Dedication from Henri Boudet to Grasset D'Orcet
PREFACE The title of this book seems, at first, too pretentious to be accurate. It is easy, however, to prove the truth, as the Celtic language is not a dead language, disappeared, but a living language, spoken in the world by millions of men. The language of a nation as powerful as was the Gallic nation, would it have been lost and without a trace? Is it really surprising that people would use our Europe too, to express his thoughts, words came out of the mouths of men in ancient times the world? Without doubt that people, who eagerly sought today to resume the interrupted thread of its traditions, unaware of the various migration of its valorous ancestors, but with the help of its national language, he may engage in research, which certainly will be crowned the happiest living language, to which we allude, we strongly helped to discover the magnificent monument to Celtic existing Rennes-les-Bains, and, in turn, the study of this monument has led us unabashedly to etymological deductions that seem difficult to refute. Cromleck Thus, the Rennes-les-Bains is intimately linked to the resurrection, or, if you will, waking up unexpectedly Celtic language
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS Concerned to write some remarks on the spa town of Rennes-les-Bains, where God had called us to exercise the pastoral ministry, eager to relive old memories, we thought, wrongly or rightly, that the name of Rennes, containing probably in itself the country's history in Celtic times, we discover, for a correct interpretation, many interesting things about the sharp rocks which crown our mountains. Two loose stones, placed on a ridge of a hill, also invited us to ask with persistence a past, moreover, very dark. But how penetrate the secret of a local history through the interpretation of a compound name in an unknown tongue, when the history of ancient Gaul is still plunged in darkness depressing? Most ancient peoples have left written : they were historians, poets, and their stories, or fabulous or strongly imbued with the patriotic pride that exaggerates, defect common to all nations, we can identify the certainties of their origin and the various stages of development . Among the Celts, but nothing like this: on every side a dark night. Intrepid researchers, historians have pushed the illustrious most out of their passionate investigations. All writers of antiquity were interviewed. The sum of knowledge remains very incomplete. Where is the "torch" that will dispel the darkness? Is it not in the old language which our fathers bequeathed to us? "Dialects," said J. de Maistre, proper names of people and places seem to me Mine almost intact and he can draw from historical and philosophical riches. "(I). Languedoc dialect spoken in our region, does not seem a very safe way so that we can in the next, keep the hope to reach an important result. However, this route, we traveled with patience, with the firm conviction that the Divine Providence would direct our steps and we would achieve the goal of our efforts. When the torch we were looking with anxiety, rose to our eyes, its first ray fell on the name of Tectosages, and this radius dazzled us. It was necessary, however, does not fully engage the imagination, and we intend to convince ourselves of the reality of that light that would enlighten Gallic times, we tried to make people think by the mirrors Languages Hebrew, Punic, Basque and Celtic. The result seemed to us seriously, and before we use the language of Tectosages to explain the meaning of monuments megalithic elements of Rennes-les-Bains, the primary purpose of our research, we applied to the interpretation of proper names taken in these different languages. Therefore we find, first, in this work performing these tests, because they are intended to serve as a decisive proof.
CHAPTER ONE. I SPECIFIC LANGUAGE OF CELTIC OCCUPATION FIRST OF GAUL. It is not useless, we believe, to preface this review with a quick summary of current knowledge on the famous Gallic nation. Gaul has been the focus of the final establishment of the Celtic family in the western countries of Europe, and even the name of sapling she held, demonstrates the continued dominance in this country, its people brave. It was between the ocean, the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean, the Alps and the Rhine. The southern part, from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, was occupied first by the Iberian and Ligurian from the Spanish peninsula. The gals, descendants of Gomer, son of Japheth, went to Asia Minor at a time that we can not specify, spread in Gaul by repressing the Iberians south the Ligurian eastwards and invaded Spain, mingled with the Iberians. The Aquitaine, Iberian tribes, resisted the encroachments of Gals and retained their position between the ocean and the Pyrenees and the Garonne. Towards the sixteenth century BC, the Gals were the undisputed masters of Gaul. The conquest of Spain by the Ligurian Gals forced to move, and about the year 1400 BC, after crossing the Alps, founded in Italy in recent domination of Ambras and Shadows, 647 years before the founding of Rome. This is the first part of the Gallic family, that, according to Thierry Am, the ancient historians apply more particularly name Celts. The Kimris formed the second branch of the family Gallic The Greeks and Romans called it Kimmerioi called the Cimbri. In the year 631 BC, the people Scythian, the report of Herodotus, fell on the banks of the Sea of Azov and pushed before them Kimris who headed into the sunset under the leadership of Huari- arm, ascended the Danube and invaded Gaul by the Rhine. Following the traditions Kimriques Hu-ar-arms will point came in the pole, but he crossed the misty ocean and conquered Gals on the island of Albion. During these migrations and conquests of these Kimris, Ancus King Rome, victorious over his neighbors, built the city of Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber River. But new tribes successively inundated Kimris Gaul, and "after a huge scrum, Gaul is divided between the Gaels and Kimris. "(1) The Kimris, west, occupying the sides of the sea and the plains of North and Northeast, and Gaels retain the eastern and central Gaul. It was after these population movements that historians put the two emigrations of Sigovèse and nephews Bellovesus Ambigatus king or chief Bituriges in the year 587 BC. Bellovesus took the road to Italy; Sigovèse headed to the Northeast,crossed the Rhine, and through the Hercynian forest, settled on the banks of the Danube. About 300 years before Christ, a powerful confederation of Kimris, the Belgians, invaded the north of Gaul and captured them. Two Belgic tribes, the Tectosages Volkes and the Volkes Arécomiques crossed Gaul, weapons in hand, and stopped in the south, the Volkes Tectosages on the banks of the Garonne in Toulouse, they made it their capital, and the Arécomiques Volkes, east of the Cevennes, with their center in Nimes. Volkes The Tectosages did not remain long at rest in the country they had just conquered. Around 281 BC, a large emigration rejoined, on the banks of the Danube, the Gallic tribes which descended from the companions Sigovèses. Carried away by their warlike, these Gauls were divided into three parts and fell like a hurricane in Macedonia, Epirus and Thrace. Some of these Tectosages insatiable Adventure, crossed Asia Minor, near their original home, founded a new Gaul, Galatia. "The Gauls filled and the din of their arms" the ancient world as a whole. The extent "Direct their possessions, the territory occupied by the body" nation by Gallo-Kimris, was immense. If we take "a look at the map of the ancient world to the first" half of the third century BCE, we see race "Gallic deployed from Erin (Ireland) to Estonia" (with a few steps St. Petersburg), since the "northern tip of the peninsula Cimbric" (Denmark) to the Apennines, from the three Finisterre "of Britain, Gaul and Spain to the borders" of the bridge and Cappadocia , via the Danube "they hold up beyond its confluence with the Save," by the Carpathians, the Alps Illyrian, Hemus and "Thrace. The Gauls hanging over Europe, ends "of Spain to the Euxine. "(1) CELTIC LANGUAGE II. From this brief presentation, we see that historians are involved in the possession of Gaul, first the Gals, and then Kimris Finally, the Belgians, whom they descend, without any certainty, and Arécomiques Tectosages Volkes. One might ask why modern historians Gals called Gaels or the original inhabitants of Gaul, when Julius Caesar (1) warns us that the Gauls, in their own language, called Celtae and in the Latin Galli. These two names seem to be synonymous and have a unique meaning, and that's what proves a peremptory Bouisset Abbe, in his brief on the three druidic colleges Lacaune. The term Celtae - Kell - were these people a very positive direction pointing to the man, and the expression Galli, according to the explanations of Mr. Light Abbe Bouisset, would contain the same idea. In Greek mythology, the Gauls were the subjects of Galatians, son of Hercules. The warlike reputation of Galatians was immense, and that of his strength and his virtues. We do not disdain to gather in the middle of the allegories of mythology, these details apparently very high, but in fact of considerable use. At the time when Caesar brought the war in Gaul, he shows us occupied by three people: the Belgians, Aquitaine and the Celts. They all differ, he says, by language. However, this difference should not be very deep. In a paper on the origin of the Celtic languages and French, Duclos, born in 1704 in Dinan, permanent secretary of the French Academy, says: "In the absence of monuments is to say works writings, we have no lights on the Celtic language that the testimony of some historians, which indicate that the Celtic language was common to all the Gauls. Gaul was divided into several states (civitates), states in the country (pagi), all of which are governed by specific laws, and these statements together formed a body of a republic, which had a common interest in general affairs . They formed the Assemblies civilian or military; they called comitia armata, resembled the backbench. Therefore, need a common language that members might confer, deliberate and form on the field of resolutions that were to be known assistants, and we do not see in any author they had need of interpreters. We see, moreover, that the Druids, which both function as priests and judges were accustomed to assemble, once a year, from Chartres to administer justice to individuals, who came from all sides view. It was therefore necessary that there was a general language of the Druids and that was familiar to all the Gauls ... There were also several nations, whose language was to have much in common with the Gauls. It is probable that the Gauls and Germans were not to differ much these people having the same Celtic origin, the Germans had settled in Gaul and Gauls were reciprocally increased in Germany, where they occupied large areas. .. " These sensible thoughts lead author of the brief to assert that differences in language were only observed by Cesar dialectical differences. We do not follow these considerations very fair on the considerable damage occurred in the Celtic language of Gaul by the establishment of the Latin family. We note, however, that if he had drawn from his beginnings a rigorous consequence, he was led to conclude that the Celtic language had to maintain perfect integrity in a country, which the Romans have never set foot. It is well established that the Gauls have no gave a written monuments, because they may be more confidence in the traditions, and there is no reason to be surprised in this way to act, if we pay attention to the tenacity of traditions among a certain people of Europe, which we shall further with clarity. However, it is not permissible, that the Celtic nation has not left to future ages the memory of his morals, religion and industry. This story of the Gauls is not written in books and is engraved on the very soil they occupied. They gave the tribes, land, mountains, rivers of Gaul names that time itself could not erase. Here is confined their true history.These appellations certainly have a precise meaning, full of interesting revelations, although all languages seem powerless to explain these puzzles. The decay of these names of places, people, tribes, was seriously concerned about many minds: we tried to find this language, which has filled our ground indelible names, whose m eaning unknown to our legitimate curiosity throws an ongoing challenge. Sir William Jones, founder of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, had first noticed a affinity between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin. They should therefore have a common origin and, without daring to say he suspected that the Celtic and the Gothic came from the same source as Sanskrit. Comparative grammar of European languages François Bopp went on to explain how the grammatical rules can discover in Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin and Gothic, no longer a simple affinity, but a real community of origin. Until recently, "Mr. Tregear has read before the Philosophical Society of Wellington a study of Maori in Asia. He cited the Hindostan language and modern Persian facing the Maori language, by showing remarkable number of agreements between them. The words quoted were themselves full of history and have provided evidence of the great space of time elapsed since the Maori lived in india. Beginning of European languages, he has shown that hundreds of words similar to those of the Maori language are found in Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Celtic, etc., etc.. But the most interesting part of his study was that which determined the identity of the Maori and English, not taking into account the Anglo-Maori words, manufactured words both lang uages, since the conquest of the country by Britain. "(1). All these successive observations led to the suggestion that the Sanskrit language may give the key to Celtic language, and it was believed with any all the more reason that the Celts came from Asia, the cradle of mankind. We can observe that the dialects spoken in France, Ireland and Scotland should give us that key even more easily than the Sanskrit; because the alteration of language does not even now find the same words in Celtic dialects Irish, Scottish, Welsh and Breton Languedoc. It could be many quotes, but we will confine ourselves to a few.The skin of the wheat ground and passed bolter is called, in dialect of Languedoc, Bren bren in Breton, Welsh bran, bran in Irish and Scottish. Heather, so common in the moors of Gaul, called in Languedoc Brugo; in Breton and bruk brug; Welsh consuming and brwg. The French verb is translated into clean Languedoc by scura; sguradh by Scots, Irish by sguradh. The French name of the alder, (1) The Advocate, September 5, 1885, newspaper of Melbourne, Australia.essence of trees, said in Languedoc Bergne; in Breton and Welsh Gwern, Fearn in Scottish and Irish. (1) Languedoc dialect III AND Tectosages It is certain, few examples of words that are found in the Celtic language of the descendants of the Celts in Brittany and Languedoc, so we will not hesitate to make the test of dialect Languedoc, in order to try to discover the true Celtic language spoken by our ancestors. Nevertheless, it must seem odd that we chose the Languedoc dialect rather than Breton to put us on track and we invoke it for a serious historical reason, and by closely examining the emigrations of Tectosages Volkes, we shall be convinced of the correctness fully this choice. At a time very indecisive and historians believe they can determine, however, as the fourth century BC, two tribes are said to belong to the Belgians, and Tectosages Volkes Volkes Aré-(1) Names Breton Irish, Scottish and Welsh are taken from the book by MA Chevallet: origin and formation of the French language. I. Flight Hilarious crossed Gaul and settled in Southern Gaul between the Garonne and the Pyrenees and the Rhone. The Tectosages made Toulouse their capital and Arécomiques placed themselves in the east of Nimes Cevennes with as central to their domination. Around the year 281 BC, a large emigration of Tectosages walked towards the Danube to join their brothers, also Tectosages, who owned the banks of the river. Let's now facing these facts to the information provided by Julius Caesar. " Long before there was a time when the Gauls excelled the Germans in their military prowess and they went to war to their homes: the fields were no longer enough to feed a population too large. They sent colonies over the Rhine. So in the land of Germany's most fertile around the Hercynian forest, that Volkes Tectosages settled after they conquered. This people until now occupies the same territory. "(1) At the time when Cesar wrote these lines, Volkes Tectosages were therefore established masters unchallenged on the right bank of the Rhine and around the Hercynian forest, that is to say, north of this vast forest, from the Rhine to the Oder and perhaps even beyond, and more, they possessed the left bank of the Danube, which flows south of the same forest. Caesar fixed point of the era of conquests Tectosages but the most important thing to observe is that countries along the right bank of the Rhine and conquered from the Germans, they have always belonged. After Julius Caesar, authors no longer refer to Tectosages. There seem to disappear from the world, the silence became so deep around their name. We will meet them soon, however, taking as guides the etymology of Tectosages Volkes and we can still follow the long track of their warlike expeditions. Volkes (Volcae) derives verbs to vault (vault), vaulting, jumping and to make cowboy (kau), intimidate Tectosages is produced by the other two verbs to take to (Teke to) take pleasure in ... and to sack, pillage, plunder. By bringing together the four verbs constituting the two designations, we are seeing in their various meanings that Volkes Tectosages frightened the enemy by the rapidity of their evolution in the fight and liked to devastate and plunder. Do not let this point go unnoticed bouncing gait, traditionally among the outfielders of the former French army, and kept still in our regiments of Zouaves and Chasseurs, as Volkes are ancestors of the Franks, as they could be checked when we talk about Franks tribes. Volkes movements warriors were distinguished by so swiftly bringing with it fear, usually crowned by the victory, followed by the devastation and looting. In summarizing the names of Tectosages Volkes, we see them fast and frightening looters. This name had nothing but glorious for the people, for the looting, it was war, and we know that the Cimmerian loved him passionately. So this meaning of the word honorable robber has kept it intact in the country occupied by them in southern France. When a child shows a keen intelligence, a soul full of energy, and when this energetic spirit is served by a body whose members are agile and nervous parents speak with pride and call it a "Raider". They go even further into the meaning of this word, if asked about the number of their children, they respond without hesitation, they have "one, two or three Raiders. The story, as we have said, after Caesar, no longer speaks of Tectosages Volkes, and this silence is all the more extraordinary that the people who sent the settlements beyond the Rhine, around the Hercynian forest on the banks Danube and into Asia could quickly lose if the traditions of his adventurous spirit. Always eager for war expeditions, they reappeared with a bang as the Saxons. And they declared openly in the face of nations, they were the son, the direct descendants Tectosages - to sack, plunder - his, son down. It is remarkable that historians still call the Saxon raiders. This qualification was in fact their real name, and, unconsciously, historians explain, for the term of looters, the exact meaning of Saxons. Around the year 446 AD, the leader of the Britons on the island of Britain, Wor-Tigern, asked for help to rescue the Saxons of the Picts and Scots who sought to oppress. The Saxons made haste to steal the island of Britain under the leadership of two brothers Hengist and Horsa, and, after defeating the Picts and have made themselves masters of the island, they exterminated the Britons their allies. Angles , - to angle to angle - who lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea, came to take Saxon brothers their share of looting and, after forcing the majority of Britons escaped the massacre to take refuge in Armorica, they founded the Anglo-Saxon kingdom known under the name of England. Tectosages, according to historians, were Kimrique race, and the Cimbri - Kimbo, forked, - to harry, lay waste - the destructive forked, referring to the horns of aurochs whose warriors adorned their heads - we say the Cimbri, belonged to the Celtic family: they were therefore , Cimbri and Tectosages, speak the language of their family. The possession of the island of Britain by Tectosages exerted a positive influence on them to preserve their language and their customs. The isolation has preserved the profound changes undergone by the languages of other peoples of Europe, while leaving them the fullest freedom for remote settlements, which are a special feature of their character. Languedoc dialect AND REAL CELTIC LANGUAGE. Genealogy of the Anglo-Saxons as we present, could still, despite all seem to some purely hypothetical, but it is easy to support a convincing proof, since the language of Tectosages left deep traces in the Languedoc dialect. A simple comparison between a few terms and their corresponding Languedoc Anglo-Saxons will suffice to demonstrate the complete analogy between the two languages. However, wishing to avoid the boredom of too numerous comparisons, we only give the expressions of the most famous and most used.
Languedoc dialect. Anglo-Saxon Language (1) Alade, green evergreen tree. Alder alder. Ander, firedog Andiron (andaïeurn) andiron of Arréou in the queue. Array (arre), order of battle. Baïssel, vessel, barrel. Vessel, vessel, barrel. Barata, barter, exchange to barter, barter, exchange. Bouiche, boxwood. Bush (mouth), bush. Beck, dozing. to Beck, nodding his head. Bolo, a ball. Ball (Baule), a ball. Bosk, a wood. BOSKY, woody. (1) The Saxon words are borrowed from the dictionary EnglishFrench Percy Sadler. We want this dictionary of the kindness of Mr. William O'Farrell. William O'Farrell is the author of English Grammar, an admirable order and clarity.
Languedoc dialect. Anglo-Saxon language. Braou young bull Braw (Braou), front air. Braza, welded with copper. Braze to (Brèze), welded with copper. Bren sound. Bran, son. Bugado laundry. Buck (Beuk), laundry. Caicho, cash. Cash, cash. Cambo leg. Ham, leg. Catcha, squeeze, squeeze. Catch, catch, clamp. Clapa hitting. to clap, strike. Clouko, hen clucks. to Cluck, cluck. Carreto, charreite. Car, truck. Cost, price. Cost, price. Costo, coast, ramp. Coast (kost), coast, shore. Counta, calculate, count to Count (kaount), calculate. Crinko on top. Crinkle, fold, sinuosity. Dérouca, limbing, debarking. roughcast to (reuffcast), cut coarsely. Despatch, hurry. to Despatch, dispatch. Escapa, escape. Escape to (iskepe) escape. Estreita, narrow. Strait (stretto), narrow. Flac powerless. to Flag, to fall from weakness. Flasketo, powder flask. Flasck, a powder flask. Franchiman, one French. Frenchman, a French man. Fresco freshness. Fresco, freshness. Freight, rub. Freight to, rub. Gat, a cat. Cat, a cat. Godo, nonchalance. Goad (god), goad. Hai, a term used to force the pace horses. To hie (hated), hurry, hurry. Languedoc dialect. Anglo-Saxon tongue. Zhuk, chickens roost. To Juke (djiouke) perch. Keck stutterer. To Keck (rarely used) to make efforts to vomit. Leite, bunk bed. To Lie (Lai) to be coated. Maït, more, more. Might (MAIT), power, strength. F, binding. Mire (mayor), binds. Neit night. Night (NAIT), night. Nouza a node. Noose (us site), noose. Panno, frying pan. Pan frying pan. Pasta, knead. To Paste (plague), knead. Pentenoic net to take the rabbits. Pent, shut, tight. Pickasso, ax, hatchet. You pick, drill and Axis ax. Préfaïthié, mercenary Prizefighter (praïzefaïteur), who fights for money. Rait, adv. at the right time. Right (ARTI), adv. at the right time. Raja flow. Rash, rash. Raoub flying. To Rob, steal. Raspa, filing, shredding. To Rasp, filing, shredding. Ruled, make a sound to ring (Ring would be), make a sound. Rocko, a rock. Rock, rock. Rodo, a wheel. Road (Rode) bay harbor. Round, round, circle. Shrank, past tense of to shrink, shorten. Scalféto, foot warmers. To Scald, heat, feet, feet.
Languedoc dialect. Anglo-Saxon language. Scaouda, scald. To Scald (skauld), scald. Scoutos, spy. Scout (skaout) spy. Scrum, skim. To Scum, skim. Scura, clean. Sot court (skaour), clean. Seit sitting. To Sit, sit. Sembla, look like. Seems to, look like. Senshorno without intelligence. Sense, intellect and horn, private. Shakad, torn to pieces. Shake to falling to pieces. Shankadi, lame. Shanked, which in the legs. Shépad good fit. to Shape (CHEP), adjust. Sigur, sure. Secure (sikioure), sure. Sillo eyebrows. to Seel (Brazil), close your eyes. Skaïsha, squashed, torn. to Squash (skouoch), squashed, crush. Spatarrad, thrown to the ground at full length. To Spatter, splash, covered in mud. Spillo a pin. Spill, a small piece of wood. Tasta, taste a liquor. To Taste, taste a liquor. Trapa, surprise. To Trap a surprise. Trounko, tree trunk. Trunk (treugnk) tree trunk. Trullo, emaciated. Trull, lost morals. Up, up. Up (eup), above. Yé, really. Yea (ye), yes, certainly
This relationship between the terms indisputable Languedoc and their corresponding Anglo-Saxons, demonstrates better than any reasoning that Tectosages lunch Gauls emigrants across the Rhine, and the Anglo-Saxons are the same people, and it leads to this result absolute language Anglo-Saxon is the language spoken by the family Cimmerian. The explanation of a so-called Druidic tradition reported by Caesar highlighted again this result. "The Gauls, he said, pride themselves down all of the pluton and ensure they hold the belief of the teaching of the Druids is why they have the time not by days but by nights and they are attentive to indicate days of birth, the beginnings of months and years, such as day follows night. "(1) Caesar is obviously wrong in saying that the Gauls boasted of descent from the pluton, including the Druids cared as little as Proserpine: Cimmerians, Gomer children, were brought from the East the custom of counting days by the evening and morning, and Jews have kept up their dispersion as a national body: the origin of this custom is told in the words of Genesis: "And the evening and morning was the first day. "(1) However, Caesar did not err in arguing that the Gauls had the time not by days but by nights, the descendants of Tectosages still say fortnight (Fortner) fourteen nights, to express the time in half weeks and se'nnight (sennit) seven nights, counting the days for one week. V THE NEIMHEID. The identity of the Celtic language with that of Tectosages becomes quite obvious from the decomposition of names given to various ground parts of Gaul, and especially by the breakdown of tribal names submitted by the story and these names contain, in effect, interpreting the Anglo-Saxon language, information fair, accurate and confirmed by history. These names which affect the whole country Celtic are certainly not the work of the people could not point to deliver, give up serious composition, true and correct these essential names, caprices without number and without merit. There was certainly a learned body charged with that duty, and what makes clear, these are the similar names imposed on countries placed at both ends of Gaul. To give some examples quite striking, why was there a Aleth formerly Curiosolites in the tribe, and another Aleth are there still in the Languedoc? Or these two locations were exercising the same industry, or they had a very similar ground. Why the city of Rennes in Brittany and the spa of Rennes-les-Bains in the department of Aude are they the same name? This is obviously due to the similarity offered by the two countries by their Meniri and loose stones. Why even the city of Rennes, carrying, according to Strabo, the name of Condate, there was another Condate Allobroges in the tribe, and a third in Santones, except that we should teach in these cities the same traditions? This does not demonstrate he learned that a body was established and highly responsible to give every city and every part of the Celtic lands of domination, justified by the truth and accuracy of items served? "According to Irish tradition," said H. Martin, Gaelle Gadhel or personification of the race, is the son of Neimheidh. What this Neimheidh, this mysterious figure that hovers over our origins? History can not answer. "(1) Neimheidh is not the name of a Gaulish chief, it means one who is leading, controlling, driven and gives the names, - to name (nth), appoint, - to head (hed) to lead, lead - and it was physically impossible for one man to give the country the Celtic names are the cities, tribes, rivers and smaller parcels of land: this was the work a learned body and neimheidh term, applied to this elite corps composed of the Druids, an expression of this undeniable truth, as the Druid were both priests, judges, chiefs of the Gauls and undisputed charge of the transmission all sciences. Neimheidh the Druids knew excellently form proper names of people or places: they employed mostly monosyllabic words of their language and placed in an arrangement such that the sound of these monosyllables contiguous to each other, could not injure the most delicate ear. The decomposition of Celtic words designating the Gallic towns and tributes will be the day the most comprehensive on how to make these scholars, as we shall see later, when we talk about Armoricans and other peoples of Gaul. CHAPTER II. ----- ----- HEBREW LANGUAGE I THE DIVINE NAMES. Desiring reports indicate the similarity between the Celtic and Hebrew languages, we see exposed to considerable lengths and yet necessary. We will forgive them, and the biblical stories are in themselves a striking interest, and likely to captivate the attention of the more rebellious. The beginnings of humanity are told with admirable accuracy. The sacred historian does its work faithfully and sincerely: it do not exaggerate the facts generous, it throws light on the point of criminal actions. In his speech short and severe, the divine words appear plains of grandeur and majesty of the human facts take place with utmost clarity, without speech, without digression, displaying traits sublime are not investigated and pursued. We would strongly desired to have them out but we had to confine ourselves merely to report, in our attempt to interpret the Bible stories perfect agreement with the meaning enclosed within the proper names of men they trace the character and life . A thought that comes naturally to mind is this: assuming the language of Tectosages as the true Celtic language, it seems essential that the purest expressions of this language are found abundant in the names of leaders this family whose expansion has almost filled the universe. It traces back to Gomer, the eldest son of Japheth, the father of the Celtic nation and Cimbric; should therefore in the language Anglo- Saxon, which we now call the Celtic language, a great resemblance to the Hebrew, and in terms monosyllabic in both languages, a certain conformity, at least for much of the words that make up the names, if not all of the language. This belief has a foundation too sure that if we were not looking at the Celtic language may explain the names of the first people mentioned in the books Hebrews. Here it is necessary to observe that the prolonged stay of the Hebrews to Babylon as a result of captivity had exercised a disastrous influence on their language. A considerable number of Chaldean phrases have crept into the Hebrew language and became greatly distorted. After the captivity, Ezra, the doctor skilled in the law of Moses, applying to educate the people in the law of the Lord, changed the character of the ancient Hebrew script and substituted Chaldean characters to make reading Scripture easier for Jews already accustomed to these characters. He was therefore obliged not only to transcribe the scriptures known characters of the people, but also to translate the ancient Hebrew language purely as most Jews no longer understood in the language spoken at the moment and a mixture Hebrew and Chaldean. This demonstrates the absolute necessity of this tradition made by Ezra, is the insuperable difficulty experienced by the historian Josephus, when he sought to interpret the Hebrew names of the Chaldean-Hebrew language: they also have usually resisted all efforts of his insight. Before testing the Celtic language of the names of men who must, it seems, contain the short history of the first world age, it is fair to stop first on the different names given to God , the creator of the universe. Elohim is the name by which men were first appointed to the Lord who created the earth, and has deigned to bless the devoted to his glory. The Hebrew term Elohim, the rabbis say, is put in the plural of respect for God, for it seems strange to Eloha. The Hebrews are derived from the el, strong and powerful and ala, oblige, compel, because God is obliged and forced himself to say so to use its power to the conservation of created things. (1) If we are allowed to speak frankly, we say that the Celtic language better explains the meaning of Elohim. When God created man and woman in His own image and can, therefore, bliss, knowledge and supernatural love, and blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth. "(2) So the multiplication of the human race God bless and wanted the word Elohim in Celtic language says the same thing - Hallow - Heams - Heams (HIM) representing the child who has not yet emerged, while the verb "to hallow (hallo) means to bless, sanctify is Being par excellence who has the right to bless and sanctify all things. This similarity of meaning and expression does not appear to be neglected. God was still known as Sadd, who expressed the idea of giving creative food and abundance of things necessary for bodily life by his generosity because Sadda means broad and liberal. (1) In interpreting Sadda the Celtic language, we find that men are filled by a God-conscious creatures, - to sate (Sète), and feast - to eye (ouch) ... keep an eye on Adonai was yet another name given by men to the Almighty: The Lord is the Dominus of Scripture. The Hebrews not writing out of respect, name of Jehovah, the usually replaced by Adonai. It was not enough to ensure the goodness of God by his providence for the nourishment of his creatures, it also gave them the power to possess, according to these words of Genesis: "Be fruitful and multiply and have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky, and all animals that move upon the earth. "(1) The power to possess granted by God to men is contained in the term Adonai, inexplicable by the Hebrew language - to add, add, to own (on), own, - to eye (ouch) to have the glance. Jehovah is the sacred name, the real name of the Lord, God revealed himself to Moses. The Hebrews never wrote point, however, it was engraved on the gold plate that was attached and held by a ribbon of blue with the High Priest's miter. Josephus relates that when Alexander came before the High Priest Jaddus covered in this moment all his pontifical vestments, the conqueror of Asia bowed to worship the one whose dreaded name was engraved on the blade of bright gold above successor of Aaron's forehead. According to the traditions of the Hebrews, Jehovah where was the ability to express the name of Jehovah Trinity in Unity? It was necessary to achieve this goal, this divine name in its composition renfermât personal pronouns of the language spoken by Moses. The ego of the first in Hebrew, translates into animals and Anci and us by anu, Nenu; the you and you the second person ate and atm; him the third person eua. The personal pronouns of the Hebrew language does not refer to the four letters i, hey, u, i, which form the name saint of Jehovah. However, i (yod) is among the pronouns of the first person affixes, which correspond to reflexive pronouns possessive adjectives and pronouns in French. To place in terms of the four Hebrew letters i, hey, u, i, which make up the divine name revealed to Moses, the personal pronouns of the Celtic language I, he, we, ye, and we can be legitimately surprised by the result. Observe in passing that the Hebrew alphabet does not have it, while this is properly contained in the Celtic alphabet. So we really in the personal pronouns Celtic four letters of the divine name, that is to say two i, a he and a weekend ouau which replaces the Hebrew language. The first i always being written by a capital I is the nominative singular first person I or Me and pronounce ai. The second i, ye who pronounced yi, is the nominative plural of the second person you, the Thou or Thee singular, expressing a disrespectful familiarity, is not usual in Anglo-Saxon, and indeed, in French, in the polite language. The ET, speaking hi, is the nominative singular of the third person, him. As for weekends, which is pronounced yes and replaces ouau Hebrew is the nominative plural first person, Us. In these four letters is thus the designation of the three divine persons by Me, You and Him while we gather them, unites them into a single being with a substance, nature, a species common to the three distinct persons. We will find that many times in the narrative of the history of mankind made by Moses, the faithful servant, who brought with integrity the divine instructions sent to the Hebrew people. We first appears in the creation Rights: "Let us, saith the Lord, the man in our image, after our likeness. "(1) After the disobedience and the fall of Adam and Eve, we are still recounted in these words full of irony and healthy vengeful God address them:" Here Adam has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. "(2) A third time we divine is emphasized in the decree against the pride of men and follow the complete dispersion of the human family by the confusion of the early speech:" Come, "said the Almighty, descend in this place, and confuse their language so much about it, they may not understand one another. "(3) We have written the name of Jehovah by the letters i, hey, u, i, although the Hebrew text is i, he, u, hey. Cornelius Lapide tells about it the formula used by the Jews when they are forced to take an oath, so you do not pronounce the name divine and sacred, they speak thus: "I swear by i, he, u, i, and these letters the same Cornelius added, form the real name of Jehovah. The difference charged by the fourth letter appears at first very important, but by examining carefully, it does nothing embarrassing for Celtic in the pronoun ye, you, there is also a y and e, and this is, we believe the node of a difficulty that modern Hebrew language, reduced to its forces alone can not solve. Apart from a traditional transmission, long interrupted, it becomes almost impossible to reconstruct the pronunciation of the name of four letters containing mystery of the Holy Trinity. Besides, the Jews themselves are unaware of it so Moses and the Jewish priests uttered before the people assembled for religious ceremonies. The ease with which personal pronouns of the language Anglo-Saxon explain the divine name of Jehovah, leads us to believe that the Celts were far from ignorant and this name and its true meaning, since the relations of Gaul with Asia was incessant by emigration to the West for new Celtic tribes. The year 1491 BC saw the revelation of the name of Jehovah to Moses. Forty years later, after the conquest of Palestine made by Joshua in the space of six years, from 1451 to 1445 BC, the brilliant feats of the Hebrews had worn off their warlike reputation and the surprise hit of the Asian peoples, who understood God's protection, which broke the invincible force in supernatural assistance provided to the descendants of Jacob. The various Celtic tribes, in their slow and continues to Europe could therefore know not only exploits Hebrew, but their tribal organization and the name of their powerful protector, Jehovah. It should not be surprised that, with a sense of the sacred name, the Celts have professed reverence for the extreme number three, who represented to their minds the Holy Trinity in the divine unity. The name by which the Celts designated the Hebrews clearly affirms their certain knowledge of the name of Jehovah. For children of Gomer, a Hebrew name jew (djiou) that is to say, before which a man was pronounced the name of four letters, and who used that name in its divine worship and tributes prayer. In reality, the children of Gomer had applied to the people protected the name of the protector, and it seems very likely that the term jew is the holy name of Jehovah containing the four letters revealed to Moses.
THE FIRST MEN - Adam to Noah. After attempting to interpret the divine names in the Celtic language, we'll also try this same language in the decomposition of the proper names of people and places. The strain of the human race, the the first being with a rational soul, united with a bodily substance, named Adam. Under this name, it means the man and woman, "because God created them male and female, he blessed them and gave them the name of Adam on the day they were created. "(1) This name was so common to Adam and Eve, and God himself had imposed. Hebrew scholars want to drift Adam adama, earth, because God had formed from the dust of the earth. Performed by the Celtic language the word Adam, composed of two words, as it presents a summary of the creation of our first parents. Among created beings, Adam had none found it was similar. "And "The Lord said it is not good that man should be alone; make him a helper fit for him" (1) God made so the woman and brought her to Adam. According to scripture, the woman was a creature added to man, like him and his help in the multiplication of mankind, ie, the mother added to the father, and this is the idea offered by the decomposition of the name of Adam - to add, add, dam, mother. The Scripture gives the first child of Adam, the name of Cain. At birth, Eve, his mother exclaimed: "I have a man by the grace of God. " Cain, Hebrew, implies the idea of possession, and it comes from the root Kana possess. Adam and Eve looked so their son as well and their particular acquisition, the rest, the power of the father of her child she is not a natural right? Eve was very right to call his first son, Cain, possession. The Celtic language holds, not the verb Kana, possess, but the verb Can, power. The meaning of the name of Cain would be the power, the ability to have a man by the grace of God, and this difference is not sensitive in the thought that Eve had to attach to the words spoken by her at the birth of his son. In the Hebrew text, Cain is written Qin: Celtic language to corner (corner) resulting in coinage, invented. Would this not the true meaning of Cain would have imagined, invented the conventional value of currencies? love too strong for gold and silver certainly stifles the generous sentiments, and deadly weapon usually iron hand of the assassins . Cain was a hundred and sixteen when committed the awful crime that made him curse. We may believe with good reason that men were already numerous, since Cain responding to the threat of God, said: "Whosoever therefore shall find me, kill me. "The rapid growth of the human race had to be born in the spirit of Cain, the idea of replacing trade with a conventional value attached to precious metals, gold and silver. Abel is the second son of Adam and Eve, but his mother he has not been given this name. Josephus derives from the Hebrew word ebel mourning, for, by Abel's death, mourning made his first appearance on earth. To grasp the meaning of Abel, as indicated by Josephus, we must not lose sight of a expression very common in the holy books designating death and the tomb is the expression Inferi, the underworld, while the place of punishment of the damned and cursed is the infernus and it is in the first sense that David, being near to death, recommended to Solomon his son Joab to punish crimes: "You do," he said to him, according to your wisdom and you will not allow that after having grown old with impunity of his crime, he descends into the grave in peace, and non deductible canitiem EJU inferos Abel presents the first image of death by the terrible crime of his older brother - to ape (ECE), imitate, present the image of ... hell, enfers.- The term ebel or spell would be applied to second son of Adam just after the fratricide of Cain, and the appointment of their son by such expression has been, for many years, reviving the soul of his unhappy parents the pain of his loss. We are tied in this interpretation to follow the direction given by Josephus, however, as the first men were often known by several names with different meanings, we believe we can see any other way to explain the name of Abel, keeping rigorously to the pronunciation given by the Holy Scriptures. It is clear to any serious mind that Adam had received communications from God's most precious, not only on religious truths, but also on industries human resources to the social state, and Adam passed on to his children and religious science and at the same time the principles of industrial arts. "The world said Origen to Celsus, having been created by Providence, it is necessary that the human race has been, in the beginning, under the tutelage of some superior minds, and then God will be manifested to men. It also what the Scripture testifies ... and appropriately, in fact, that in the infancy of the world, mankind received extraordinary relief, until the invention of the arts would have put in a condition to defend itself and does have more need of divine intervention. "(1) Abel was a shepherd, he offered sacrifices to God, choosing for this purpose lambs the finest and fattest of the flock and the Lord looked favorably his present. The Holy Scriptures, marking carefully the pastoral Abel, suggests the origin of its name. Abel collected the finest fleeces of his magnificent herd her silky hand spun wool, and the son interlaced, forming and the warp and weft, gave an excellent fabric which he could clothe - abb, wool fabric, - to ell, measure. A just and severe punishment followed closely the horrendous crime of Cain. The Lord said to fratricide: "You're a fugitive and wanderer on earth", and the culprit had replied: "You drive me today from the earth and I'll hide myself in front of your face, and I'll be fugitive and wanderer on the earth. So anyone who meets me, kill me. "The Lord replied," No, it will not be so, but whoever kills Cain will be punished sevenfold. "And the Lord" put a mark on Cain so that those who find not slay the point. Cain, having retired from the face of the Lord, lived as a fugitive on the earth in the eastern region of Eden. (1) The Hebrew text, instead of these words: Cain lived as a fugitive on the earth, bears Cain dwelt in the land Nod. Josephus makes a nod instead of proper name, because he could not come to discover the exact meaning of this expression of the primitive language. The term is nod in the Anglo-Saxon and it gives knowledge of the sign of God's curse attached to Cain means to nod, nod, lowering his head in greeting. The mark of infamy, marked on the person of fratricide, should therefore consist of a nervous and convulsive movement of the head, forcing the lower Cain shamefully before all those he met. According to tradition, the sign of a curse brought by Cain was a continual tremor of the body, tremor revealing his crime. Abel, pure and pious child was replaced by Seth and Eve said: "The Lord gave me another son instead of Abel whom Cain killed. "(1) In Hebrew means putting Suth and place: in the language of Tectosages, the verb set retains the same sense of place and place. Seth was the substitute for Abel and destined to become the father of men faithful to their Creator. Woolen fabrics manufactured by Abel do not reappear in the name of the first men and give way to the reference books iron and bronze. Do not go at great length in the genealogy of Adam's children to meet the science of metals, because Malaleel - mall to hit with a mallet - to allay (gone) mixed metals - to ell, measure, - was the great grand-son of Seth. Following the usual chronology, when at the age of seventy years Malaleel became the father of Jared, the men lived in the world for only three hundred ninety-five years. Adam was still among his descendants for his advice and help introduce them to industrial. Because the science of materials placed in Malaleel, does this mean that those who had preceded him ignorant of the use of iron and alloys of copper and tin bronze component? We are far to believe, Adam was attending to the work of his children, and its presence indicates that enough had the knowledge and whence the impetus various industries. It was not possible to write in the name of one man possessed the sum of science behind the world and were gradually etched in the names of family heads. Malaleel we denote structures of iron and bronze, and so that future generations do not misunderstand and do not see him as a single craftsman, he calls his son Jared, - to jar (Djar), jingle, rattle, - to head (hed) be at the head, order, - thus proving he was the head of many metal workers. The names of men, containing the reference material knowledge of the early days of the created world, and indicate that the march of human civilization has not been rising and that the stone age and bronze have preceded any age iron cradle of humanity. The little son of Jared, Methuselah whose longevity has surpassed that of other men, introduces us to another branch of industry: the beds were soft little while in use, you these products too advanced civilization were replaced by mats on which they took a much needed rest in his house - to mat, cover with mats - to use (ious) use - hall, home. The children of Seth are not only to unveil the secrets of the arts among the first men, and by browsing the brief lineage of the descendants of Cain, we note Tubalcain " who was skilled in all kinds of works of bronze and iron. "(1) However this skill to work iron and bronze is not written in her name, she is replaced by another knowledge, that of nautical art. The men were able to build good ships, and we understand well how they have paid poor attention to the ark for Noah, and taken along the shape and dimensions given by God himself. Perhaps they even have counted on them to try to escape the effects of divine threats. There was however a very sensible difference between the construction of their ships and that of the ark that Noah would have. It was a real ship decked protected against the rain from the sky and large plates of the sea, while the ordinary vessels, completely exposed, were not defended against the heavy rains or high waves. The first word that enters into the composition of the name Tubalcain traces the shape of the first buildings - tub, vessel discovered, bowl, bucket, - hall house - to corner (corner), to invent. III NOAH AND HIS CHILDREN. Science possessed men talk to revolt led to the most audacious cons God. Accumulated crimes against nature, and tired of this obstinacy in evil, the Lord said to Noah: "I resolved to destroy all men: they filled the whole earth with iniquity, and I will cut them off with all living things on earth. "(1) Noah was just, and having found favor with God, as he became the confidant of his plans avengers. He built the ark in the order given by the lord, and shutting himself with his family and animals that had to be kept on the ground in the vessel placed under divine protection, he was saved from the flood in which all perished male criminals. Noah claims that he had knowledge of the future punishment of men, how it would be imposed and also the knowledge of its own preservation and that of his family - to know (Noh), know, know - how ( Haou), how, how. After the violent destruction of mankind by the flood, God blessed Noah and his children and told them: "Be fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth. Noah had three son who came out of the ark, Shem, Ham and Japheth. Gold Cham is the father of Canaan. These are the three son of Noah, and from them is out the whole race of men who are on earth. "(1) The flood and the miraculous salvation of Noah and his children were too great events in history that the name of a son of Noah did not some essential feature reproduced. The ark that floated on water for seven months before they hit the top of the mountains of Armenia, Noah wanted to write this remembrance of interest in the name of his eldest son, Shem, - to swim (Souim) float on water. The second of his children, rude and impudent, drew on his father's curse posterity by a lamentable lack remained forever his shame and disgrace, and so his name Cham - to shame, shame, - reiterated his infamous act and the curse that has monitoring. The Scripture says very clearly that Shem, Ham and Japheth came out the whole race of men who are on earth. We thought he could leave this starting point quite historic focus on a different topic, to distinguish the varieties of human by color of skin and degree of the facial angle. It would take too long to list all the classifications put forward, and it seems better to stop the division of Cuvier distinguishing the following varieties: 1 The white or Caucasian, 2 ° the Yellow or Mongolian; 3 ° Negro or Ethiopic. "The white variety, Caucasian, European Arab recognizes himself mainly to the oval shape of the head, skin color more or less white, lips, small, regular features. Its main focus is in Europe and Asia Minor, Arabia, Persia and India to the Ganges and Africa up to and including the Sahara. "The Yellow or variety Mongolia recognizes the square face, flattened nose down over the eyes placed obliquely, and tanned olive skin. It would somehow its focus on the high plateau of Tibet and Tartary. "The Negro variety or Ethiopic complexion black or blackish, the head depressed, flat nose and thick lips. It covers most of Africa and some islands of Oceania. "(1) We did not want the inconvenience of a classification containing a single variety Arabs, Abyssinians, Egyptians and many branches Celtic, we only need to find in Japheth, third son of Noah, and the actual strain incontestable human variety as white. The children of Shem whose type is the best preserved retraced the Arabs are swarthy complexion or less, but the peculiarity of the family shows itself in the eyes and black hair. It can not however be of a general nature and, among the Hebrews, Direct descendants of Shem, the Holy Scripture has been an exception in the person of David, whose hair was red. In the family of Japheth, with white skin and dark hair usually just join the blue eyes or slightly discolored. This lighter color eye was so sensitive in the third son of Noah, he has kept the name of an eye discolored or Japheth, Iphth in the Hebrew text - eye (ouch) eye to fade (FEDE) is discolor Gomer, the eldest son of Japheth, was to present the brand's distinctive eye discolored, since he was declared the true heir - to come (bloke) become - heir (er) heir. It was essential point here favors conferred by birthright and allow the heir usually the eldest son, to offer sacrifices to God, to command his brothers and keep their father's estate, for these rights belonged to the seniors of all families. This term is applied rather heir to bodily qualities noted in Gomer and transmitted to his posterity forming the huge Celtic family. The men had strong multiplied after the flood: "There was then a language and a common way of speaking for all men. "Forced they were spread as a result of their rapid growth, they said," Come, let us a city and a tower whose top reaches to heaven and make our name famous before we disperse on earth. "(1) They held this proud language in the plains of Shinar, and they began to work, using bricks instead of stones and bitumen as a cement. But the Lord was angry that work nonsense, and said: "They are all one people now and they have the same language: they have begun this work and will not forsake their plan than they have completely finished. Come, go down in this place, and there confound their language,, so they may not understand each other. "This is how the Lord scattered them from that place in all countries the world, and they stopped building the city. "It is for this reason that this city was called Babel, because there was confused the language of all the earth: and the Lord has subsequently dispersed in all parts of the world. "(1) Babel, in the words of Scripture, brings with it the idea of the confusion, and the Hebrews, looking carefully Babel in their language, could not find that balal, confusion, explaining that this Babel 'they no longer possess. Balal but is far from having the value of the Celtic verb to babble, babble, talk: babble incoherent, confused, filled with shame men who no longer understand the language they understand very well the night before The primitive language is it disappeared in the middle of this confusion? We can say with confidence, it remained in use in the mouth of some of the children of Shem and also some of the children of Japheth, and this primitive language is like the starting point of the other languages spoken in the world as a source giving rise to countless streams that will describe the capricious turns off. This language has survived in perfect condition among the Hebrews until the stay of the people of God in Chaldea the change has made a very perceptible. Gomer children have they passed on intact, at least in its essential parts? We will try to demonstrate that the integrity of the original language is preserved in the family of Japheth more surely than in the family of Shem, possibly because of the universal dominion promised by God to the descendants of Japheteh. This demonstration can be done by interpreting the Celtic language proper names of the most famous, preserved in the history of the Hebrew people, but we must not forget that the proper name of a man, after the confusion language as the first world age, usually retains the memory of a remarkable action of his life,or the power of a quality, defect, body and sometimes also represents the state of morals of the time. We have seen in the Genesis men leaving the city building and tower Babel. In this city unfinished, the Nimrod fierce, grand-son of Ham, makes his home and founded the kingdom of Babylon. This violent hunter before the Lord does not attack the wild beasts, he was a hunter of men, oppressing its similar, spreading terror everywhere and well deserving the name under which he was known as a scarecrow renamed Nimrod means, - name (nth) reputation - rawhead (râuhèd) scarecrow. Dispersal of males is determined and fixed by which Phaleg translation in Hebrew, is division, "because the land was divided his time" between people speaking different languages. (1) The language in Phaleg Tectosages represents us, the men pushed to reduce their excessive concentration in one region of the world - to fall, fall, - to egg, push, stir. Phaleg was the eldest son of Eber and it they left his name, to testify that his children had him by the legacy of divine blessings promised to Shem and his descendants, direct - Heber breaks down as follows: to ebb, down, - heir (er) heir. ABRAHAM AND IV patriarchs. The great Abraham belonged to the lineage of Heber and Holy Scripture is careful to call Abram Hebrew, accused by the importance attached to this title. Abram, the first name of the patriarch, is accurate and correct specific orders received from God. The Lord told him: "Leave your country, your kindred and your father's house and come into the land I will show you." I'll leave you a great nation, I bless you, I will make your name famous and you will be blessed. "I will bless those who bless you, and I will curse those who curse you, and all peoples on earth will be blessed in you. Abram went out as the Lord commanded him, and Lot followed. "(1) The Hebrew scholars translated by the famous father Abram Abram and Abraham the father of a multitude illustrates abram-a-my. That explanation seems a bit obscure but determined by a fact in all respects conform to the truth. Abram, from the divine commands, should not bear in a foreign land that would be shown by God. Leaving his native land, his relatives and the house of his father, he actually became a stranger to the inhabitants of the countries he traversed, he imitated the wanderer, going here and there, waiting for his place of residence was fixed with certainty - to ape (ECE) imitate, to err, err, go here and there, ham, leg - aperrham. The Arabic expression Berrani, and the term foreign Kabyle aberrans, meaning also abroad, confirm this interpretation of the first name Abram. Obeying the word of God, Abram passed through the land of Canaan, he had to leave soon because of famine raging in the country: he retired to Egypt, still protected in a visible manner, and, after having remained some time he returned to the land of Canaan with his wife and everything he owned. He was very rich in gold and silver abounded in his tent. Lot went with Abram, and he also had flocks and herds of cattle. A quarrel having arisen between the pastors of Lot and Abram, the latter said to his nephew: "Let there be point, I pray you, of any dispute between you and me, between your herdsmen and mine, because we are brothers. You have before you the whole world: get out, I pray you, from me, if you go to the left, I will be right and if you choose the right, go to the left. "(1) This circumstance of Abram's life was worth to his nephew's name - Lot to lot, divide into lots, portions.-Lot chose the country that seemed the most fertile and settled in Sodom. The inhabitants of this city and neighboring cities, delivered to the excesses of the most shameless debauchery, had angered against them divine justice. In a trial of a formidable fairness, the Lord had condemned the destruction by fire and the inhabitants of Sodom and the soil itself that they had defiled - Sod, soil, - to doom (dom) to judge, condemn But Lot was righteous and God did not wrap it in punishing the guilty. Two angels were sent to him for the lead out of this cursed place. The story of the Holy Scriptures give us the reason for the small city where Lot took refuge, brought in after the name of Segor. "At dawn, the angels urged Lot to leave the city, saying, Arise you, take your wife and two daughters, lest you perish yourself in the ruin of the city. "Seeing that always differed, they took him by the hand and led him away as his wife and two daughters, because the Lord would save him. They took him well outside the city and said: save your life, look behind you and point you do stop into the land around, but save you on the mountain, lest you are enveloped in the destruction. "Lot said unto them, O Lord, as your servant has found favor with you, and you have shown your great mercy towards him by saving my life, see, I beg you, that I can not save the mountain, because the danger may surprise me and make me die before."But there is, near a city where I can hide, it is small and I save myself and you know it is not great, and she save my life." The angel replied: I give this thing also to pray that you make me not to destroy the city for which you speak. Hurry up and save you because I can not do anything until you're entered. That is why we gave this city the name of Segor. The sun rose on the earth when Lot entered Segor. "(1) critical thinking emerging from this story can be translated as: the angels urged Lot to leave Sodom because approaching the time fixed for the punishment, and Lot, meanwhile, alleging his weakness, sought to delay this Time for expiation supreme. It took an angel took his hand, forcing it to follow him, and then Lot, desperate to save some of the inhabitants of the region, asked to take refuge in the small town called Segor: prayer was heard, but still says the angel, you make haste! This insistence of the angel to repeat that time was pressing is perfectly reproduced in Segor - to say (se) repeat, to egg, push, excite - hour (Haour) hour time. Lot was safe in Segor, "and the Lord sent down from heaven a shower of fire and brimstone on Sodom and Gomorrah. (1) "Gomorrah reveals the transformation of a beautiful valley in a swamp with stagnant water to come (bloke) become, - moor (die) a swamp. The waters of this lake seem poisoned: they were so dense that the human body can dip into it completely, their bitterness is extreme and they are saturated salt makes them so heavy that the wind seems more impetuous impotent to communicate some movement. The banks have a terrible aridity, look no meeting point the green foliage of the trees to rest. the image of desolation is painted everywhere, God's curse is passed through the valley ."Many travelers, including Troilo and Arvieux, say they noticed fragments of walls and palaces in the waters of the Dead Sea. This report seems confirmed by the father and Maundrell Nau. The former are positive about it rained; Josephus, who uses a poetic expression, "said one sees the lake shadows of the cities destroyed. Strabo gives sixty stadia-turn "Ruins of Sodom. Tacitus speaks of the debris: as the lake rises and retires with the seasons, he may hide or discover the skeletons in turn cities condemned. "(1) A few years before these dreadful events, Abram was childless, by Sarai was asked to marry her servant Hagar, to accomplish the divine promises. But Hagar little grateful, began to despise her mistress, it outraged his impudence, complained at first rebuked Abram and Hagar such severity that it forced her to flee. This accident of the life of Sarai produced this first name - to say (se), tell, - Row (Rau) noise, quarrel, high (hated), and violent. Hagar - to hag, torment, harass - to hare (here), running here and there - went into Egypt through the desert when an angel appeared to him and ordered him to return to his mistress and humiliated under his hand. He added: "I will multiply your descendants so that it will be endless ... You bring forth a son, and you call Ishmael because the Lord has heard your affliction. "(2) Ishmael is the end of friction products enter Sarai and Hagar, the servant was freed from abuse by his humble docility under the hand of his mistress - to ease (ISE) issue to Maule (Maule) wrinkle. Announcing the birth of Ishmael, the angel of the Lord said to Hagar: "It will be a proud man and wild: he will raise his hand against everyone and everyone will lift a hand against him, and pitched his tents vis-à-vis all his brothers. "(1) is the faithful picture of the character of the Arabs, descendants of Ishmael. Your nature is fiery and passionate, loving, passionate freedom and independence they have always wanted plunder and adventures. Their goatskin tents are housed just a few moments and soon, clearing obstacles still saddled their horses, they eat in a fast race the burning sands of the desert. Their white wool blanket thrown over their heads like a veil just designate off to the worried looks of travelers who venture to cross their country arid and treeless - to hare (here), running here and there - abb, wool weft. Hard to fatigue, easy mounting hunger and thirst, scorning resting on a soft bed, they deserve the name of Bedouin under which they are known - bed, bed, - to wean (wah) deny. Thirteen years had passed since the birth of Ishmael, God appeared to Abram and said: "I am God Almighty, walk before me and be perfect." I will covenant with you and I will multiply your seed to infinity ... "You do not call you Abram, but Abraham because I've established to be the father of many nations. "(1) The change wrought by God in the name of the great patriarch is in full on the last syllable of Abram's Celtic in the composition of that name, ham, leg, which is transformed into Heams (HIM) child has not yet seen the day, and contains within himself that Heams insurance by multiplying his family. Thus, Abram became Abraham abroad - to ape, imitate, - to err, go here and there - Heams (HIM), a child who has not yet emerged - ie abroad in numerous descendants. This interpretation by the Celtic language is easy to understand why the Arabs call Ibrahim the father of Ishmael, patriarch of their family and strain. After prescribed circumcision to Abraham as a sign of his covenant, God, renewing the promise already made a great posterity, said: "You no longer call your wife Sarai, but Sarah. I will bless you and I give her a son I will bless too. It will be the father of many nations and peoples will come from King himself. "(1) After the order given by God to Abraham to call his wife Sara, writing now called the Holy Sara Sare wrote it - to say (se), say - to Ray (re) radiate. This radiation around Sara should come from the beautiful posterity announced by the lord. Abraham was then one hundred years old and Sara ninety. The Holy Patriarch was greatly troubled at the thought that his age and that of his wife would probably be a very big obstacle to the accomplishment of the divine word: he believed, however, this word in the intimate conviction that God works a miracle for him . While he was delivered to these anxieties, God said: "Sarah your wife will give you a son and name Isaac. I'll make a pact with him and his descendants so that my covenant with them is eternal. "(1)" Sarah conceived and bore a son in his old age at the time that God had predicted. Abraham gave the name Isaac to his son who was born of Sarah. And he circumcised him the eighth day according to the command he had received from God ... And Sarah said, God gave me a smile of joy will know who will take part in my happy smile. "(2) The Hebrew-Chaldean, Isaac comes from the verb tsachak, satisfied smile, be congratulated, and the meaning is in perfect keeping with the sacred text. In examining the term in its composition Isaac Celtic, we discover infallible assurance of the fulfillment of divine promises, insurance must be issued to Abraham all the torments of mind caused by the sight of a natural impossibility - to ease ( ise) issue to hag, torment. Isaac inherited not only his father's great wealth, but also of his faith and obedience to the Lord. Before birth, his two son Esau and Jacob - to jog clashed in the womb of their mother Rebecca, and it alarmed, consulted the Lord who said: "Two nations are in thy womb, two peoples divided against each other will emerge, one of these people will overcome the other people and the elder shall serve the younger. The eldest of two children was hairy and he was named Esau, his brother was named Jacob. Esau was also called Seir - to say (sé) tell - hair (her) hair - confirming the statement in the Scriptures strange hair on his body which was covered. The name of Esau - to Haze (Hèze) scare - how (Haou) how how relates to the fury of which he was seized when his brother Jacob after having d first bought his birthright, he steals the paternal blessing. Hatred of Esau became so violent that Jacob, full of terror, was forced to flee his home and seek refuge with Laban some time. It pushed, excited by the insistence and advice of his mother Rebecca - rape (repe) action to steal, transport, - to egg, push, exciting - that Jacob had consented to use the trick to remove the maternal blessing for his brother Esau. Jacob spent fourteen years with his uncle Laban - to lap, wrap, twist, - to hand, seize - before marrying Rachel. This time was for him a real time painful humiliations that he wanted to score in the name of Rachel - to rack, harass, torment - to garlic (el) cause pain. The torments suffered multiplied in the house of Laban allowed Jacob to say with truth and tied to Rachel: "You know I have served your father with all my strength. He even made use of deception to me, and changed ten times what I should be rewarded: and yet God does not allow him to hurt me. "(1) is known by its particular sequence of events in Egypt God led the patriarch Jacob and his many children. Joseph, joy of his mother Rachel and the hope of fertility, (2) to joy (djoï) rejoice, welcome, safe (Sefe) except excluding Risk - had to give his brother the eastern part of Egypt, and Hebrews had grown to such an extent that the Pharaoh who ruled more by country ignoring the immense services rendered by Joseph to his kingdom, resolved to stop by all means this spread, worrying for his political suspicious. The measures most iniquitous were decreed against the male children of the Hebrews who came to the world, and was ordered to throw them into the Nile. While young children were murdered as well, public officials overwhelmed the Hebrews under the weight of work overwhelming and made their lives quite bitter. V MOSES AND THE HEBREWS IN THE DESERT. Moses was born amidst these deplorable circumstances, and his mother, after having kept hidden for three months, exposed on the edge of the river where God's merciful provision by his providence , drew the daughter of Pharaoh. Touched by the beauty of the child, "she adopted for her son and named him Moses, because, she said, I removed the water. "(1) The name of Moses denies a strict interpretation by the Hebrew- Chaldean, moreover, this name is an allusion to the special position of children raised in Pharaoh's court and the action of removing the king's daughter the child's river where he was exposed. The adoption of Moses by Pharaoh's daughter had delivered the fieldwork and also the terrible oppression under which his brother groaned. It was not therefore obliged to harvesting, transporting the harvested fruit in barns arranged for that purpose, and this is the explanation simple and clear the name of Moses by the Celtic language - to mow (mo), harvesting, mowing, to ease (ISE), issue. - Josephus noted that the name of Moses, delivered water,composition was Egyptian, as he says, shows and water mo ise translates issue. It is likely that the Egyptian name given to Moses by Pharaoh's daughter meant she had saved from the waters of the Nile, while the one by which the Hebrews his brethren knew, related mainly to its education king's court. We will not dwell on the miraculous event in which God led the Hebrews through the desert to take possession of the land of Canaan at the time intended by providence, we'll just add a few words that are a good demonstration of sensitive language spoken at that time by the descendants of Jacob. "Engaged in the desert, the people after three days of walking in this arid region, managed to a fountain whose waters were unfit to drink because of their bad taste, and he began to murmur. Moses began praying and the Lord showed him a bush which he threw the wood in water and it became very soft. The waters of this fountain named Mara were not only bitter, they were still corrupt, and repulsive this alteration is clearly indicated by the word Celtic to mar, spoil. Arriving in the desert not far from Sin Sinai, the Hebrews who had consumed the provisions brought from Egypt, indulged in violent murmurs against their leader, and then Moses said: "Tonight, you'll know it's lord you out of Egypt, and tomorrow morning you'll burst the glory of the Lord ... Moses added, the Lord will give you this evening flesh to eat in the morning, you will be satisfied with bread. "(1) When evening came, many quail covered the camp, and in the morning there appeared in the desert something like grainy and pounded in a mortar, which looked like the frost that covers his ground during the winter. Thus did the Lord manifest his power to the eyes of Hebrew and the brilliance of divine power that has earned the name part of the desert of Sin - shine (Shain), brightness. - The people at the sight of this special food to replace the bread, the essential food, exclaimed: "Man hu? That is to say, what is that? Because they knew what it was. Moses said: "This is the bread that God gives you something to eat. "(1) Both hu-man words are quite worthy of being noticed; man in Celtic means essential, important, main (MEN), hu is how the word Celtic (Haou), how it so. The Hebrews had to be expressed as: "Is this then the main food, hand how? And man they called the food that God distributed throughout the duration of their stay in the desert. They named so because it was really the essential foundation of their diet, taking instead of the wheat they could not raise the point in their journey. We emphasize that expression in a special way, because the adjective Celtic hand (men) primary key, entered the composition of words Meniri, dolmen, designating Celtic monuments, standing stones, and it becomes of invaluable assistance to the explanation of these terms until such time covered with an impenetrable veil. Moses was still in the wilderness of Sin when Jethro his father-he came back his wife and children. The name Jethro , prince and priest of Midian, is interesting and it summarizes the advice given to Moses to the establishment of inferior courts to deliver justice for the people in business the easiest and most common. Jethro saw Moses hard to do justice to the people who presented to him from morning till night, said: "Why are you so against the people? Why are you sitting alone to try him, so that what people expect from morning until evening? You're not a good thing. "You get tired and unwisely, you and your people, unnecessary work: the occupation surpasses your strengths and you can not sustain itself. "But listen to the advice I give you, and God be with you. Be hard for the people who watch things God ... and to teach him what he must do to please the Lord. "Choose among the people of steadfast and God-fearing, truth and full of enemies of greed, and give the pipe to one thousand men, others percent, with other fifty, and the other ten. "Whether you reserve for big business and they consider only the smallest: and the burden of justice being shared with others, you will become lighter . '(1) Moses followed this advice, whose wisdom was evident and distributing the burden of administering justice, he was well protected against an occupation quite overwhelming, he believed he could successfully complete without succumbing. The name of Jethro accurately reproduces the substance of sensible advice given the inexperience of Moses - to Shade (CHED), protect, shelter, - raw (RAU) new, inexperienced. should not be s' surprised to see Moses in the new government of the Hebrew people, since God had imposed the painful burden for six weeks. Forty-eight days after leaving Egypt, the Hebrews reached Sinai. In this place, the people received the Lord's religious precepts, politics and law that should govern. The law was proclaimed there in the midst of dazzling lights, noise bursts of thunder incessant, and the splendor of a huge mountain on fire. This brilliant device in the proclamation of the law was given to this mountain called Sinai - to Shine (Shain) shine, sparkle, burst - to eye (ouch) watch, keep an eye SUR.-At the top of Sinai, where God had called him, Moses received the order to build the tabernacle and the ark of the covenant, and appointed the lord to his servant, namely the two men he had met with intelligence, wisdom and science to invent everything that art can do with gold, silver and bronze. The interpretation of Bézeléel - bezel (bezel), Kitten with a ring, - to lay (on) make, project, - to ell, measure - and that of Ooliab - wool (ououl) wool - to eye (ai) having an eye on - abb, wool fabric, - we learn that Bèzeléel had to beat the two gold cherubs - share (SHER) share - up (eup) above - on each side of the cover, while Ooliab that was responsible for carrying the rich embroidery curtains of the tabernacle and clothing for the Department of the High Priest. (1) After more than a year of residence at the foot of Sinai, the Hebrews, led by the hand of God, was brought into the solitude of Paran - to fare (fere) move, travel - to hand, lead by hand - where his tent remained upright until he was ordered to head for the promised land to take possession. Moses had sent explorers, and the Hebrews knew the land of Canaan by Joshua, their relationship was one of these explorers, and probably their leader, since this occasion Moses changed the name it was previously that of Joshua . The conduct of the nation was later given to Joshua when Moses, shortly before his death, he spoke these words to all the assembled people: "Be strong and courageous, because you'll get the people who in the land that God swore to their forefathers to give them, and that you too will share lots. (2) (1) JOSHUA - JESUS SAVIOUR. - DAVID AND GOLIATH. Joshua's mission was clearly defined by these words. It was established warlord of the Hebrews, was to conquer the land of Canaan and share lots between the tribes, but the authority was receiving only became not hereditary in his family: he was simply holding the office of lieutenant of the Lord, and God had reserved an absolute command of his people. The direct rule of God on the Jews lasted since the exodus from Egypt until the day when the people demanded a king with the same rights as the kings of surrounding nations. Samuel, to whom the people had spoken for monarchical government, received this proposal with displeasure and offered his prayers to God to know His will, and the Lord said to him: "Listen to the voice of the people in whatever they tell you, because it is not you, but they rejected me, that I should not reign over them ... but first, let them understand and declare them the king's right to command them. "Samuel explained to the Hebrews that would be for them the royal authority they sought so insistently, but "the people refused to listen to these explanations: No, they said we want a king who governs us. "(1) The resistance of Samuel to insult the people addressed to God by his request, the response of the Lord and the obstinacy of the people with clearly demonstrate the direct exercise of divine authority over the Hebrews. This theocratic government is engraved in the name Joshua, or Iehosuah, as has the Hebrew text. The first part of the name consists of letters, i, he, u, i, enclosed in Jehovah, and the second part includes the verb "to sway (Soué), govern, control, and both parties in their meeting, produce Iosoué , that is to say, Jehovah's government. The Hebrew-Chaleena is powerless to translate literally Joshua. The only words she could advance to its interpretation is iehoscua, savior, and she is still very far from the exact composition of Joshua. Thus, the Hebrew translation of Joshua by iehoscua, savior, did she assume that the name of Jesus, Saviour and Redeemer of the genus human, was derived from the same root: for the angel appearing to Joseph addressed him in these words: "Joseph son of David, fear not to take with you Mary your wife, because what is born in it, is the work of the Holy Spirit and bear a son to whom you give the name Jesus, because he will save himself by delivering his people from their sins. "(1) The meaning of savior and deliverer must be enclosed in the name of the Lord Jesus, according to the explanation of the angel, and the expression of this sense is perfectly rendered by the two verbs to ease Celtic ( ise), issue, to sway (Soué) order, govern, which correspond perfectly to the Hebrew letters reproduced in Issa, Jesus, and is a significant difference between the name of Joshua and Jesus. Arabic language confirms this difference between the two names it is known that the Arabs translated, Jesus son of Mary, by Isa bin Mariam. These so easy interpretations of Hebrew names by language Tectosages prove that it was indeed that of language first time. To complete the proof and make, as it were, tangible, we can still try to break the two names of David and Goliath. Everyone knows the incidents of single combat between David and Goliath. However, it is necessary to recall some details that explain fully the name given by the Hebrews in the Philistine giant. The army of the Philistines and Saul's soldiers were present when Goliath standing in front of the battalions of Israel cried to them: "Why are you fight? Am I not a Philistine, and ye servants of Saul? choose a man among you, let him come and fight alone. If he can fight me and hit me, we are your slaves, but if I won myself and I kill him, you will be our slaves and you will serve. And the Philistine said: "Today I challenged all the battalions of Israel and I told them: Give me a man, and he comes to fight against me. But this Philistine arose to battle the morning and evening, and it does so for forty days. "(1) The goal end the contest was proposed by the Philistine subjugation of the vanquished to the victor, watching the giant stature, the Hebrews were terrified, and the bold Philistine could throw forty times his challenge to the most valiant soldiers Saul, no one dared raise it, - goal (gol), goal, close to eye (ouch) see, look, - to add, add. - But a handsome young man, indignant at these outrages, armed only with a sling and a stick, offered to defeat Goliath in the name of the Lord of hosts. Giant advanced with a scornful, but "David hastened and ran into battle. He put his hand into his scrip, he took a stone, hurled from his sling - davit (DeVita) reel - and struck the Philistine on the forehead. The stone sank into his forehead of the Philistine, and he fell on his face against the ground, (1) - to dive (Daive) - sink - to hit, hit. These examples seem to be sufficient to provide strong support for this assertion that the Gaelic language and reality in the primitive language, and we will not pursue further this beginning of etymological studies on the descendants of Shem. Punic language ------ I AFRICA - Phuthi - Numidia and MOORS Among the descendants of Ham we will retain only Phuthi, his third son, which commentators believe the Scriptures to be the strain of the original inhabitants of North Africa. The African continent presents a more striking contrast. In part crossed by streams of considerable size, heat joining in soil moisture produced in the trees and plants of vegetation vigor and power admirable, but in areas where rivers have a low volume of water, freshness and fertility disappear under the action of a burning sun, and the desert appears with its terrible aridity. In the most extensive of these desert, the Sahara, the vast plains of burning sand are carried to the eye. The dangers are extreme, because the breath of simoom impetuous, restless sands roll like the waves of a raging sea. Woe travelers that simoom in its rapid course, committed to meeting those parts fatal! The sand whipped around them, seized them, buried them under the weight of their bodies piled up - afer (éfeur) wind from the south-west, rick (rik) a heap. Whatever may seem necessary, in speaking of Africa, deal with the Egyptians, however, we leave aside and monuments and the long list of their kings. The labyrinth of Egypt and Mesraïm, first king of the country, we will stop just a moment. Mesraïm, second son of Ham, we offer a proof of the security and veracity of the statements are an unshakable scientific basis. Mesraïm is famous as the first king of Egypt: it nevertheless deserves to be otherwise reported due to architectural fantasy bequeathed by him for ever future and that these, in their ingratitude, have forgotten the author. ancients had built some monuments in different regions called labyrinths, and the most famous were those attributed to Daedalus of Crete, and that of Egypt, which the learned architect had remained unknown. Herodotus makes the Egyptian labyrinth work of twelve kings, while Pliny think Tithoès alone must claim the glory. According to the description given by Herodotus of this building, twelve palaces were enclosed in a single enclosure. Fifteen hundred apartments, mixed terraces were arranged around twelve main rooms, and communications were arranged so that those who s engagement in the palace were powerless to find the exit. There were still fifteen hundred underground chambers. This construction was it a monument dedicated the sun, as Pliny seems to think, or was it intended for the burial of kings? Was not it rather a caprice, a whim of an architect whose skilful men had lost the memory? Mesraïm alone can put us on track and show us the end of this maze of assumptions, admitting that he is the author of this strange building, consisting of long rows of apartments, and had a fancy a whim of his mind - Maze (mèze) maze, or even to maze (mèze) astray, embarrass, - row (ro) file row - whim (houim), whim, fancy. Mesraïm If his secret book without difficulty It is not the same for Phuthi, third son of Ham. This odd name does not present itself in its monosyllabic form, no sense that the mind can declare himself satisfied. It should be divided into two syllables, and then it offers a reasonable meaning faithfully relating to the character and clothing of peoples and Libya which Gaetules Puth is the father. Enemies of the Egyptians, they differed in a manner very sensitive, Gaetules Libya and led a nomadic life, wandering through the meadows - lea (li), prairie, - by (bai) through - and were noted for the particular shape of their coats - to get (watch) have, - hull, an outer cover, a mantle. - The hallmark of mantle Gaetules involved in the cap, and hooded Algeria seems to be a part of traditional clothing worn by Puth and his descendants. Gaetules The only license we have, by the sight of their coats, hoodies, enter the composition of the name of their ancestor Puth - foe (fô) enemy - to Hood (Hud), put a hood. In his writing on the war waged by the Romans against Jugurtha, Sallust overlooks the original inhabitants of North Africa, some interesting details. According to him, Africa was first occupied by Gaetules and Libya. They were, he said, a harsh and uncompromising nature, fed on wild fruits of the soil and the flesh of wild beasts. Laws, leaders, their civilization was unknown; wandering to and fro, they stopped in the place where the night came the surprise. But Sallust continues after the death of Hercules, arrived in Spain following the belief of the Africans, his army composed of various peoples and deprived of its head, spread in all directions. Medes, Persians and Armenians who were of his army, crossed the sea in ships and seized the coast of our sea Persians marched especially on the side of the ocean: not finding the fields in the materials needed to build their houses, they used the overturned hulls of their ships by way of housing. They mingled with Gaetules gradually through alliances, as they often changed place after fertility campaigns they met, they gave themselves the name of Numidia. Moreover,construction of Numidian campaign, oblong and covered with arched brick (tile-channel) are called by them mapalia. libya The allied with the Medes and Armenians: they occupied the land by the sea African, while the Gaetules longer living in distant lands in the land burned by a hot sun. Libya possessed the city early, and separated from Spain by a simple strait, they were trading. Gradually Libya altérèrent their name and called themselves, in their barbarous language, instead of Moors Medes. The affairs of Persia was soon to become prosperous and shortly after, away from their fathers because of their numbers too great they occupied under the name of Numidia, the countries located around Carthage and that was called Numidia. Gradually subjugating their neighbors, they made a name full of glory: for the Warriors were more Gaetules that Libya finally, the lower part of Africa fell under the domination of Numidia, and all those they had conquered , joined them and took their name. All information provided by Sallust is invaluable and spread some light on the origins of these Africans, but we are surprised that it deprives them of free laws, and civilization leaders. They might well not have written laws, however it is difficult to deny them the traditions certainly forming the basis of their legislation. There is little evidence, moreover, what has brought significant difference in the lives of these people since they live in the African soil. Still covered with their coats, hoodies, constantly looking for new pastures for their herds that can provide abundant food, preserving through centuries their nomadic habits, we still find, at almost exactly, such as Sallust describes . The houses that the author means by mapalia Latin - to map, track, - Hall, home - could not give up much of the population to go in any direction the country to lead the flocks in pastures new and fresh - new (Niue) again - Mead (mid) meadow. Numidians The owners were wonderful horses, and we know with what meticulous care the Africans elevate them to connect all the nervous energy and zeal they want to see in them. Nevertheless, despite the strength of these great beasts, Numidians were powerless to cross the immense African desert, the camel was only proper to go through these vast solitudes, because of its extreme simplicity and singular disposition of his stomach which contains a pouch filled with water (1) forming an admirable reserves that can to spend several days without water, camels are very numerous in the West African Moors and watch them with reason as the main wealth of a family. Libya and the former Gaetules knew full well the reason for the sobriety of the camel and the ease with which he traveled for many days, without stopping at a source to quench the thirst, so they used it in preference to horse to venture in the wilderness This use of the camel in ordinary travel, and the certain knowledge of the full bag of water in the stomach of this animal are useful because of the name of Moors, given to Libya involved Armenians and Medes of West Africa - maw (MAU) paunch, crop, - to wear (ouer), use, carry around for use .- The term maw (MAU) indeed describes the camel, as in the language of Tectosages, a fabric made of camel hair called mohair. Sallust, adopting the belief of African killed Hercules in Spain, and claims that his warriors abandoning Iberia spent on African soil. For us, we will try to rely on certain facts narrated by mythology, and despite his bouts of insanity, she let out some light on this historical point. Mauritania for her was the garden of the Hesperides containing the trees with golden apples . A hundred-headed dragon was in charge of their care, and constantly open eyes on the precious fruits, he uttered a horrible hiss. Hercules had promised to Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, to bring him the golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides. He removed in Mauritania, in the midst of Atlantis, killed the dragon and, seizing the golden apples, he returned triumphant to offer them to Eurystheus. By changing the name of the hero of this story, the narrative of Sallust appears completely illuminated by the light of true truth. Gallic nation is represented here by Hercules, and mythology itself gives us the theme, saying that the Galatians warrior renowned for his feats and his virtues, and also king of the Gauls, was the son of Hercules. She then insinuates Hercules, that is to say, the heroic Gallic family, like a rising tide and pervasive, having flooded Europe, reached the heart of Spain, and saw its flow inordinate lapse and stubborn resistance of the Iberians. Only part of the vast army crossed the sea and took over the beautiful valleys at the foot of the Atlas, which grow in abundance orange and lemon trees on their splendid golden apples. The Atlantis, Libya and Gaetules lived with the conquerors and became the Moors and whose powerful Numidian cavalry was so feared by the Romans. II-GENERAL OF THE CARTHAGE - THE KINGS Numidians Numidians later saw a colony of Phoenicians and landing on their shores to found schools. The city of Carthage was built there, 888 years before Jesus Christ, by Dido, Tyrian princess. Addicted to trade, Carthage enriched, grew rapidly and expanded its possessions on the African coast and the coasts of Spain, especially attractive for its mines of gold and silver. Become a warrior by the obligation imposed on it to support her business, she raised armies composed of mercenaries which it could hardly be proud. Numidians, Iberians, Gauls abounded, but these warriors borrowing remained only in his service, when a skilful general knew the lead to victory and plunder. A battle lost infuriated these foreign soldiers, and massacred the unfortunate generals who had failed to conduct their impetuous momentum. The need to overcome may be contained in the secret herself the skill of the fearless and brilliant Carthaginian general. The Phoenicians who founded Carthage, spoke the Canaanite language, and this language, despite many dissimilarities should show a close relationship with one of the Numidia. But is this really the language of Carthage must be attributed the name Punic, and that name would belong to it not rather that the Numidian and Moorish? We believe that the Numidian language can easily claim it, and, by examining closely the current language of the Kabyle, ensured that it is made of puns and therefore the only Punic - to pun (Pon) make puns. This assertion does not seem unfounded, if we compare the names of the most famous Carthaginian general called by history to those of Numidian kings, and we can feel in the names Carthaginians own a certain resistance to interpretation, while the names will give in willingly Numidian monosyllables that train. Hamilcar, father of the famous Hannibal gave the Romans in Sicily against clear evidence of military skill. Continuing with a stubborn zeal prosperity and expansion of the empire Carthaginians - to AIM (em), direct - weal (yes!), Prosperity, - to care (Ker), get in trouble for - he submitted the coast of Africa to the Great Ocean, and going to Spain, he took the west coast of this country. He had on his repeated insistence, brought with him the young Hannibal, to introduce him to the leadership of an army and science warrior. Amilcar also had with him, "said Cornelius Nepos, a handsome young man, Hasdrubal, which accused him of loving more than he would have been. From there it was, that the inquisitor mores forbade him to keep his house in Hasdrubal. Amilcar then resolved to give his daughter in marriage to this young man, he was in their habits, they could not defend his or her son to live with her stepfather. We report this fact, Cornelius Nepos says, because after the death of Amilcar killed in battle, Hasdrubal became Chief of the Army. Hannibal only took command after the death of Hastrubal murdered by the slave of a chief Lusitano. The fact told by Cornelius Nepos gives intelligence training Hastrubal name. He was pressed by the inquisitor of manners, Amilcar wanting to stop annoying noises, however, and wishing to keep Hastrubal with him, hastened to give him his daughter in marriage - to haste (Hester), hasten - Row (Rau ) noise - to pall (Paul), kill, weaken. Hastrubal The presence of the house of his father and his elevation to the head of the army after the death of Amilcar Hannibal had to be a source of trouble , and hence subject to command his brother is, the rise of his military genius was continuously compressed. So we had rightly called Hannibal, which is to say, tired of living the life of a junior officer tasteless - to annoy (Annoyer), bored - to pall (paul) become tasteless.We did not report the exploits of this great captain and they are well known and are not also useful to our purpose. The difficulty of interpretation presented by these names Carthaginian generals no longer exists in those Numidian kings and Celtic expressions take place with the greatest ease.After the Punic War, Carthage had lost everything, his empire, his riches, his business: he was barely life that Massinissa, head of Numidia and ally of the Romans, sought to remove him. This Numidian, who lived a century, stood still night and day on horseback, at the age of ninety years, without harassing the unfortunate Carthaginians truce or thank you. Cavalier indomitable Massinissa knew no rest in a house or in the inns which he professed to laugh - mass, mass - to inn, housed in a hostel - to hiss, laughing. "After the victories over Carthaginians and Syphax taking - to see (if), thinking - to face (FEE) confront, brave, - whose empire stretched far away in Africa, the Roman people gave the king all Massinissa cities and lands he had taken his hand. "(1) The old Numidian was always the faithful ally of the Romans and left his kingdom to his son Micipsa her two other son, and Mastanabal Gulussa, were abducted by the disease. Sallust silent about their lives, content to just name them and establishing Mastanabal that was the father of Jugurtha. Mastanabal probably did not have the wild energy of his father Massinissa, as its name says terrified of becoming the leader of a nation so great - mass, mass, assembly, - Thane (then) chief - to appal, terrify .- As Gulussa, its name clearly denotes their habits of deception - to gull (gules) mislead, deceive, to use (ious) used to, use -. Macipsa, became head of does Numidian became known as the weak of his character, letting loose and missing all the favorable opportunities to further expand the vast territory bequeathed by his father - to miss, miss, lose - to heap (hip) pile - to say (se), say, tell -.This prince had adopted his nephew Jugurtha, and had come into the kingdom shares with both son and Adherbal Hiempasl. Beloved by Romans because of the fighting qualities he had displayed at the siege of Numancia, where Micipsa had sent him with the secret hope of seeing them perish, admired as the most ardent hunter of lions and boldest rider Throughout Africa, Jugurtha was consumed with ambition to own one of Numidia. Relying on the venality of the Romans, he first murdered Hiempsal - to eye (ouch) review - to AIM (em) direct - dirty (SELE), sell, market, - the youngest of his rivals. Adherbal still bothered him, because the senate was split between him and Numidia Adherbal. Jugurtha adds another crime, attacks, despite the opposition of the Romans, Adherbal in a city where he had fled, seized the last heir of Micipsa and destroyed in torment - to add, add, - heir (HER), heir - to pall (Paul), shoot -. Jugurtha was so high, by two horrendous crimes, to the throne of Numidia, and it was only fair that the name rapportât to future generations - to juke (djiouke) lifted - to hurt (smooth), harm, do harm -Delivered to the Romans by the treachery of Bocchus - to balk (Bauke) wrong - her stepfather, King of Mauritania - maw (MAU) paunch - to wear (ouer) wear, carry around for use, - to hit, hit, - hand, hand - Jugurtha was thrown into a dark dungeon where he was put to death by torture of hunger. After the conquest of Numidia by the Romans, colleges were established in major African cities for the study of Latin and Greek letters: however, the Punic language never ceased to be spoken in his integrity and This proves it is the name given to the Punic end of the fourth century AD, the greatest genius that Africa has produced, St. Augustine. Barely twenty-eight years, having taught all human knowledge at the time, he professed vividly rhetoric at Carthage and a few years later to Milan, where he was baptized by St. Abroise in 387. High intelligence, eager for all science and truth above all, subtle and penetrating mind, with a rousing speech and logical reasoning of a steadfast, St. Augustine certainly deserves the name Eagle meetings, which gave fairly and happiness - hawk (Hauk), falcon - hustings (heusstings), assembly hall. III Kabyle It is recognized in history as the Carthaginians were distinguished from other peoples by the finesse and guile. In the service of their trade, this spirit of cunning trickery produced a black, and the latter vice was so well known that, to express the most egregious bad faith, a faith they said Punic or Carthaginian. However the bad faith did not belong only to the Carthaginians and Gulussa son of Massinissa has enough built on deception its usual habits and also those of Numidia. Kabyles descendants are the undisputed Numidians and under a name affects a different form , querulous mores of the people show themselves openly accusing the formation of the Kabyle name - to cavil, quibble .- The Moors, in relation to the chicane, have nothing to envy the inhabitants of the Great Kabylie South of the Atlas. The one and the other miss no opportunity to prove how great their dishonesty and treachery. The Algerian Kabyle Mountains deserve more the name of Berbers, who they are, however, attributed with good reason. In a surprising sobriety, a few dried figs and a little bread sufficient for their food, and their homes, extreme poverty, mark the manners of a people accustomed to poverty and energy to bear the loss any welfare - to bear (BER) bear - to bare (bere) strip. The Berbers showed great honesty in their relationships. It comes without doubt that, for several centuries, Christianity has flourished in their country, and this cause is more than sufficient for the morals of a people acknowledge the profound change effected by the exact practice of the evangelical precepts. Despite the Muslim despotism that has saturated Mohammedanism, the Berbers have not lost the memory of the Christian religion, and they proudly show the cross they bear tattooed on their hand or their arm. Traditions have an important place in the manners of Algerian Kabiles; trait resemblance to the Celtic family of highly reflects the truth of the assertions of Sallust. One can still see flourish in their midst the constitution once governed Gaul and Caesar as described. "It has been said many times," says General Daumas in writing Kabylia, that Kabila was the Switzerland of the Algeria. If this comparison is just a topographical viewpoint, it is not least in view of the political constitution. Taken together, Kabylia is an agglomeration of tribes who govern themselves, according to the principles that the tradition and usage have brought into the customs.also offer similar combinations and are associated in several monosyllables, whole sentences with a rigorous and precise. We choose in the Kabyle language some of these expressions that can be observed how carefully the admirable words, nouns or verbs, are composed. The former inhabitant of North Africa were rearing point probably bees whose swarms spreading freely in the hollow trunks of trees or clefts of rocks. These bees, little accustomed to the vicinity of humans and animals, cruelly tormented travelers who passed by their house and troubled by their stinging bites the tranquility of their march. This is the meaning of the word bee in Kabyle, thizizouith, plural thizizoua - to tease (tize), torment - ease (ize) peace, - way (yeah) path -. We use this interpretation to the plural thizizoua but in freeing us own endings in the singular or plural, the meaning of thizizouith becomes even easier and clearer, since it is then the hum of the insect that annoying and disturbing the rest - to tease (tize) annoy, - ease (ize), rest - to whiz (houiz) buzzing.The word honey in Kabyle Testament, reproduces the thought that the sweetness always ends up tame and tame - to tame (system), tame, tame, to end, finish. Punic terms are certainly correct expression patterns of these peoples and this truth manifests itself powerfully in the verb crawl in Kab. mour'edh. For us, it's crawling forward in the manner of the snake, but a Numidian is to engage in the tall grass of swamp and go forward without being seen - moor (mour ), swamp - to head (hed) -. The verb overwhelming lead in Kab. r'ot, says that what people think of a man who lets himself be surprised by the heat, raw (UAR), new, inexperienced - hot, hot, hot - it must be, in fact, no experience their exposure to hot sun for his fires at certain times of day.When we transmit that Sallust Libya and Gaetules lived as nomads, he forgets to tell us that the bare earth they did not like to take their rest was really a layer too painful, so did they care for remedy this by extending their weary limbs on a good "mat" in Kab. aguerthil, - to ake (EKE), hurt,be painful - earth (erth), earth, - to heal (hil) remedy. We might think that the Numidian, because of their fiery nature, liked the noise and strife, but their language belies that thought; for a man engaged in the racket is a man of "vile" amekrouth, - to make (Meke) do - Row (Rau), noise din -. There is, in the Kabyle language, many monosyllabic words, in these words Celtic and their correspondents, there is always a correlation of striking ideas. And grinding, in Kab. zed, refers to to sate (Sète), satisfy: ablaze, in Kab. clamped 'drift to sear (Sir), burn: night, Kab. idh, just to heed (HID), beware: vilify, in Kab. Simes, Isam, is to shame (chem) to shame.This warlike people knew the good sword fighting, and retained in the strong hand of his warriors, the sword fell straight on the head of the enemy with a shrill whistle sword Kab. translates iskim, - to hiss, hiss - Keen (kin) acute, sharp .- The verb in the language retains abdicate Numidian perfect sense: we give, we in this expression taken by itself, meaning of a voluntary surrender to the sovereign power: the Numidian see it as a heir to the throne, sometimes chosen freely, and in many circumstances received by force, that is to say imposed: abdicate in Kab. translates tekher, - to take (Teke), take, receive, - heir (HER), heir. It is not up to our common salt, in Kab. thaqsoult who did the honors of a compound word, - to take (Teke), take - to salt (Falls), season with salt, salt. We could add other words Kabyle their decomposition and their meanings next, but the examples are numerous enough to show in the Punic language a derivation perfect language that preceded Babel. But we must not conclude this brief overview, without interpreting the term applied by the Kabyle aroumi French. Taken collectively, the French are known in Kabylia, in the name of Afransis but the French took itself is, for the Berber, the man who has subjugated, who surpassed in military valor, to whom he must bow as they bowed to the superiority, and to contain a single word in his admiration, the French is "the Great" - aroumi - roomy (Rumi), large -.CHAPTER IV. ------ FAMILY Japheth. ------ I GOMER AND HIS SON. We have already observed that Gomer , eldest son of Japheth, was the heir of bodily qualities distinguishing Japheth his brothers Shem and Ham. Gomer is the strain of the great Celtic family, and St. Jerome and Josephus do not hesitate to call his descendants Gomériens and Cimmerians. Established the Galatians in Asia belong, according to St. Jerome, to the same family or Cimmerian Cimbric. Most of these Galatians were Tectosages from the south of Gaul in the pursuit of military adventures. Three son of Gomer, Asken, Riphath Thogorma and are appointed by the Scriptures because they were single people. Some descendants of Asken - to ask, demand, - Keen (Pushkin), very cold, penetrating - Haze (Hèze), fog, mist, - bound for northern Europe, were not afraid to settle in a country with intense fog, while others stood in Asia near the Medes. They became their allies in the war waged against Babylon, and with these words of Jeremiah: "Call cons Babylonian kings of Ararat, Menni and Asken." (1) Josephus believes Riphath and her children occupied Paphlagonia on the banks Southern of the Euxine, and it looks good qualifying for the name of a sailor says Riphath well versed in the maneuvers related to the wing of ships - to reef (rif), make rice, the sails, - to add, add -. As Thogorma that even Josephus believed to have lived in Phrygia, his name unveil the inventor of silk fabrics - tow (to), tow, tow, - to hawk (Hauk), hawk, - worm (oueurm) worm. The other children of Gomer that Genesis does not name, probably remained with him and formed the great Celtic family, who came to establish the center of its dominance in Gaul, after crossing, along the Danube, Europe - to err, go here and there - to hope (Hope ) hope - still uninhabited. If we could know the former names of Gomer that children have left after them in their slow migration westward, we find it credible that these names would be easily explained by the language and provide information Tectosages valuable on their walk and their various stages throughout Europe. TUBAL and Iberians. Among the brothers of Gomer, Tubal is the only one that interests us at this time. He had settled with his family or his people at the foot of the Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Sea Caspian. This position was Tubal and children of hardy seamen, and his name justifies this thought, since Tubal means a house, a house-shaped tub - tub (cock) tub, vat - Hall (haul) residential hall -. Ptolemy refers to the descendants of Tubal with the name of Tobéliens, while Josephus knows them as that of Iberians. Some of the Iberians left the country in which they had first spread, and putting himself, according to the Basque traditions, under the direction of Tharsis, nephew Thubal, they faced the perils of navigation, the search for a new land where they could settle, retaining their customs and mores specific. It is quite is curious that the name of Tharsis, Iberian emigrants head, due to the Celtic language as well as that of Tubal. He reveals the vessels of the Iberians, whatever form they had in fact, were perfectly paved and in good seaworthy - tar, tar, mariner, - to size (saiz), coat of slime -. The Iberians were they ever that name before heading to Spain, or have they received the Celts when the two nations clashed in the south of Gaul? It would be very difficult to say in an absolute manner, and indeed the solution of this question seems not necessary. The only thing we wanted to make is that the Iberians were a very sparse population, when the Celts have faced and drowned, so to speak, in the flow their nation great. Transported by their vessels off the coast of the Spanish peninsula, while the Celts slowly followed the Danube, it is not surprising that the Iberians have quietly occupied Spain, and are widespread on the Gauls still desert terrain, until the arrival of the Celts has gradually pushed back beyond the Pyrenees. Basques consider themselves rightly as the true descendants of the Iberians, who have fully preserved their traditions and language specific. A few bold spirits wanted to make these primitive Basques men, having no report, no association with other human varieties that they would have preceded the world. This thought is in complete contradiction with what we said in Genesis: "Noah had three son who came out of the ark, Shem, Ham and Japheth. These are the three son of Noah, and from them is out whole race of men who are on earth. "(1) The Holy Scriptures contain the unalterable truth, it is absolutely necessary that the Basque language, we would consider as not related to any other, is in fact one of many branches of primitive language. This language, preserved in the mountains by men of iron, a stubborn and indomitable courage, was perpetuated in a remarkable purity and his training shows in a bypass some of the language spoken by Noah and Japheth, since it is a compound whose elements are taken as the primitive language. The Basque language is made by powerless to give any reasonable description, since each of its terms already form a complete sentence, and so it no longer possesses the basic words, and come to associate to form new expressions stating the various qualities of men or of nature that it would present an accurate picture. This important fact explains how the Iberians had to undergo Neimheid names imposed by the Gauls and expressed by the Association of Celtic monosyllables, which they themselves were powerless to translate. Besides, the names of Cantabria, Gascon, Vardulles Iberians and they were given, are taken with so much truth in the heart of their manners, it was impossible either to change or reject them. Before explaining the specific names of these Iberian tribes, we will try to interpret a few words in the language Basque to his affiliation with the primitive language is unmistakable. BASQUE III. It is interesting to note, by the formation of Basque words, how did the confusion at Babel of language. New words no longer have the same simplicity, they express the association of primitive terms, proposals sometimes figurative, sometimes telling a historical fact and reality. These new combinations are also easily observed in Kabyle language in the Basque language, however, it reproduces them in greater purity and captures, so to speak, by the way, surprising philosophical thoughts, pictures of manners that leave nothing to be desired. In the language of the descendants of Tubal, "men, ghizônac" are beings with customs, that is to say, the unwritten laws, and as custom or unwritten law, is the manifestation of will be governed by reason, this definition of man as "ghizônac" refers to perfect the most accurate definitions that have been made, - As (Guais), custom - to own (we) have. - The ac syllable in this word is that the plural ending. These beings customs treasured memories of bold actions, courageous and confided to the memory of their children to transmit to posterity, and this is the meaning of "history, Konda" - to con, memorize, - to dare (REED), dare to have the boldness -. The habit of memorizing the brilliant actions made by the warriors, however, does not prove that writing was not known. Basque has the verb "to write, ichkiribatzia. The existence of this verb in the language obviously implies the use of specific characters to set and pass the word. We probably do not know the shape of the characters, the Basques were using, but this form is irrelevant, since it varies with each nation. We still do not know on what paper they traced the characters of their writing, but it would be unfair to deny them the knowledge and use of a solid and light as what were provided by the thin papyrus from Egypt. Blades or tunics forming stem of the papyrus were about twenty in number. Each tunic forming a sheet, it is conceivable that a single stem of a shrub ten feet high would provide many sheets of any length. These pressed leaves, beaten, stuck, and polished were the subject of significant trade in ancient world, and all peoples have the right to use papyrus to write contracts for the sale and purchase, letters and agreements between individuals. We give these details because of the very curious expression "quire" enclosed within the Basque verb write, "ichkiribatzia. "Quire translates into Celtic" a qu ire of paper "and the words together in ichkiribatzia says that writing is to have the itching to add, accumulate, pile up the hands of paper - to itch, itching, - quire (qouaïre), a quire of paper, - to heap (hip), pile, accumulate, - to add, add -. The complexion is brown so easily distinguish the Iberian Celts, is recalled in the word "face, bisaiya" - bice (BAIC), pale green - high (hated), strong speaking in a dark color. Among the Celts there were three distinct classes of people: priests, nobles and the people. This constitution is also found in the nation Tubalienne, since the death of an Iberian, the heir vassal paying a fee to the lord of the fief: this feature is revealed by the term "Heriotza, death", as heriot Celtic language, means the fee paid by the heir to the lord of the fief after the death of a vassal. Besides, usage of the Celts seem to revive in the Basque language, so a death is expressed by "hilbat", that is to say an eminence, hill, a tumulus: the syllable beats in hilbat respondent is an indefinite article in French to one and one. The term Iberian hilbat announced that entrusted their dead to the earth, and yet it is certain that, at least for some time, they were consigned to the flames. The use of burning the dead on the stake has been introduced among the Iberians of Spain, while at the time of the formation of their language they followed the practice of other nations who bury them. We know how this People liked the fighting: the sound of gunfire made them smile, and to die on the battlefield was the only ambition of a warrior as there is nothing surprising that the term "die" or hiltzia Hiltz " This image of the sword - hilt, handle of a sword. The "iron, Burdin (Mars!) , this heavy metal - to Burden, load embarrass - formidable warriors in their hands, that was heavy arm loose, for he alone was a burden, a burden and an embarrassment. Invincible soldier, they could not bear the shame of defeat; be defeated, it was for them to have to suffer, to shamefully sit on a bench in their home, the shouts of the enemy offensive: this is the meaning picturesque " defeated benzutua "- to bench, sit on a bench - hut, hut - hue (like the word hue), whooping -. What ignominy for brave men to be exposed, helpless, insults and derision, while going slightly and proudly among them the triumphant "Victor benzutzaïla" - to bench, sit on a bench - hut, hut, - to sail (Sel), pass lightly -. Both the winners should they be without pity, since the "massacre sackaïla" n 'was for them a proud sacking, - to sack, pillage, plunder, - Highly (Haile), proudly -. The Basque language present in the composition of his words of knowledge that would dare even to suspect material; and it ensures that the portion of the ports where they moored the vessel was closed by a lock, this is the meaning of "sea Itxasoa" - to hitch, moor, - Sasse, lock, - to oowe (O) be obliged -.Bold sailors, the Basques were exposed to disastrous wrecks and they were confined in the expression itself "shipwreck urigaldua, therefore certain, make haste to run directly before the wind - to hurry, hurry - to scab, running before the wind, - due (dieu), directly -. The Iberians had their days of work and also their holidays: working, it was exciting to take up arms in haste; this was the "day business, eguna haste "- to haste, haste, - to egg, stir, - gun, weapon -. But when came the "holiday, besta eguna" Woe to him who ran to arms, as he was violently abused by the staff - to baste (best) beaten, abused, - to egg, stir, - gun, gun. "Darkness, ilhuntasuna" only interrupted the daily toil of hunting - to heal (hil), appease - to hunt, hunt - and when, in their wanderings, fatigue forced them to take a momentary break in the 'deep shady woods, this "shadow itzala" devoured the excess of their warm zeal - to eat (it) devour, - zeal, enthusiasm - and putting their heads under a rock or a tree trunk, they called them to "sleep, loghitea" - log, log, log, - to hit, hit, reaching -. Iberians were the homes of what they are today, at least for the portion of the population most needy. They lived in caves they pierced during the rainy day and "bad weather dembora tcharra - den, cave, to bore, drill - shower (chaoueur) shower, sleet -. They adorned the branches of trees returned when the "good weather, Embora Ederra - den, cave, - to bore, drill, - to Edder, garnish with bundles -.Let no one be surprised at these statements in the Basque language, since even in our century, Spain, the poorest families live in caves or caves with their hands. The next match inserted in the newspaper L'Eclair, Issue 7 June 1885, gives some details about it which are not unimportant. The corresponding traveling Burjasot, following the official commission sent to study measures to be taken against the terrible scourge of cholera, written on 6 June: "On arrival, we learned that in the last twenty-four hours, there were ten cases and six deaths. You know that this village has barely 2,500. We went to visit some of cholera. "We found an old man in one of these caves that serve as home to some of the poor. This is an unfortunate feature in the current circumstances. We use first excavations that are already made above the ground and were then expanded according to need and increase the family etc. .. "We can see that there is no need to used in past centuries to meet troglodytes, and it is useless to imagine at great cost systems for progressive civilization of mankind. It should not be assumed that the Basques were exclusively hunters. Agriculture was certainly honor among them, and the term "hildua" which means land that raises the plow digging into the groove - hill, eminence, - due (dieu), suitable - shows that deep plowing and careful not They were not unknown. They also preferred to productions of the soil with plenty of precious metals existing in their country, they shut their eyes instead of opening them greedily when in harrowing the fields, their eyes were struck by the brilliance of "money , cilharra "that their work brought to the surface of cultivated land, - to seel (Brazil), close your eyes - to harrow, harrow The names of a few months of the year also relate to productions of the soil and the vital work that was performed. We can briefly examine the composition and meaning of these names. "Janvier, Urtharrilla. "The bad weather in January stopped the work of those who would spend the harrow in their fields - to hurt, harm, - to harrow, harrow, - to Will (yes!) Desire, want -."February, Otsaïla. "The heat is sufficient to determine the ice breaks up the coast of the Euxine and lets set sail - hot, hot, - to sail (SELE), set sail -." Mars Martchoa. "The continual rains of March necessarily change the terrain in wetlands - marsh, swamp, swampy place, - to owe (O) -. duty" in April, Aphirila. "Wanting soon as cereals have the image of the ear - to ape, to present the image - ear (ir) ear of wheat - to Will (ouch), desire." Mai Maiyatza. "For the ears are allowed to associate, in May, bright wildflowers - to May (mis), picking flowers, - to add, add -." June, Erearoa. "Agitated for harrowing fields - to hare (devil), stir, - to harrow, harrowing -."July, Uztaïla. "Delaying large meetings, assemblies, probably because of the heat - to hustle, stir together - to while (houaïle) differ -." August, Agorilla. "The streams cease to flow - ago, passed - to rill, run, dribble -." September Bûruïla. "Wanting to hole up, locked up in caves assigned to [Housing - to burrow (beurrô), hole up, withdraw underground - to Will (ouch) want, wish - "October Urries. "Hurry in field work - to hurry (heurri), hurry." November, Hazila. "The fog creeps over the hills - to haze, to a foggy, - Hill, Hill -." December, Abendoa. "Cover your wool garments - abb, wool fabric, - to endue (endiou) is coated. The circumlocutions used in the Basque language are more sensitive in the expression of some natural events such as sunrise and sunset sun, sunrise and moonset. "The sunrise, iruzki atheratzea" presents the following sense: one who is tired, hate to hear buzz in the air - to hear (hir), hear, - to huzz (heuzz), zoom - Sky (Skai ) air - to hatter, harassing, - to hate, hate -. "The sunset iruzki sartzea" shows a similar training: the farmer arrived at night, hate to hear buzz in the air - to hear ( hir) hear - to huzz, zooming, - sky, air - sart, cultivated land -."The rising of the moon, ilhargi atheratzea. The man tired out hate to want to listen to the cries, - to Will (ouch), will, - to harck, listen, - hue (like the word hue), cry - to hatter, harassing, - to hate, hate -. "The moonset, ilhargi sartzea. "The farmer wants to listen to the cries, - to Will (ouch) desire, - to harck, listen, - hue (like the word hue), cry - sart, cultivated land -. Let us consider other expressions whose explanation will serve to place the Basque language in all his days, ie, as derived from the full primitive language. "In the morning Goizé" walk with ease - to go, walk, - ease (ize) ; comfortable, easy -"Midi, eghuerdi" moment when the growth of sunlight and begins its decline - to egg, push, - hour (Haour), time, time - day (de), day -. "The evening arratxa "run in haste to the house - to Hare, Run - rath, hastily -." Midnight gaûherdi "go to now, the moment of the day - to go, go, - hour (Haour time), - Day (de), day -. "A field, landa beats. "- Land, earth, - corresponds to a beat." A source, Beghi Ithurri beats. »Start to hasten his race - heat (hit), race - to hurry, hurry, - to begin (beguine), begin. "A fountain Ithurri beats. "Rushing the race - heat (hit), race - to hurry, hurry." Cabin Etchola. "A crowd of heads under one roof - head (HED), head - shoal (Chol), a crowd, a troop." Pin, ichkilin. The extreme cleanliness was far from shining in the inns where travelers stopped hapless dutifully armed with a pin: it is easy to what disgusting and annoying insects to here, - to itch, itching, - to kil, kill - to inn, housed in a hostel. "House, Etchea. "A head who meditates - head (HED), head - to chew (chu), meditate." Cellar, SOTU. "Part of the house where they could become dazed by dint of drink - to fool, to become bewildered by dint of drinking - how (Haou), how." Thunder, ihurtzuria. "See above the flash that is sure to hurt - sure (Shura) course - to eye (ouch), see." Darkness, ilhumbeak. "Soothe buzzing, barking and bleating, - To heal (hil), appease - hum, hum, - to bay (be), bark, bleat -. "blinded, itxutzea. "The eye is closed by the effect of a sudden - to hit, give a shot to shut (cheut) closing -." To break the leg bone, zango beats Auster. "Spoil the leg bone - shank, the leg bone, - flies, a - to waste (West), spoil -." Tears, nigarrac. "Denying necessary - to niggard, refuse necessary -." Rival yelosstarria. "Push the cries of horror at the sight of the enemy and attack for plunder, - to yell, scream of horror - to host, attack, to harry, rob -." Family, maïnada. Insert the key is to say, children - hand, essential - to add, add -."Honor, Ohori. "Being forced to have white hair, - to owe (O), be obliged - hoar (Lahore), who has white hair -. We could interpret a host of other terms taken in the Basque language, but as they are less interesting than those we have cited, we pass over, and we will finish this series long enough to prove that an expression always the great instruction and high doctrine led men to glory, Loria - lore, doctrine, training, - to eye (ouch), keep an eye on the Cantabrians -. IV. - The Iberians. KJOEKKEN THE DANISH- MOEDDINGS. The language of the Iberians was likely to surprise strongly Celts also quite surprised not to comprehend the meaning, they decorated the descendants of Tubal name Cantabrians, - to cannot, speak a certain jargon - Abroad (abraud), outside - and wrap in a perfect expression language very curious about people and their arrival by sea in the Hispanic peninsula. The Iberians, by settling in South-west Europe, have chosen to dwell in the Pyrenees in memory of their stay in the Caucasus Mountains. This choice had indeed his reason for changing the country, they had no intention of changing lifestyle. Placed in the Pyrenean region, which was to them as a central point, they had, heading toward the North, a wonderful hunting ground Gallic comprising all the land still deserted, where the deer would not point their default. Besides, they had all that is necessary for long races. A constitution of iron, an indomitable courage and used to hunt any species of wild animals. They had not to bother with bags; killed game enough in hunting to many days. Only one thing was essential when encountering a cave own to serve as temporary shelter, they wanted to prepare a burning hearth, the necessary meal it was the flint, whose name is Basque suarria, ie ie, a spark of light or running to and fro by the shock of two objects one of which, flint, is leaning to one side, and the other steel or iron, is waved, - to sway (Soué), lean sideways, waving, - to hare, running here and there - Ray (D) of light. -The weapons used in their distant hunting probably not very different from those they had before the hand in the ongoing fight against the Gauls, and we can not without injustice to deny them weapons of iron, since this word exists in their language. Many months could elapse between the departure of the Iberians and the hunters return to the domestic hearth, and they measured their distance to using objects such as strips of soft stone, or wood pieces from reindeer, on which they marked with lines or notches days have passed since they left their normal place of residence. In the cavern of Bize (Aude) an explorer, MCCailhol, received a slice of stone soft enough for many notches on the edges and in the cave Arignac (Haute- Garonne), Mr. Edward Lartet by digging the soil (1860), "it found many bones of the cave bear, the bison, reindeer, horse, etc. .. "And a platform placed in front of the cave, surrounded by debris very interesting," a strip of wood reindeer accidentally cut at both ends, one of whose faces perfectly polished, offers two series of transverse lines also distanced them, and whose side edges are marked with notches deeper, quite regularly spaced. Mr. Lartet sees in these lines and notches signs of numeration, and Mr. Steinhauer has suggested that these are trademarks of hunting. "(1) accidents occurred probably multiplied the Iberians in the pursuit of deer, several have not seen the home and were buried in caves well known hunters. In the cave of Aurignac closed by a slab, "the navvy Bonnemaison discovered in 1852, the remains of seventeen human skeletons. "(1) The Cro-Magnon shelter (Dordogne), excavated by Mr. Louis Lartet in 1868, he delivered several human skeletons." This shelter, "said Louis Figuier, would have served, according to M. Louis Lartet Appointment of hunting, housing, and finally place of burial. Seven dead were buried there, was able to collect the remains of the skeletons, but only three skulls are almost intact. Is it permissible, "says Louis Figuier, to know that she owned the race men of the Cro-Magnon burial and be, therefore, an idea of the human race that lived in our countries time to the big bear and mammoth? The Cro-Magnon is not so different from all races, ancient and modern thinking that the Broca. According to M. Pruner-Bey, all the skulls so far described, and referring to the era of big bear and mammoth, are similar to those of the Eskimos and Lapps today. M. Pruner- Bey called primitive Mongoloid race the first inhabitants of our land. We shall see as skulls and other debris found in Belgium, Mr Dupont, Solutré in Macon, Mr. Ferry, and Mr. Brown Bruniquel finally from the jaws of Aurignac and Arcy-sur-Cure, confirm this conclusion. "The men belonging to race primitive Mongoloid heads were generally round, diamond cut face, jaws and teeth directed slightly forward, then in all likelihood, brown complexion and black hair and hard ... There are still remnants of this primitive Mongoloid race: it is the Basques ... "(1) The Iberians were therefore left traces of their unequivocal habits of hunters and the remains of Big Bear and Mammoth abundantly found in caves show that the flesh of these animals entered their diet. The name carried by the Iberians fully confirms all those assessments, saying they were hunting bear and the flesh of the bears were their usual food - to eat (it) eating - bear (BER), bears. The Iberian nation is not the only one left in the ground traces of its sensitive manners. Another people of our Europe, but not only hunter fisherman dropped his knowledge of nutrition to patients investigations of scientists. The details given on this subject, by Louis Figuier on shell mounds of Denmark, have a great interest that we can not resist the temptation to cite the most important part. "Placed in the last row," said M . Louis Figuier, the extent of its territory and its population, the Danish nation is nonetheless one of the largest in Europe by the place she has cultivated the sciences and arts. This brave little nation has a host of distinguished men who are a credit to science. The patient research of its archaeologists and antique dealers have searched the dust of ages to resurrect a worldwide disappeared. Their work is supervised by the observations of naturalists, took a brilliant day on the early stages of mankind. "No land is also cleaner than denmark to such investigations. The antiquities found there at every step: it is only the question whether to draw important revelations concerning the manners, customs and industry pre-historic populations. The Museum of Copenhagen, which contains antiques from various Scandinavian states, is unrivaled in the world. "Among the items listed in this rich museum, we see a lot from kitchen middens. "First of all, what these Kjoekken-moeddings, whose name is so hard to pronounce for a French mouth, and tells us that this is sufficient age stone? "At various points the Danish coast, particularly in the northern part, where the sea has carved deep narrow creeks those known as the fjords, we see vast accumulations of shells. In general, these deposits are higher than one meter above sea level, but in some steep places, their altitude is high enough ... "What does one encounter in these clusters? An enormous amount of marine shells, especially oyster shells, broken bones of mammals, birds and remains of fish, and finally the rough-hewn flint. "We thought at first that it was there that some bench fossil shells, land once submerged and would have been made apparent by a rising ground, due to a volcanic cause. But a Danish scholar, Mr. Steenstrup fought this view based on this fact, the shells from four species that never live together, and they had therefore to be gathered by man. M. Steenstrup was also noted that these shells had belonged mostly to individuals reached their full growth, we saw almost none ever young. Such a singularity obviously indicated an intention reasoned, an act of human will. When they had discovered in Kjoekken-moeddings any debris that we have listed, when there were found remains of homes, types of small platforms that still retained the trace of the fire, we guessed the origin of these huge shell mounds. There were tribes who lived there fishing and hunting, and throwing around their huts remnants of their meal, consisting mainly of shells. Gradually the debris had accumulated, and had made considerable benches in question. Hence the name-Kjoekken moeddings composed of two words: Kjoekken, kitchen, and moeddings, piles of trash. The Kjoekken-moeddings are scraps of meals of primitive populations in Denmark. "... It is worth noting that Denmark did not have the privilege of masses of shellfish. They have been found in England, in the country of Cornwall and Devonshire, Scotland, and even in France, near Hyères (Bouches-du-Rhone). "Species of mollusc shells which form the bulk of the almost entire Kjoekken- moeddings are the oyster, cockle, mussel and periwinkle. "The bones of the fish are in abundance in the shell mounds. They belong to the herring, cod, flounder and eel. We infer that some early inhabitants of Denmark were not afraid to venture into the waves in flimsy skiffs: herring and cod fish do indeed at some distance from shore. "The bones of mammals are also very common in Kjoekken-moeddings. The most common are those of deer, deer and wild boar, which, according to M. Steenstrup, included for the 97 cents. Others come from the aurochs, brown bear, wolf, fox, dog, wild cat, lynx, marten, otter, porpoise, seal, water vole, beaver and porcupine. "In some bird species which are collected remains in Kjoekken-moeddings, most are aquatic, which is naturally explained by the situation of man on the edge of the sea "(1) The interpretation by the Celtic language of kitchen middens confirms and powerfully illuminates the Statement of Louis Figuier on shell mounds of Denmark. These clusters are really scrap meal, and the word cleverly combined Kjoekken-moeddings says with assurance, that we reject anything that might have been painful in the mouth, that is to say, sharp edges, the the head and entrails of fish - jaw (djâu) mouth - to ake (Eke), be painful - Keen (kin), acute - maw (MAU), rumen - head (HED), head - ding to (worthy), hurl - jawakekeen- mawheadding -.The people whose scrap meal produced the shell midden is it so primitive that history does have retained no memory? Louis Figuier points out with just because of clusters similar to England in the country of Cornwall and Devonshire, and it is hardly surprising, since the tribe of fishermen who made the kjoekken-moeddings Denmark, was able, at least for some time, retain its old manners when she took hold of England in a definitive manner. This tribe belonged to Tectosages established between the Rhine and the Oder, was that of the Angles - to angle to angle - and this significant name says too high the usual occupations of the people, so that we can seriously refuse to recognize him as the author of Kjoekken-moeddings. This digression on the shell mounds of Denmark must not make us lose sight of the Iberians and their hunting dangerous big cave bear. The habit of hunting the bear is not yet extinct mores of the Basques, and, remarkably, in marriage contracts, the fathers, even today, attribute dowry to their children by possession of bear, or a quarter, a third or half, depending on the number of children fill. Recipients of the French are very familiar with this recording feature, and should not omit to collect fees from the State on this contribution in value of bears. We do not know the precise time when the Iberians came address the land of Spain. Some historians fix their emigration in the year 523 after the flood, that is to say, 1824 years before Jesus Christ. This would be in the same century when Inachus, the oldest of all the kings known to the Greeks, founded the kingdom of Argos, while in the East, Abraham left by his death (1821 BC) his son Isaac heir of his faith, his power and divine promises. V THE GASCONS. - Occitan. AQUITAINE AND THE TRIBES. - AUCH. BORDEAUX The Celts were descendants of Tubal imposed on certain names under which proved that the custom could not erase centuries. Thus, the name of Vardulles was given to a tribe of Iberian because the habit of these people keep on their shoulders, and day and night, a sort of cloak - to ward, guard, - hull, outer cover coat - and we know that the son of Vardulles not derogate from such use. It does not enter into our thinking to consider all the names of Iberian tribes, must be However, an exception to the well-deserved Vascons or Gascon. "According to history, the Basques had the privilege of forming the vanguard of the Carthaginian armies, and to measure the first with the enemy. "Their reputation for dauntless courage was so well established that" Caesar daring to cross the Vasconia, as he feared, went to Spain to prevent their meeting, the Aspe Valley in Bearn. (1) Gascon gave their name to our French Gascony. One can hardly say that their settlement in Aquitaine was an invasion, because Aquitanians for them were brothers, and the cadets had come to their aid for fighting the yoke of domination that Clovis was trying to impose on them. We see them first as children of Clovis set up the right bank of the Adour, and later, around the year 626 AD, occupying the entire Novempopulania who now called Gascony. They have received their strange name of the shoe they had adopted specific and that their descendants have not abandoned. Gaskins,Celtic language, means a great footwear at the antique. This is the sandal that is called spardillo Languedoc, Catalonia spadrilla, and that the Basques call spartinac. It is far from lacking in sense spartinac word: it is compound verb to spar, prelude to battle, and the adjective thin (Thinner), slender, light-seeded, few. This lightweight shoe allowed the Basques to engage in guerrilla warfare: gifted with agility rare, and almost imperceptible, they advanced few, prelude to battle with hits that were isolated and singularly surprise their enemies. This term spartinac shows us his true character of the warlike genius of the Basques: they were in those early times what they are today, the guerrillas. After giving us the meaning of the names of Iberian tribes, the Celtic language we explain with the same ease those tribes living in Aquitaine. In this part of Gaul, the Celtic family has left traces of the largest and strongest of its mixture with the Iberian family. All authors have reproduced the different traits of character that separates the Iberians and the Celts: they were those gays, light, eager, loving the fighting and quick to attack instead the Iberians were serious, serious, almost somber, as loving and supporting the war with an obstinacy invincible. When two people met, the shock has been terrible. After fighting for the possession of the country, says Diodorus Siculus, the Celts and Iberians have lived together, under a peaceful agreement, and they are involved in alliances. From this mix came out Celtiberians nation, in which the Iberian blood remained predominant. The Aquitaine which, according to their traditions, are not from the Celts, belong to the family Celtiberians because they strongly resemble the Iberians by the traits and habits, they have nevertheless adopted the habits and institutions of the Celts. We present evidence in the institution of SOLDUR, which we feel is absolutely Celtic though generally attributed to the Iberian nation. An institution which is specific (Aquitaine), which is foreign to the Gauls, "said the highly esteemed author of the History of Gascony, Abbe Monlezun, is that of solduriens, or rather Saldun (the Escualdunal, or zaldi saldi, horse Saldun, who has a horse rider, the Roman eques); was never identified so much with him not a single example of him has ever survived. (1) When the chief fell, they were seen looking into the fray a glorious death, and if they could not find it there, they returned to break into the body of one who had faith. "We can observe that in the narrative of the war against the Aquitaine, Caesar speaks only to the imposition of soldurii, without asserting also that SOLDUR does not exist in other parts of Gaul. SOLDUR this term, which in the Basque language does not offer any idea in mind, this, on the contrary, in the language of Tectosages, a perfectly connected with it, and accidents-War does not separate, life, death, and he will live or die with him, and accidents of war do not separate; SOLDUR life will not last more than the life of its leader. - Soul (land), life, soul. - To hard (Diouri), last .- Even today, the soldier is called does not soldier in the Anglo-Saxon? Where does this soldier, if not SOLDUR (soldioure), and how this term would exist in the Anglo- Saxon, if the institution had been peculiar to soldurii Iberians? This institution, which we apparently it is common to the Celts and Iberian Celts, tells us how, on the ground Aquitaine, had made the merger of two families. Occitania The name was used to designate Aquitaine. "Charles VII, in order for the erection of Parliament from Toulouse, called the Patria Occitania: yielding about to Pope Innocent VI in its register, call Occitania this country. But the most commonly and is often named in the former acts patria linuae Occitaniae. "(1). The author of Memoirs of the History of the Languedoc would like, because the first syllable of Occitania, apply this term languedoc but this expression, disassembled and performed by the Celtic language shows us with the latest evidence that the inhabitants were Occitani coastlines that surround the Bay of Biscay, that is to say, Aquitaine and the Cantabrian. The reputation of the Basques and Cantabrians as intrepid seafarers has never been challenged, and not without reason that 'they attribute the honor of having first given the whaling. Besides, if the whales may rarely fell under their blows, he was not the same porpoises, and porpoises that their normal hunting earned the name Occitani - hog-sea (hogs), porpoise - to hit, hit, - hand, the hand - hogsihithand. - The term Occitani was therefore a general name referring to the fishermen in the Bay of Biscay. The Celtiberians from within the country between the ocean and the Pyrenees and the Garonne, had received another name, as general, that of Aquitane. The Basque call say, their language, Escualdunac: the language of horse tamers, tamers face dark and frowning - scowl (skaoul), gloomy and frowning, - down to (daoun) tame, - hack, horse .- The title tamers of horses is not only to Basques, it must be shared by the Aquitaine, and this community of tastes and manners seems a remarkable feature of affinity, which must not be overlooked. It would have been difficult to Aquitaine of being bad horsemen because their country was rich in horses renamed. The learned Benedictine, Dom Martin, which modern writers have borrowed their details.more curious about the customs, government and religion of the Celts, understood that this production of fine horses had a great influence on the name given to Aquitaine. Also ahead there that this country was first called Equitainer, Latin, equus, horse. The remarkable sagacity of the learned religious was not at fault because they were still bold tamers of horses, that Aquitane - hack horse - to cow (kau) intimidate - to hit, hit, - hand, hand - hackcowhithand. - The passion of horse is she disappeared from the modern heart of Aquitaine? It certainly still has the same degree of alertness, despite changes in the century habits: exercise any equestrian circus enough, indeed, to excite in the soul of Aquitaine and Gascony a interest and enthusiasm that can not be contained.The tribes that lived in Aquitaine were about forty in number, nine of which were key to the Romans in this country on behalf of Novempopulania. We will examine the name quelquesunes of these tribes with those of several cities, and we see that they all belong to the Celtic language. The Tarbell occupied the shores of the ocean, and Ausone not hesitate to call the Bay of Biscay, the Ocean Tarbellien. Strabo claims that their country was rich with a great gold: but the gold mines of the country had nothing to do in the name they bore. Marine careful and farsighted, they knew tarring their boats light to fight against the destructive action of sea water - to tar, tar, - to belly, bulge .- At the end of their territory, on the side of Spain the Tarbell possessed a city Lapurdum, whose name was later used to designate the country or Labour Labourdan. It is believed to Bayonne (1) Lapurdum, former Bayonne, should be placed on the seashore, as the waves of the ocean Tarbellien reached him, - to lap, lick - ord board - Lapord. The spoken-bigerriones Caesar occupied the country which is now the chief Tarbes place. "In the name came bigerriones de Bigorre which designated formerly a fortress defending the city of Tarbes. Two of its first pastors, Aper, in the Council of Agde, and St. Julien in the fourth Council of Orleans call themselves, a bishop of the city of Bigorre Civate Bigorritanae, and the other Bishop Bigerricae of the city. Gregory of Tours does not name any other way. "(1) Some authors have felt able to derive two- Bigorre Basque words, bis, two, gora, height, but this interpretation by the Basque offers no precise meaning. Ausone bigerri calls this small nation, and seems well that He has given us the real name, the more accurate pronunciation. These mountaineers were devastating, looters whose intrepidity never wavered. This is the trait of manners traced in Bigerri Ausone - big, brave, to harry (Herrera), pillage, devastate -. The Auscii formed in Aquitaine the most powerful tribe. The ancient geographers give to their main town name climberris. We are confident a mistake on their part, they have not grasped the precise meaning of this term, a distinctive whole country because Auch never seen it change its name borrowed from Auscii. Moreover, we believe we can discover the truth for the meaning of Climberris intended to apply to the entire region including both the city of Auch that are chosen. Anything country produced berries and grains clime, region, country, - berry, berry, grain, - -. Climeberry Why would they attributed to a single city and grain production of the grapes, since this was a general production of the region? And it is not surprised to see the berries of the vine, the grapes go into the composition of Climberris because the vines were in Gaul in the wild. Considerable time had elapsed perhaps without having thought about its culture, and history seems to honor the Greeks to have taught the Celts to make wine, which seems doubtful, moreover, Gauls being advanced as the Greeks in material civilization, and superior to the son of Javan in the philosophical and religious sciences. qu'Auch We have already said her name was borrowed to Auscii and was their main city. In seeking to give Celtic Auch pronunciation, one is forced to say aouch and probably the real name of this city, being written in Anglo-Saxon Ouch, and deciding Aoutch.Ouch means gold necklace, embeddings of a gemstone, and Auscii means skillful workers, applied to work in precious metals and manufacturing these magnificent gold necklaces whose warriors adorned their breasts in great day of joy for them were the days of fighting - ouch (aoutch), gold necklace - hew (Hiou), cut - The Auscii could easily get skilled in the books of gold was the metal almost flush to the ground in their area, and various historians claim that the Greeks and Phoenicians greedy merchants, returning to their country, gave ballast for their ships the gold collected in the Pyrenees. The richness of the horses had won Aquitaine a fraction of Bituriges-Cubes (in Berry) and they were detached from the bulk of the tribes to settle at the mouth of the Gironde. Bituriges-Cubes have the same tastes as Aquitaine. Like them, they were horse breeders, ready to pounce on their horses and clever to use the brake - bit, brake, jaw, - ure, use - itch, itching desire, - to cub, give birth, produce - .This part of the tribe Bituriges-Cubes, established on both banks of the Gironde was renamed Bituriges-Vivisci. The word Vivisci, Celtic bright (vaïvz), refers to a disease of horses, a disease that probably Bituriges treated with great success. They had the main city Burdigala (Bordeaux). This city should be then as now the main warehouse of trade between the Ocean and the Mediterranean. It is quite instructive to see Burdigala express the idea of a merchant and trader in these times so distant from us - board (board) the deck of a ship - to higgle, resell. Below the left bank of the Gironde, and next-of Bituriges Vivisci, the coastline of the Gulf of Biscay was occupied by the Boii, - bow (bo), arc - to hew (Hiou) -. These archers cut, placed by unforeseen circumstances on the banks of the sea, became excellent sailors, and this probably later summoned the Boates - boat (Bote), boat launch. CHAPTER V. ------ ------ CELTIC LANGUAGE AND TRIBES The ARMORIQUE. After applying the language to Tectosages interpret Basque, we can try its effectiveness in explaining the names of British and Celtic tribes Armorican. The Breton language is believed to be the true Celtic language spoken by our ancestors. The Bretons have maintained a very large number of expressions Gallic is indisputable, but they have not kept this language in its purity, and just take a look on their pronouns to judge the profound alteration of their language. This demonstrates that this alteration in broad daylight, is the difficulty experienced by Britons themselves to clear their names of ancient tribes, especially the names dearest to their patriotism, those Brits and Armorica. Gonidec The Next, Breton or Bretoun or better Brizard , just Briz, meaning painted various colors. Lehuerou said Breton (Brython Gallic traditions) drift Bro, country and tuna, than, or den, men, that is to say, men in the country , native. This, unfortunately, everything has been unveiled for the etymology Breton British. The idiom of Tectosages be happier, hopefully at least, while maintaining a more accurate pronunciation. Britannic drift to breath (Brit), live, and to annoy (Annoyer) annoy, bother. The island of Britain was likely to be occupied by men living in a way hard and uncomfortable. Caesar, speaking of his military expedition to this island, reported that the former inhabitants kept indoors, while the coasts of the Belgians were in power from the mainland. The Belgians began to cultivate and sow the fields: the island was heavily populated, many herds; residents living within milk and meat, no wheat sowing point, and were dressed in skins. (1) The intentional taking of wheat and bread, food exclusively from milk and meat, clothing skins eyes had seemed to be a kind of Neimheid life pretty hard and pretty uncomfortable to name the island, British . Armorica The term is also an enigma in the Breton language. According to all the authors derive from Armorica armor, sea Mor itself means sea in Breton, but ar, what does it in a safe manner? And termination ic is it unnecessary and it would become a mere ornament? In the idiom of Tectosages armorique breaks down as follows: - arm in arm, - bv (gold), rowing, oar - to eke (ike), extend, develop, - that is to say, an arm uses very long trains. This sense of Brittany becomes startling truth, when one remembers guidance of Caesar on the Venetian navy powerful enough to make this indomitable people. Armorican vessels to keel flat defied the shallows; built their whole heart of oak, they could play the clash of spurs Roman their bow and astern very high, admirably resisted the waves greatest: the sails were made of skins, so they were torn apart and point to pieces by the fury of hurricanes and storms. (1) It is not surprising gifts that building ships rims so high, the sailors of Brittany have had to use trains very long, and this is the origin of their name, Armorica.'s Go through even if this land of Armorica interesting and we will break even by the names of their tribes and its cities, many things worthy of the attention The tribe's most powerful confederation Armorican was that of the Veneti. These sailors feared were very religious, but they were unaware of the temple to pray, they met in the open air when filling their religious exercises, scorning to shelter from the weather and seasons to accomplish the actions more noble life. The name of Veneti indicates that proud tradition, which was also common to all the Gauls, just as religious as the Veneti - vane (Venezuela), the temple - to hate (HETE), hate -. Their principal city was Dariorigum Today Valves. We have already seen the ability of Aquitaine and Bituriges to raise and tame horses, and now in another part of Gaul, we can convince vigilant care what the Celts surrounded the equine species - to dare, dare , to-hew (Hiou) carving - rig, half horse castrated -. South of Morbihan, near the seacoast, is Carbac, so remarkable for its alignments. The stones are arranged in long rows and are regular lanes whose width varies between four and eight meters. A distance of seven, eight and ten meters is provided between each of the stones. Aisles of the center are larger than the side aisles, and at one end, one sees a large open space, like a public square.We are looking for a long time the significance of these alignments made of stones and measuring several kilometers. If we were allowed to venture an opinion on these alignments, we would be inclined to see, not a religious monument, but a place of exercise, where the Gauls were formed to drive with skill, amid obstacles multiplied, their chariots of war, armed with scythes, their cobhains - kob horse - to hem, circle - and we know what address the fearsome Celts spread. Caesar was so much impressed that he could not hide his admiration. "The exercises daily, he said, have made them so clever, they know to stop their horses in the race for the most spirited in the steepest slopes, and they make the short run: themselves are accustomed to running on the pole, to take on the yoke, and then jumped to discharge into the tank. "(1) The alignments of Carnac were willing to train the eye and the hand of young Gauls, forced to drive their carts between the stones they should be studied and turning to avoid. Besides, what us to put forward this hypothesis, the very name of Carnac, meaning a carriage drawn by a young horse - for, cart, - nag, young horse. - Is it unacceptable that these long lines of stones Carnac were lifted, so to speak, a racetrack, where the Celts showed their strength and skill by beating, among the obstacles, young and strong horses The fans can see megalithic monuments Locmariaguer among the Veneti, a covered walkway, called Caesar. Locmariaguer is placed near the Lake of Vannes. Here is the composition of that name: a lake that keeps hunters, - log, (lok) lake - to March, prevent - Yager (iagueur), hunter -. All authors who have occupied Celtic industries we learn that hair sieve are Gallic invention, but they do not say where was the place of invention and manufacture. Sarzeau in the peninsula Rhuis we heard plenty about it, SARC (SARS), mesh, woven horsehair, to sew (so), tie, sew. North of the Veneti, the tribe was established Curiosolites. Their hands fashioned the sails of hides, which were used by sailors of Brittany and had been so surprised Caesar. The Curiosolites were tanners, forced to sew and attach the skins stink, to curry (keurri), currying, to owe (O), be obliged to sew (so), sew, tie, olid, stinking, fetid. Estce Curiosolites in remembrance of the City of SaintMalo is still a large trade in hides and skins? In this tribe on the shores of the Sea, was Regina, whose name alone indicates the importance for marine Armorican: we to hew (Hiou), trim. In the field of border Curiosolites, was a city named Aleth, located roughly at the location now occupied by the city of St. Servan. City Aleth, went away (gone), mixture, alloy, to etch, engrave etching on copper, it works manufactured copper and bronze, or, she received this name because soil which would have contained copper ore? It is difficult to pronounce. However, our Aleth the Aude department might give us information, and the similarity of name seems to come from the similarity of industry or field containing metals similar in both localities. The metal industry has always been zero in our Aleth, and there is nothing in the traditions that allow even to suspect the operation of its copper pyrites The Neimheid had to apply a name similar to these two cities so far apart from each other, probably because of their soil containing quantities of copper pyrites mixed with other minerals. The city belonged to Brittany Aleth Tribe Diablintes - To Dye (DAI), tinting, coloring, - able, skilful - to hint, invent,suggest - the ingenious and skilled workers who could provide tissue which consisted of clothing Celts, these colorful and varied they liked the brightness. Diablintes The city had another called Thin, - to fine, refine, purify, - Haze (Hèze) fog. A t we want in the name of Fine refer to the vapor-like mist rising above homes refining? Located near Aleth, Fines might well have homes, intended to purify the copper pyrites from this locality. Assuming this hypothesis, which is not unlikely, a smelter of copper or bronze, in the town of Fine, the stoves were never extinguished, especially if it was obligated to provide and drawbars wheels bronze Carife people, whose industry was to adjust the various parts of carriages Celtic - because carriage - to eye (ouch), keep an eye on, - to fay (fe), adjust - . Carife was ten miles southeast of Aleth.To the west of the Veneti, in the part of the former county of Cornwall or ending at Cape spout Raz, lived Corisopites. To try and enjoy this country, just to quote the description given by Chateaubriand, who knew his beloved Britain, "Region sad and lonely, foggy, resounding noise of the winds, and whose coasts were battered rocks bristling with a Wild Ocean." These words are faithful and complete translation of Corisopites - horn heart - hiss, hiss - sob, sigh, sob, - to hit, hit, hit -. The shrill whistles, the moans incessant products in the rocks by the fury of hurricanes, they were not likely to strike at the heart of Corisopites sad? The Agnotes, who occupied the north of Corisopites the tip called Armorican Cape Finisterre, were too tired and tormented by bad weather and storms - to hag, torment - Connaught (Nauta), -. The bad Agnotes were included in the tribe or Osismiens Osismii. They had given that name because of the abundance of porpoises and piety that frequented their coast - sea-hog (hog-si), porpoise -Smews (smiou), Pieter, waterfowl -. Located on the right bank of the Loire or ligers - lickerish, delicious - the tribe Namnètes was made famous by his ability to stretch nets, - name, reputation, celebrity - to net to net -According to Ptolemy, the main city of Namnètes was Condivicum today Nantes - to con, memorize, - device (divaïce), invention -. What inventions were therefore made this city Condivicum styling, inventions that we learned by heart? Was there a school where they taught the practice of manual arts, or was it a school of navigation in which the intrepid sailors Veneti came to train and keep abreast of science and inventions water? He is always sure Condivicum owned a construction site for the ships, since bathing in the river city, were thrown, by order of Caesar, the Roman galleys to combat the fleet of the Veneti, who had two hundred and twenty ships . (1) Give them back. - CELTIC MONUMENTS. - DRUIDS. - The Carnutes. North of the tribe Namnètes, were the Redones. One can hardly speak of Redones reminiscent to mind images of large stones which Britons have kept the names so carefully. It is interesting to know the mind of modern science on these monuments, thought that Mr. Louis Figuier was perfectly done and reflected in Early Man. We quote verbatim in this regard, some important passages of this book. "A strange and fortunate circumstance at a time," writes Louis Figuier, has made it extremely easy, and yet some, the notions that we will present our readers. These tombs of men of the age of polished stone, these monuments have been studied, described, researched in depth by archaeologists and antiquarians, who is the subject of a multitude of publications and of scholarly papers. Indeed, these tombs are nothing else than the dolmens, or monuments or Celtic Druid, and they do not relate, as we had always thought, at times historical, that is to tell the time of the Celts or Gauls, but back to a much higher antiquity, because they belong to the pre-historic era of polished stone. We will, with this explanation given, and the dolmens called megalithic monuments, grand remains of an Era buried in the mists of time, riddles colossal necessary to our reason and sting at the highest point of curiosity of the scholar and thinker. The dolmens are monuments which consist of a large rock, or more less flattened, and placed horizontally on a number of stones, erected vertically themselves to use formats. The earth covering these kinds of burial chambers and formed a mound, but later times, this land has often disappeared, emerging only the bare stones of the burial chamber. These are the bare stones that have been taken to the altars of stone, which was reported to the religious worship of the Gauls. The so-called Druidic altars are only ruined dolmens. This is not, as has always said, to serve the cruel practices of a religion they were raised. It is safe now that the dolmens are tombs that pre-historic times. ... " He must give up seeing in the dolmens of Brittany, who have been so often described by antique dealers, who are among the monuments of our history, symbols of the religion of our fathers. We can no longer look only as burial chambers. The dolmens are very numerous in France, many more than we think. It is generally believed that none exists in Britain, and admire the curious in this respect the so-called Druidic altars so prevalent in the former province of France. But Britain is far from having the privilege of megalithic constructions. We found in fifty-eight of our departments, belonging mostly to parts of western and south-west .. The menhirs were huge blocks rough stones, which are stuck in the ground around the graves. They were planted singly or in rows, that is to say in a circle or avenue.When the stones are arranged in a circle, single or multiple, they are called stone circles. These are large stone enclosures, usually arranged around a dolmen. The cult of the dead seems to have converted these speakers in places of pilgrimage in which stood, on certain days, public meetings. These speakers are sometimes circular, as in England, sometimes rectangular, as Germany and include one or more places. "... These stone monuments, we have already said, are no more than Celtic Druids. The Celtic peoples who occupied part of Gaul, several centuries before the Christian era, are quite innocent of megalithic constructions. They found them all made during their migration, and presumably they considered them with as much amazement as we do. They took advantage when they appeared advantageous to use them. As for the priests of ancient peoples, as for druids who gathered sacred mistletoe on the oak, they performed their ceremonies in the Black Swan. Yet never does dolmen was built in the depths of the forest and all the stone monuments that exist today stand in the discovery of the country. He must give up the ancient and poetic insight which dolmens altars of religious worship of our ancestors. "(1) The opinion of modern science regarding the dolmens, strangely different ideas arising from the interpretation of the names are big stones, so abundant in Armorica, especially among Redones (Rennes).The tribe reshape religious, scholarly, possessing the secret of raising megalithic monuments scattered throughout Gaul, was the tribe learned of the stones, - read (red) scientist - hone, stone. - The study and science were required to know the purpose of erection of the megaliths, and they alone possessed the intelligence and sense who had learned from the lips of the Druids. It is worth noting the department of Ille-et-Vilaine includes most of the territory of former Redones and receives its name from two rivers Ille and Vilaine that take their sources. Ille, hill, meaning hill Vilaine - to Will (ouch), will, - to hem, wrap - attaches to stones placed on the hills surrounding the tribe Redones. The report and the name of convenience between two rivers and that of Redones they are purely incidental? Is not this a striking confirmation of the interpretation given in Redon and implied by the language of Tectosages? Isolated stones, "said H. Martin, called men-hir, long stone, or peulvan pillar of stone caves dummy leckh, rock, or dolmen stones, (tol or fraud, elevation) or stone table (from taol, table) : the circles, crom leckh (crom stones or stone circles). The famous round towers of Ireland are also monuments of Gaelic, of a character a religious group, as evidenced by their very traditional name-Feid Neimheidh. "Neimheid, we have already seen, refers to the learned body which comprised the names. These chosen men as they handed out to the people the main basis of their food, that is to say wheat and bread? Feid declares positively puique the verb "to feed (fid) means, feed, feed. Terms Meniri, dolmen, Cromleck, still refer to this important fact, which was for the Druids, to distribute to the people of Celtic, the first religious science, essential to the moral life, and secondly, wheat and bread, essential to material life. The Meniri, by its acute and pointed, was the staple food, wheat, - hand (men), Main - ear (ir), ear of corn .- Strange! In all our villages of Languedoc, there are still a land which is attached the name Kaïrolo, - key, key, - ear (ir), ear of wheat - hole, a small country house .- In this field, probably built was the breadbasket of Celtic villages. The distribution of wheat was made by the hand of the Druids as various authors have clearly recognized and identified as witnessed with the words attached to the dolmen, which was, in fact, built as a distribution table, to dole, distribute, - hand (men), essential -. It is quite curious and interesting to the terms and Meniri dolmen, the name of the last chief of the Druids armoricains, who lives close Druidic colleges under a decree of the general assembly, chaired by the Bishop Moderan under the first king of Brittany, Conan Meriadech, and held in Rennes, in the year 396 AD. The supreme leader of the druidic order was called Eal-irbad, - to heal (hil), remedy - ear (ir), ear of corn, - bad, bad, bad -: Bridging the spoiled wheat. He was therefore obliged by his duties as Archdruid, not only to distribute wheat in ordinary times, but still, in the unhappy years, to address the accidents occurring to crops, distributing, without doubt, wheat prudently held special reserve in attics. The circle of stones, usually round, is the bread Cromleck indeed drift Krum (Kreum), breadcrumbs and to like (Laika), love, taste. Cromleck In Rennes-les-Bains we see strong round stones, contained bread, placed on top of huge rocks The loose stones are appointed by the Britons Roeselare - ruler (Wheeler), Governor - They are a sign of divine government and Druid. We have thought through the stories of Caesar and the shape of dolmens, these tables were used as altar where the Druids sacrificed human creatures, but the interpretation of the names of all the Celtic standing stones, light and easy interpretation by the idiom of Tectosages lose these megaliths odious characters attributed to them, and is back in the class of simple buildings, with a splendid religious significance, however, we will try to explain with clarity in speaking of Cromleck Rennes-les- Bains. The greatest indecision reigns over peulven and lichaven. It generally refers to the peulven Meniri and lichaven the dolmen. In reality, peulvens lichavens and have a similar idea to that which is contained in the name of the Veneti, as peulven expresses a feeling of repulsion for the temples - to pull (Poulle), plucking - vane (Venezuela), Temple - and lichaven represents a people lacking religious buildings - to lack, lack, - vane (Venezuela), temple -: it should be written instead of lackven lichaven. It could be observed with respect to lichaven that, in the idiom of Tectosages, the verb to like (Laika) means love, which would attribute to lichaven a direction contrary to that which we thought we should give him, but he should lose sight of that lichavens exist in the tribe of the Veneti as well as in the tribe Redones, there would be a contradiction quite obvious in the presence of these lichavens (magnet temples) in the middle of the occupied territory by Veneti (hating the temples), and Neimheid was too clever to commit a mistake as big. According to Strabo, the largest city of Redon was Condate. It would be very popular with the young students of Gaul, because there learned by heart, science provided by the Druids, - to con, learn by heart - death (deth), death and its aftermath, or else - date (DETE) time -. Before quoting the statements of Caesar on the Druidic teaching, it is advantageous to seek the meaning of the word Druid, which has been interpreted so diverse. We are convinced that commonly Druid means man of the oak, and Pliny has contributed much to be gained for this explanation? Oak, Languedoc dialect, is expressed by garrik; in Anglo-Saxon by oak (ok), in Brittany, by way of departure, Dervis, in Welsh, by Derwies, Scots and Irish by dair; in Latin, by Quercus, and in Greek by thick. Pliny, after noticing the Greek expression, believes Druid just thick: "No sacrifice, he said, without the oak branches" (1) The branch or branches of oak, resulting in Greek, by o druïnos clados this sounding had certainly throw in an inevitable error, if ignored, as is likely, the language of so- called barbarian Gauls. The word Druid, Anglo-Saxon druid (drouid), contains a well-meaning otherwise serious and remarkable. It must be remembered that Caesar, by relating the name of the Druids, has sought to soften the harsh, guttural sounds of the Celtic Druids and he wrote (drouides) instead of trouides. This last term can easily find the key to the enigma. It consists of the verb to trow (ORT), imagine, think, believe, and another verb head (HID), beware, be careful - trowhead (trôhid). For the Druids, according to the meaning of their name, was imposed the obligation to imagine, build, secure expressions, full of tribes, cities and all parts of the Celtic territory, and it was function they fulfilled in the name of neimheid. They still had to focus their attention on what to think and believe, they were responsible to teach the divine and human sciences. The Druids did not write the mysteries of science: their many disciples got the knowledge, using their memory to remember the many verses in which the doctrine was confined Druid. Forcing young people to learn by heart and the sciences were communicated to them, "they prevented them from resting on the writing and also neglecting the training of memory. It usually happens in fact that it applies less to remember by heart what can be learned through books. The foundation of their doctrine is that souls do not perish ... They also deal with movements of the stars, the vastness of the universe and the world, the essence of things, the power of the gods, and teach these doctrines to the young. "(1) We see by these words of Caesar, the Neimheid gave, with great accuracy, to the town of Redon, Condate name, that name brings to mind memories of the doctrines taught by the Druids, youth Gallic, which they cultivated intelligence and memory. It is not necessary to insist on material knowledge possessed by the Celts. The names of the tribes and cities expressing various professions, the wonderful organization in the entire Celtic, which resemble the tribes to corporations working with an industry par- ticular to each tribe and appropriate products of the soil, amply demonstrates, not only the superiority of civilizations of the Celts, but also the perfect understanding of their government, who knew and direct all the productions, to distribute all the works necessary for the preservation and prosperity of Gallic society. Caesar gives us a few more details about the hierarchy and some druidic functions. This faculty was chaired by a druid clothed with supreme authority. After the death of the leader, they gave him the successor to the druid most deserving and if more was also worthy of this honor, the highest number of votes obtained by one of them, wore power: sometimes, however, the weapons could only decide the final choice. The Druids gathered at a fixed time of the year in a consecrated place, on the confines of Carnutes, because this country Carnutes is considered the focal point of all Gaul. Here, assembled from all sides who had disputes, and they submitted themselves to the judgments and judgments of the Druids. (1) The science of law, make judgments, and punishments to be imposed on perpetrators, was also transmitted by purely oral education: Condom (Gers) demonstrates, - to con, learn by heart - to doom (dom), judge, condemn -. The Carnutes Chartres which occupied the country is now the chief town. By removing the two words that form Carnutes, we will be able to appreciate the skill composition of the Druids in Celtic tribal names. Carnutes means new cart full of oats and fresh - because, cart, - new (Niue), new, cool, - oats (OST), oats Carnutes -. The country has never seen it fail in his huge output cereal? And Chartres can cite, in the past century, a time when his prodigious grain trading was temporarily suspended? The Celtic name of Chartres, as the authors engage and Autricum. Autricum This is simply a positive affirmation of the place where were the purchases and sales of new oats - oatrick, heap of oats -. We do not know if the explanation of proper names by the Armorican language Tectosages, will in the mind a conviction sufficient to destroy all doubts. It could be argued that this is, perhaps, language Kimrique, very different from the Gaelic language in use among the tribes of eastern and central Gaul. Let us examine again the value of the idiom of Volkes, in the interpretation of some proper names, taken as part of Gaul owned by the confederation known as Gaelic. L III THE RHONE.-Marseille - ALLOBROGES - LYON. - The Arverni and Vercingetorix. Part of Gaul is occupied by the Gaels watered by the Rhone, Rhodanus. This expression, Rhodanus, gave rise to some Historians believing that Rhone had founded a city between the mouth of the Rhone. Henri Martin, after having shared this belief, expresses his hesitation. "The name comes from the Rhone not yet Rhoda, such as Greek and Latin historians have imagined, but the Gaelic Rhuit-year (running water). "(1) The Neimheid, naming the river Rhodanus, well knew the shape of the bay which was at its mouth, and also the exact number of outlets through which it flowed into the sea scholars Gauls n ' would, moreover, never consented to call this river Rhuit- year, running water, because that would require styling and all the rivers and running waters of Gaul. Strabo relates, on the Rhone, the opinion of Timaeus, (2) arguing that the Rhodanus flowed into the sea by five different outlets in a harbor, filled by the river worker - road (Rod), roads, location where ships cast anchor; - hand, hand, arm end finished by hand into five fingers -. Timaeus was not wrong in giving the Rhone five different mouths, and it was although the actual condition of the river when the Neimheid he imposed the name Rhodanus. Not forsaking the Rhone without seeking to know Marseille Massili. Historians argue that around the year 600 BC, a ship came from Phocaea Greek city of Aeolis, anchored near the mouth of Rhone to the east of this river. Segobriges belonged to these shores: their leader Nann, married that day his daughter. Foreigners, welcomed with kindness were allowed to take its place among the guests. Following the custom of the Iberians, borrowed by the Ligurian Segobriges, the girl was free to choose her husband among the guests assembled at the table paternal. At the end of the meal, the girl Nann between a cup in hand: it takes a view on the meeting, hesitated a moment, then, stopping in front of Euxenus, leader of the Greeks, she presents the cut. Nann confirmed the choice of his daughter, and gave a dowry to the shores of Euxenus Gulf where he had landed, and some land on the coast of the Mediterranean. Euxenus threw a peninsula in its field the foundations of a city he called Massili, and soon, thanks to the many settlers who came to him Phocaea, the Greek city rose to the highest degree of prosperity. (1 ) This narrative historians left in complete darkness the Segobriges, who received so cordially Euxenus with Greeks Neimheid the book itself to posterity a very weak information on this tribe. Established at the mouth of the Rhone, the Segobriges were much impeded in their communications, through the waters of this deep and rapid river. They were thus seen in the need to build many bridges, to make their relationship easier and easier. It is, moreover, any assertion of the Academy Gauloise - to seek (sik), try to, - to owe (O), be obliged - to bridge (brijde), build a bridge On the coasts of Segobriges, Euxenus laid the foundations of Marseille and made this flourishing city in calling to the Levant trade, but it is quite likely that the Neimheid him not abandon the task of naming the city, since all words used in the composition of Massilia, is purely Celtic. Massili in the admirable brevity of the term, is a port that receives an infinite number of large vessels that put the band for refit - mass, a mass, - to heel (hil), putting a vessel in the band refit - high (hated) -. In general up the Rhone to the lake and on the left bank of the river appear powerful Allobroges. They occupied Savoy, Grenoble and theirs with the country now included in the department of Isere. The predominant industry of this tribe has not disappeared from the area they owned. Liqueurs of the Saint-Andre, ratafias renowned grenoble, succeeded the spirits and exciting products manufactured by the Savoyards, - to Alloo (allocated), animate, excite, - brewage (brouedje), a mixture of different beers - . The profession of Allobroges can therefore be concluded that the clear water of the fountains was not the only drink of the Celts. To the west of the Rhone, in Vivarais Helvii fitting the address with weapons of war, lances, spears, axes, - to Helve, fit, - to hew (Hiou) cut - too small industry that Helvetii had contemptuously rejected as according to their tastes somewhat belligerent - to Helve, fit, - to hate (HETE) detest - to hew (Hiou) cut -. Abandoning Rauraci, Basel, cold storm that - raw (RAU), cold, frozen - to rack, torment - back to the confluence of the Saone and the Rhone, to find Lugdunum, Lyon. MA Chevallet of in his magnificent work, Origin and formation of the French language, writes: "dune mound of sand that lies on the sea; poop, the highest part of the back of a ship. These words derive from the Celtic dun, which meant a hill, a hill, as we learn Clitophon in a treatise attributed to Plutarch. Here is the passage: "Beside the Arar (Saone), is a hill called Lougdounon, who received his name for the reason that I bring. Momoros and Atepomoros, who had been dethroned by Seséronéos, undertook based on the response of an oracle to build a city on the hill. They had already laid the foundations, when a multitude of crows directed their flight from this side and came to cover the surrounding trees. Momoros versed in the science of omens gave the city the name Lougdounon, whereas in their language, (the Gauls) call the raven lougon and eminence dounon This city, as the reader previously thought, none other than Roman Lugdunum, became our Lyon: it was first built along the right bank of the Saone, on the heights which border Pierre SCIS. Dun was preserved in termination of several of our other cities. "The fact reported by Clitophon seems to be quite real. It was a happy accident, good fortune Momoros versed in the science of omens, seeing a multitude of crows his mark, so to speak, the place that was to occupy the city, and the term luck (leuk), accident, good fortune - luckdun - expresses the satisfaction he must have felt. As for dunum, which ends the name of several cities Celtic, it does not mean the eminence on which a city could be built as to dun means: annoy a debtor. It is likely that the cities on the termination or dun dunum originally were cities of refuge, where insolvent debtors would get immune to prosecution creditors too intrusive.The learned Dom Martin, in his history of Gaul, has already made this thought, that the Gallic cities were perhaps mere cities of refuge, empty of inhabitants, where they ran to take cover from a pressing danger . The verb "to dun, offers a sense quite clear, accurate, fully explaining the cause of the stampede of a debtor and his sudden retirement in a distant city. It is certain, however, that the Celts were looking for hills to build their cities and the city of Lactora (Lectoure, Gers) An example of this choice. Lactora, located atop a steep mountain, at the foot of which flows the Gers, indicates clearly the hill where it sits, and also the stated preference of the Celts to the heights when they founded a city - to like (Laika), love, taste, - tor, (torr), completed in peak height -. Among the tribes included in the confederation known as Gaelic, the most famous is that of Averna. Citing the names of Arverne mind stops immediately with a painful interest on Vercingetorix, the last defender of the Gallic independence. Commissioned by Vercingetorix and fighting in their beloved mountains, Caesar Arverna inflicted a crushing defeat, which aroused bitter memories in the heart of the Roman general, the most savage hatred against his conqueror Caesar was unable to find his soul ulcerated, even a weak sense of admiration for the hero Arverne proudly engaged the Romans to save his comrades. The conqueror of Gaul, by throwing him in chains , proved that his heart wide open to the ferocity, was closed to the generosity of the more vulgar. We can not think without indignation at the barbaric treatment suffered by magnanimous Arverne, who had six years languishing in chains before the ax of lictor has put an end to his torture. The name of Vercingetorix, the leader of the Gauls imposed fighting for the independence of their country, we depicted by a line of fire. This is the warlord forgetting everything, to think only with the dangers facing his country and lead his brothers in combat - war (ouaûr) war - King (kigne) leader, King - to head (hed) be at the head, driving, - to owe (O), be obliged, must, - risk, danger -. We tried several times to interpret the name of Vercingetorix. This is the generalissimo, worm-cinn -cedo-righ, "says a historian who rightly accuses the Latin authors" of the title confuse functions with the proper name, as they did a head or Brennus Brennus of Gaul. "(1) Brenn, in fact, derives from brain (Brenner), brain. Henri Martin, in his History of France, says this about the Celtic hero," he called Vincingétorix, ie say, the great leader of a hundred heads, worm-kenn-kedorigh. "This explanation stems from the same source undecided who gave us ar-Fearann, high-earth, Arverna. But what a gulf between this ar-Fearann and truth. The Arverna were once what they are today, ie, traversing Gaul hawkers to sell new goods, - to hare, running here and there - ware (Ou črč), commodity, something to Sale, - new (Niue), again - and we could not cite a single point city in France where one discovers some Arverne enriched by trading. Is not this a wonderful thing to see the same exercise Avernes industry in the earliest ages of the Celtic history? Jealous care with which members of Neimheid scholars have made sure they not exactly burn the occupation of a tribe in the name she bore After the explanation of the designations made in eastern and central Gaul, where the Gaelic language should dominate, does it seem unfair to argue that the Celtic language used by the academy was a Gallic, and dialectical differences that existed only in popular language? The neimheid was not only established in Ireland, where he left his name attached to the round towers that still exist. Caesar said that the institution was designed Druidic first in the island of Britain, and thence introduced in Gaul (1) but is it credible that the good order of the Druids has been a sudden start among Breton Island? When the Celts have left Asia, towards the West, Neimheid already performing its functions, and names he had to leave following the course of the Danube, later amply prove, because we firmly confidence that their interpretation by the language Volkes, will be extremely easy. We have already disassembled and explained more than two hundred words or names, Hebrew, Punic, Basque and Celtic. Are we not entitled to find the evidence strong enough to argue that the language of Tectosages, preserved by the Anglo-Saxons, is the true Celtic language? Is it not fair to call the primitive language,spoken by Noah, the patriarch and sent to Adam who had received from God as the divine names and surnames of the first men read with real clarity as to the terms included in this language and how many memories our Bretons of France will revive, they whose faithful memory has preserved the names of all these monuments Celtic looked upon with curiosity as real puzzles! We are far from claiming that no error has crept in explaining Celtic names that we have tried using the language of Tectosages but these errors are easily excluded or corrected by the torch of local traditions, whose persistence as its radius will project light on the life and history of our ancestors. This history, moreover, is not it again? "These primitive Gaels," Henri Martin (1), tattooed, armed with knives and stone axes, were to offer some resemblance to the wild warlike North America. They are shepherds and hunters, they have even a little agriculture. "To this the answer Neimheid by religious denominations, and industrial designations imposed to cities, smaller tribes and villages whose names reveal many surprising things. We must therefore abandon all assumptions of savagery and barbaric state, insulting to our ancestors the Gauls, and with justice to the high degree of civilization, religious, moral and material which they have an indisputable right. In response neimheid, adds even more serious replica of our holy books: "What once was? What must happen in the future. What was done? What needs to be done. Nothing is new under the sun, and no one can say this is a new thing, because it was already in the centuries passed before us. CHAPTER VI. VOLKER Tectosages ------ THE RHONE AND THE VOLKS ------ I Tectosagians and Arécomiques. BELGIANS. - The Garonne. - TOULOUSE. GIRONDE. According to several historians, the fourth century BC saw the Volkes Tectosages Arécomiques and settle in the south of Gaul. William of Catel, in his history of Languedoc, says that Tectosages were already established in southern Gaul until the fourth century, for it involves the army Sigovèse about the year 587 BC, formed in large Tectosages part, while the army Bellovèze march towards Italy, contained Bituriges, the Aedui, Arverni and warriors belonging to other tribes of central Gaul. This assertion does not lack merit and it is likely that Caesar refers to this first expedition, writing in his comments: "Long before there was a time when the Gauls excelled the Germans in their military prowess and made war even among them: the fields are not sufficient to feed a population too numerous, they sent the settlements beyond the Rhine. It is in the land of Germany's most fertile around the Hercynian forest, that Volkes Tectosages s' established after having conquered. This nation until that time held the same territory. "(1) Julius Caesar shows us the set Tectosages beyond the Rhine first, then around the Hercynian forest, that is to say, having also the Danube. Around the year 281 BC, the Tectosages the south of Gaul, taking with them other tribes presented themselves to their brothers from the Danube, and dragged to Macedonia, Epirus, Thrace and Greece. This last expedition, led by Tectosages toulouse, combined with Tectosages Danube and the Gauls Sordiques or long sword - sword (Sord), sword - to eke (Ike), extend - also placed in the Danube region, brings to two major migrations Tectosages made since their establishment in the south of Gaul. In the first northward migration, with Caesar has shown no intention of returning, countries conquered from the Germans: in the second expedition to Macedonia, some of these Tectosages insatiable adventures, went to Asia and founded their allies with a new Gaul, Galatia, another part of Tectosages returned to their native and reported, say the historians, even in Toulouse gold Delphi and the spoils of Greece. Volkes appear, after this, having conquered the south of Gaul, long before the Belgians have invaded North Gauls what happened to them in the current to the fourth century BCE. They would not be a tribe of Belgium, although belonging, like the Belgians, family Cimmerian. The name of the Belgians gave no indication about their origin, but it defines their war tactics. They knew very careful to combine remarkable courage, and said Caesar, "alone among the Gauls, they had successfully repelled the attacks of the Cimbri and Teutons (probably Volkes set beyond Rhine), so they had of themselves and their ability in the military art very highly. "(1) The art of science warrior, among the Belgians, was mainly a choice of their fortified camps, they knew how to fortify make impregnable. They found the remains of the walled enclosures that Louis Figuier believes contemporary of the Stone Age. (2) "To find, he said, the evidence still standing wars men of the Stone Age, we must move in that part of Europe that is now Belgium. Yes, at the age of stone, beyond any written tradition, the people of this country have waged war, either among themselves or against other peoples from the outside. We have proof from the speakers or fortified entrenched camps, which were discovered by MM. Hamour and Himelette. The camps are for Furfooz, Pont-de-Bonn, Simon, Jemelle, the Hastedon and Poilvache. "These camps offer a variety of common characteristics. They are generally established overlooking steep valleys on a massive rocks, forming a sort of promontory, which is connected to the rest of the country by a narrow passage. A wide ditch was dug in this tongue of land, and the entire camp was surrounded by a thick stone wall, simply assembled against each other, without mortar or cement. At camp Hastedon, near Namur, this wall, which was still well preserved at the time of its discovery, measured three feet in width, a height roughly equal. When they were attacked, the men gathered in the chamber, rained stones on the assailants borrowed from their wall, which thus became at once a work of defense and attack. These entrenched positions were so well chosen that most continued to be busy for the next century. We cite an example that Poilvache. After Roman fortress, it was transformed in the Middle Ages, a castle which was destroyed only in the fifteenth century. "Camps and the Hastedon Furfooz were also used by the Romans." Throughout the enclosure of the former camps, were found flint tools and fragments of pottery, all of which would suffice to prove the presence of primitive man. The enormous walls of these camps show while he lived on the designated points in many cities already. "The construction of these camps, stated, among the Belgians, the rational choice of tactics, and it was impossible that their names not bore a trace serious point: so by removing the two syllables that make up Belgae, there are men knowing, war, surround their positions of a wall or fence, which could make them immune to surprise the enemy, and terrified by the difficulty or impossibility of removing main force behind their walls, - to paddle (peeled), surround, palisade, - to cow (kau), intimidate, frighten, - -. The Pelkaou Volkes Tectosages did not conduct a war of this kind. Their order of battle - to come (bloke), become - to eke (ike), develop -. Disdaining the shelter of a rampart, lily relied on the enemy, quick as lightning, re-formed their ranks with ease, without concern for the evolving threat and as sure of victory. We are happy to find people in this strain of Francks, the fury that made the French army so formidable. This dissimilarity in the genius we warrior strongly urges not to consider the point Volkes Tectosages Arécomiques and Belgians as two tribes, although the verb to cow, frighten, also used in the composition and Belgae Volcae. Arécomikes The Tectosages and divided the south of Gaul, the first extending from Bésiers until Rhône Nemausus (Nimes), the main town. Nemausus, Celtic, means house of fame, - name (nth), renown, celebrity - house (haouce), house -. What was that famous house? The square house of Nimes is still cited today as a remarkable monument. But how did this house have become famous for this unique and simple as to be square? This is probably because the Home Gallic affecting the round shape, a square house built in the city has excited general astonishment and determined the name of Nemausus. Can be as all the houses in the city they had the square shape. The Tectosages had placed the seat of their dominion in Tolosa (Toulouse), which already existed and was probably the largest city and largest of southern Gaul. The Garonne River, navigable for a great course, lent his Gallic craft service, which however, was forced to tow them to reach Tolosa, now a shopping mall to the south. tugs were employed as the country's magnificent bulls, horses being eyed Gauls animals too precious to be used for such purposes. As well, the bull, stronger than the horse, he was more capable of driving boats often involved in the silt of the river - to tow (to) tow - to low (lo), bellow, roar, - ooze (welve), mud, silt, - towlowooze. The small town of Tolosa in Guipuzcoa, surrounded by the Oria, the largest river in the province after the Deva, also saw slight Cantabrians boats, towed by bulls , reach the foot of his homes. Garonne, Garumna, rooted in the Spanish Pyrenees. This country was occupied by the tribe Garumnites whose Garumna river took its name. Garumnites fed mountains of real chamois herds: the species is known in the Pyrenean region under the name of chamois. This term, quite Celtic, related to an important detail of the lives of these animals. When the herd grazing, two or three old males in posting sentries on the hills overlooking the pasture, and the first appearance of danger, they warned by a shrill whistle: soon the whole herd rushed to the hills with the speed of lightning - to hiss, hiss - hart, a stag. The chamois are covered with a woolly hair of a dark brown in winter and a tawny brown in summer. Driven hard, the chamois has won the most inaccessible places in the Pyrenees, to escape the pursuit of Garumnites and their descendants - station (little), coarse wool, - rum (Reum) strange, funny, weird, - neat (nit) cattle. The description of the species enclosed in Garumnites, refers to less than the chamois goat. The hairs that are a little longer: the horns curved back are especially noteworthy: they are composed of many rings, and the total length is so great among older males, that the ends reach the origin of the tail when their head is raised. The goats have disappeared from the Pyrenees, they are few in number in the Alps. At the end of his term and after receiving the Dordogne, the Garonne is called the Gironde. Although the ancient authors refer to this river by the name Garumna unique, yet we see modern geographers, relying on local traditions, also called the Gironde before it empties into the sea The first part of the name - to sheer (CHIR), throwing, rolling, - Clearly, this term naval vessels that Bordeaux have played an important role in the composition of Gironde, and the second part to derive from undam (eundam), releasing a lock, this description we show on the riverfront site of a genuine Gallic ship construction and launching into the waters of a closed basin with a lock II THE LANGUEDOC. - The Visigoths AND PEOPLE CALLED BARBARIANS. The country inhabited by Volkes Tectosages is called Languedoc. The dialect spoken in the southern region, long after his accession to France, he has actually caused the name of Languedoc as opposed to the langue d'oil, referring to the language of French nationals over the Loire? We are far from believing, and this division seems quite arbitrary and unfounded seriously. William of Catel in his memory in the history of Languedoc, printed Tolosa in 1633, says: "We are now very little Belgium, which may have been subject to modern divide that we retain the Gauls in two languages or two parts, one which is called Ouy language, of which Paris is the capital, the other has Tolose Languedoc to France ... Charles VIIth in order for the erection of Parliament from Toulouse, the Occitania called Patria, which gave about the Pope Innocent IV in his record, calling this country Occitania. But common and most often, he was appointed in former acts, patria lingua occitaniae. Several felt that the country of Languedoc have taken its name from the Goths, who have many years held the said country, provided that land in Germany means the country. And thus seems to be said Languedoc country of the Goths, even formerly was called Gothia Languedoc. But I think they did not fully met; for Languedoc comes this word instead of the language that the natives spoke. For the country as those of the French language are called the language of Ouy, and those of this country are called Languedoc, that is to say, as we noted above, the language of Oc. This quote shows that the starting point taken to explain the term Languedoc, the interpretation is quite erroneous Occitania. We have already seen that the expression Occitani - sea-hog (hog-si), porpoise, - to-hit, hit, - hand, hand - the hand that strikes the porpoise - is attached to the edges of the inhabitants Bay of Biscay, Cantabria and Aquitaine. Toulouse has been considered the largest city in the neighboring country of Occitani, however this is not a sufficient reason for this particular name, usually denoting a professional capacity, must apply to language Languedoc, differing little from that of Aquitaine of the interior, but much different from that of Cantabria. Moreover, the language spoken in the north at the time mentioned Catel employed almost as many words as Celtic and Latin language Toulouse. There is an error very sensitive ink in the statement of William of Catel Ouy between the language of the Languedoc, as the Languedoc is usually paralleled by various authors, not with the language of Ouy but with the langue d'oil, which is a considerable difference. When William of Catel reports that according to the estimation of many, the Languedoc was so named by the Goths, he was far from suspecting the truth, those interviewed by several, in fact, the Visigoths-speaking Celtic, Languedoc was for them or the country Landok Oak - land, country - Oak (ok) - oak, or opposed to Landoil oil country - land, country - oil (oil) oil - the latter comprising the region inhabited by Arécomiques, and also some parts of Provence. These two names attached by the Visigoths in the southern region of the France, owned by them, did nothing unusual or contrary to the habits of conquerors. Like all essential names existed long ago in the country, the Visigoths were simply divided their Gallic possessions into two parts, designated by the lines general production of the soil.
These explanations should point seem quite hazarded, if one considers that the Visigoths of Spain, master of the kingdom of Toulouse, spoke the Celtic language, especially as their name makes clear. Historians have felt obliged to call the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, Goths West and East, but in reality, their name comes rather warlike qualities or habits they attributed to themselves, and direction of their march toward a warmer climate than their own. Thus Visigoths were advancing cautiously and ability to land in hot - Wize (ouaïze), cautious, clever - to go, walk, - hot, hot - while, in moving to these countries also preferred the Ostrogoths, disdaining clever feints, brutally attacked the enemy - to host, attack, - raw (RAU) rude, crude - to go, walk, - hot, hot -. This is not a haphazard approach that the name of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, interpreted by the Celtic language, since the names of other people who dismembered the Roman Empire can also be explained with equal ease. Jutes of Julanda, - to jut, forward, protrude, - land, land - the Angles - to angle to angle - the Saxons, were part of Tectosages set beyond the Rhine, and under names previously unknown, ran ravage the lands where their ancestors had multiplied. Heruli the coats of hair, from the Euxine, - hair (Her), hair, - hull, outer cover - the Gepidae, who watched carefully to their height and beauty of their bodies - shape ( SHEP), size, proportion of the body - to head (HID), be careful, be careful -; or Lombards Lombards, who were eager to fight violent and bleak - to long, longing, to cope, fight, - hard, hard, hard -; the Vandals themselves, who had no homes, and thoroughly destroyed the monuments and houses of other nations - to want (ouâunt), not having - lobby house and all, despite their different names, do not let that belong to the same family of Gomer. THE FRANKS III. THEIR ORIGIN. The Franks formed on the right bank of the Rhine a confederation of tribes, mingling in a general designation, which was to them as a rallying point. They prided themselves on a generous and sincere, - frank, sincere - and had relinquished the former title of looters kept only in one of their tribes. Their feelings of modesty and reserve were burned in the name of Chamavi - Shame (SHEM), modesty, - To Have, possess, - included in this confederacy. A portrait of the Franks made by a Latin poet, about the time they began to settle in Gaul, "they said it, the tall, very their face is completely shaved, except the upper lip, where they leave two small whiskers grow. Their hair, cut from behind, along the front, are a wonderful blonde. Their dress is so tight, he reveals the entire shape of their bodies. They wear a sash which hangs a heavy sword, but extremely sharp. It is, of all people known, the person seeking the best movement and military developments. They have an address so unusual they always hit where they aim, a prodigious light, they fall on the enemy as soon as they launched the line, and finally a daring if great, that nothing surprises them, nor the number of enemies and the disadvantage of the premises, or even death with all its horrors, they can lose their lives, they never lose courage. "(1) This is a faithful portrait of Volkes, also enclosed in their name - to vault - flit - to cow, frighten -. The region occupied by the Franks was one of the country which had seized on Volkes Tectosages the Germans. Their presence in this region is a sure indication of their origin, because no nation has ever managed to dispossess Tectosages their conquests. Jutes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians - free (fri) independent - his, son, descendant - belonged to the family Tectosages, and Franks, separated by their generosity of their fellow looters Saxons, also show by their position on the right bank of the Rhine, by their manners, their constitution and their beliefs, the same origin. The outside of the Franks differed point outside of the Gauls, their religion had a striking analogy with Druidism: it foundation was the immortality of the soul, and historians say, their altars were never stained with human blood. This last feature of their customs informs us that at the time of the migration Tectosages Toulouse, human sacrifices in Gaul did not exist. The military tactics of the Franks detected mainly as the true lineage and Arécomiques Tectosages Volkes. They had been singularly because these Cimmerians of old time to take the name of Volkes, since, after the Latin poet quoted above, no people hear better movements and military developments that their descendants, the Franks warriors. Franke confederation was composed of tribes known Germanic and known as such by the Latin historians. Tacitus speaks of Cherusci, the Chatti, of Bructeri in the history of the expedition of Germanicus beyond the Rhine. The Chatti, the Chaucer, Bructeri the Cherusci and others were included among the Franks. These various names are almost synonymous, and has the same thought. Chatti and the warriors broke everything in their path - to shatter, smash -; Chauca liked the attacks, violent clashes, - to shock, attack, and the Bructeri in their movements and changing light, cut to pieces the enemy - to brush (Breuches), pass suddenly - to tear (tér) to pieces, and Cherusci greeted with shouts of enthusiasm to share the spoils - to share (SHER), share - to huzza (houzzé), greeted with shouts of acclamation -. All these titles worn with pride by the various tribes are reduced to abstract under Volkes Tectosages or devastating to drive fast. It's always the same people seeking war with its adventures, its dangers awaiting the glorious and equal sharing of booty between the warriors of the expedition. The history of the vase of Soissons, a testament to this undoubted right to share the spoils, between soldiers. "Clovis," said Em Lefranc (1), "wishing to maintain the good disposition of the Gallic clergy, declined to move with his army in the cities which he had received the submission. It was the only way to save the looting convents and basilicas which contained a lot of wealth. But one of the churches of Reims could not escape the rapacity of a band of marauding Frankish. In their booty was a sacred vessel of a size and extraordinary beauty. The bishop, informed of this fact, Clovis deputed to demand that vase. Delighted to be agreeable to the prelate, the king said to the envoys' Come with me to Soissons and if I find among the booty be delighted, I will repay you. All the loot was shared after the campaign, and the fate sharing between all settled. It was not long in discovering the precious vase among the spoils gathered under a tent in the middle of the public square of Soissons. My good fellow, "said Clovis to Franks, it will not be unpleasant for me to take the vase, and that I make to people who ask? The officers and soldiers consented. Certainly not, says a brutal warrior and jealous, you will not take the vase if fate gives you, and suddenly his ax broke it. Clovis was silent, took the vase and surrendered. A year later, as he reviewed the Franks in a field of Mars, he recognized the soldier whose boldness had raised the gross act of sharing: It is not, in any army, weapons worse held as yours, "he said thy lance, thy sword, Thy ax accuse your negligence and your cowardice and snatching his ax, he throws down. The soldier bent down to pick it up, but Clovis suddenly throws his and split his head: Well, "cried he, what you did to the vase of Soissons." This greedy soldier probably belonged to the tribe Cherusci in disregard of right now the title of Frank. The exact distribution of the booty captured from the enemy was also in use among the Germani. Le Germain is not, as stated in the common interpretation, the man of war, Warman - war (ouâur) war - man, man - but the man with a stringent law to share the spoils enemies: the Sherméan - to share (expensive), share - may (mis) power - to hand, give with the hand -. This term was first applied to Germans, and also who had Volkes Tectosages seized the most fertile lands of Germany, and had adopted the manners, the way Germans live defeated and driven into less fertile lands (1), and when Roman historians Tacitus and speak expeditions conducted beyond the Rhine against the Germans, it means the cons Volkes Tectosages enveloped by the Romans in the general appellation of Germans. The confederation of the Franks did not exist even under this title when Cherusci the Chatti and other tribes exterminated the Roman legions commanded by Varus, ten years after Jesus Christ. The name of the Franks played for the first time in a battle where the emperor Decius died, 251 years after Jesus Christ. Constantly renewed their attacks against the border of the Roman Empire in Gaul were gradually successful, and, surprisingly, these descendants of former Tolosates, after a thousand years of living beyond the Rhine, captured Gaul, and Toulouse, their birthplace, received (507 AD) as conquerors and aliens. THE FIRST KINGS FRANKS. Filiation of franks with Volkes Tectosages becomes even more striking for the unity of language, and using the language of Volkes, and receives a full day of interpreting the name of the first leaders confederation, using the language of Volkes. Marcomir, Pharamond father, had been recognized by the tribes as the sole leader of the confederates - to mark, consider, - to owe (O), duty, - mother (target) alone, single -. Conquered by Emperor Valentinian II, he had not succeeded in moving to this side of the Rhine Pharamond his son was more fortunate. Part of Belgium fell into his hands, and despite some setbacks soon repaired, the Franks gave up more land conquered. Some historians argue that Pharamond never crossed the Rhine, and even its existence is quite problematic. If the interpretation of the language Pharamond Tectosages may be a compelling reason, not only its existence can not be doubted, but he would surely have crossed the Rhine with his army, - to fare (fere) go, - amount (amaount) all -Clodion the hair penetrated far into Belgium, and his head was adorned with her long hair and distinctive sign of royal authority among the Franks - load (Lod), loads, - hi (hated) shows, high - to own (we) have -. The royal heir was only allowed to wear long hair, and this fact, well recognized and some elsewhere, becomes even more evident by the composition of Meroveus name, Merovech, the winner of Attila - mother (target) alone, - to owe (O), be obliged, - wig, hair -. When Meroveus died, still young, the possessions of the Franks extended to the Seine. Childeric was a child, when he was called by the death of his father, who commanded the nation Franke - child (tchaïld) child - heir (er) heir - Wig (ouigue) hair -. He lost the affection and esteem of his people by errors so serious that he was forced into exile. The Franks are entrusted for a time in the direction of Count Roman OEgidius but the king was soon reminded by his subjects whose resentment had subsided during his absence. Taught by adversity, Childeric bought the mistakes of his youth by boiling stock full of glory. His son Clovis Hlodowig, is regarded as the real founder of the French monarchy accompanied by victory, he conquered most of Gaul, made Paris the capital of the kingdom and became one of the most powerful princes of his time - load (Lod), loads, - to owe (O) be obliged - Wig (ouigue), hair .- We should also mention the name of Clotaire I, in two words depicting the horrific murder striking committed against his two nephews, he coolly stabbed to seize the states of these young princes, - claw (clau), claw, greenhouse - to tear (TER), tear to pieces -. It was only fair that the Franks stigmatizes this criminal action by comparing the murderer to a bird of prey, tearing its sharp talons a helpless victim These persistent interpretations of proper names of men and tribes are appropriate to indicate the language spoken by all the children of Gomer, who hewed to the environment and kingdoms in the Roman Empire. The Visigoths also belonged to the Franks while this huge family, and they made up names were taken in the language common to these people. This uniformity in language authorizes us to believe that the names and Landock Landoil have been given by the Visigoths in their possessions in the south of Gaul,and that these names very well chosen, moreover, have been met by the Franks, when this area came under their domination. For years many have seen the southern parts of Gaul keep the Celtic language with remarkable persistence. The Romans have vainly bent populations to their authority. While Latin was honored in the cities, Celtic lived in the countryside, an opponent of altering a long and passive resistance. Degeneration could not be long though, and the barbarian invasions of the so-called delayed penalty to complete the merger two languages, since the merger was already noticeable in the sixth century AD. The Romance language outcome of this alliance, dominated the kingdom of the Franks, gradually perfecting itself in the northern provinces, is also complicated grammatical rules belonging to the mostly Celtic and Latin, sometimes combining to form expressions French, Latin words and other Celtic words, as in soldier or given soul - soul (sol), soul, - data, data, - capable or clever head - caput, head, - able, clever - while in the southern provinces, it has maintained a certain integrity, with turn by turn of his sentences Celtic words and Latin words perfectly preserved in their purity, so it is very easy to distinguish them, and to find the expressions used in the mouths of our ancestors the Gauls. Latin itself, taken separately, betrays a Celtic character that surprises at first, but which one realizes easily, because the Gauls were masters of much of Italy, where 753 years before Christ, Rome was built by Romulus, the strange man in the cloak, - rum (Reum), weird, - hull, outer cover. - It would be easy to quote, in considerable numbers, the expressions contained in Gallic Latin language but we'll just reproduce the following: to add add, Latin adder; to know, know, in Latin cognoscere, know; to endue, coat, Latin induere, take; able, capable, in Latin habilis, which has the capacity for something; to joke, joke, Latin, JOCAR, joking. The founding of Rome itself was made from the Gallic customs, Romulus will have opened an asylum for vagrants, the disaffected and those fleeing the importunity of their creditors. We do not believe a neglect to make these brief comments on dialects in the southern provinces of France and Languedoc in particular, except to develop them later, alone, in fact, they were able to open a safe path leading to the certain knowledge of the language of our fathers. It boggles the mind, when hearing these expressions around you Celtic, now treated with disdain as miserable and rude, it is clear that that was the primary language communicated by Adam to his children. Also, we are confident that these dialects precious resist, saved by the spirit of tradition inherent in man, and will never be destroyed. V THE KING AND PYRENE Bébrix. - HERCULES. THE SARDANAS. - CAUCOLIBERIS. - Illiberis. The Sordes. Before the arrival of the Celts, the Pyrenees-Orientales were occupied by the Iberians. Bears, about ordinary prosecution of these intrepid hunters, many lived in these parts. The apparent extension of the Pyrenees, east of their junction with the Black Mountain and the Cevennes, occur as a side chain that separates the bottom of the Tet Valley, in the French Cerdanya and named special Albères. "(1) In Alberes - Hall (Haulli) Housing - Bear (BER), a bear, - the beasts were retreats deep, and their pursuit had certainly considerable danger that the Iberians faced with courage that distinguished them. These bear hunters were they the same people as the Bébriciens, whose main city was Pyrene? It seems certain, if one identifies the historical traditions of all the fabulous embellishments that make them unrecognizable. According to mythology, the Pyrenees Bébrix belonged to the king, when Hercules, with his warriors stood at the foot of these mountains. There is no doubt that Hercules existed only in Greek and Latin myths: however, it is useful to point out, this famous hero takes a real consistency and having the character of truth, since he personifies the nation Celtic and migration of people towards the western countries of Europe. Sallust speaks of the death of Hercules in the Iberian Peninsula, and after his death, Armenians, Medes and Persians of his army, crossing the sea to spread in Africa. Diodorus, in turn, tells the violent action of Hercules cons Pyrene, daughter of King Bébrix before the Hero should enter in Iberia at the head of his soldiers. We can, using this information, clearly discern the truth through the veil of which she is surrounded. The Celtic nation, coming in the Pyrenees regions, has met the Iberian people. The Iberians, with an average size, to fatigue of the most dangerous hunts, watched without fear these Gauls high stature, and their bold and stubborn resistance could not prevent the Gallic Hercules to cross the Pyrenees to go s turn off and die in the heart of the Spanish peninsula. The Iberian people, great by his fearlessness, small in size alongside the giants Celtic, takes a specific form, determined, in the King Bébrix, the courageous child, the daring toddler, who dared to confront, braving the hazards and perils of a struggle with the Gallic Hercules - babe (baby), a small child, a toddler - risk, danger, chance.The Celts and the Iberians, reports Diodorus of Sicily, after having fought for the possession of the country, lived together and formed an alliance by marriage. Alliances with the Celts and the Iberians have resulted in the fabulous history Hercules and Pyrene. The name of the city of Pyrene, reflects the merger of the two peoples, for it contains the memories of the efforts made by the Celts to prevent the Iberians to burn their dead - pyre (pair), funeral pyre - to rain (ren ), repress, - that name and, by extension, later designated the whole chain of mountains occupied by bear hunters. The efforts of the Celts have been successful if we are to believe the name of the city of Caucoliberis Sardana - to cock, face, rectify, - Lobby (Haulli), house, room, - to eye (ouch) see - to bury, (Beri), buried - because the people of this country have raised, in future, the tombs to bury the dead. Illiberis, Sardana other city, does not contradict this assertion, he notes that only the pump Iberians deployed in funerals, Highly (Haile), ambitiously - to bury (Beri), bury -, taking into account, however rigorous the two who are in Illiberis, then that name would be linked to that of Caucoliberis for it would simply mean a hill built for burial - hill, eminence - to eye (ouch) see - to bury (Beri) bury - . A second city of Illiberis existing in Aquitaine, seem to show that manners had Gallic everywhere removed the funeral pyres of bear hunters. Celtiberians The Pyrenees-Orientales were delivered later to a profession other than hunting large cave bear. They have engaged in various industries and have deserved the name of each Sordes, other than Sardana. They held the coast, setting their houses near the sea, the waves of which drew fishing activities. Because of this general condition, they were called Sardan - Sardan, little fish, sardines - it is known, however, how the anchovies and sardines are abundant in the Gulf of Lyons. Ruscino, their main city, is far from giving the lie to their profession as fishermen, he says, in effect, as people flocked in crowds to the environment and reaching Ruscino to go to sea and then soft large fishing nets - to rush (Reuche) come in crowds - sean (sin), great for fishing net, seine.Sordes the contrary, were set in the valleys and mountains of the Pyrenees- Orientales. Their industry was very different from that of Sardan; they made weapons, swords - sword (Sord), -. This sword is not only to early times of Sordes which was made of iron in the great eastern slopes of the mountain watching the Mediterranean. There are few more years, eighteen furnaces for smelting iron were in full activity, and these furnaces produce iron from According to the so-called Catalan, and bore the name of the Catalan forges. The commercial treaty with England, under Napoleon III, has been off the stoves, the cost was too expensive so that we could engage with the English iron, a struggle that would become disastrous. The last village Sorde which was producing iron, is called Gincla. It shows the remains of two forges, a rolling mill and several swifts - forges, whose foundation is lost in the mists of time. Gincla drift to jingle (Djingle '), jingle, rattle. It is a something really surprising that the term Gincla applied to an area, where, always and every time we heard the clatter of iron, heavy sound of hammers striking the anvil, and making ringing sound VI THE ATACINI. - Aude. RAFTS ON THE AUDE. - Carcassonne. The basin of the Aude did not belong to Sordes, but other iron producers, living in the country of Atax, to Atacini; thereof in the manufacture of swords, axes joined it, - to add, add, - ax, ax -. The nearest village of Sordes and being part of the country occupied by Aticini, is called Axat, and this name, which is a simple inversion of Atax, marks the exact point of division between the two tribes and Sordes Atacini. Axat is crossed by the River Aude, and had a highly regarded manufacturer of steel, whose fires are unfortunately extinct today. The Atacini inhabited the northern slope and also the western slope of the mountains and in which the Aude and Ariège their source. Catalan forges were even more numerous in this region than in the Pyrenees-Orientales, it is fair to say that the country of production was larger, because it included part of the basin of the Aude basin and part of the Ariege. The Atacini ought not therefore to their name the river Aude, and if geographers Latin Atax call, only because its waters across the country Atacini. In the manuscripts of the Middle Ages, the Aude door the name of Aldo flumen. That is its real name; Alda is the same term as Alder, and Celtic, Alder means the light. This species of tree grows naturally on both banks of the Aude, on a journey of more than eighty kilometers, and although property owners have shot down most of the yards, there are still enough to prove how truly our ancestors had named this river Alder. The volume of water from the Alder was considerable, and have spent Atacini for radellerie industry, an industry that tends to disappear every day, not only by building a railroad along the banks of the Aude, but mainly by the decrease of water and alluvium formed in the riverbed. Industry floating of timber by the waters of the Alder is the cause of the names that are Roquefort-de-Sault and Espéraza. The village of Roquefort, or Roucafort, pronounced as its inhabitants, is situated on a plateau a thousand meters of altitude, surrounded by magnificent pine forests. It is divided into two parts, one called Roquefort, and the other larger, is called Buillac. Rich in flocks of sheep grazing in the meadows constantly cervical Garabell - station, coarse wool, - bell, bell - Buillac student still large numbers of bulls and horses - bull (Blvd), taurus, - hack, horse -. The inhabitants of Roquefort, the less fortunate side of the ground, working in the forests and cut trees to be moved to Carcassonne by floating on the waters of the Alder. Roquefort or Roucafort, clearly shows the traditional occupation of these mountaineers: in fact, equivalent to Roucafort Forth Celtic roughcast, cutting off roughly. The trees, stripped of their bark and branches, were dragged to the Aude, whose waters carried them to quillan and Espéraza. Quillan, Latin Kilianus - Killow-hone, black earth and black stone - could begin to float on the Alder rafts together into rafts bearing the name of squares - because, trolley - raft, train Wood on water, floating carriage -. The construction of these rafts was necessary especially in Esperaza, and there is barely thirty years, most of the population of this large village belonged to the corporation of radeliers. It is really amazing that industries and occupations Celts are well preserved intact until today. Espéraza that people rightly called Sparassis is called Sperazanus in a bull of Pope Callistus II, dated the year 1119, quoted by Dom Vaisette. The texture of Sparassis contains the following words: - spar, beam, - axis, ax, - hand, hand in hand radeliers ended, with the ax, the construction of rafts, which form rafts , floated on the waters of the Alder. How safe the natives of this village did not they kept the old Celtic term, barely softened when imposing Sparassis! Standing on his square, holding back a long oar placed on the front of the radelier Sparassis was carried away by the waters of the Alder skillfully directing his car floating. His address was soon put to the test, coming at Couiza in the bend in the river, elbow which has given its name to the village built on these shores. Couiza Kousanus, kove drift, a small bay, creek, and sand, sand kovesand which was made and later Kousanus Couiza. This bend provides, in effect, a true resemblance to a small bay and is located upstream of the bridge leading to the Couiza railway station. The sand heaped by Sals at its junction with the Aude, have been the cause of this particular provision of the course of the river. The long train of radelier, engaged with its square in this troublesome elbow, was soon due to the difficulty, and the train continued slowly floating journey to the point where it was to land. Carcasonne was the place where the square usually abandoned the waters of the Alder, because the bed becomes wider, the rafts were having more difficulty large to float. This city could be a storage timber, however, as it was also the market for the sale of swords, axes, manufactured by Atacini latter pattern was particularly weighed in the balance Neimheid Gaul, and he earned the name of Carcassonne, cark, care, concern, - axis, ax, - to own (we) have -. CHAPTER VII Cromleck OF RENNES-LES-BAINS I DRUNEMETON OR DESCRIPTION OF Cromleck REDON SOUTHERN GAUL. - Meniri, DOLMENS, ROESELARE OR ROCK BOBBLE. - OR THE GOUNDHILL SARRAT PLAZENT. We have just seen the industries of our ancestor listed in indelible characters in the names of cities and Gallic tribes. By studying the monuments of Celtic Rennes-les-Bains, we are forced to admire the powerful organization Neimheid, allowing it to apply to various parts of saplings, very distant from each other, identical names, based on the similarity countries. The Redones of Armorica are causing the name given to Rennes in Brittany, and Languedoc Redones we gave Rennes-les-Bains in the department of Aude. One might ask why the name of Rennes is applied to our spa and can be found easily because when you look closely this strange land: indeed, its rock-capped mountains form an immense Cromleck of sixteen or seventeen eight miles around. Strabo, in his history of Galatians Tectosages or Asian, reported that the Gauls had always "drunemeton" or central Cromleck. It was the place to meet members of the scholarly society known as the Neimheid. It is quite instructive to see the term used in conjunction Neimheid Ireland and Asia. Decomposition of deep throws drunemeton light on this fine institution Celtic. This name, including the first syllable of Drouide trow, and also the word nemet, tells us with certainty what were the members composing the Celtic Academy. The verb to trow (ORT), as we have already seen, means: think, believe, imagine. The second verb name (nth), has the sense to appoint, call, and head (hed) results the head, brain, mind, chief. It is the same meaning we gave to Neimheid Irish and is the head of the nation, weighing carefully and intelligently names whose composition is subject to its science, and applying them with the authority that has a Chief universally recognized and obeyed. Caesar place on the confines of Carnutes where Druids pronounced their judgments in disputes and disputes within their authority, but the central Cromleck drunemeton, where the assembled neimheid to fulfill its scientific names you create special or general, he was also on the borders of Carnutes? We think not, the central Cromleck was fixed naturally by the scholarly stones and these stones were erected in the tribe Redones. Drunemeton the North had to exist in Redones of Armor, embracing a wide range of rod for the work of the illustrious assembly. However, another central Cromleck drunemeton or was needed in the south; certainly, it was impossible for members of neimheid Celtiberian scattered around the region, to meet other members from northern Gaul, and this impossibility may have given thought to build a second Drun -Meton at the foot of the Pyrenees, on the heights of the valley watered by salsa and now also by the fact Redones stones or scholarly. Redones If the expression should appoint a full set of stones and needles natural and artificial it is in Rennes-les-Bains that rightly belong. Cromleck The entrance is located at the confluence of Rialses with salsa. The Rialses - real (rial), real effective - cess, tax, - running from east to west in a valley whose fertile land could certainly allow people to provide the tax which the Celts beat the grounds of a easy product. Sals or dirty river, flows primarily from east to west, and after the junction of blanque towards the center of the Cromleck Redones, continues its course from south to north to the entrance of the gorge where start to draw the first natural needles. Upon receipt of the Rialsés, she turns back towards the west, and headed for the alder will dump its bitter waters. Near the midpoint of Cromleck in tearing of the mountain and built on the banks of the River Sals, you see the spa of Rennes-les-Bains, well known to many patients who have found a cure or at least ensured sensitive to their relief rheumatism. Looking at the map of Rennes-les-Bains, you can easily follow the contours drawn by the hands of natural or artificial. Their position is marked with red dots for Meniri that still exist, and also red lines for the ridges where Meniri were largely reversed. Cromleck At the opening on the right bank of the River Sals, is a mountain called Cardou: towards the top, begin to compile natural tips, known in the country as the Roko fourkado. In Celtic, access to the gorge was probably very difficult, because a long barrier of rocks plunging into the river defended the entrance. In addition, extreme slope of mountain slopes should inspire fear in some members of Neimheid scientists, responsible for giving a name to this part of the land to look so wild. Also, have they asked how she and so he could travel by wagon, by engaging in the parade almost inaccessible? They left their descendants remember the exact thoughts and their momentary embarrassment, calling this mountain Cardou - to cart, travel a tank - how (Haou), how? how? - Carthow -. They were not too far behind in civilization, these good Gallic early days of the occupation, they were concerned about traveling by wagon and on hillsides with slopes very dangerous. Reflected by the difficulty they carthow, was not insurmountable, however, they were able to cross the crossing Rialsès opposite the village of Serres, and building their road so that trucks could pass above these rocks . At the turn of the road and at certain point where they were involved in the parade, the Celts must have a Meniri draw on a rock that bears a stone cross. This cross is placed at the exact spot where the stone was formerly an engraved Greek cross similar to those that currently exist in Cape Rights, and near the rocks loose. After rounding the base of the mountain Cardou, and have passed the small creek that separates the hill Cardou Bazel, the path begins to rise gently sloping. He must have a definite width, as the Gauls knew to give it to their roads. It was not, in fact, mere narrow paths and dangerous, but excellent roads having a width measured exactly. Bazel does not mean anything. By making this term pronunciation hard enough that he should have used, we would have to say Passel. Now, pass means a road, and ell length measurement to be used by the Celts. At the top of Bazel, we see very strange stones, which help form the circle of Cromleck on the eastern side. It is almost impossible to describe in detail these large stones are in considerable numbers, and their sum can easily be extended to three or four hundred arranged in order on the crest or lying confusedly on the slope looking south. One of these stones measuring over eight feet long, two wide and as high: this mass of about thirty two cubic meters has been raised, angled in a desired direction, and clamped at one end so that its enormous weight did 'entraînât point on the steep slope of the mountain. We must see with his own eyes, this gigantic work, which causes amazement no description can give an accurate picture of this prodigious work. On the left bank of the Sals, Cromleck begins at the rock Blancfort. Point nature of this rock was removed in the middle ages, to allow construction of a fort used as an observation post. There are still some remnants of brickwork demonstrating the existence of the fort. This white rock that strikes the eye first, followed by a layer of blackish rocks, extending Roko Negro. This peculiarity has been given to this white rock, placed at the top of the black rocks, the name of blancfort - blank, white, - forth, forward -. By following these rocks look, the eye is soon stopped by an isolated Meniri , whose tip is shown above the oaks that surround it. It is in the register the name of Sharp Rock: he faces another natural rock attached to the side of Cardou and adorned with several very sharp needles. This latter rock, separated from Cardou and offering several tips runies by the base, presented to our ancestors the idea of little people making up a family and still retained from those who have given birth, and they named these needles Lampos poetically. This word derives from lamb, lamb, or lamb to, give birth, in speaking of the sheep. Between the Rock and sharp Roko Nigga, we distinguish among the other Oaks Meniri for construction of drunemeton. At the Following Roko Nigga, we still see very well the various foundations that served as support for Meniri but they were overturned and scattered here and there on the flanks of the mountain, in the greatest disorder. On reaching the brook Bousquet The foundation rock disappears and goes back into the mountains towards the source of that creek. On this point very high, we see a meeting of high rocks named Cugulhou. This mass is not entirely natural, the work of the Celts appears very clearly in the eight or ten large round stones carried and placed on top of the megalith. One might doubt that the Celts have wanted to make Meniri, if a small Greek cross engraved on an extension of the base only notify its presence to the meaning attributed to such large stones. The locals are in the persuasion, very wrong indeed, that the Greek crosses carved into the rocks represent the points of demarcation. The real stone marker indicating the separation of land Coustaussa and Rennes-les-Bains, is stuck in the ground twenty feet away, toward the northwest. This terminal is very curious and concerned, on the side facing Coustaussa a crest, perhaps one of the lord of this village,and on the opposite side, another patch, the lord of Rennes, charging very large differences with the first. It is useless to insist on the assertion of the inhabitants of the country, compared to those Greek crosses, because the very name cugulhou to shed light on this subject. These rocks are real Meniri, but ugly and not having much the ordinary form of the other stones, to cock, face, rectify, - ugly (eugly), ugly, deformed, ugly, - to hew (Hiou), cut -. TO From Cugulhou, reappears a foundation of rock grit, heading towards the stream of Carlat. This stream whose banks are steep, is filled with boulders that barred its course and form of drops increased. It would be more than difficult to draw a carriage road along this small stream, our ancestors showed their grief naming Carlat, - because, cart,- To loathe, hate, have a repugnance -. They built their way in another direction, this path still exists and is paved with boulders and lined Meniri before reaching the plateau of heather. That is not a Roman road, but a Celtic path, leading people to the center of the board of Cromleck Redones.The ridge from natural Cugulhou, continues to take shape after passing the Carlat. The reversed Meniri are numerous on the flanks of the mountain, and excite surprise by their mass very legitimate. On the ridge, extending from the stream until Trinquebouteille Carlat, there are easily visible traces of human labor, the Celts used their care to make less wide continuity solutions for this natural ridge. Opposite the point where the spa and the parish church, the curved line made by the foundation of rock is named after Cap rights. A Meniri was kept there, and we were at the top, carved in relief, a beautiful head of the Lord Jesus, the Savior of mankind. The sculpture, which has seen nearly eighteen centuries, has been given to this part of the plateau called Cape Rights (head man), man par excellence, filius hominis.It is unfortunate that we have been obliged, in December 1884 to remove the beautiful sculpture of her place, to escape the ravages produced by the peak of an unfortunate young man, who was far to suspect the meaning and value. (1) Left Meniri watching this spa and its parish church, was discovered on the rocks surrounding the Greek cross deeply engraved by the chisel and measuring from twenty to thirty and thirty-five centimeters. These cross with equal arms and the number five on this one point, had to be engraved by order of the first Christian missionaries sent into the country. The sacred sign of redemption and diverted for the benefit of pure truth, respect traditional Meniri which were the object, whose traditional respect Meniri were subject, respect that, in the deplorable moral state where the gains of the Roman republic had plunged the Celts, perhaps directed to the stones themselves. All hands to the ridge were probably reversed at that time: we find a considerable amount of Meniri broken on the sides and sometimes the bottom of the mountain, and some remnants are still seen in the walls supporting the slopes of vines and cultivated fields. One fact about similar happened in Britain, where the Gospel was brought in Redones armoricains. The Meniri have not been overthrown, but was placed at the top of the sign hello. A sixth Greek cross to a large rock, is far enough from the Cape of Man, on the edge of the ridge to the south, leads the field said ceiling of the coast, after it crossed the creek las Breychos. This small stream was named special stone, metal like molten iron, many in his bed. They are usually small, which led to Celtic to use the verb "to bray, crush, to express this small size, and the noun shoad (CHOD), vein stone, metal to denote the stone of iron, or rather iron carbonate. We see two additional Greek crosses, still etched in stone, along the edge of the board until the top of the hill bearing the name of Illetas - hill, hill - head ( HED), head -. The huge rocks piled on the latter excite genuine admiration.At the southern end of the Pla de la Coste, on the edge of the plateau, are placed two stones loose or Roeselare. How they are raised with evidence indicating an objective pursued and achieved, that of allowing a slight jolt to produce a marked and trepidation sensitive, but not a deep swing shift the center of gravity, and throw the rock at the bottom of the mountain. Next to the first of these two Roeselare, a Meniri rears its small blunt: Meniri other two are reversed right and left. They were simply placed on the ground and not buried in the earth because the plane kept their base of small white stones, clustered by the effect of weight and time, and gravel similar to the land on which they weighed. To the right of Roeselare, putting themselves southward, the eye can follow the contours of the ridge that surrounds the stream of toasts-bottle, and is lost gradually in the land of the dead man. The stream of toasts Bottle runs constantly, even at the height of summer heat, and it was always free to draw from and to quench thirst, - to drink, drink - bottle, bottle Close to where Toast-bottle pours its waters into the Blanque, many points were to rise on the big rocks along the road Bugarach: Meniri there is one on foot, having lost the sharpness of its summit . On the right bank of Bottle Toast begins the tenement called the dead man. It is a marshy land, producing an abundance gramen whose long pipes are perfectly smooth and free of knots: this gramen door, Languedoc dialect, the name of paillo Bosc, and Celtic, the straw or marsh haummoor - Hauma, straw, - moor (die), marsh -. The name of Haumea-moor, applied in the whole of Gaul, the marshland was all distorted and disguised to be a dead man. From the top of the ridge that carries the Roeselare, looking south, one sees draw a long line of sharp rocks of all shapes and sizes, well directed, moreover, from east to west, and extending from the Col of the Sals up to and beyond the Blanque. The number of needles is considerable natural, nevertheless, among them a host of other rock cut to a point picked up by human hands and are real Meniri, as can be convinced YOURSELF In examining the installation of these large stones, which are of easy access. The fatigue is indeed a little felt by climbing the slopes of Serbaïrou by unfrequented paths, - to swerve (souerve), climb, - by-road (baïrôd) unfrequented road - but it is largely compensated, when we are in the presence of enormous work done by our ancestors. That is, indeed, the work of giants, and it is hardly surprising that the Greeks invented about these enormous stones, which they knew the meaning and placed on hilltops, their tale of giant long- haired, wild-eyed, trying to climb the sky, and on Ossa heaping Pelion on Ossa and Olympus. The edge of the hill bears the name of Languedoc Sarrat Plazént (hill kind), and at the same time the name Celtic Goundhill which Sarrat Plazént n is that the literal translation - good (Gouda), good, sweet .- hill, hill -. Why Celts named this eminence Goundhill? Certainly, it is not because of the natural beauty and fertility of the land, because the ground is covered with heather across the north slope of Serbaïrou, while the southern slope, very steep, offers to eye lean a copse, done little to inspire the scientists of Neimheid a name as good as that of Goundhill. This Hill, bristling with sharp rocks, could be kind and gentle, because it reminded Gallic goodness of Divine Providence, distributing in abundance, its people, the essential nutrient, an ear of wheat. In Southern Goundhill, the eye is arrested by the mountain Garrosse - werewolves (gareuce), salty -.A horizontal line crosses the north slope: this is a road leading online direct SOUGRAIGNE and salt fountain, where the river begins its course Sals. At the foot of the Garosse, runs a small valley watered by the Goundhill Creek, and on the banks of the Blanque, a farm fixed attention. The barn located near the dwelling house is built on the foundations of a very old blacksmith hammers which were certainly driven by a hydraulic motor, as in the Catalan forges say. One can easily convince oneself by inspection of the roof lowered, leaving the upper basin of water flowing in a river. (1) A ford is very convenient in this place, and allows the traveler down the Garosse directly sue his way without turning away. This farm is known as La Ferriere. Skillfully combined in this appellation, including the Celts, or the ford is the forge of a blacksmith who lived in these parts, car ferry means a place where you cross a river, and farrier (farrieur) denotes a farrier. The Gallic farriers did they make themselves the iron they need every day? It is highly likely, and it would not be unacceptable is a hypothesis. It is still possible that the small Catalan forge had succeeded in the latter days, that of a farrier Gallic. What sets us thinking this is the fragment of wheel arm in cast iron , removed from the ground November 26, 1884, by workmen, below the new-Borde, the construction of the road to Rennes-les-Bains Sougraigne. (1) This part wheel, probably melted at the Ferriere, is slightly concave and measures fifteen or sixteen inches in radius. It was unfortunately shared by the instrument of the workers who put in day and has a fracture similar to that of cast iron, but iron more porous than existing blast furnaces. This wheel was grinding corn in a perfect manner, and had no need, because many of its pores, to be transplanted, or even in its molding surface furrowed by grooves angular. The rides on horseback with heavy wheels were later replaced burrs arm, and so their descendants might not ignore, the Celts have written the way they do in Milizac, a village in Brittany, - to mill, grind, - to ease (ize), lighten - hack, horse - and in Millas, a large village in the Pyrenees Orientales. - To mill, grind, - ass, donkey -. The line of Meniri Goundhill does not go beyond the neck of the Sals. At this point, the curve Cromleck runs northward through the megaliths arranged on the side of Menies and back up the hill. The existing natural rocks at the top of this high place, are abruptly interrupted in their uprising, and form a very keen edge, arranged by the Celts to be included in the construction of their drunemeton. We remain amazed at the work of these men to members steel, and one wonders what were the machines that could dispose of the Gauls to lift, shape and determine the masses alike. With some Meniri, which have the traditional form of cones and pyramids, others offer as shapeless rocks, a resemblance to those of Cugulhou located to the west of Rennes, and received the same name as weird Cugulhou, - to cock, bend, - ugly (eugli) deformed - to hew (Hiou), cut -.The east side of the Cromleck is greater than three points Cugulhou, the Fajole and Montferrand, joining the Col de Bazel adjacent to Cardou. All the stones to the formerly erected Fajole are now reversed, and look like glacial erratics, if sharp edges of the stones did not show clearly their original destination. These stones were too close to the village houses and Celtic that could leave them up because they were placed above the Bugat, part of the Gaulish village inhabited by the poorest people. A small cave or cavern is fairly close to the Fajole Meniri reversed: it is located to the north and looks Montferrand - to AHF (FADJI) agree - hole, hollow, cave, small housing -.Latest Meniri completing Cromleck on the eastern side, are on the ridge whose highest part supported the fortified castle of Montferrand. Stones, hewn from the angle determined by the slope of the rock mass uprising, there are many. Besides, all this part of the mountain to the creek Coural is full of these large stones, some still raised, others lying miserably on the ground. This land is known of the Cross .- Cross, Cross -.the edge of the crosses were burned. Unfortunately, the owners neighbors have gathered a huge pile of stones forming a wall, and it has been impossible to discover. This imperfect description will suffice, at least we hope to capture the respective position of forming the vast myriad Meniri Cromleck Rennes les Bains. Cromleck A second, to a lesser extent, is locked into the one we have tried to trace. Starting from the hamlet of the Circle, about the middle of the mountainside, it follows the creek until Illetes Trinque bottle, then emerges on the slope of Serbaïrou the earliest of rivers Blanque and Sals, resumes at Roukats ending in front of the hamlet's Circle, its point of departure. One might rightly wonder not meet any of these Celtic monuments dolmen. We found seven and five on the slopes of Serbaïrou, and two Roukats. The most remarkable is located opposite the Borde Neuve, near a large square stone, strangely poised on a rock. This dolmen, closed at one end, offers the image of a cave. Putting themselves on the path to Sougraigne, the eye easily distinguishes the structure of all its parts. Absolutely at the top, directly above the dolmen, a rock ridge bears a Greek cross engraved in stone: it is the largest of all those given to us to recognize. In approaching the old path Bugarach at the same height as that of the dolmen, a huge rock is decorated with a fairly strong with the stone round bread. II SERVICE OF RELIGIOUS Cromleck, Meniri OF, AND DOLMENS ROESELARE . The circles drawn by the stones, the Celts had a profoundly religious. Druids, as the ancient philosophers, the circular figure looked like the most perfect: it was their divine perfection, immense, infinite, having neither beginning nor end. Zeno taught that God was spherical, that is to say perfect, and if recommended award of Empedocles, that God is incomprehensible and intellectual sphere whose center is everywhere and circumference nowhere, does nothing but excellence and perfection of God's infinite. King David exclaims in the same vein: "The Lord is great and above all praise: there is no end to his greatness. "(1) The symbolism of the circle was not, as can be seen, especially the Celts. It must be said however that he was familiar, as evidenced by Cromleck prevalent in all countries inhabited by our ancestors. Cromleck The center of Rennes-les-Bains is the place appointed by the Gauls themselves The Circle - to circle (cerkl ') surround, surround - the focal point of Cromleck Redones, and thus containing a small circle within a larger, Druids wanted to express the clear idea that they possessed a single God and existing in human beings. God is Being itself in essence, it is in all things in the most intimate, as is the cause of all that exists. The created world is represented here by the small circle enclosed in a larger, and this great circle with its spherical shape, has in mind the essential idea of perfection God, in whom all things live and move, which contains all things and exists in them, not as part of their essence or accident, but as an agent is to be present on which he acts and he reached for his virtue. It is not surprising beyond measure that the Celts had very extensive religious knowledge, they had brought from the East the most accurate notions on the Divine Being, and they fixed in the ground using stones, their thought and belief in God, in whom everything lives and moves on God to men by distributing its generous welfare, the staple food of the living body, wheat and bread. That is indicated by the Meniri and dolmens that enter into the formation of stone circles, of Cromleck. Cromleck in Rennes-les-Bains, we see two stones also appear shaky or Roeselare. This is the sign of the power of God judging and governing his creatures. Men can not escape in no time at this divine authority, whether it provides rewards or she exercises the rights of a vengeful justice. He never entered the minds of any people to deny this action of God the Creator governs his creatures as the Celts being of all people except the old people Hebrew, who had preserved its traditions in the purest doctrine, they should carefully keep this essential truth of God's government over mankind. All this knowledge is primitive, later, driving home because of their revolt gradual cons about teaching, that of the Druids, and when, as a result of this revolt, the unit of government and leadership no longer existed among the tribes, the dominance of the Roman Republic was established by weapons in the midst of this proud nation, and worse, by multiplying his religious cult already altered people's idolatrous errors conqueror. Pagan ideas, the fruit trade with foreigners, had almost destroyed the ancient druidic teachings, and had led the people to respect idolatrous against Meniri and dolmens, of which only included more high sense, and this is what has forced the early Christian missionaries to reverse all these stones, and engrave deeply on these big rocks crosses, a sign of the redemption of mankind by a God Savior. We don has not forgotten the literal meaning of Meniri, dolmen, roll and Cromleck. The interpretation of these names pushes far the idea of a regular burial in dolmens and at the foot of Meniri, or even the belief uncertain human sacrifices offered on the tables of stone. III Human sacrifice in Gaul. Caesar, in his comments, (1 ) asserts, without determining time, that human sacrifices took place in Gaul. "Druids, he says, president of sacred things, offer the public and private sacrifices, they interpret religious doctrines ... they shall issue the rewards and inflict punishments, they exclude from participation in those sacrifices, simple individuals or public figures refuse to submit to their judgments. This penalty is for the Gauls most serious of all: those to whom it is imposed, are ranked among the wicked and defiled: it prevents their conversation and their presence: it puts them outside the rights of common justice, and they no longer receive honor. " In these words, yet nothing reveals the practice of human sacrifice, and we understand that it is first question of animal sacrifices in use worldwide. Caesar followed this narrative, the description of oral teaching of the Druids, then it reports that the order of knights or lords Celtic was entirely devoted to war, and that the number of their vassals was related to wealth more or less considerable lords. Only then he adds: "The whole Gallic nation is very superstitious: and for this reason, those with severe disease, exposed to the hazards of combat and other perils, or immolate men as victims, or vow to slay: they use Department of Druids for their sacrifices, they feel they can propitiate the gods, that by giving life to a man for the life of a man, and they have publicly instituted sacrifices of this kind . They fill with living men of huge statues of their gods, manufactured using the flexible branches of willow: it ignited and men die surrounded by flames. They think that the punishment of those who are caught in theft, robbery or some other crime, are very pleasing to the immortal: but when the culprits are missing, they also come to torment the innocent. "(1) Two very different thoughts emerged from the writings of Caesar. The Gauls were offering animal sacrifices, sacrifices surrounded by such respect, that the ban to attend the religious ceremonies was the most severe of all punishments. That was the true sacrifice public, similar to the traditional practice of nations and universal, and offered to recognize that only God the Druids and the Gauls. The authority of Neimheid with much weakened in recent times, popular superstition will, perhaps,made sacrifices institute where criminals were slain as victims. In this period of weakness, druidic order, not wanting to expose the last remnants of their influence, have not dared to resist the foolish ideas of the nation, dropped gradually in the polytheism of the Greeks by trade and Romans. It has sacrificed the criminals whose punishment was a tribute to true justice, then, the sick, the shy, naturally selfish, have abused the executions of the guilty, to vow to immolate human victims,where public justice is unable through lack of criminals, put itself into practice immolation. These sacrifices, born of ignorance of the people, the weakening of the authority of Neimheid and attendance of foreigners, have formed perhaps the special sacrifices. But it should point to think that all criminals and perished in flames, and even Strabo tells us that ordinary criminals were hurled from the rocks above. The assertion of the geographer writing after Caesar, testifies to the rarity, or rather the non-existence of human sacrifice. We can notice in this regard, that Tectosages Rhine, the Danube Tectosages, the Gauls and Galatians Sordiques Asia have never sacrificed human victims. Caesar says the belief that the misinterpretation would cause these abominable practices, "They say," he said, that one can propitiate the gods by giving life to a man for the life of a man . The Roman general, more concerned with himself and his military glory than the religious teachings of the Druids, says, without noticing otherwise, a belief he does not understand the depth of. Ourselves accustomed to watching our ancestors as ignorant savages, because we did not even examine the monunments they have left us, we are astonished at this speech of Caesar and the Gauls this mysterious doctrine, arguing that the life a man must redeem the life of man to fully satisfy divine justice. The world has always been imbued with these truths, however, "that man is degraded and guilty," one of humanity satisaction Divine justice is absolutely necessary, "a man pay back the merits of his atonement on the head of his brethren" That's life of humanity redeemed by the life of a man, and heard in this sense, the words of Caesar express the secular tradition of the redemption of mankind through the blood tradition that the Celts had brought from the East. "Gender human could guess by itself that the blood he needed, was that of a Dying Savior, because he did not suspect the immensity of the fall and the immensity of love repairman. "The real" altar was erected in Jerusalem, and the blood of the victim has bathed the universe "(1) The doctrine of the Druids on the redemption of humanity through the blood distorted by Caesar, had of Neimheid, it is certain that if the error had come from the body Druidic practice of human sacrifice would have been engraved in Celtic names like other beliefs received. Even in times of decadence, the Neimheid never ceased his work, imposing new names in connection with the knowledge or mistakes made by foreigners, and yet the learned society, drawing on the genuine traditions, refused to write these sacrilegious abominations on earth Gallic. We vainly sought in the composition of all the Celtic words it was possible to know, evidence likely, any probability of the truth of stories about the sacrifices of Caesar humans in Gaul, but our attempts Neimheid persuade us that has not left to posterity the memory of these abhorrent practices that may not exist, or were based on the popular error and not on the truths possessed and transmitted in their entirety. The punishment usually reserved for criminals, is written on the ground Celtic, and we find ourselves in the Fangallots term designating a property located in Rennes-les-Bains, in the steep which is at the bottom of the spa's built-Soft Bath. Fangallots means disappear from the gallows - to faint (slot), disappear - gallows (galleuce), gallows, gallows. - The descendants of Tectosages, keeping the Gallic customs, have always used the gallows against criminals, and Even today, hanging is the Anglo-Saxons, the only practical way for the punishment of criminals sentenced by the courts and sentenced to death. IV THE STONE OF HOLE OR CELTIC AXE. Large stones erected throughout Gaul, contained a religious sense of undeniable truth. They were symbols of pure religious knowledge by evoking the memory of that God creates the world, ordered the earth to produce the grain of wheat, which is fed its privileged creature, by his providence vigilant distributes the goods necessary for human The government and the governed by the laws of infinite justice. If the religious system of Gauls was merely the knowledge of a creator God and profitable, without deducting any practical consequence for the actions of everyday life,it would not be complete. The Druids were too educated to ignore or overshadow the conclusions consistent with the principles issued. They also have short, somehow, the harsh consequences of their doctrine in the meaning imposed on the polished stone. The polished Celtic stone axe , made of jade, serpentine, or diorite, takes various forms. In the Languedoc dialect it is called the stone hole. It represents what to believe, that is to say, the necessary lessons inscribed in large stones - to trow (ORT), believing -. Hole stone figure with honor on the mantelpieces in the homes of our mountains. A vague religious idea still attaches to this stone, in the minds of some, it preserves the lightning, others incline to believe it excludes certain misfortunes. These fantasies are different, in fact, a faithful remnant of the original meaning of the stone hole. The polished stones found in abundance in the Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains and deposited at the Museum of Narbonne, are usually made of jade and present always an edge blunted. The flints are not estimated in our mountains, except as fit for stones shoot sparks and ignite the fire. We have in our possession a flint fourteen inches long and three centimeters wide, with numerous indentations on the edges, found in the field of Hauma-moor, near the site of an ancient Gallic house. That is not for us, a stone hole. polished jade stones, not very well known everywhere, it is quite possible that the religious idea attached to the stone hole has also affected the simple flint cut, which, in turn, would have been still in mind the core religious beliefs. This thought is suggested by the discovery Pressigny-le-Grand, Department of Indreet-Loire, the manufacturing center of Flint. This discovery is due to Dr. Leveille, local doctor. (1) "Indeed," writes Louis Figuier is less than a manufacturing center following workshops scattered throughout the region circumjacent Pressigny. At the time of this discovery in 1864, flints were thousands at the soil surface in the thickness of topsoil, over a range of five to six acres Abbe Chevalier, reporting on this curious discovery to the Academy of Sciences in Paris, wrote: "You can take a step without stepping on one of these objects." Workshops of Grand Pressigny have a large enough variety of instruments. It shows axes at all levels of implementation, since the draft until the crudest weapon perfectly polished. We also see long bursts, or flint knives, removed at once with surprising skill. A strange objection was raised against the length of axes, knives and weapons of Pressigny. Mr. Robert Eugene argued that these flints were anything other than siliceous masses who served at the end of the last century, and especially at the beginning of this century, the manufacture of gun flints! Abbe Bourgeois, M. Penguilly the Haridon and John Evans have had little difficulty in showing how little basis for such criticism. In the department of Loir-et-Cher, where the industry is still flinty, the residue from the manufacture do not resemble in any way to Pressigny nuclei and are much less bulky and do not exhibit the same forms constant and regular. In addition, they are never re-cut on "Edges, like a large number of fragments workshops Touraine. But a very compelling argument is that the flint Pressigny-le-Grand, precisely because of its texture, would be unsuitable for manufacturing flints. Also the archives of the artillery depot, as noted by Mr. Penguilly the Haridon, librarian of the Museum of Artillery, did not they mention that the locality of Pressigny has never been exploited for this purpose. This last remark by Louis Figuier prevents assigned to Flint Pressigny the Great vulgar use of a flint. What was their purpose? What was their purpose? Note that these were manufactured in Flint Turones, and the very name of this tribe - round trip - hone, stone - says they were already cut by a given shape and in order to take them with Travel in itself. Nevertheless, the word Turones not disclose why the flint of Touraine were to enter the crew of the passenger. Pressigny The town, which popular tradition has attached a sense of grandeur seemed absolutely out of question, naming Pressigny-le-Grand, the resort of Pressigny we say, declare openly that do not express Turones, ie, that the stone cut trips made Pressigny represents, signifies the prayer request and s 'raising to the heights of heaven - to pray (pre), request, request - to sign, represent, signify, - high (hated), above, high -. The Flint Pressigny-le-Grand, as well as our polished jade stones, excellently deserved the name Hole stone or stones of belief, because they contained in their meaning the most essential act of religion by which man recognizes his entire dependence of God, the Sovereign Ruler It was not enough to believe the Gauls the immutable truth would shatter their belief in the external actions of life, addressing the prayer to his eternal principle. The Celts would not have always and in all countries, before their eyes, large stones to excite their desire for recognition to the Creator, bringing them to seek and to thank, while stones Hole, a harbor easy, warned persistently religious duties to perform, of divine assistance to be implored incessantly, especially in travel full of adventures and dangers they liked to take.It is hardly surprising that prayer has formed as the central point of religion among the Celts, since it is an act of practical reason and consequently, the characteristic of the reasonable man. Druids prided themselves on science and logic in their teaching, and did not hesitate to put their actions in harmony with the established principles of their religious philosophy and traditional truths. The presence of flint and polished stones in the tombs of the Celts , fully confirms the religious idea attached to stones hole. In the peninsula of Tombelle Rhuis (Morbihan), alongside a human skeleton, probably that of an arch-druid, and under the stones of a dolmen was collected thirty polished jade stones. We can, on this, invoke a very interesting passage of Memory Leguay on Parisii Burial, Memorial City by Louis Figuier. (1) "All of these stones," says Leguay, common to all three types of burials were for me a votive allocation, ie they represent, for that time, the crowns of immortal or other objects even today we are introducing the graves of our parents and our friends, according to a use that is lost in the mists of time. And we do not laugh too much of this idea that I think is fair enough. Men can change, they may disappear, but they always pass to their successors, to those who follow the customs of their times, which are changing at the same time disappear causes that produced them. It is not the end of the man who does not change, and that always comes with its attendant sorrows and regrets. At any time whatsoever, to any degree of civilization he arrived, he feels the urge to show his regret, and if today some money just to express our own, those distant times each shaping its offering, carving a flint, and was himself.This explains the diversity of shapes of flint and placed around the graves, especially the hardiness of many parts, all manufactured with the same subject matter, reveal a unique way, variously practiced by many hands more or less performed. It was probably this idea that we must attribute the votive deposit in the burials,these beautiful pieces that adorn the collections only major axes cut raw, and knives of the second period, are in the third period, replaced by polished axes, often with handles, as well as knives much more great and worked better. These explanations Leguay are truly remarkable. For us, we go much further into the meaning of the stones cut or polished in Celtic tombs. In our eyes, Pressigny flint and stone polished hole, placed in a mound beside human remains highly proclaim unshakable belief of the Gauls, the immortality of the soul, and excellence of the prayer God for those who preceded them in eternity. V SERVICE SECONDARY stones. THE EUBATES. The Celtic standing stones have yet another secondary meaning that we have already stated, and it is worth remembering.The priestly order of Druids was invested with important functions, and its members filled them as ministers and representatives of God among men. "The Druids, Caesar says, ministers of the divine, president of public and private sacrifices, interpret religious doctrines and retain the deposit. "(1) In their capacity as scholars, as part of Neimheid, they were responsible to find, imagine the most accurate descriptions and apply them to all parts of the Gallic soil. To govern and to administer justice, were their most difficult homework, and loose stone, roll, beautifully balanced and placed on all points of the Celtic country, is their government, their exact and impartial justice, not allowing himself never influence or corrupt in his actions and decisions.But their most laborious was to ensure the people's staple food, wheat and bread, and under-Feid Neimheid, Meniri, dolmen and Cromleck, all relate to this charge of their department. The Celts were so accustomed to see their spiritual leaders, the Druids, their distribution that food, that when Christianity was brought to Gaul, Christian bishops found themselves responsible for virtually the same function, so changing spiritual leaders, the people did not change their habits. Besides, the Druids, already educated by their strong traditions of the fundamental truths of the true religion, were the first to embrace Christianity, whose doctrines were complementary to the truths they had preserved intact, and came as a result of their conversion into the Christian sacerdotal order, they liked to keep their functions distributors of wheat, which allied itself so well with the precepts of the Gospel of charity. In their new position of Christian pastors, they even kept the vestments they wore previously, that is to say, the white robe and headdress known as the Eastern miter. It is quite interesting to find the miter under the name of Eubates worn by the Druids, when they presided over religious ceremonies - up (eup), above, - hat, headdress -. The Department of the Druids among the populations was so overloaded with heavy work, they were obliged to ensure the food body, the duties of justice, education religious and propagation of natural science. All their lessons were formulated in oral and worms that reached the number of twenty thousand. Also, their followers were forced to spend many years with them, to acquire the full knowledge that they were custodians. Many authors believe that it was twenty years of continuous studies to come to possess the whole druidic science. VI THE ART OF HEALING IN THE DRUIDS. - THE WATER AND MINERAL SPA OF RENNES-LES - BAINS. - THE COLD iron springs Cromleck Dion Chrysostom attributes to Druids the science of healing arts; this art, "said another author, was not much in the prescription of some baths, and Pliny described complacently names of medicinal plants which Celts were using, with the bizarre practices used to collect them. One can readily admit that the Druids knew the art of healing, and the bathroom were auxiliaries of the safest and best. It is quite remarkable, the speaker of Cromleck Rennes-les- Bains, encloses all the mineral springs, hot and cold the country. The Celts had been happy to meet any one country, lending itself perfectly to the construction of a Celtic monument complete in all its faces. What faith, what symbolism veiled these secret springs of water, maintaining at all times their volume , temperature, and escaping without a sound from the bowels of the earth? Was this the picture that favors continuing the generous pours Providence on these creatures, or else, having represented by standing stones, dolmens and Meniri, the essential gifts of wheat and bread God gave them to appease hunger, Celts voulaitils show their gratitude that the Lord also gave water fountains clean and clear, designed to quench the thirst? The stone wall surrounding the mineral springs, she indicated that God, nourishing its people, still awake to the relief and healing of bodily ailments by the beneficial properties contained in these waters?It is difficult to say with certainty. However, we are far from attributing to primitive Celts occupation of Gaul, this veneration for fountains idolatrous, that alone could have the Gauls of decadence, deceived by the doctrines of the pagan Greek and Phoenician merchants. Fountains enclosed in the enclosure of Cromleck are very numerous: three hot to varying degrees of temperature. The source said the Bath-Fort, has a temperature of 51 degrees centigrade, while the other two, called the Queen and the Bain-Sweet, reach + 41 and + 40 degrees centigrade.It is easy to appreciate the extreme depth of the trap leading to the surface the water mineralization and the high degrees of heat. It is generally known that the temperature varies in a manner very sensitive to the interior of the earth, according to the different depths that can be achieved. Taking as its starting point the cellars of the Paris Observatory, who at twenty-eight meters below ground, where the thermometer registered 11 degrees centigrade + constant, we find an average one degree more of heat for every thirty meters deep, penetrating deeper into the interior of the earth. The water-bath Fort marking + 51 degrees centigrade, which reduce to 40, since we must subtract the constant one degrees by the thermometer marked twenty-eight feet below ground, in the cellars of the Paris Observatory, the point of extreme depth the trap would be about twelve hundred and thirty meters, excluding however any waste heat produced by secondary and incidental causes. As for the sources of the queen and the Bath-Sweet, their degree of temperature accuse nine hundred and thirty nine hundred meters deep. These hot springs are principles mineralizing iron oxide, carbonates of lime, magnesia, chloride of soda, magnesia, and sulphate of soda, magnesia, lime and iron. We, moreover, under the eyes, as a mere curiosity, the array of tests taken at the Academy of Medicine in Paris in 1839. AMOUNTS OF SALT FOR CHEMICAL MINERAL WATER 1.000 GRAMS. Bathroom Fort. Queen's Bath. Soft Bath. Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . 51 ° c. 41 ° c. 40 ° c. carbonic acid. . . . . . . 162 cc 155 cc 148 cc Hydrogen sulphide. . . . . . "Traces of lime carbonate. . . . . . 0 gr. 250 0 gr. 120 0 gr. 140 - magnesia. . . . . . 0, 070 0, 100 0, 030 Sodium chloride. . . . . . 0, 071 0, 285 0, 181 -, potassium. . . . . . Traces. Traces. Traces. - Magnesium. . . . . 0, 280 0, 320 0, 244 Sulphate of soda and magnesia.. . . . . . . . . . . . 0, 090 0, 200 0, 120 - Lime. . . . . . . . . 0, 162 0, 170 0, 180 Silica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alumina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0, 049 0, 040 0, 037, phosphates of lime and alumina. . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbonate and iron oxide probably crenata. . . . 0, 031 0, 006 0, 002 Manganese. . . . . . . . . . . . Traces. Traces. Traces. Organic matter. . . . . . . 0, 040 0, 020 0, 020 Total. . . . . . . 1 gr. 043 1 gr. 261 0 gr. 954
This analysis, by revealing the principles of thermal waters ferruginous ore Rennes, she says the effects will occur as a result of their use? Certainly not. Extracted by analyzing the elements of water, but it took, using reagents, separate, separate them, force them to take combinations that are known and they can easily distinguish. Before their forced separation , she was the true combination of acids and bases in these mineral waters, which gave them the secret principle effectiveness noticed in them? It seems impossible that the definite. We can only make guesses and assumptions that the effects will often contradict. The observation of results achieved by the use Water is a guide to safer and more accurate, which we must rely with some confidence. It also results in curing rheumatism, that the thermal waters of Rennes-les-Bains attract so many patients each year. Without doubt, many other human infirmities may disappear under the influence of these healing waters, but in general, we see rushing of rheumatic at all levels and in all forms affected by muscle and joint rheumatism.This quality, this property of thermal and mineral water trapped in the Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains, she was known to scholars of Neimheid? What could be the source in this busy time? Escatados the term, applied to land between Bath and the Bath-Sweet-Fort tells us nothing certain, because this word means only warm water. The name of the Queen, distinguishing the hot spring located between the Fort and Bath-Bath-Sweet, might well be supposed that it was the largest source estimated the true fountain of Redon - Rennes Queen - without tell us the healing power of these waters, according to the thinking of members of Neimheid. However, we hardly admit that the effects achieved by immersion in water and mineral spa, have escaped their insight. Rheumatic pain should not be rare among the old Celtic warriors, because of their constant fatigue, because of their injuries also increased, so they did not withdraw from combat without signs of wear resistance from the enemy. Is it credible that, with a cure so effective, so as to give them new vigor by the easing of suffering, they have neglected or despised? It is unfortunate that the names of Celtic mineral springs, hot or cold, do not come down to us by tradition. Only one has been preserved, and it applies to a source of cold ferruginous Cromleck. This fountain, located on the right bank of the Blanque, is the distance of one kilometer or less south of the spa . It is referred from a few years under the name of Madeleine, but her name Celtic reproduced in the cadastre, is the fountain of Gode. The water of this spring, emerging with plenty of fault with a lower large sandstone rock, is very ferruginous, and a highly pronounced taste A few meters from the fountain, on the same plane, runs a second source, scanty and saturated with an iron salt is iron sulfate peroxide. We found this chemical salt deposited on the ground, dried by evaporation under the action of air and produced by water seeping along the sandstone rocks under which this fountain arises. These rocks contain abundant sandstone plots iron sulfide. It is easy to see the work of decomposition of iron sulfide, a large rock whose base immersed in water of Blanque, and located on the right side of the fountain. In some respects, the rock splits easily by A few meters from the fountain, on the same plane, runs a second source, scanty and saturated with an iron salt is iron sulfate peroxide. We found this chemical salt deposited on the ground, dried by evaporation under the action of air and produced by water seeping along the sandstone rocks under which this fountain arises. These rocks contain abundant sandstone plots iron sulfide. It is easy to see the work of decomposition of iron sulfide, a large rock whose base immersed in water of Blanque, and located on the right side of the fountain. In some respects, the rock splits easily by A few meters from the fountain, on the same plane, runs a second source, scanty and saturated with an iron salt is iron sulfate peroxide. We found this chemical salt deposited on the ground, dried by evaporation under the action of air and produced by water seeping along the sandstone rocks under which this fountain arises. These rocks contain abundant sandstone plots iron sulfide. It is easy to see the work of decomposition of iron sulfide, a large rock whose base immersed in water of Blanque, and located on the right side of the fountain. In some respects, the rock splits easily by scales, and we see the iron sulphide in ferric sulphate changed from a beautiful green color, on other points, we still see the iron sulfate peroxide already formed, with the appearance of a coarsely crystalline white salt . These two were cold iron springs Celts called Gode - to goad (god), goad, incite, animate -. When giving a mineralized water by iron, such a name is that properties are well known, and we know without a doubt, in which specific cases of illness, must have use this water to goad, incite, animate the whole economy. One can not sufficiently regret that the names of sources du Pont Circle and warm waters, are completely lost: they would have surely known about the degree of medical science of the Druids, as regards the therapeutic waters of the two Fountains of Madeleine or Gode have not yet been analyzed. They are much closer to the kind and the Pont Circle, which follows the analysis at the Academy of Medicine in Paris in 1839. CIRCLE. PONT. Carbonic acid ...... Undetermined. undetermined. Carbonate of lime ...... 0 gr. 060 0 gr. 140 - magnesia ...... "" 0, 070 Sodium chloride ...... 0, 050 0, 060 - magnesium ...... 0, 140 0, 150 Sulphate of soda and magnesia ... 0, 100 0, 120 Sulphate of lime ...... 0, 084 0, 025 - Iron ...... 0, 150 »» Phosphate of alumina and lime ...... ..... 0, 017 0, 050 iron oxide and carbonate probably crenata ...... 0, 002 0, 003 organic matter ...... Undetermined. 0, 003 Total ...... 0 gr. 603 0 gr. 648 This table is ample information on the composition of cold water, and suspect that the activity they must have in several cases where people are known to use them. On the occasion of fountains Cromleck Rennes les Bains We would like to give, in a very different vein, a striking example of the advantage we offer valuable names. Celtic Springs, to discover many facts lost tradition of darkness and hidden in local histories. VII FOUNTAIN OF OUR LADY OF Marceil. We are fortunate to have in our region, one kilometer north of Limoux a shrine to the Blessed Virgin, visited assiduously, and surrounded by a reverence that has never wavered. Very near the banks of the River Aude with calm waters, and placed on a hillside overlooking the valley, the shrine strikes the eye that easily binds with complacency on this blessed place, where the sweet Mother of the Saviour and distributes its consolations assistance to all the worshipers of His Son, running beside her asking and begging. Supplications were never empty, and exvoto hanging around the venerated image, testify to the joy and gratitude of the unfortunate who received the favors requested. The shrine is guarded by the children of St. Vincent de Paul the saint whose heart belonged to orphans and the needy, and under the direction of these pious and learned missionaries, worthy inheritors of the virtues and charity of their founder Blessed, the temple has seen a privileged crowd, larger than ever, kneel and pray in the sacred precincts. A short distance up the ramp (1) leafy green leading to the shrine, leaving a fountain dripping clear water in a marble basin. By heavy rains, the water drop continues to fall with consistency, and times of great drought dried up the only point. The countless Christians who will pay homage to the Blessed Virgin, stop for a moment at the fountain, and after a prayer, draw a few drops of water that they wet their eyes. Why are they doing? Most do not know, but the mother teaches her son, and those they send their children to the pious practice used at the fountain of Our Lady of Marceille. Thus it refers to the fountain, the old chroniclers, however, are known as Fountain of Our Lady of Marsilla. At the time of the first occupation of Gaul,this fountain, flowing drip, had to make the ground muddy, and then filled with reeds and grass that found in all moist soils: that was what the Celts called the Hauma-moor , a term they have written on all points of the Gallic countries, wherever their eyes showed a more or less marshy ground. The small source, unnamed as all those whose water is too scarce to form a small creek, barely enough to make a lot Hauma-moor, however, traced to their mind a precise meaning and venerable. Later, when the Gauls, gradually losing their pure belief in the disastrous influence of foreigners, had fallen into the cult idolatrous, they began to love what was once just reverence, especially the fountains, which were making their eyes obscured the attributes of a beneficent Providence.The first Christian missionaries, including difficulty defeat away from the heart of this people idolatrous veneration for fountains, did what they had done for Meniri on which they had carved the sign of redemption. They placed among sources, crosses, statues of the Blessed Virgin thus seeking to make the purity beliefs by enlightening minds. Marceille The fountain had to, like others, be adorned with a statue of the Blessed Virgin. Is this the one that lost in the turmoil of the Saracen invasions, was later found and placed with honor in the sanctuary for the receivable? That seems likely. This image of the Virgin Mary, holding in her arms her divine Son and carved into a black wood from its eastern states: its position with a fountain, and it is in a nearby field of the little spring that was found, we designate the early days of Christianity in Gaul. These probabilities take an even more serious if we seek to penetrate the meaning of the name of Our Lady of Marceille or Marsilla. The new Christians, trusting in the kindness of the Mother of the Lord Jesus will come to ask, kneeling at the feet of his image placed near the fountain, the cure or alleviation of their suffering injury, and the Gauls, have expressed in the word Marsilla the sum of the most common favors obtained from the goodness of the Blessed Virgin: it was for them Our Lady of Marsilla, or eyes spoiled, damaged and closed by the disease - To mar, spoil, damage, - to seel (Brazil), close your eyes -. Ignorance of the pronunciation of words Celtic could only lead, in the course of time, say marseel (Marceille) for Marsil. We could also mention the name of another sanctuary of our shores, near Caunes and called Notre Dame du Cros. Again, above the beautiful fountain gushing at the foot of the mountain, it was marked with a cross - cross, crosses -. A statue of the Blessed Virgin was later replaced the cross beside the fountain, and the shrine built at a little distance, has received the name of Notre Dame du Cros or Our Lady of the Cross. VIII AND SALT RIVER FOSSIL MOLLUSCS. fountains enclosed in Cromleck of Redones could not aspire, like Marseilles, to the honor of seeing a large sanctuary with them, and the healing powers of its waters was quite natural. Their reputation was however a great extent, since the Greek and Latin geographers, speaking of the Narbonne Gaul, never fail to point out in this region a very salty fountain. Catel Wilhelm in his memoirs, wonders if this is indeed the fountain that empties into the lake of Leucate. "From Leucate, he says, just great quantity of large eels that are sold by the Languedoc, called eels Leucate, I do not think that this place yet found in searching the fields land, fish that old fossil called Pisces, however, that several authors have noticed as Mela, Strabo, Athenaeus in Book Eight, for me being informed that of the country, they told me not to have seen, the earth had dried due to extreme heat.The reluctance of William of Catel IS Quite Legitimate, sincere it is Not The Fountain of Salsa, close to the Lake of Leucate, Which must enforce compliance of the Ancient geographers, But The Sals, salty river crosses Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains. The Valley of the Sals Indeed Shellfish and contains fossil polyps in prodigious numbers, and Malthus We Can Understand That The Salt Fountain Cited by geographers In The Region pisces fossils, Is The River In The Sals current Cromleck Surrounding icts dolmens and Meniri thermal and mineral waters of Rennes-les-Bains. At the time of Strabo (20 AD) and Pomponius Mela (43 AD), wrote their treatises on geography, south of Gaul was part of the Roman Empire as the Provincia, and mineral waters of Redones were heavily used by the conquerors, which explains how these geographers spoke of fossils found on the banks of Salt River. IX the sacred mistletoe. Treatment certain diseases by the waters of Redones was too simple and too easy to not being familiar to the Druids. Scientific knowledge of Druidic included remedies related to the limited number of infirmities of men full of vigor and health, and the baths were a valuable resource for them, which certainly they used intelligently. Nevertheless, the baths would not have been, for the Druids, a good remedy in use, whether to give credence to the writings of Pliny,which implies their little medical science to believe they would be right for all human diseases through the simple use of mistletoe, omnia sanantem. (1) Mistletoe, keeping the heart of winter's dark green leaves, while trees are bare, it was just in the eyes of the Druids the symbol of the immortality of the soul and future life, or had it really in their minds some efficacy for curing diseases? His Celtic name we learn, while rejecting the findings ventured far and singular of the Latin writers.It was usually in February that the Druids were in the research. At the news that the precious plant was struck eyes the people came in crowds into the forest surrounding the tree is preferred to keep vigilant, and the sixth day of the moon of Mars, (the sixth day of the moon March opening ever month, year and century) a druid in a white dress cut with a pruning knife of gold, the sacred plant, lest he should touch the ground while falling and was not contaminated by contact layman. The ceremony was reproduced in each tribe.The old custom of running the streets, the first day of the year, the cry of the mistletoe the new year, was connected with the worship of the Gauls. "(1) So they sacrificed victims (two white bulls), praying to God to make its present beneficial to those who have the advantage of possessing (2) The feast began then, and the rest of the day was devoted to revelry "We find," said Abbe Monlezun, (3) part of this ancient use in the district of Lectoure. Only, crossing times and Christian countries, he had s'empreindre Christianity. Few days before Christmas, young people come during the night before each house, singing Aguillouné, the mistletoe the new year. "The celebration of the aguillouné occur also in Provence and mingle in the festival of Christmas. England on Christmas day (Christmas) presents all the famous plum pudding tables decorated with a sprig of mistletoe. In Britain, the famous cry was eguinané which is synonymous with gifts, because it is signal distribution of gifts. (4) "This cry,"Henri Martin (1) was kept with the same sense in parts of France where the Celtic language disappeared for many centuries. M. Augustin Thierry told us at Blois, he still heard the children name the aguilanlé a holiday where they search for coins on an apple stuck on the end of a wand enrubanée. "According to the author of Latter Britons, or rather Eguinané enghin- year-eit, mean wheat germ. The term aguilanlé, heard to Blois has no idea in mind, while aguillouné sung Lectoure gives us, despite a slight change in pronunciation, the true expression of which is used by our Celtic ancestors.Mistletoe is a parasitic plant Viscum named by the Latins and mistletoe (mizzlto) by the Anglo-Saxons. Gui is only part of the word aguillouné, and in this last expression is enclosed all beliefs of the Druids on the virtues of this plant famous. They attributed it wrongly or rightly, the ability to prevent or cure the ague, and the precious quality of the surround was a special favor. Aguillouné breaks down as follows: - ague (Éguiou), intermittent fever, - nay (born), no negative adverb - éguiouné -. According to this interpretation, the mistletoe was a condom absolute intermittent fever, and it was used as an infusion in water, herbal tea, no doubt, greatly extended. Mistletoe does not freed from all evils, as advance Pliny, but only a singularly dreadful disease for the Gauls, for the hardships of war prepared, so to speak, their bodies in the invasion of intermittent fever. Thanks to the support enjoyed by this plant, and this favor was perhaps not undeserved, we preserved the syllable éguiouné means mistletoe mistletoe from the Celts today.Allow us to make a simple observation that Pliny tells everything about the sacred mistletoe. This author, very concerned about the Greek word meaning the thick oak where it was probably derived the name of Druids, sees that all the oaks in Druid ceremonies. Druids are the men of the oak, their sacrifices are carried out under the branches of this tree, except in countries where the oaks are replaced by trees or beech, and the mistletoe must absolutely grow on an oak tree, though nobody, not even Decandolle the famous botanist, has never been able to discover.In addition, the relationship of Pliny the viscum faces a physical impossibility. Since this plant delivered from all evil, and a plant of mistletoe growing on oak was such a rarity, we instituted the public celebrations and sacrifices for the collection day of this extraordinary mistletoe, that It was also found in every tribe, because in each place had the same ceremonies, the Celts were inevitably doomed never to be cured of their diseases; course, a single plant of mistletoe by tribe, was not enough for the millions of inhabitants locked up in Gaul. It is therefore necessary to seek a further explanation of druidic rites on the mistletoe, sacred words.The ceremonies mentioned by Pliny, the festivities were reserved by the Druids to the appointed day, the sixth day of the moon of Mars. T hey thus appear to relate primarily to the opening of a new year, and second, gathering mistletoe. The Druid in white robes, which cut the mistletoe pruning its gold did nothing but give the signal for a very valuable crop, and then, could the Gauls, in the expanse of the country, look for it, gather all the trees that feed it, and make provision for the unfortunate cases where intermittent fever would seize them and reduce them to impotence the most distressing. This interpretation is losing its sacred character to mistletoe, but it retains the virtue that the Gauls attributed to its infusion for healing or maintenance of intermittent fever. We don ' look at it, if medical science of the Druids was in default, when dealing with intermittent fever sticky liqueur obtained by the mistletoe long soak in water, we just see that this plant was not known, as Pliny says, a universal panacea, and that the Druids knew very well apply to a particular disease a particular remedy, opposing the mistletoe to intermittent fever, and baths with other diseases as fearsome. CHAPTER VIII. DWELLINGS CELTIC - THE ROAD TO CART. In the seaside town of Rennes, the hot spring, which the Celts were the most used is that of the Queen or Rennes. By following the chain of tradition on the effectiveness of Redones waters, the Romans felt they had to build their baths from this source, and then constructs gorgeous, he still remains, rose in the valley the Sals. Long before the possession of the country by the Romans, the Gauls were not home, like today, grouped close Hot Springs, and were built on the slope appointed Artigues - hearth (Harth), home - to eke (ike) -. The term upgrade of Tribe - Tribe (traïbe), tribe, tribe -; designating land south of Montferrand, shows that the bulk of the population lived in the valley where the stream runs Coume. Alby Brook - hall, home, - by (bai) next - which empties into that of Coume, crossed the Gallic village. The Celts took advantage of the steepness of slopes in part to build their houses in the soil, which they gave the round shape. They were, say the authors, very spacious, built of wood and mud, thatched with straw or chopped and steeped in clays. It is possible that the poorest houses were well covered, but it is difficult to believe that the Gauls might know only point the use of tiles, which they left us in the name rajol - rash, rash, and Languedoc dialect, flow - hole, small apartment - which today means the brick. Artigues All Around and above the Bugat, some of the ground is called scarrajols - square (skouère), square, - rash, runny - Lobby (Haulli), house -. It is there, the tile square brackets, which is in substantial quantity, at several points in the Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains. Tile channel is also seen among the debris of tiles hook. Without doubt, the point Scarajols no indication the time more or less distant when these tiles were manufactured, but why would you refuse stubbornly to the Celts the slightest degree of civilization and assign, without reason or cause, an ignorance that constantly contradicts their language? Numidians, the ratio of Sallust, they not only covered their mapalia tile channel? It matters little, moreover, that the scarrajols was a tile, or a house covered with tiles, it suffices to note that the Gauls could be used interchangeably with thatch or tiles for the flow of rainwater on the roof their homes.We arrived at the Gaulish village by road drawn at the foot of the mountain of Cardou and rises gently up across from the spa where she will arrive at the center of Artigues. This road had a width determined, as we learn the name of Col de Bazel, and trucks could reach well into the interior of the village. Constructions made of wood and clay were not, certainly, very costly, as they existed in many told. In the middle of the eastern slope of the mountain that looks Rennes-les-Bains, and a point fairly close to the hamlet of the circle, there are a large rock, cut deeply to form three sides of a square house. The terrain in which the rock is understood, is known Gléizole - clay (key), clay - to ease (ize), issue - Lobby (Haulli), house -. This house, cleared the clay commonly used in house construction Gallic, accused by its square shape the Gallo-Roman times. Northwest of Borde-Neuve, Foucilhe between the hill embarrassed - was (Feuss), embarrassment, - hill, hill - and the Roucats, the portion of land called Siala, - to see (if), see - hall, house - had no doubt, as its name indicates, some homes Celtic. The word Artigue, assigned to the houses of the Celts, still exists in the dialect of Languedoc, and when a farmer clears a portion of a timber, it says it does artigot one, although he now intends to establish a field, rather than to build a house. At the foot of the Celtic village of Artigues and near the stream of Coume, we see a circular location called Salasse - dirty, market, - axis, ax -. It was the market, the public square or were ordinary exchanges, sales and purchases of domestic trade. The Roucats - (to ronghcast) sketch - that we have cited, speaking of Siala, extends up 'to the right bank of the River Sals, Meniri is filled with blanks, tables of stone superimposed on each other, and part of the inner circle contained in the Cromleck Redones. On the banks of the Sals and the Roucats, there are a part of the path that led to Celtic Bugarach. We can easily measure the width of the road by Meniri that border again. At the point where the path along the river enters the woods Roucats, we see two rocks, placed to the right and left of the road Gallic several small Greek cross, covered with moss, and make known, Undoubtedly, the importance of many Meniri scattered on the slopes of the hill. FOOD OF THE CELTS. BEVERAGES Gauls Gauls, the report by some historians, fed on the fruits of hunting and fishing, which they added acorns and beechnuts probably beech: they cultivated wheat, when the Phoenicians' s were imported into the West. It would, we believe, impossible to prove such allegations. The Celts came from Asia Minor, where wheat, was certainly not unknown: their communications with the East were the continual flow of new tribes moving steadily toward the setting sun: the Neimheid this learned body which governed the running of Celtic migration, was entirely composed of Druids, Caesar does not invalidate what he writes: "We think Druidic institution found in the island of Britain was carried away in Gaul. "(1) Is it acceptable that integrates Neimheid, distributor of wheat, essential food, had the boldness to give Meniri, dolmens and Cromleck their names and distinctive individuals, while the Gauls had only acorns and beechnuts to replace wheat and bread? Acorns and beechnuts beech may well have been used formerly as now, food for pigs, and there's not surprising therefore, but to ensure free and without evidence, that these forest fruits entered in the ordinary food of the Celts, is to misunderstand entirely the real conditions of material life of our ancestors. We can say with certainty they cultivated wheat, since the food was being distributed impartially and kaïrolo - key (ki) key, - ear (ir), ear of wheat. - Hole, hollow, small house - the attic and maybe the underground silo or containing the precious grain, was still among the Celtic population centers. There is little, indeed, a village which has a field of this name: kaïrolo of Redones was south of Montferrand near the road leading to the creek and Coume Artigues. Wheat production was even very abundant in some privileged regions, were resorted to foreign hands in these countries to reap more expeditiously. The Redones hesitate to praise and their arms to the important work of the harvest, and the name attests Montferrand their periodic trips to this effect - to mow (mo), harvesting, - to own (on), claim, - to fare (fere), traveling, - hand, hand -.Flocks of sheep were very numerous in the village of Redones. The Campbell = to camp, stay, - bell, bell =, = to the Berke bay (be), bleating, barking, - to heark (Herk), listen = on = to graze Grauzilhou (Grez) - graze grass to graze, - hill, hill =, denote rather the presence of herds in the country. In the absence of written evidence on the ground himself, he remains in the idiom of Languedoc, a phrase stating the possession of sheep among the Gauls. The flesh of the sheep was even their most ordinary food, because hunting and fishing were not enough to feed a large population. The sheep, in the Languedoc dialect, is termed as Fedo, - to feed (fid) feed -: this food was ok, and they rated it probably chunk, because the term chick, marking the smallest dimension of a song in the same dialect, language is Celtic chick (tckick) chicken, lean portion, indeed, the appetite for these men to gigantic size. Greek mythology had noticed in Hercules, the personification of the Celtic people, some voracious eater and had known of oxen. She says that doing the Argonauts sailed to Colchis to win the fleece gold, took first Hercules with them, but when they were witnesses to his robust appetite, they forced him to abandon ship, fearing to see him eat alone, all their provisions. She also relates that the hero ate in one meal, a beef taken from a farmer. What a pitiful mine had done so in front of Hercules miserable acorns to assuage his hunger! The food of the Gauls was not to be despised their drink, and tell us their Allobroges delicacy on this point. Moreover, throughout the Celtic country, the manufacture of beverages peculiar to the country, is engraved in the name of various cities. Normandy cider does not date from yesterday, and Rotomage (Rouen) in delivery - to rot, spoil, - to owe (O), duty - to mash (mash), crush, mix, - Rotowemash -; City of Vindomage among Arécomiques Volkes, well knew how to make wine - wine (ouaïne), wine - to do (double), make - to mash, mash - and bizarre movements fullers grapes are very accurately reproduced in Sostomage (1), a small town not far from Toulouse - to Soss, waddle, - to do (double) act, to action - to mash (mash), trample, crush -The Gauls had even Languedoc pushed the art of making wine to a remarkable degree, since it was fullers grapes together as a corporation, near Carcassonne, in a city whose inhabitants still hold today the same profession . This village is called by its own inhabitants Bilomacho, - to goodwill, desire, want, - to mash (mash), crush, mix - and it is known in French as the Villemoustaussou, simple translation into the Romanesque Celtic Willmash . Ghass III THE BOAR hunting was a distraction for Celtic in relation to their physical activity, rather than an occupation necessary to provide an absolute way to their livelihood. The Gauls were using in their hunt for great hounds , needed to monitor and harass wild animals in their forests. The Coume das houn - Hound (haound) hound, hound, - and the fountain das Huni, guarantors of this assertion, are located north of the moor Hauma, very nearly two Roeselare Cromleck of Rennes-les- baths. The inhabitants of the country, somewhat Celtiberians, had not lost the habit of hunting the bear, as indicated by the clot das Hourc, very near the Borde Newfoundland, and called today Loubatière. However, this beast has become quite rare, did much the hunted favorite Celtic. Gallic preferences were reserved for wild boar, widespread across the country including hunting and Celtic had serious dangers. The boar, harmless when not attack point, becomes dangerous when it recognizes the aggressor, and turns against him furiously. The feeling of strength makes him confident, and boldly faced the danger. However, he flees when it senses the impossibility of successful resistance, reserving his revenge for when, pressed by a strong pack, he stands up,pierces its ranks and rushed to the hunter and hit his terrible battering. Despite the number of hunters, hounds and seasoned staff to the hunting of this animal, accidents have been frequent. The weapon Celtic boar hunting was the spear, and that weapon, rather short, making the hunter face to face with the beast, would expose him to all his rage. "Fouilloux of Jacques, who wrote in the sixteenth century and was a brave fighter, does not seem too reassured when dealing with the boars. It ensures that having driven a slew of itself in a few moments, forty dogs in fifty. In short, it does not advise to run a good pack of "such kinds of beasts, for, he said, if other species esgratignent or bite, there are ways to correct their bite, but the boar, s it hurt a dog's tooth to the trunk of the body, it does not cuida million escaping. And yet he adds: "If a pack of dogs is once pitched for the boar, they no longer want to run the small beasts, because they wont have to hunt around and have great sense of their beast. "(1). The Gallic predilection for hunting wild boar was known to the ancient Greeks, and according to their habit of personifying the qualities of the Gallic nation in Hercules, they have included, among the twelve labors of the hero, his battle against the boar of FYROM. What concerns about Greek mythology of Hercules is too informative not just to quote a few lines. It can be seen the unspeakable terror that inspired the Celtic nation of Greece."Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, jealous of the reputation of Hercules, the relentlessly persecuted, and was careful to provide sufficient employment outside their states to take away the means to disturb his government. He exercised his great courage in companies also delicate and dangerous: this is called the labors of Hercules. It is said that Hercules became so formidable to Eurystheus, that despite the empire he had sweats that hero, he dared not appear before him and had prepared a ton of brass for them to go hide if necessary. He made no entry in the city Hercules: he brought the monsters were left outside the walls, and Eurystheus sent him his orders by a herald. "(1).Erymanthus mountain of Arcadia, was the asylum of a boar whose fury filled him with horror the whole country. Eurystheus asked Hercules to free the country from this host feared. Hercules goes wild boar, is alive, and the load on his shoulders to bring it to Eurystheus. It receives such a fright, he will hide under its famous bronze vessel. The history of boar Erymanthus painting is fabulous hunts boar so dear to the Gauls.The Neimheid did not leave the memory in the shadow of these dangerous hunts, and all the mountains covered with deep woods, which can serve as safe retreat for wild boars, we find land called pijole or pijoulet, - pig, pork, - to Jole, hitting his head with -. The Pijole Rennes-les-Bains has a place in Serbaïrou, south of the two rocks Roeselare or trembling. Despite the strength of the Gauls, weariness and despondency invaded their strong limbs, especially when accidents increased soil in a mountainous country, added to their difficulties fatigues of a laborious hunt itself.Back home home, they took a rest absolutely essential on a pile of dried leaves which served as their bed. According to common assertions of historians, this pile of dry leaves was the only sleeper of the Celts. We dare not believe, however, that the Gauls had previously pushed their indifference to the health and vigor of the body. We know in the Canton of Limoux, a mountain grown, in part, and crossed by a road leading from the village of Saint-André chalabre decorated mountain named Matalin, - to mat, cover with mats - hall,, - to inn, housed in a hostel -. The floor of the apartment where travelers settled down to rest in the inn of Matalin, was then covered with mats. Can you imagine that this was an isolated and individual to a house built on a mountain, in a country of also very poor and infrequent travelers? It's more accurate indication of the use of mats and matting for the rest of the night in the homes of our ancestors, benches and seats leaning against walls used only for meals. The Celts, endowed with a generous nature, were not prone to theft and robbery, and they were few who were guilty of such misdeeds. Besides, justice was swift and severe, and the Fangallots Redones - to faint (slot) disappear - Gallows (Galleuce), gallows, gallows, - reminded people of the region, hanging was the just punishment of criminals .The names of various sports fields Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains, evoke the memory point of Celtic funeral, because they are already written to the country Sordes at Caucoliberis and Illiberis. Julius Caesar praises the magnificence extreme. Unadulterated belief in the truth of the immortality of the soul, drove the Celts to deploy a large pump in the religious last duties returned to their parents and their friends. They bury the dead in tombs formed of earth and stones, and high cone known as Barrow - Barrow (Barro), grave mound - IV THE ROMAN THERMAL AND SOURCE OF THE QUEEN. CROSS IN THE Cromleck OF REDON. We saw the explanation of the monuments of Celtic Redones southern Gaul, what were the religious beliefs of the Celts. When foreigners, under the veil of trade and alliance, have set foot in Gaul, these beliefs began to weaken in the minds of the population. The chiefs of various tribes, liberating us from the supreme authority of Neimheid, advanced decay, and when the nation, defeated by Caesar, is now part of the Roman Empire, ancient and pure religious beliefs taught by Druids, gave way to the idolatrous cult propagated by the victors. The temples of false gods have sullied your Celtic land, and people fell to perverted worship Teutates, Belenus and Ogmius or Oghan. We can not bring ourselves to study the names of these false gods and idolatrous beliefs of degenerate Gauls. The abyss into which they were incurred is too horrible for us to dwell on the probe. At that time miserable that preceded the arrival of the necessary and immediate Saviour awaited by the people, the true meaning and religious Cromleck disappears all the memories. The countries of southern Redones had long been part of the Provincia, and the Romans built a temple in the valley of the Sals, and the baths at the source of the Queen. A new village was built on the plateau overlooking the spa Villanova's northeast side.The Romans left many traces of their prolonged stay on Cromleck, medals and coins of gold, silver and bronze, from the triumvirate of Antony, Octavius and Lepidus, until the reign of Emperor Gratian whole amphorae, fragments of statues carved in white marble capitals and bases of columns carved inscriptions in stone consular. Redones The South has had a relatively short time in foolish superstitions of paganism. The proconsul Sergius Paulus, a disciple of the Apostle St. Paul was come to bring the Gospel to the south of Gaul and had established its headquarters in Narbonne. Christian missionaries sent by the illustrious and holy Bishop for the truth to win hearts and minds of the Gauls of Narbonne, understood, entering the Cromleck of Redon, the respect with which they surrounded the stones cut or lifted, was respect become idolatrous, and they did burn Greek crosses on all points of this circle of stones at the entrance of Cromleck, the Crosse, Roukats at Serbaïrou on the crest of the Pla de la Coste de las Brugos Cugulhou and the sunset. So at the edge of the cape of man on top of a Meniri, opposite the pagan temple converted into a Christian church later destroyed by fire, was a beautiful sculpted head Savior looking the valley, and overlooking all these monuments Celtic had lost their teachings. The cross of triumphant paganism, has not ceased to reign in the Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains, and still maintains, engraved in the hearts religious its inhabitants, the precepts of life given to the world by the Eternal Truth.
TABLE DES MATIERES ---- OBSERVATIONS PRELIMINAIRES ---- CHAPITRE PREMIER . LANGUE CELTIQUE page I. Précis de l'occupation première des Gaules... 1 II. Langue Celtique ...... ...... 5 III. Le dialecte languedocien et les Tectosages... 12 IV. Le dialecte languedocien et la vraie langue celtique ...... 17 V. Le Neimheid ...... 23 CHAPITRE II. LANGUE HEBRAIQUE I. Les noms divins ...... 27 II. Les premiers hommes. – Adam jusqu'à Noé .. 38 III. Noé et ses enfants ...... 48
IV. Abraham et les Patriaches ...... 56 V. Moïse et les Hébreux dans le désert ...... 69 VI. Josué – Jésus Sauveur. – Goliath et David. 77 CHAPITRE III. LANGUE PUNIQUE I. Afrique. – Puth. – Numides et Maures ...... 82 II. Les généraux de Carthage. – les rois Numides. 91 III. Langue Kabyle...... 98 CHAPITRE IV. FAMILLE DE JAPHETH I. Gomer et ses fils ...... 106 II. Tubal et les Ibères ...... 108 III. Langue basque ...... 112 IV. Les Cantabres. – Les Ibères. – Les kjoekken- Moeddings du Danemark...... 126 V. Les Gascons. – Les Occitani. – Les Aquitains et leurs tribus.– Auch. – Bordeaux. 137 CHAPITRE V. LANGUE CELTIQUE I. L'Armorique et ses tribus...... 150 II. Les Redones. – Les monuments celtiques.– Les Druides. III. Le Rhône. – Marseille. – Les Allobroges. – Lyon. – Les Arverni et Vercingétorix...... 174 CHAPITRE VI. LES VOLKES TECTOSAGES ET LE LANGUEDOC I. Les Volkes Tectosages et Arécomiques. – Les Belges. – La Garonne. – Toulouse. – La Gironde ...... 187 II. Le Languedoc. – Las Wisigoths et les peuples dits Barbares ...... 196 III. Les Francks. – Leur origine ...... 201 IV. Les premiers rois Franks ...... 208 V. Le roi Bébrix et Pyrène. – Hercule. – Les Sardanes. – Gaucoliberis. – Illibéris.– Les Sordes ...... 213 VI. Les Atacini. – L'Aude. – Les radeaux sur l'Aude. – Carcassonne ...... 219 CHAPITRE VII CROMLECK DE RENNES-LES-BAINS I. Description du Drunemeton ou Cromleck des Redones du sud gaulois,– ménirs, dolmens, roulers ou roches branlantes. – le Goun– dhill ou Sarrat plazént ...... II. Signification religieuse du cromleck, des mé- 224 nirs, dolmens et roulers...... 245
III. Les sacrifices humains dans la Gaule ...... 24 IV. La pierre de trou ou hache celtique ...... 255 V. Signification secondaires des pierres levées.– Les Eubates ...... 263 VI. L'art de guérir chez les druides. – les eaux Thermales et minérales de Rennes-les-Bains. Sources ferrugineuses froides du Cromleck. VII. Fontaine de Notre-Dame de Marceille...... 276 VIII. La rivière salée et les mollusques fossiles... 280 IX. Le guy sacré...... 282 CHAPITRE VIII. VILLAGE CELTIQUE DE RENNES-LES-BAINS I. Les habitations celtiques.– La route pour les Chariots...... 289 II. Nourriture des Celtes. –Boissons Gauloises. 294 III. La chasse au Sanglier...... 298 IV. Les Romains et la source thermale de la Reine. – La croix dans le cromleck des Redones. 304