DOCSLIB.ORG

Henri Boudet -Le Vrai Langue Ce

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Henri Boudet -Le Vrai Langue Ce DedicationfromHenriBoudettoGrassetD'Orcet PREFACEThetitleofthisbookseems,atfirst,toopretentioustobeaccurate.It iseasy,however,toprovethetruth,astheCelticlanguageisnotadead language,disappeared,butalivinglanguage,spokenintheworldbymillionsof men.ThelanguageofanationaspowerfulaswastheGallicnation,wouldit havebeenlostandwithoutatrace?Isitreallysurprisingthatpeoplewoulduse ourEuropetoo,toexpresshisthoughts,wordscameoutofthemouthsofmenin ancienttimestheworld?Withoutdoubtthatpeople,whoeagerlysoughttodayto resumetheinterruptedthreadofitstraditions,unawareofthevariousmigration ofitsvalorousancestors,butwiththehelpofitsnationallanguage,hemay engageinresearch,whichcertainlywillbecrownedthehappiestlivinglanguage, towhichweallude,westronglyhelpedtodiscoverthemagnificentmonumentto CelticexistingRennes-les-Bains,and,inturn,thestudyofthismonumenthasled usunabashedlytoetymologicaldeductionsthatseemdifficulttorefute. CromleckThus,theRennes-les-Bainsisintimatelylinkedtotheresurrection,or, ifyouwill,wakingupunexpectedlyCelticlanguage PRELIMINARYOBSERVATIONSConcernedtowritesomeremarksonthe spatownofRennes-les-Bains,whereGodhadcalledustoexercisethepastoral ministry,eagertoreliveoldmemories,wethought,wronglyorrightly,thatthe nameofRennes,containingprobablyinitselfthecountry'shistoryinCeltic times,wediscover,foracorrectinterpretation,manyinterestingthingsabout thesharprockswhichcrownourmountains.Twoloosestones,placedonaridge ofahill,alsoinvitedustoaskwithpersistenceapast,moreover,verydark.But howpenetratethesecretofalocalhistorythroughtheinterpretationofa compoundnameinanunknowntongue,whenthehistoryofancientGaulisstill plungedindarknessdepressing?Mostancientpeopleshaveleftwritten:they werehistorians,poets,andtheirstories,orfabulousorstronglyimbuedwiththe patrioticpridethatexaggerates,defectcommontoallnations,wecanidentify thecertaintiesoftheiroriginandthevariousstagesofdevelopment.Amongthe Celts,butnothinglikethis:oneverysideadarknight.Intrepidresearchers, historianshavepushedtheillustriousmostoutoftheirpassionateinvestigations. Allwritersofantiquitywereinterviewed.Thesumofknowledgeremainsvery incomplete.Whereisthe"torch"thatwilldispelthedarkness?Isitnotinthe oldlanguagewhichourfathersbequeathedtous?"Dialects,"saidJ.deMaistre, propernamesofpeopleandplacesseemtomeMinealmostintactandhecan drawfromhistoricalandphilosophicalriches."(I).Languedocdialectspokenin ourregion,doesnotseemaverysafewaysothatwecaninthenext,keepthe hopetoreachanimportantresult.However,thisroute,wetraveledwith patience,withthefirmconvictionthattheDivineProvidencewoulddirectour stepsandwewouldachievethegoalofourefforts.Whenthetorchwewere lookingwithanxiety,rosetooureyes,itsfirstrayfellonthenameofTectosages, andthisradiusdazzledus.Itwasnecessary,however,doesnotfullyengagethe imagination,andweintendtoconvinceourselvesoftherealityofthatlightthat wouldenlightenGallictimes,wetriedtomakepeoplethinkbythemirrors LanguagesHebrew,Punic,BasqueandCeltic.Theresultseemedtousseriously, andbeforeweusethelanguageofTectosagestoexplainthemeaningof monumentsmegalithicelementsofRennes-les-Bains,theprimarypurposeofour research,weappliedtotheinterpretationofpropernamestakeninthese differentlanguages.Thereforewefind,first,inthisworkperformingthesetests, becausetheyareintendedtoserveasadecisiveproof. CHAPTERONE.I SPECIFICLANGUAGEOFCELTICOCCUPATION FIRSTOFGAUL. Itisnotuseless,webelieve,toprefacethisreviewwitha quicksummaryofcurrentknowledgeonthefamousGallic nation.Gaulhasbeenthefocusofthefinalestablishmentof theCelticfamilyinthewesterncountriesofEurope,and eventhenameofsaplingsheheld,demonstratesthe continueddominanceinthiscountry,itspeoplebrave.Itwas betweentheocean,thePyrenees,theMediterranean,the AlpsandtheRhine.Thesouthernpart,fromtheBayof BiscaytotheMediterranean,wasoccupiedfirstbythe IberianandLigurianfromtheSpanishpeninsula.Thegals, descendantsofGomer,sonofJapheth,wenttoAsiaMinor atatimethatwecannotspecify,spreadinGaulby repressingtheIberianssouththeLigurianeastwardsand invadedSpain,mingledwiththeIberians.TheAquitaine, Iberiantribes,resistedtheencroachmentsofGalsand retainedtheirpositionbetweentheoceanandthePyrenees andtheGaronne.TowardsthesixteenthcenturyBC,the GalsweretheundisputedmastersofGaul.Theconquestof SpainbytheLigurianGalsforcedtomove,andaboutthe year1400BC,aftercrossingtheAlps,foundedinItalyin recentdominationofAmbrasandShadows,647yearsbefore thefoundingofRome.ThisisthefirstpartoftheGallic family,that,accordingtoThierryAm,theancienthistorians applymoreparticularlynameCelts.TheKimrisformedthe secondbranchofthefamilyGallicTheGreeksandRomans calleditKimmerioicalledtheCimbri.Intheyear631BC, thepeopleScythian,thereportofHerodotus,fellonthe banksoftheSeaofAzovandpushedbeforethemKimris whoheadedintothesunsetundertheleadershipofHuari- arm,ascendedtheDanubeandinvadedGaulbytheRhine. FollowingthetraditionsKimriquesHu-ar-armswillpoint cameinthepole,buthecrossedthemistyoceanand conqueredGalsontheislandofAlbion.Duringthese migrationsandconquestsoftheseKimris,AncusKing Rome,victoriousoverhisneighbors,builtthecityofOstiaat themouthoftheTiberRiver.Butnewtribessuccessively inundatedKimrisGaul,and"afterahugescrum,Gaulis dividedbetweentheGaelsandKimris."(1)TheKimris, west,occupyingthesidesoftheseaandtheplainsofNorth andNortheast,andGaelsretaintheeasternandcentral Gaul.Itwasafterthesepopulationmovementsthat historiansputthetwoemigrationsofSigovèseandnephews BellovesusAmbigatuskingorchiefBiturigesintheyear587 BC.BellovesustooktheroadtoItaly;Sigovèseheadedtothe Northeast,crossedtheRhine,andthroughtheHercynian forest,settledonthebanksoftheDanube.About300years beforeChrist,apowerfulconfederationofKimris,the Belgians,invadedthenorthofGaulandcapturedthem.Two Belgictribes,theTectosagesVolkesandtheVolkes ArécomiquescrossedGaul,weaponsinhand,andstoppedin thesouth,theVolkesTectosagesonthebanksofthe GaronneinToulouse,theymadeittheircapital,andthe ArécomiquesVolkes,eastoftheCevennes,withtheircenter inNimes.VolkesTheTectosagesdidnotremainlongatrest inthecountrytheyhadjustconquered.Around281BC,a largeemigrationrejoined,onthebanksoftheDanube,the Gallictribeswhichdescendedfromthecompanions Sigovèses.Carriedawaybytheirwarlike,theseGaulswere dividedintothreepartsandfelllikeahurricanein Macedonia,EpirusandThrace.SomeoftheseTectosages insatiableAdventure,crossedAsiaMinor,neartheir originalhome,foundedanewGaul,Galatia."TheGauls filledandthedinoftheirarms"theancientworldasa whole.Theextent"Directtheirpossessions,theterritory occupiedbythebody"nationbyGallo-Kimris,was immense.Ifwetake"alookatthemapoftheancientworld tothefirst"halfofthethirdcenturyBCE,weseerace "GallicdeployedfromErin(Ireland)toEstonia"(withafew stepsSt.Petersburg),sincethe"northerntipofthe peninsulaCimbric"(Denmark)totheApennines,fromthe threeFinisterre"ofBritain,GaulandSpaintotheborders" ofthebridgeandCappadocia,viatheDanube"theyhold upbeyonditsconfluencewiththeSave,"bythe Carpathians,theAlpsIllyrian,Hemusand"Thrace.The GaulshangingoverEurope,ends"ofSpaintotheEuxine. "(1)CELTICLANGUAGEII.Fromthisbriefpresentation, weseethathistoriansareinvolvedinthepossessionofGaul, firsttheGals,andthenKimrisFinally,theBelgians,whom theydescend,withoutanycertainty,andArécomiques TectosagesVolkes.Onemightaskwhymodernhistorians GalscalledGaelsortheoriginalinhabitantsofGaul,when JuliusCaesar(1)warnsusthattheGauls,intheirown language,calledCeltaeandintheLatinGalli.Thesetwo namesseemtobesynonymousandhaveauniquemeaning, andthat'swhatprovesaperemptoryBouissetAbbe,inhis briefonthethreedruidiccollegesLacaune.ThetermCeltae -Kell-werethesepeopleaverypositivedirectionpointing totheman,andtheexpressionGalli,accordingtothe explanationsofMr.LightAbbeBouisset,wouldcontainthe sameidea.InGreekmythology,theGaulswerethesubjects ofGalatians,sonofHercules.Thewarlikereputationof Galatianswasimmense,andthatofhisstrengthandhis virtues.Wedonotdisdaintogatherinthemiddleofthe allegoriesofmythology,thesedetailsapparentlyveryhigh, butinfactofconsiderableuse.AtthetimewhenCaesar broughtthewarinGaul,heshowsusoccupiedbythree people:theBelgians,AquitaineandtheCelts.Theyalldiffer, hesays,bylanguage.However,thisdifferenceshouldnotbe verydeep.InapaperontheoriginoftheCelticlanguages andFrench,Duclos,bornin1704inDinan,permanent secretaryoftheFrenchAcademy,says:"Intheabsenceof monumentsistosayworkswritings,wehavenolightsonthe Celticlanguagethatthetestimonyofsomehistorians,which indicatethattheCelticlanguagewascommontoallthe Gauls.Gaulwasdividedintoseveralstates(civitates),states inthecountry(pagi),allofwhicharegovernedbyspecific laws,andthesestatementstogetherformedabodyofa republic,whichhadacommoninterestingeneralaffairs. TheyformedtheAssembliescivilianormilitary;theycalled comitiaarmata,resembledthebackbench.Therefore,needa commonlanguagethatmembersmightconfer,deliberate andformonthefieldofresolutionsthatweretobeknown assistants,andwedonotseeinanyauthortheyhadneedof interpreters.Wesee,moreover,thattheDruids,whichboth functionaspriestsandjudgeswereaccustomedtoassemble, onceayear,fromChartrestoadministerjusticeto individuals,whocamefromallsidesview.Itwastherefore necessarythattherewasagenerallanguageoftheDruids andthatwasfamiliartoalltheGauls...Therewerealso severalnations,whoselanguagewastohavemuchin commonwiththeGauls.ItisprobablethattheGaulsand Germanswerenottodiffermuchthesepeoplehavingthe sameCelticorigin,theGermanshadsettledinGauland GaulswerereciprocallyincreasedinGermany,wherethey occupiedlargeareas..." Thesesensiblethoughtsleadauthorofthebrieftoassert thatdifferencesinlanguagewereonlyobservedbyCesar dialecticaldifferences.Wedonotfollowtheseconsiderations veryfairontheconsiderabledamageoccurredintheCeltic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Königl, Bayer Akademie Der Wissenschaften
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologische Classe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften München Jahr/Year: 1865 Band/Volume: 1865-1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Glück Christian Wilhelm von Artikel/Article: Die Erklärung des Rénos, Moinos und Mogontiâcon, der gallischen Namen der Flüsse Rein und Main und der Stadt Mainz 1-27 S itzim g ’sb erich te der königl, bayer Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. Jahrgang 1865. Band I. M ü n c h e n . Druck von F. Straub (Wittelsbacherplatz 3). 1865. In Commission bei G. Franz. Sitzungsberichte der königl, bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch - philologische Classe. Sitzung vom 7. Januar 1865. Herr C hrist berichtet über eine Abhandlung des Herrn VV. G lü ck , welche die Classe hiermit dem Drucke übergibt: „Die Erklärung des Renos, Moinos und Mogon- tiacon, der gallischen Namen der Flüsse Rein und Main und der Stadt Mainz.“ Der Rein heisst bekanntlich bei den Griechen ‘Prjvog, bei den Römern Rhfrnus. Der gallische Name lautet Rönos, früher Renas1). Das Keltische hat kein gehauch- 1) Die alte Nominativendung as der auf a ausgehnden männ­ lichen Stämme findet sich noch in den ältesten Denkmälern der irischen Sprache, den Ogaminschriften. (Hierüber s. unsere Schrift: Der deutsche Name Brachio nebst einer Antwort auf einen Angriff Holzmanns. München 1864. 10. S. 2. Anm.) Doch kommt auch dort die Endung os vor (s. Beiträge zur vergleich. Sprachforsch. I, 448). In den in gallischer Sprache geschriebenen Inschriften (ebend. III, [1865. I. 1.] 1 2 Sitzung der philos.-philol. Classe vom 7.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions
    Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 6 The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions by Philippe Veyrin Translated by Andrew Brown Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 6 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2011 by Jose Luis Agote Cover illustration: Xiberoko maskaradak (Maskaradak of Zuberoa), drawing by Paul-Adolph Kaufman, 1906 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veyrin, Philippe, 1900-1962. [Basques de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre. English] The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre : their history and their traditions / by Philippe Veyrin ; with an introduction by Sandra Ott ; translated by Andrew Brown. p. cm. Translation of: Les Basques, de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic book on the Basques of Iparralde (French Basque Country) originally published in 1942, treating Basque history and culture in the region”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7 (hardcover) 1. Pays Basque (France)--Description and travel. 2. Pays Basque (France)-- History. I. Title. DC611.B313V513 2011 944’.716--dc22 2011001810 Contents List of Illustrations..................................................... vii Note on Basque Orthography.........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Millet Oppidum English
    Château de Millet just situated outside the town of Eauze in the Gers. Devoted to mixed farming and the production of Armagnac, the estate today has 50 hectares of vines for the production of Côtes de Gascogne wines « Domaine de Millet ». The vines enjoy a north westernly position on the green hills of Eauze where the soil alternates between clay limestone and the sandy soils known as 'sables fauves'. Francis Dèche, the proprietor, who follows in the footsteps of five generations has a policy of quality : traditional grape varieties, vineyard cultivation with respect to the environment and constant development in the methods and means of vinification. With his daughter Laurence, who joined him in 1999, they sell a full and varied range that are just waiting to be discovered ! At Millet, the land and its relief tells a story of the history of man . The ruins of a pre-roman oppidum, the currencies and the amphoras discovered near to the vineyard are witnesses of the past. Before building the town of st Elusa in the 1 Century of this era, known today as Eauze, the Elusate people that lived here, learnt how to cultivate vines and appreciate wine from the Romans. OPPIDUM 2007 50% chardonnay, 50% sauvignon The vinification The two grape varieties are vinified separately then blended together and kept in tanks for 6 months. This wine is very original in style with a multitude of nuances that merge to give a surprising floral and spicy flavour . Tasting Notes -White mid dry wine, light in colour with golden yellow highlights -Intense and seductive bouquet with a concentration in floral notes, exotic fruits and soft spice.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bibliography of Berber Language Materials Kyra Jucovy and John
    A Bibliography of Berber Language Materials Kyra Jucovy and John Alderete Swarthmore College, June 2001 (updated August 2006) This bibliography is intended as a resource for research on Berber languages. The references below are primarily devoted to linguistic research on Berber languages, but the bibliography may be of use to those interested in Berber literature, poetry, and music. This bibliography was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (BCS-0104604). Abdel Massih, Ernest T. 1969. Tamazight Verb Structure: A Generative Approach. Dissertation Abstracts International: Pt. A, 0419-4209; Pt.B, 0419-4217; Pt. C, 0307-6075. PubLg: English. Cat: Berber language, tamazight, morphology. Abel, Hans. 1913. Ein Erzahlung im Dialekt von Ermenne. Abh. Kais. Sach. Akad. Wissensch., vol. 29. Leipzig. PubLg: German. Cat: texts, Nubian, historical linguistics, comparative linguistics. Abercromby, John A. 1917. The language of the Canary Islanders. Harvard African Studies 1: 95-129. PubLg: English. Cat: Berber language, canary islands. Abes, M. 1916. Premiere annee de berbere. Rabat. PubLg: French. Cat: Textbook, Morocco, grammar, sample texts, glossary. Abes, M. 1917, 1919. Les Ait Ndhir. Les Archives berberes, vol. 2, vol. 3. PubLg: French. Cat: ethnography, Ait Ndhir, Morocco, Tamazight. Abes, M. 1919. Chansons d’amour chez les Berberes. France-Maroc. PubLg: French. Cat: songs. Ahmad ibn Khauwas. 1881a. Dialogues francais-kabyles. Algiers. PubLg: French. Cat: sample texts, Kabyle. Ahmad ibn Khauwas. 1881b. Notions succinctes de grammaire kabyle. Algiers. PubLg: French. Cat: grammar, Kabyle. Aikhenvald, Aleksandra Yu. 1986. On the Reconstruction of Syntactic System in Berber Lybic. Zeitschrift fur Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 39:5: 527-539. PubLg: English.
    [Show full text]
  • Corel Ventura
    Anthropology / Middle East / World Music Goodman BERBER “Sure to interest a number of different audiences, BERBER from language and music scholars to specialists on North Africa. [A] superb book, clearly written, CULTURE analytically incisive, about very important issues that have not been described elsewhere.” ON THE —John Bowen, Washington University CULTURE WORLD STAGE In this nuanced study of the performance of cultural identity, Jane E. Goodman travels from contemporary Kabyle Berber communities in Algeria and France to the colonial archives, identifying the products, performances, and media through which Berber identity has developed. ON In the 1990s, with a major Islamist insurgency underway in Algeria, Berber cultural associations created performance forms that challenged THE Islamist premises while critiquing their own village practices. Goodman describes the phenomenon of new Kabyle song, a form of world music that transformed village songs for global audiences. WORLD She follows new songs as they move from their producers to the copyright agency to the Parisian stage, highlighting the networks of circulation and exchange through which Berbers have achieved From Village global visibility. to Video STAGE JANE E. GOODMAN is Associate Professor of Communication and Culture at Indiana University. While training to become a cultural anthropologist, she performed with the women’s world music group Libana. Cover photographs: Yamina Djouadou, Algeria, 1993, by Jane E. Goodman. Textile photograph by Michael Cavanagh. The textile is from a Berber women’s fuda, or outer-skirt. Jane E. Goodman http://iupress.indiana.edu 1-800-842-6796 INDIANA Berber Culture on the World Stage JANE E. GOODMAN Berber Culture on the World Stage From Village to Video indiana university press Bloomington and Indianapolis This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 USA http://iupress.indiana.edu Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail [email protected] © 2005 by Jane E.
    [Show full text]
  • La Gaule Indépendante Et La Gaule Romaine
    LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE ET LA GAULE ROMAINE GUSTAVE BLOCH PARIS – 1900 TOME PREMIER DE L'HISTOIRE DE FRANCE DEPUIS LES ORIGINES JUSQU'À LA RÉVOLUTION, D'ERNEST LAVISSE PREMIÈRE PARTIE. — LES ORIGINES. - LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE. - LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE LIVRE PREMIER. — LES ORIGINES CHAPITRE PREMIER. — LES SOCIÉTÉS PRIMITIVES I. - L'âge de la pierre taillée — II . - L'âge de la pierre polie — III . - L'âge des métaux CHAPITRE II. — LES PEUPLES HISTORIQUES I. - Les Ibères et les Ligures — II . - Les Phéniciens et Marseille — III . - Les Celtes et leurs migrations — IV . - Les peuples de la Gaule LIVRE II. — LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE ET LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE CHAPITRE PREMIER. — LA GAULE INDÉPENDANTE I. - La civilisation — II . - La religion — III . - La religion (suite). Le sacerdoce druidique — IV . - Les institutions sociales et politiques — V. - Les luttes dans les cités et entre les cités CHAPITRE II. — LA CONQUÊTE ROMAINE I. - La conquête et l'organisation de la province transalpine (154-58 av. J.-C.) — II . - Les campagnes de César (58-50 av. J.-C.) — III . - Les caractères et les effets de la conquête — IV . - Les insurrections du premier siècle ap. J.-C. DEUXIÈME PARTIE. — LA GAULE ROMAINE LIVRE PREMIER. — LE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA GAULE AU Ier ET AU IIe SIÈCLES AP. J.-C. CHAPITRE PREMIER. — LE GOUVERNEMENT CENTRAL I. - La monarchie impériale — II . - Les circonscriptions provinciales — III . - Les circonscriptions provinciales (suite). La frontière germanique — IV . - Les gouverneurs des provinces. La justice — V. - L'impôt — VI . - Le service militaire. L'armée gallo- germanique CHAPITRE II. — LE GOUVERNEMENT LOCAL I. - La religion impériale et les assemblées provinciales — II . - Les états ou cités.
    [Show full text]
  • From Saint-Béat Marbles: Evidence of Roman Use
    ASMOSIA-II-(613-622):Layout 1 21-01-2015 9:10 Pagina 613 DISCRIMINATING CRITERIA OF PYRENEAN ARTIES MARBLE (ARAN VALLEY, CATALONIA) FROM SAINT-BÉAT MARBLES: EVIDENCE OF ROMAN USE Hernando Royo1,2, Pilar Lapuente1, Elisa Ros3, María Preite-Martinez4, José Antonio Cuchí5 Abstract the regions of Aragon in Spain, and the Midi-Pyrénées The “Val d’Aran” is a valley situated on the Atlantic side in France (fig. 1). The Pyrenean Belt forms a natural of the Pyrenees. Located in the northwest corner of Cat- barrier that historically has limited communication with alonia, has easy connection with France by the course of neighbouring lands. The Garonne River´s headwaters the Garonne River, which forms the main communica- are to be found in the Aran valley, though three differ- tion route, flows over land Aquitaine and empties into ent locations have been proposed as the principal the Atlantic Ocean near Bordeaux. Under Roman con- source, even one of them located on the slopes of the trol, the Aran Valley was part of the Novempopulania Aneto Peak in the Aragonese Pyrenean side, flowing by province. way of a sink hole known as the “Forau de Aigualluts”. Five of the most significant archaeological artefacts After about 4 km of underground route through a found in the Valley have been analyzed to investigate karstic system, water emerges away at the “Uelhs deth the provenance of the marble used for their manufac- Joèu” on the other side of the mountain in the Aran Val- ture. These archaeological pieces dated from 2nd to 5th ley.
    [Show full text]
  • Cost Units to Understand Flint Procurement Strategies During The
    Stones in Motion: Cost units to understand flint procurement strategies during the Upper Palaeolithic in the south-western Pyrenees using GIS Alejandro Prieto, Maite García-Rojas, Aitor Sánchez, Aitor Calvo, Eder Domínguez-Ballesteros, Javier Ordoño, Maite Iris García-Collado Department of Geography, Prehistory and Archaeology. Faculty of Arts, University of the Basque Country. Tomás y Valiente Street N/N, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. Email: Prieto: [email protected]; García-Rojas: [email protected]; Sánchez: [email protected]; Calvo: [email protected]; Domínguez-Ballesteros: [email protected]; Ordoño: [email protected]; García-Collado: [email protected] Abstract: Studies on lithic resource management –mainly flint– by prehistoric groups south of the western Pyrenees have significantly increased during the past decades. These studies usually focus on identifying outcrops and characterising the different varieties found at archaeological sites. However, the understanding of mobility and territorial management patterns based on raw materials is still very limited and has only been tackled in terms of lineal distance. This paper proposes a methodological approach for the territorial analysis of flint distribution with the three following aims: 1) to determine the expansion ranges of each variety of flint from its outcrop; 2) to spatially relate these outcrops with archaeological sites; and 3) to improve our knowledge on the catchment strategies of Upper Palaeolithic groups. The methodological tool chosen to fulfil these objectives is the Geographic Information System (GIS), because it allows to relate spatially the flint outcrops and flint varieties identified at archaeological sites based on: 1) isocost maps showing the cost of expansion for each variety of flint across the territory built on topography; 2) the quantification of the cost of expansion using Cost Units (CU); and 3) the relationship between the percentage of each variety of flint at each archaeological site and the cost of accessing its outcrop.
    [Show full text]
  • IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca Lucca, Italy Measuring Time Histories of Chronology Building in Archaeology Phd Program
    IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca Lucca, Italy Measuring Time Histories of chronology building in archaeology PhD Program in Analysis and Management of Cultural Heritage XXX Cycle By Maria Emanuela Oddo 2020 The dissertation of Maria Emanuela Oddo is approved. PhD Program Coordinator: Prof. Emanuele Pellegrini, IMT School for advanced Studies Lucca Advisor: Prof. Maria Luisa Catoni Co-Advisor: Prof. Maurizio Harari The dissertation of Maria Emanuela Oddo has been reviewed by: Prof. Marcello Barbanera, University of Rome La Sapienza Prof. Silvia Paltineri, University of Padova IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca 2020 Contents Acknowledgements vii Vita ix Publications xii Presentations xiv Abstract xvi List of Figures xvii List of Tables xxi 0 Introduction 1 0.1 Archaeological chronologies 1 0.2 Histories of archaeological chronologies 3 0.3 Selection of case studies 5 1 La Grotte de la Verpillière, Germolles (FR) 13 1.1 Grotte de la Verpillière I 13 1.1.1 Charles Méray 15 1.1.2 Gabriel De Mortillet and la question Aurignacienne 23 1.1.3 Henri Breuil 35 1.1.4 Henri Delporte 40 1.1.5 Jean Combier 46 1.1.6 Harald Floss 48 1.1.7 Ten new radiocarbon dates at ORAU 58 1.2 Analyzing the debate 63 1.2.1 Neanderthals and Modern Humans 67 iii 1.2.2 The Aurignacian: unpacking a conceptual unit 76 1.2.3 Split-base points and the nature of ‘index fossils’ 85 1.3 Conclusions 96 2 The Fusco Necropolis, Syracuse (IT) 100 2.1 The Fusco Necropolis. An under-published reference site 118 2.1.1 Luigi Mauceri 119 2.1.2 Francesco Saverio Cavallari 140
    [Show full text]
  • Priory of Sion.Pdf
    Priory of Sion members Pierre Plantard Leonardo da Vinci Philippe, Marquis de Chérisey Isaac Newton According to the Dossiers secrets, the primary aim of the Priory of Sion is the protection and advancement of the descendants of the Merovingian dynasty, their ultimate objective being placing them on the throne of – or at least in positions of power and influence in - France. The President of the 1956 Priory of Sion was Andre Bonhomme. Andre Bonhomme was one of the four founding members of the Priory of Sion in Annemasse in 1956, along with Pierre Plantard. He is tired of being harassed by inquiries about the nature of the association and doesn't want any publicity - he refuses to be interviewed on tv or radio. He doesn't understand where people get the idea that the Priory was anything other than what it was - just a small club of friends. This was the statement he made to the BBC in 1996: "The Priory of Sion doesn't exist anymore. We were never involved in any activities of a political nature. It was four friends who came together to have fun. We called ourselves the Priory of Sion because there was a mountain by the same name close-by. I haven't seen Pierre Plantard in over 20 years and I don't know what he's up to but he always had a great imagination. I don't know why people try to make such a big thing out of nothing." And to quote French Researcher Jean-Luc Chaumeil from his 1994 book ‘The Table Of Isis, Part 2, The Templars Of The Apocalypse: The Message Of A Sacred Enigma - Tales, Legends And Myths Of Rennes-le-Chateau’: "Finally, the Priory of Sion was created in 1956.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gallic War - Book Iii (56 Bc)
    JULIUS CAESAR (GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR, 100-44 BC) THE GALLIC WAR - BOOK III (56 BC) TRANSLATED BY W.A. MCDEVITTE AND W.S. BOHN ________________________________________ DE BELLO GALLICO - LIBER TERTIUS § 3:1. When Caesar was setting out for Italy, he sent Servius Galba with the twelfth legion and part of the cavalry, against the Nantuates, the Veragri, and Seduni, who extend from the territories of the Allobroges, and the lake of Geneva, and the River Rhone to the top of the Alps. The reason for sending him was, that he desired that the pass along the Alps, through which [the Roman] merchants had been accustomed to travel with great danger, and under great imposts, should be opened. He permitted him, if he thought it necessary, to station the legion in these places, for the purpose of wintering. Galba having fought some successful battles and stormed several of their forts, upon embassadors being sent to him from all parts and hostages given and a peace concluded, determined to station two cohorts among the Nantuates, and to winter in person with the other cohorts of that legion in a village of the Veragri, which is called Octodurus; and this village being situated in a valley, with a small plain annexed to it, is bounded on all sides by very high mountains. As this village was divided into two parts by a river, he granted one part of it to the Gauls, and assigned the other, which had been left by them unoccupied, to the cohorts to winter in. He fortified this [latter] part with a rampart and a ditch.
    [Show full text]