Progression of the Deregulation on the North European Railway Passenger Markets New Insights Via a Customer Satisfaction Survey and Expert Interviews

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Progression of the Deregulation on the North European Railway Passenger Markets New Insights Via a Customer Satisfaction Survey and Expert Interviews 15 2011 RESEARCH REPORTS OF THE FINNISH TRANSPORT AGENCY Milla Laisi, Tiina Poikolainen Progression of the Deregulation on the North European Railway Passenger Markets New insights via a customer satisfaction survey and expert interviews Milla Laisi, Tiina Poikolainen Progression of the Deregulation on the North European Railway Passenger Markets New insights via a customer satisfaction survey and expert interviews Research reports of the Finnish Transport Agency 15/2010 Finnish Transport Agency Helsinki 2011 Photographs on the cover: Markku Nummelin ISSN-L 1798-6656 ISSN 1798-6656 ISBN 978-952-255-647-9 Online publication pdf (www.liikennevirasto.fi) ISSN-L 1798-6656 ISSN 1798-6664 ISBN 978-952-255-648-6 Kopijyvä Oy Kuopio 2011 Finnish Transport Agency P.O. Box 33 FI-00521 HELSINKI, Finland Tel. +358 (0)20 637 373 3 Milla Laisi and Tiina Poikolainen: Progression of the Deregulation on the North European Railway Passenger Markets – New insights via a customer satisfaction survey and expert interviews. Finnish Transport Agency, Traffic Management. Helsinki 2011. Research reports of the Finnish Transport Agency 15/2011. 112 pages and 30 appendices. ISSN-L 1798-6656, ISSN 1798-6656, ISBN 978-952-255-647-9, ISSN 1798-6664 (pdf), ISBN 978-952-255-648-6 (pdf). Keywords: Commuter transport, railway market deregulation, long-distance transport, railway undertaking, passenger rail transport Summary The increase in population has created challenges to city planning worldwide. Suburbs have become more common living areas, and the distance from city centres has increased. This has brought challenges to passenger transport, which is noted as one of the most vital functions. Special attention has been paid to commuter rail transport, which is stated as an environmentally friendly transport mode. Although passenger rail transport is not as widely deregulated as freight transport, markets are confronting changes. At the beginning of year 2010 international passenger transport was opened for competition. Although this did not concern the national transportation, some countries have proceeded even further, and have partly or totally deregulated the national passenger rail transport. This research had two main objectives. It examined the progression of deregulation in three target countries and evaluated how experts and passengers have confronted the changes. Secondly, the aim was to clarify what kind of social consequences the deregulation has unfolded, concentrating also on passengers’ viewpoints. The study’s empirical section was conducted in two parts. Firstly, a passenger satisfaction survey was performed in Stockholm, Tallinn and Copenhagen. In the second part empirical data was gathered by interviewing Swedish, Estonian and Danish experts by using a semi-structured theme-interview. The research provided novel information by combining the standpoints of experts and passengers; the topic has been studied previously by concentrating on either experts or passengers. it can be stated that deregulation has proceeded dissimilarly in the target countries, which has impinged on the markets. The most significant divergences were noted in education, the ownership structures of the networks and the level of governmental support. Furthermore, the Swedish and Danish markets were considered interesting, whereas the Estonian market was noted too small for competition. However, some similarities were also unfolded. The unions’ attitude towards deregulation is mainly negative, partly due to the decreased amount of workforce in the railway industry. Locomotive drivers’ increased salary level was described as a positive factor. In order to increase the utilization of passenger rail transport, special attention should be paid to ticket prices, punctuality and itineraries. 4 Milla Laisi ja Tiina Poikolainen: Markkinoiden vapautumisen eteneminen Pohjois-Euroopan henkilöjunaliikenteessä – uusia näkökohtia asiakastyytyväisyystutkimuksen ja asiantuntija- haastattelujen pohjalta. Liikennevirasto, liikenteenhallinta. Helsinki 2011. Liikenneviraston tutkimuksia ja selvityksiä 15/2011. 112 sivua ja 30 liitettä. ISSN-L 1798-6656, ISSN 1798-6656, ISBN 978-952-255-647-9, ISSN 1798-6664 (pdf), ISBN 978-952-255-648-6 (pdf). Avainsanat: Lähiliikenne, rautatiemarkkinoiden vapautuminen, kaukoliikenne, rautatieoperaat- tori, henkilöjunaliikenne Tiivistelmä Kasvava väkiluku on aiheuttanut maailmanlaajuisesti haasteita kaupunkisuunnitte- lulle. Asuminen lähiöissä on yleistynyt, ja samanaikaisesti etäisyys kaupunkien keskustoihin on kasvanut. Tämä on aiheuttanut haasteita eritoten julkiselle liikenteelle. Raideliikenteen kasvattaessa suosiotaan on alettu kiinnittää erityistä huomiota lähijunaliikenteeseen, joka on todettu ympäristöystävälliseksi kuljetus- muodoksi. Vaikkakin henkilöjunaliikenne ei ole yhtä laajasti vapautettua kilpailulle kuin rahtiliikenne, rautatiemarkkinat ovat muutoksessa. Vuoden 2010 alusta alkaen rajat ylittävä liikenne vapautettiin kilpailulle. Vaikkei tämä koskenut maiden sisäistä rautatiemarkkinaa, jotkut maat ovat jo vapauttaneet sisäisen henkilöjunaliikenteen joko osittain tai kokonaan kilpailulle. Tällä tutkimuksella oli kaksi päätavoitetta. Tarkoituksena oli tutkia rautatie- markkinoiden vapautumisen etenemistä kolmessa kohdemaassa sekä tarkastella miten aiheutuneet muutokset on otettu vastaan niin toimijoiden kuin matkustajienkin keskuudessa. Toisena tavoitteena oli selvittää rautatiemarkkinoiden vapauttamisen aiheuttamia yhteiskunnallisia vaikutuksia. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osuus tehtiin kahdessa osassa. Ensimmäinen osa keskittyi matkustajien asiakastyytyväisyyteen Tukholmassa, Tallinnassa sekä Kööpenhaminassa. Toinen osa toteutettiin kvalitatii- visena tapaustutkimuksena, ja siinä haastateltiin ruotsalaisia, virolaisia sekä tanska- laisia asiantuntijoita käyttäen puoli-strukturoitua teemahaastattelua. Tutkimuksen myötä saatiin uutta tietoa yhdistämällä eri asiantuntijoiden sekä matkustajien näkökannat; aihetta on aiemmin lähestytty pitämällä nämä kaksi vastaajaryhmää erillään. Tutkimuksessa tehtyjen havaintojen mukaan kohdemaiden eri tahtiin edennyt henkilöliikenteen vapautuminen näkyy markkinoissa. Merkittävimmät eroavaisuudet huomattiin koulutuksen järjestämisessä, rataverkon omistussuhteissa sekä valtion tuen tasossa. Lisäksi Tanskan ja Ruotsin rautatiemarkkinat koettiin kiinnostavina, kun taas Viron rautatiemarkkinat koetaan liian pieneksi kilpailulle. Tutkimus paljasti myös yhtäläisyyksiä. Liittojen asennoituminen rautatiemarkkinoiden vapautumiseen oli valtaosin negatiivinen, johtuen muun muassa alan työvoiman vähentymisestä. Positiivisena koettiin veturikuskien noussut palkkataso. Jotta useammat matkustajat siirtyisivät käyttämään lähijunaliikennettä, erityistä huomiota pitäisi kiinnittää lippujen hintoihin, junien täsmällisyyteen sekä reitityksiin. 5 Milla Laisi och Tiina Poikolainen: Avregleringens förlopp på de nordeuropeiska marknaderna för persontågtrafik – nya insikter genom en undersökning av kundtillfreds- ställelse och expertintervjuer. Trafikverket, trafikledning. Helsingfors 2011. Trafikverkets undersökningar och utredningar 15/2011. 112 sidor och 30 bilagor. ISSN-L 1798-6656, ISSN 1798-6656, ISBN 978-952-255-647-9, ISSN 1798-6664 (pdf), ISBN 978-952-255-648-6 (pdf). Nyckelord: närtrafik, avreglering av järnvägsmarknaden, fjärrtrafik, järnvägsföretag, persontåg- trafik Sammandrag Den växande folkmängden utgör en utmaning för stadsplaneringen i hela världen. Det har blivit allt vanligare att bo i förorter och samtidigt har avståndet till städernas centrum ökat. Detta har medfört utmaningar särskilt för kollektivtrafiken. I och med att spårtrafiken har ökat i popularitet har man börjat fästa särskild uppmärksamhet vid närtågstrafiken, som har konstaterats vara ett miljövänligt transportmedel. Fastän avregleringen av persontågtrafiken inte har skett i samma omfattning som godstrafiken, håller järnvägsmarknaderna på att förändras. Sedan början av 2010 har den gränsöverträdande trafiken avreglerats. Även om detta inte gäller ländernas nationella järnvägsmarknad, har en del länder redan antingen helt eller delvis öppnat den nationella persontågtrafiken för konkurrens. Den här avhandlingen hade två huvudmål. Syftet var att undersöka hur avregleringen av järnvägsmarknaderna har framskridit i tre olika länder samt att granska hur de förändringar som har uppkommit har tagits emot bland såväl aktörerna som passagerarna. Det andra ändamålet vara att ta reda på vilken inverkan avregleringen av järnvägsmarknaderna har på samhället. Avhandlingens empiriska del utfördes i två delar. Den första delen fokuserade på passagerarnas kundtillfredsställelse i Stockholm, Tallinn och Köpenhamn. Den andra delen genomfördes som en kvalitativ fallstudie, i vilken svenska, estniska och danska experter intervjuades i form av en halvstrukturerad temaintervju. I och med denna undersökning erhölls ny information genom att kombinera de olika experternas och passagerarnas synpunkter; tidigare har ämnet behandlats genom att hålla isär dessa två respondentgrupper. Enligt undersökningsrönen syns det på marknaderna att persontrafiken har avreglerats i olika takt i de olika länderna. De mest märkbara skillnaderna uppenbarades i anordnandet av utbildning, bannätets ägarförhållanden och i nivån på statligt stöd. Dessutom upplevdes järnvägsmarknaderna i Danmark och Sverige som intressanta, medan åter Estlands järnvägsmarknad ansågs vara för liten för konkurrens. Undersökningen visade också en del likheter. Förbunden ställde sig huvudsakligen negativa till avregleringen
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