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Copenhagen: How Bicycles Can Become an Efficient Means of Public Transportation

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COPENHAGEN: HOW BICYCLES CAN BECOME AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION COPENHAGEN: How bicycles can become an efficient means of public transportation Supervisor: Rasmus Ole RASMUSSEN SANTOS CANALS Marc, PINAUD Antoine, JANNEAU Thibaut Geography department, Roskilde University, December 2006 1 COPENHAGEN: HOW BICYCLES CAN BECOME AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 2 COPENHAGEN: HOW BICYCLES CAN BECOME AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION “Any observation is construct by the culture of the observer” Bachelard “Any observation is construct by the culture of the observer” Bachelard 3 COPENHAGEN: HOW BICYCLES CAN BECOME AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Acknowledgments To Niels Jensen, Department of Roads and Parks of Copenhagen. He gave us an important interview that helped us in the realization of the project. His vision allowed us to understand the operation of the city. To Christian Christiansen, Municipality of Copenhagen. Who could find time to receive us and to speak about the City-Bike system. To Esbern Holmes, instructor in the Geography Department of RUC. Who delivered us precious advice for the realization of the GIS part. And to Rasmus Ole Rasmussen, our supervisor. We thanks him, for his enthusiasm, his advices and his support during this semester. 4 COPENHAGEN: HOW BICYCLES CAN BECOME AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... ..8 1- INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 9 - Context: XXI Century and cities................................................................................ 9 - The Copenhagen / bicycle’s rapport........................................................................... 9 - But how the Copenhagen’s citizens see the bicycle?............................................... 11 - Nevertheless, there are still problems ...................................................................... 12 2- METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................... 13 - Interview .................................................................................................................. 13 - Research ................................................................................................................... 14 - Comments ................................................................................................................ 14 3- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................. 15 3.1- TRANSPORTATION THEORY........................................................................ 15 - Introduction and comments.................................................................................. 15 - Is using theories to define the city a paradoxical method? .................................. 15 - Transport system in geography ............................................................................ 16 - Mobility in the transport system .......................................................................... 19 - Transport competition inside the city and the role of the State............................ 21 3.2- POLICIES AND URBAN PLANNING ............................................................. 23 - The multimodal exchange against the exclusion of mobility............................... 24 4- URBAN PLANNING CONCERNING THE BICYCLE’S POLICY ....................... 26 4.1- INFRASTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS................................................................. 27 - Cycle tracks and cycle lines ................................................................................. 27 - Improved intersections ......................................................................................... 29 - Green cycle routes................................................................................................ 30 4.2- BETTER CYCLE TRACK MAINTENANCE AND CLEANING.................... 31 4.3- IMPROVING CYCLING NETWORK IN THE CITY CENTRE...................... 32 4.4- CAMPAIGNS AND INFORMATION............................................................... 33 4.5- BICYCLE PARKING......................................................................................... 33 4.6- COMBINING CYCLING AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT.................................. 34 5- PUBLIC BICYCLES IN COPENHAGEN................................................................ 36 5.1- THE CITY-BIKE SYSTEM ............................................................................... 36 - Precedents: bicycle-sharing programs.................................................................. 36 - History of City-Bike............................................................................................. 37 - How to use it ........................................................................................................ 38 - Why we want to change it? .................................................................................. 39 - Problems of City-Bike.......................................................................................... 43 5.2- HOW CAN WE DEVELOP A NEW SYSTEM?............................................... 46 - Reflection about the bike program....................................................................... 46 - Parking considerations ......................................................................................... 48 - Urban reorganization context............................................................................... 49 5.3- HOW THE USE OF GIS CAN HELP US.......................................................... 53 - GIS and urban planning, between tool and solution ............................................ 53 - Case of study: bike parking location in central Copenhagen............................... 54 - Extra analysis: density of population sub-case .................................................... 61 6- STUDY OF OTHER CASES..................................................................................... 64 6.1- THE URBAN TRANSPORT BENCHMARKING INITIATIVE...................... 64 6.2- CASE 1: NETHERLANDS (OV-fiets) ............................................................... 66 6.3- CASE 2: LYON (Vélo’v) .................................................................................... 68 5 COPENHAGEN: HOW BICYCLES CAN BECOME AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 6.4- CASE 3: LONDON (OY Bike)............................................................................ 70 6.5- CASE 4: ODENSE (Denmark’s National Cyclecity) ......................................... 71 7- CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................ 74 - Public bike system.................................................................................................... 74 - Close the city to cars ................................................................................................. 77 8- ANNEX...................................................................................................................... 79 8.1- INTERVIEW TO NIELS JENSEN .................................................................... 79 8.2- INTERVIEW TO CHRISTIAN CHRISTIANSEN ............................................ 83 9- TABLE OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... 86 10- BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 87 6 COPENHAGEN: HOW BICYCLES CAN BECOME AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 7 COPENHAGEN: HOW BICYCLES CAN BECOME AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION ABSTRACT Private and public transports are important elements in a city. Transport gives a face to the city. For this project, Copenhagen was a good example. First this city knew how to obtain a powerful transport system. Moreover, the culture, in particular the culture of the bicycle, is acquired by many people. This is why starting from this postulate, we wanted to see how it is possible to combine bicycle and public transport. We know that the old system of city bikes has some problems and is not a success with Copenhageners. We had in the idea to create a new system, which would be in the same time an individual and a public transport. I.e., it would be public because it can be offered to everyone without discrimination. Some of the improvements would include better choice in the movements and in the timetable. We describe the field of the problem with references to qualitative and quantitative research to know general data and the problem with the city bike system. We have conducted two interviews which help us to understand how the existing bike system in Copenhagen functions. We have given an outline of the theories of geography with special emphasis on mobility, urban planning and sociology in relation with the individual choice. Last, we took into comparison other European cities in order to have an overall view and to have more references from which to show the possibility of our system. 8 COPENHAGEN: HOW BICYCLES CAN BECOME AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 1- INTRODUCTION - Context: XXI Century and cities Today, cities have a place which incorporates all of our hopes and sadness. Cities are the mirror of the society. We are trying
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