the people how took their time to partici- pate in our workshop and Interviews. 5 Report Building.indd 5 30-05-2016 22:41:12 Introduction Over the last century the demand for mobility in Copenhagen have been on a high increase. Because of the population of Copenhagen have increased and the surrounding suburbs have expanded in size, have the mobility behaviour of citizens increased in length. This was a result of the industrialization of Co- penhagen, and together with the industrialization came new innovative mobili- ty technologies to fulfill the new needs of the users. The following effect of the industrialization can now be seen on the current mobility situation in Copen- hagen, it has lead to an unsustainable relation to the way “we think” mobility in Copenhagen. Fossil fuel driven vehicles have become of a part of the Copen- hagen City picture; in form of cars, vans, busses and trucks, all which have a negative effect on the 3 pillars of sustainability; the environmental, the social and the economical. Yet on an international scale Copenhagen is one of the highest ranking urban cities within sustainable mobility, and this is because of the deeply implanted biking culture the citizen of the Copenhagen have, which is a very sustainable form of mobility seen from the perspective of all 3 pillars. The idea of a sustainable mobility sector have been a growing trend, and therefore Copenhagen decided in 2009 to become a CO2 neutral city by 2025 [(Copenhagen Municipality, 2009), which includes creating a more sustain- able mobility sector, by converting more citizens to use either biking or public transport, while converting the remaining car-parks and busses to electrically driven vehicles . While the engagement of the municipality for converting towards more sus- tainable mobility of Copenhagen is of high interest and currently undergoing, does their method of encouraging the transition lack a certain important ele- ment of user involvement. The municipalities strategy is based on investing in the infrastructure that promotes sustainable methods of transport, which most- ly affect the current unsustainable methods. E.g. the urban space reserved to cars, like car lanes and car parking, is being remodeled to bike lanes, bus lanes and reserved e-car parking. While this is an efficient method for the transition, it can be seen as a way of forcing the citizens to alternative mobility methods. But this can resolve in unsatisfied citizens who lacks an understand- ing of the situation and feels a limited in their freedom of choice. This report will attempt to understand the users, focussing on their mobility habits and needs. This will be done through researching the users by apply- ing basic ethnographic fieldwork methods such as, interviews and shadowing, 6 Report Building.indd 6 30-05-2016 22:41:12 Aalborg University, Sustainable Design, 4 Semester, 2016 Design, 4 Semester, Sustainable University, Aalborg Martin Walthers Schmidt, Thorbjørn Egelund Jørgensen Egelund Thorbjørn Schmidt, Walthers Martin while also digging into the historical changes of the users. These methods will create a better understanding of how and why the users have had a change in the mobility practice previously. The main approach to analyse the user's mo- bility culture, will be the method of Practice theory. Practice theory will identify opportunities for change in the user's’ mobility practice by comparing patterns of consumption, related to the associations surrounding their mobility, and the historical development within the practices. To support Practice theory and bring in a strong historical perspective, the method of Multi-level perspective been drawn in as a way of providing an over- all view of the mobility in Copenhagen. By acquiring this perspective it will pro- vide a foundation to evaluate on the outcome of practice theory on the three differnt levels; micro, macro and meso level, which means a more integrated solutions with a higher degree of success for effecting the transition. The report will end up with a concept focusing on providing knowledge, educa- tion, inspiration and motivation to the citizens. By doing so it is expected that the users willingly will convert to an alternative way of mobility, without being forced through regulations or financial ‘penalty’ policies. 7 Report Building.indd 7 30-05-2016 22:41:12 Problem- statement: Discovering & Defining problem within the Mobility sector of CPH A sustainable urban mobility sector, which has no negative impact on the sur- rounding environment and is fast, cheap and comfortable whilst also healthy, is a vision that the Copenhagen city and probably many other major cities strive for. Copenhagen Municipality have a vision of becoming CO2 neutral by 2025, and this includes the mobility of Copenhagen. The municipalities plans for doing so is based on boosting the alternatives to the car; e.g. bicycles and public transport, while creating more efficient car traffic and yet limit it their dedicated space in the city. Electrical and hydrogen cars is also considered a part of the solution, so they are investing in a fueling infrastructure for both, while they are waiting for new possible mobility technologies to emerge and assist in the transition towards sustainability. (Copenhagen Municipality, 2009) From a present day perspective, are the advancements towards a more sus- tainable mobility system developing too slowly and will not reach the goals of 2025 (Copenhagen Municipality, 2015). Copenhagen is known as a bicycle city, as the percentage of citizens who choose biking is relatively high in com- parison with other cities. But the amount of cars in Copenhagen is still high with no notable decrease, so traffic congestion, noise, CO2 emission and air pollution is still a part of the everyday life in Copenhagen (Capital Region, 2014). All these factors which have a significant negative effect on the city en- vironment and the public health. Yet despite these factors, it seems as though the general population lack the initiative to change their mobility habits. They have to be confronted with their habits and taken by the hand to get them started. (Gate 21, 2014) 8 Report Building.indd 8
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