• lHE STORY ()F-THE, NATIONS -~be §tor~ of tbeJSations. _

THE- THE STORY OF THE NATION S• • J. . .By ARTKUR GILMAN, 30. THE . M.A. lIy_ c. W. C. OMAN • •. THE JEWs. By Prof. J. K. 31. SICILY: Phc:elliclan, Greek HOSMER. and Roman. lIy tho late 3. . By Rev. S. BAIliNG' Prof. E. A. f'I'REBMAN. GOULD, M.A. 32. THE TUSCAN REPUBLICS. 4. CARTHAGE. By Prof. A •. FRED BY_~F.LLA DUFP'Y. J. CHURCK. 33. POLAND. By w. R. MO •• ,LL, s· ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By M.A. Prof. J. P. MAKAFFV. 34- PARTHIA. By Prof. GEORGE 6. THE MOORS IN . By RAWLINSON. STANLEY LANR.POO1' 35· AUSTRALIAN COMMON· 7. ANCIENT EGYPT. y Prof. WEALTH. By GREVILLB GEORt;P. RAWLINSON. TREGARTHEH. 8. HUNGARY. By Prof. ..MINlOS 36. SPAIN. By H. E. WAT,... VAMBRRY. 37. JAPAN. By DAYID AluKRAY, 9. THE SARACENS. By ARTKUR Ph.D. GILMAN, M.A. 38. SOUTH AFRIOA. By GF.ORGK 10. IRELAND. By the Hon. EMILY M. THKAL. • LAWLESS. 39. VENICE. By ALltTKEA W'EL. 11. CHALDBA. By Zt!NAiDE A. 40. THE CRUSADES. lIy T. A. RAGOZIN. ARCHER and C. L. K'NGs, 1" THE . By HENRY BRAD· FORD. LEY. 41. VEDIa INDIA. By Z. A. R,,· 13. ABSYRIA. By ZgNAiDE A. RA. GOZIN. GOZIN. 42. WEST INDIES AND THE '14. TURKEY. By STANLEY LANE­ SPANISH . Ily JAME' POOLS. ){ODWAY. IS. HOLLAND. By Prof.' J. E. 43- BOHEMIA. By C. EDMUND THOROLD RoGERS. MAURICE. 16. MEDIEVAL FRANCE. By 44. THB BALKANS. By W. GUSTAVE MASSON. MILLER, M,A. 17. PERSIA. By S. G. W. BEN. 4'. CANADA. By Sir J. G. BOUR'. NOT, LL.D. 18. p:a

c. • !lA(;OIlEWT I. Rctrorillc/"'" ''.I c1 XIII if, C.."fIlIY Sf."",,). THE FRANKS

FROM THEIR ORIGIN AS A CONFEDERACY 'TO 'THE ES'TABLISHMEN'T OF 'THE KINGDOM OF· FRANCE AND 'THE GERMAN EJuPIRE

BY LEWIS SER,GEANT

AUTHOR OF "JOIDf WYCLIJl': LAST OF THE SCBOOLtlEN A!JD FIRST OP THE ENGLISH REFOR.. l!RS." ETC.

SECOND- EDITIO;"

1onll0!1 T. FISHER' UNWIN .pATERNOSTER SQUARE Copyright by T. FISHER UNWIN, 1898.

V 55(Y7 r:). 1)::; C~ 2--64;; PREFAcE!

THE story of the Franks, especially of the earlier Franks, is rich in fable but poor in history. In the legend of Clovis, and even in the legend of Charles the Great, it is a work of considerable difficulty to separate what is historically accurate from that wliich has at best a dubious origin. My aim in writing this volume has been to present a general outline of the history of the Franks, and, in doing so, to confine myself almost ex­ clusively to facts which have a sure foundation. That aim implied that the greater part of the volume should be devoted to periods in which the historical foundation was least secure-to the long struggle between Romans and Teutons, during which the tribes on the east of the were perpetually combining p.gainst their enemies until the Frank confederacy clearly emerged, and to the subseque~t Merovingian period, during which the Franks were gradually subjecting the whole of . It is ill this domain, overgrown as· it is with fable, and meagrely as its central facts have ix x PREFACE. been dealt with by historians, that the student of history should fifld his greatest attraction. I have ventured in the f~llowing pages to support an interpretation of a particular passage in which has been either ignored or repudiated for more than a thousand years. The reader must decide for himself as to the probable origin of the Franks, and the posJtion of Gregory's" Dispargum .. j but in any case it is impossible that we should continue to attach the slightest credence to the imaginary Belgic . CONTENTS.

I. PAGB THE CONFLICT OF RACES 1-10 Introduction-Romans, Gallo-Romans, and Germans-The Kelts in Gaul and in Britain-The Roman Church-Limits of the subject-The Franks ultimately retire from, or are rejected by, France.

II.

WHO WERE TH~ FRANKS] 11-20 Obscure Origin of the People-The Gallo-German Frontier­ Cresar and the Sicambrian League-Earliest occurrence of the name-Vopiscus, Sulpitius, Gregory of Tours-The Trojan Legend-A Historical Puzzle and a Word-Study.

III. ..

CiESAR'S FRONTIER POLICY 21--34 Hereditary Foes-The Roman Conquest of Gaul-The West­ ward Migratilms-Compression and Expansion-Cresar's Policy-Continued by -Hermann-The Disaster of Varus_-The Revenge of ~Marbod-The JuliOWl Emperors-The Story of Civilis. Note on the German Tribes (according- to Tadtus) . 34-36 xi 'XII CONTENTS.

IV. PAG1I THE GERMAN RACE.

The Home of the Teutons-Roman Inconsistencies-German Raids--Romanised Germans-The Flavian Emperors-The Rhine Frol)tier-The Roman Rampart-The Cradle· Land of the Franks-The Det:Ufnales Aeri.

V.

THE DECLINE OF ROME Franks. Allemans. and Goths-ICDeum Ira in Rem Romanam" -Growth of the Christian Church-Romanised Gaul-Pagan and Christian Letters-Gallic Poets.

VI. THE COMING OF THE FRANKS • 58-79 The Frontier broken-Incursions of Alleman •• . and Franks-Postumus the Traitor-Gallic Insurrectiolll-Aure· lian-More Frank Raids-Probus--Augusti and Cresars-Legati. Duces and Comites-Constantius-Constan­ tine-- settled in Belgic Gaul-A Frank Consul-A Frank Emperor-Maker--The Poet Claudian.

VII.

THE MEROVINGIAN FRANKS Establishment of the Merovingians in Gaul-Their Origin­ Clodion and Merowig-Gregory of Tours-Dispargum (Divi­ sio-Burgum ?)-The Thuringian Scheidungen-Burg-5alian Franks-Riparian Franks-LIEti and Leti- and occupied by the Frank.-Al!tius-An Impossible Task- the" Scourge of God "-The Yellow Terror­ Ulilderic-The Mother of Clovis-Childeric'. Tomb.

NtJle fill llu Origi" of I"e MertJV;"giaIU . . 9S-IOO CONTENTS.- xiii VIII. PAGE KING CLoVIS 101-119

The Political State of Gaol at the end of the Fifth Century­ The four Frank Kingdoms in Gaul-Allemans, Goths, and -The Armorican Land-The Conquests of Oovis -Defeat of -The Cup of Soissoos-Wu with Thuringia-Queen Ootilda-Expuision of the Allemans­ The ConYelSioo of Oovis-Saint Remy.

CoNQUESTS 0,. CHRISTIANITY 120-1 3'

The Western Church-A new Imperium-The Penance of Theodosius-Policy and Victories of Christian Rome-The Church in Gaol-Rome appeals to the Teutons- Invokes the aid of the Fran~odoxy and -The ConnciI of Nice-Victory of the Trinitarians-Effects of the Frank Conversion.

x.

THE SUB]ECTIO!( 0,. GAUL '32-'52 Wars of Oovis with the Burgundians-Gundobald and Code­ gisil-Aredius-The Burgundian Codes---Councils of the Gallic Church-Theodoric the Goth opposes Oovis-The Meeting of Oovis and Alaric-The ConnciI of Agde-The Conquest of -Clovis as Roman Consul-Removes from Sois­ sons to Pari9-Sabjection of the min

Xl.

CH_utACTERISTI& 0,. THE FRANK.S

The Growth ol a Nation-OIaracter and Institutions of Uk Teutons-Tbeir Codes-Origins of Teutonic IAw-Salic lAw -WeIug>-1d-Ordeals-Slavery and Enfranchisement. xiv CONTENTS.

XII. PAOli THE SONS OF CLOVIS 165-1 79 Subdivision of the Realm of Clovis-Conquest of Burgundy­ Old Age and Death of Clotilda-Conquest of Thuringia and Bavaria-Clotilda the Younger-Conquest of Provence-Beli· sarius-The Romance of Totila and the daughter of Theode· bert-The Plagues-Clotair, second Sole King of the Franks -Genealogy of the Merovingian Kings.

Q XIII. THE SONS OF CLOTAIR 180-193 Subdivision of the Realm of Clotair-Siegbert and Chilperic­ Brunhilda and Fredegonda-Fredegollda'. Crimes-Death of Chilperic-Gontran of Burgundy and Childebert-Brunhilda's Machinations-Clotair II., third sole King of the Franks­ The Kingdoms of and Austria-The Frank Reich and the Oster Ric.

XIV.

THE MAYORS OF THE PALACE 194-206 Origin of the Office-Increase of authority during the minority of the Kings-Warnaher and Rade-l'epin .. of Landen "­ Grimoald and his Son-Rois Faincants-Genealogy of the hereditary Mayor~harles Martel-, Mayor and King.

XY.

ROME APPEALS TO THE FRANKS The Roman See-The in Italy-Pope Stephen appeals to Pepin-Pepin crowned at S. Deotis-The lIer. cynian Wolf-Development of Frank Authority-Approach '" the Franks to full Civilisation-Land Tenure unrler the Frank Kings-Serfdom under Teutonic Rule-The Sons of Pepin-Accession of Charles. CONTENTS. xv

XVI.

PAGB CHARLES THE GREAT 221-2 32

Franks and -Destruction of Irminsul-A Thirty Years' War-Pope Adrian's appeal to Charles--Charles defeats the Lombards in Italy-Visits Rome-Becomes Dux of Rome and King of Italy-His Benefactions to the Pope-Fresh Cam­ paigns in Saxony and Italy-The Assembly of Paderborn­ Mission of Ibn-el-Arabi-Charles invades Spain-Battle of Roncesvalles-The "Song of Roland."

XVII:

THE WESTERN EMPIRE REVIVED

Witikind the Saxon-Conversion· of the Saxons-Final sub­ jection of Saxony-Other Wars of Charles-Tassilon of Bavaria -Charles on the -Death of Pope Adrian-Renewal of the Understanding with Charles-Leo expelled from Rome -Restored by Charles-Charles crowned Emperor at Rome -The Policy of the Pope-Rome and Byzantium.

XVIII.

THE GOVERNMENT OF CHARLES

Imperial Rule-The Palace at Aachen-The Basilica-Spoils from Italy-Insa:uments of Music-Haroun-al-Raschid-Missi Dominici-Incompatibility of Franks and -A Barrier of Speech-Charles's Preference for the East-General As' semblies under the Carolingians-The Capitularies-Arch­ bishop Hincmar-The Personal Government of Charles. xvi CONTENTS.

XIX.

THE COURT OF CHARLES

The Emperor's Mother--:-His Wives and Family-Ealhwine of York-Alcuin and the School of the Palace-Alcuin'. Method of Instruction-A Revival of Leaming-Caligraphy­ The Scriptorium at Tours-Eginhard-Charles as a Writer­ l'he .. Caroline Books "-Correspondence of Charles-Dawn of Teutonic Literature.

XX.

THE LIFE AND WORK OF CHARLES 286-297

Last YeRrJ of Charles the Great-Inroads of the Northmen­ The Emperor's Sons-The Death of the Emperor-His Life and Work-obstac1es to Mental Evolution-The Legend of -Influences of the Frankt-Charles and OfTa, King of the Mercians.

XXI.

THE PARTITION OF THE EMPIRE

Louis the Pious and Hi. Sons-Genealogy of the Carolingians -Constituent Parts of the Empire-WeakneSl of Louis­ Revolt of his Son.-Battle of Fontenai-Lo_,is the German and Charles the Bald-The Oath. of Argentaria-Lingua Romana IID4i Lingua Teudisca-Nationalities at Fontenai Bnd "'rgentaria-Treaty of Verdun and Partition of the Empire­ The Imperial Succession-Encroachments of the Northmen­ Rollo, Duke of Normandy. CONTENTS. xvii

XXIL • PAGB FRANCE AND GERMANY 320-334

The Last Carolingiaos-The Dukes of France-Hogues Capc:t -The Kingdom of France-Hereditary Fiefs-Origias of the Feudal System-The Word .. Frank " -The Imperial Title­ The HoI, -Conc1usion. b"DEX 33S

ROll AN N AitES AND MODERN EQUIVALENTS. 342 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE GALLIC BRACELET 8

MAP OF WESTERN GERMANY Ttljace 28

PORTA NIGRA (ROMAN) • 51 PNEUMATIC ORGAN, FOURTH CENTURY 56 MONUMEN~~ TOMB (R.oMAN) 63 STATPE OF JULIAN .' 7·L FROM AN ALTAR TO CERNUNNOS IN PARIS 76 SKETCH-MAP 85

CEREMONIAL .SWORD 'IN SHEATH (FROM THE TOMB OF CHILDERIC) .-. 95 BU-CKLE (FROM THE TOMB OF CHILDERIC) 96 MOUNTED TOOTH (DITW) 97

AXE-HEAD (nr;TO) '," .. 98 SPEAR-HEAD (n1T'l'O) 99 FRANK WARRIOR \TYPICAL) 106 STATUE OF CLOVIS (XII. CENTURY) • 112 STATUE OF CLOTILDA (XU. CENTURY) •115 THE BAPTISM. OF CLOVIS 118 xix xx LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGa ALTAR TRAY AND CHALICE 123 TOMB OF S. REMY • 127 A GALLIC COUNCIL 137 AM BOISE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

RUINS OF MARMOUTIERS

DlJ'TYCH OF SIVIDIUS OF TOURS

EARLIER FRANK SETTLEMENTS IN BELGIAN GAUL

IRON SAUFANG

GAUL AFTER THE DEATH OF CLOVIS 168 VOTIVE CROWN OF KING • 174 REALM OF THE FRANKS UNDER CLOTAIR II. (613) 190 REPUTED THRONE OF DAGOBERT • 198

SAXON REALM OF CHARLES THE GREAT

THE SWORD OF CHARLES THE GREAT 237 DIADEM OF CHARLES THE GREAT 244 ORGANISTRUM (IX. CENTURY). 250 THREE-STRINGED CROUT (IX. CENTURY) • 25 0 LYRE (IX. CENTURY) 25 r TINTINNABULU.M (IX. CENTURY) 264 CHIMES (FROM A IX. CENTURY MS.) •• 273 BY~ANTINE ENAMEL RELIQUARY (X. CENTURV) 279 CHRIST AND HIS MOTHER (IX. CENTURY FRESCO) 295

TURRET BELL NOW AT SIENA (1159) • 33 1 INDEX

A Aquitaine, 9, 17, 139 If., 165, 182, Aachen, -the seat of government 189, 191, 203, 218, 228, 231, under Charles the Great, 245-8, 254,288,300,303,320 249 If., 272 If. Arbogast,Franco.RomanComes,77 Adelchis the Lombard, 228 Aredius intervenes between Clovis Adrian, Pope, 224 If., 240-;1, 249, and Gundobald, 134 If. 268,278 Argentaria, the Oaths of, 308-12 iEgidius, Roman Comes in Gaul, Arianism, 69, 113; its character, 94, 103 126-g, 132, 209, and passim Aetius. Roman Comes, 9D-93 Arian States, 138-43 Agde, Council of, 141. Aribert the Lombard, 209 Alaric I., king of , 71!, Arichis, Lombard Duke of Bene- 139 If., 171 ventum,228 Alaric II., 105, 139 If., 149 Ariovistus in Gaul, 23 Alboflerla, sister of Clovis, 118 Armoricans, 94, 102-4, 114, 119, Alboin the Lombard, 209 132, 167,300, and passim Alcuin, Abbot, English ecclesi­ Arnulf, Bp. of Meu, ancestor of astic, at Aachen and Tours, Charles the Great, 201 271 If., 275, 281, 289 Astolfthe LOmbard, 2II-12 Alfred of England, 7, 213-14. 290 Athalaric, Ostrogoth, 171-2 Allemans, 6, 4&, 50, 62, 68 If., Athanasius, Bishop, 126-g 102, 175, 203. and passim; see Attila (Etzel), the Hun, 91-3, 122 " Charles the Great" and Audovera, first wife of Chilperic, " Clovis JJ ; 302 181 Amalaric the Visigoth, 171 Augofleda, sister of Clovis, wife Ambrose, Archbishop, imposes of Theodoric the Goth, II9 penance on Theodosius, 122 Augustus (Emperor Octavian), Ammianus, historian, 73-5, 284 27, 44, 53, 247; "Augustus" Anastasius II., Pope, congratu­ as an imperial title, 69, 94, 120, lates Clovis on his victories, 152 146, 165 Anastasius, emperor of the East, Augustulus, last emperor of Rome,. 145-7 97 ' Angilbert, Bishop, 240 , Emperor, 62 Angilbert, son·in-law of Charles Ausonius, a Gaul, 53, 56 the Great, 269 _ Austria (), realm of the , 7, 35, 214, 222, 257, 296 Eastern Franks, 153,!and Neus- 335 INDEX.

trial. 191, 196 If., 200, 254 ft., Caracalla, Emperor, his benefits 293. 302 to Gaul, 58-60, 68 , Bishop of Vienne, 125 Cararic, king of Terouanne 101' his kingdom annexed by Clovis' a 150 ' Carausius from Britain, seizes Bagats (Bagaudael, 61, 67. 90, Boulogne. 67 103, 124 Caribert, king of Paris. 179, 182 Baj';llus, the office of, 199 Carloman, brother of Pepin the Basma. mother of Clovis, 95-7 Short, 201, 204 , 189 Carloman, brother of Charles the Bata~ans, 17,29.31.38.156-7,246 Great, 215-19 Bavana, 153, 17',203. 212, 221, Carlo~an, ~ing of Aquitaine, 301 238 ; as a kingdom of the ClIl'ohne senpt, 275 Fr~nks. 300 If., 323 Carolingians, set .. Franks .. Belgians, 13, 23-4, 31,75.79,88, Charles the Bald, 5th Frank Il;, 156, 167, and passim emperor, 301, 304 If., 316 Belgic Thuringia" imaginary, 84, Charles the Fat, 6th Frank 99-100 emperor, 301, 317 If. Belisarius in Italy, 172-3 Charles the Great, 1St Frank Beneficia of land, 216, 326 emperor, 9, 210-11, 213; king Bertha, mother of Charles the of the Franks, 215; his first . Great, 211, 219. 224, 268 campaign, 218; sole king, 219; Bertha, sister of Charles the marries Himiltrude, 219, and Great{?), 201 . Desiderata, ibid.; begins the Bertha. daughter of Charles, 269 Saxon war, 222; the Lombard Bernard. grandson of Charles, 299 war in Italy, 224; marries Boson, king of Provence, 316,320 Hildegard, 225; visits Rome, Brabant, 83, 154. 21Z 225; confirms his father's grants Breviarium of Anianus, 144 to the Pope; renewed visits to Britain, 2 If., 97., See under Italy, 228; his sons, Carloman .. Angles," .. Alfred," .. Alcuin .. u and Louis, consecrated as kings "Offa ' of Italy and NJ.uitaine, 228; Brittany, 103, 120, Ig4. 193. 197, expedition to Spam, 230; death 253, 321 ; see .. Annoricans II of his nephew Roland, 231 ; Brunhilda, 181 If. subdues the Saxons and Witi· Burgun~ans, 90, .102-4, 119, 203 ; kind, 234; defeats the Slavo· war WIth ClOVIS, 132 If. ; their nians, Wiltzes, Avars, Bavarians, code, 136; 169. 172, 189, 203, Huns, 238; confirms Leo Ill. 254,318 as Pope, 240; reinstates him, Byzantium, 193, 207, 245, 247, 242; is crowned emperor, as 252, 279. 323; see .. Empire of Carolus Augustus, 243; the the East" character of his empire, 245; his government, 248 If.; his C court, 267 If. ; his later wives Cresar, Julius, 12 If., 22 If.; his and children, 270; his meeting ~~ontier "policy, 26 f!., 6?; with Alcuin, 271; patronage of Qesar as a sub.lmperIaI learning, 276; his life·work, title, 69 286 If.; his death, 290; bis Caligula, E!mperor, 30 de.cendants, 298; his legend. Capitularies, 258, 263 If., 323,325 235,270 INDEX. 337

Charles, king' of Provence, 301 Clodovald (Saint Cloud), 166, 169 Charles, king of Aquitaine, 301 Clotair I., 166 If. , 177; his des­ , king of Neu- cendants, 179 If. ; the sons of stria, 301, 319-20 . Clotair, 180 Charles Ie Faineant, 301 Clotair II., 183, '90 , Mayor of the Clotair UI., king' of Neustria, Palace, 201; his character, 179 • 202; conquests, ibid.; defeats Clotilda, I II ; married to Clovis, the Saracens, 203; appealed to II3, 152, 167 fT. by Gregory III., 204; dies, Clotilda, her daughter, 171 ibid. ., king of the Franks, 16 ; Chattan origin of the name his mother, 97; comes to the "Frank," 19,86; see" Frank" throne of Tournai, 101; ,wins Childebert, king of Paris, 166 If., and Paris, 105 ; fights 177 , the Thuringians, 109; marries Childebert II., king of , 179, Clotilda, I II; converted to 185,208 Orthodox Christianity by his Childebert III., 179 wife, II3 fT. ; baptised by Bishop Childeric I.. king of Tournai, Remy, II7; his sister married 82-3, 93 fT., 166 to Theodoric, U9; " rex Chris­ Childeric II., king of N eustria, tianissimus," 125; makes terms . 179, 263 with the Armoricans, II9, 132; .., king of Soissons, the Burgundian war, 133 fT.; 179 fT. the Aquitanian war, 139 If.; Chilperic II., 179 Clovis attacks the Allemans, ChilperictheBurgundian, III, 133 139; checked by Theodoric, Chramnus, son of Clotair I., 177 145; receives the title of Con­ Christian authors in Gaul, 55 sul, 146; resides at Paris, 147 ; Christianity, its growing power at subjugates North-eastern Gaul Rome and in Gaul, 50 If. ; and becomes sole king of the Orthodox and Arian, II3; Franks, 149 fT. ; dies, 152; his policy of the bishops towards sons, 165 fT. ' the barbarians, 120 fT. ; supre­ Clovis II.,.king of N eustria, 179 macy in Europe of the Roman Clovis III., 179 Church, 126 fT. ; its appeals to Clovis, son of Chilperic, 181 Visigoths, 125; to the Franks, Commodus, Emperor, 34, 55 185,204-5,210-12,221,225 fT., Complaint of , 305 240 fT.; the temporal power, Constantine, Emperor, 64, 68 fT. 240; the dispute between the Constantius, Emperor, 69 fT., 157 Eastern and Western Churches, Council of Nice, 69, 126 278; efTects of temporalities, Council summoned by Charles the 294; and passim; see Gallic Great at Frankfort, on the Church adoration of images, 278 Civilis, his half-told story, 31 Councils of the Church in Gaul, Claudius, Emperor, 30, 45, 62 136-8, 141, 184, 189, 288 Cloderic, his kingdom annexed by Clovis, ISO, 166 . D Clodion invades Gaul, 82; his Dagobert I., king of the Franks, origin, 84 fT., 89 179, 191 ; a patron of learning Clodomer, son of Clovis, II4, and art, 197 • 166--9, 177 Dagobert II., 179 23 INDEX.

Dagobert III., 202 , the German duchy, 322 , 175, 233, 238, 284-{), 333 Franconia, 327 Decumates Agri, 35, 46, 72. 83, Frank Reich. 191. 256 102 Franken (German geographical Desiderata, secdhd wife of Charles name). 45. 81. 85. 327 the Great, 219 fr. Frank (various meanings of the Desiderius, king of the Lombards, word), 18. 79. 293. 326 21 98". Franks. their relations to other Didier, Bishop of Vienne. 189 nations. 1-10; their origin as a Didier. Duke of , 184 confederacy of Sicambrians. DiebUll' 84 fr. Chattans. Tencterians. &c., II Diocletllln, Emperor, So, 55. 68 fr•• 21 fr•• 31. and pass;",.; the Dispargum (Scheidungen-burg), evidence of Vopi.cUl. 15-20. 82 fT•• 98. 109. 157. 168 59; of Gregory.ofTours. 16-17. . Emperor. 33 82. 98; of Slgebert. 19; of Duisburg.84. ISO Lydus, 20; of SuI pit ius. 59; fabled Pannonian (Trojan) E origin, 17; their German Ebroin. Mayor. 199 horne. 37 fr.; they break the Eginard. biographer of Charles Roman frontier. So. 59. 60. 62. 72; their first settlements the Great, 224. 231. 240. 245. - 267. 271; account of his life, in Gaul. 64. 75. 116. 89. (I....,ti). 91. 154 fT.; a Frank sea-raid. 276-7, 289. 293 Eloy (Eligius), S., '197-9 65-7; Frank usurping emperors Emperors, Frank and Saxon, the of . 70; a Frank first fourteen, 332 consul. 77; a Frank comet. 77 ; Empire (ancient) of Rome. pass'-",; qualities of the Franks. 67. 74. III (Sel .. characteristics .. its colIapse, 97. See under names of emperors. below); Sal ian Franks. 16. 74- 5. 79. 83 fT., 107. ISS fT. ; the Empire of the East, 50, 165, 185, Merovingianl. So If.• 212, 263. 193, 207, 211, 245-7 284 (see also under .. Clovis," Empire (Holy Roman), 243. See &c., and passim); Franks of the .. Charles the Great," 294, 313, Thuringian border, III fT.• 95, 330 110, 170; Clodion of Di'par­ Euaric, kin~ of Visigoths, urged gum. 82 fT.; Merowig, fights to champIOn Rome, 125 with Romans, Gauls. and Goths Eudes, Count of Paris, 320-1 against the Hun•• 93 ; Childeric of Tournai, ;Md. fT.; Clovis of F Toul'llai, 101 fT. (foUow up Feudalism, origins of amongst the under .. Clovis "); the typical Teutons. 215, 246,323 Frank warrior, 105; conversion Fiefs. hereditary. 323-4 of the Franks, 117; Rome aids Fontenai, the battle of. 308 the Franks. 1238"., and appeal. Franc (variOUI meanings of the to them, 125 fr.; the Franks, word). 18. 327 as Orthodox Christians. become France. the kingdom of, 256, 322, champion. of the Papacy. 211 333 fT., 240 fT. ; characteristics and Francia. the land of Ihe Franks, institutions of the Franks. 153 57. 147. '-53. 185. 191• zoo. 255 fT., 166. ISo, 191. 212, 215, Francia, the French duchy, 321-2 248, 253 If., 293; their laws, INDEX. 339

155 ft, 157 If.; their ranks, Godegisil the Burgundian, 133 108, 160 If., 186-8, 193, 116, Gontran, king of Burgundy, 179, 162; complete masters of Gaul, 180, 184-5 168 If. (follow up \mder .. The Goths, 48 fT., 9Ooel02. 129 If., 154, SODS of Clovis" and .. The 172 fT., 328 SODS of Clotair "); they elect Gratian, Emperor. 77, 147 Mayors of the Palace, 194 If. ; Gregory I. (the Great), Pope, uS, the CarolingiRlls, 200; Pepin 209 the Short usurps the kingdom, Gregory II., 209 104 (follow up under" Charles Gregory III., 204-5 the Great "); the summit of Gregory of Toms. 17,82.85, 108, their glory, 245 ; their arts and 136, 149, 176, 206 culture, 197, 249 fT., 271 If.; Grimoald, . incompatibilitr with the Gauls, 197, 199 253 fT. ; their mfluence on other Grippo. son 9f Charles Martel, Teutons, 196; decline of their 204. 212 power in the West, 298; Gundachar the Burgundian, 90 Carolingians after Charles the Gundobald the Burgundian, 133. Great, 300; their royal and 145. 168 imperial seats, 306; their Ian· H guage, 154, 28~, (examples) 309 ; anarchy in the Gallic , Emperor, 43, 246 Franklands, 320 ; ultimate Haroun·a1.Raschid, his present to preference of the Franks for Charles the Great, 252 Germany, 8 Hermann, 29, 40, 74, 223 Fredegonda. third wife of Chil· Hincmar, Archbishop, on the peric, 18 1-8 General Assemblies, 2S8 Fredum, 160 , emperor of the East, . 28, 39, 41. 94, 199, 204. 78 27 1,286,302• 317 Hugues Capet, king of France, 10,324 G Hugues the Great, 321 Galba, Emperor, 31 Hunald, Duke of Aquitaine, 205, Galeswintha, second wife of Chil· 218-19, 255 ' peric. 181 Huns, 91-3. 122, 180, and passi". Gallic Church, 124. 137-8, 184, I 189, 217. and passim Gallienus. Emperor. 59-60,62 . Italy, 80, 124. 139. ,85, 208. 225 Gascons, 154, 189. 203. 232. 255, fT., 246, 251, 287,299,andpass'''' 288. 299 J Gaul, 3. 8, 13. 24. 41 ; Romanised. 52; the Frank kingdom of. ohn II., Pope, 209 101 ; and passim ohn VIII., Pope, 326 Gelasius, Pope, 1$2 judith. Empress, 304 fT. General Assemblies, 223, 248. ulian, emperor of the East, 69' 257 fT., 288 fT. ; in Paris, 73, 76 Germanicus. 29 Justinian. emperor of the East. Germans, 4. 8, 21. 37. 71. 129; 172. 17~ their tribes, 34 (Note); and jassim Kelts, 3 fT•• ' 23. 10:' 120. 154. Germany. pasSl'",; 333 191, 254-6, and pass.", • 340 INDEX.

Kiersey, Treaty of, 2 II Mayors of the Palace, 178, 194 Kynesioi, the westernmost race in If. ; Sismondi on, 20S-{i Europe known to Herodotus, 3 Mellobaudes, Franco·Roman con· sul,77 er. Merovingians, 80 If.; see under , (Uti), 73, 75, 88-<), 161 .. Franks" Leo I., Pope, 123 Merowig, founder of the Mero. Leo III., crowns Charles the vingian , 93 If. Great, 240 If. Merowig, son of Chilperic, 181, Libri Carolini, 278 183 Germanicus (or Imperii), Missi Dominici, 247, 2S2, 257 If. 12, 43-7, 64, 81-7 Mummolus, 182, 184 Limes Rhenanus, 64, 84 Liutprand the Lombard, 210 N Lombards, 4, 182, 185, 207 If., Narses in Italy, 175-7, 207 241, and passim Neustria, 178, 191,200,302,321 ; Lorraine, 315 andfrissim Lothair, 3rd Frank emperor, Nicephorus, usurping emperor of 330 If., 314-16 the East, 247 Lothair, king of Lorraine, 301 Northmen, 26, 175, 238, 286, Louis the German, son of Louis 292-40 299. 317 If. the Pious, king of Bavaria, Novempopulania, 189 300 If. o Louis II., 4th Frank emperor, the Herulian in Rome, 97 301 Louis Ie Faineant, 301, 321 Olfa of Mercia, his friendship with Louis III., king of Neustria, 301 Charles, 297 Louis d'Outremer, 301, 321 Ordeal, the laws of, 161-3 Louis the Pious, 2nd Frank Orthodox bishops, 130, 138 emperor, 221, 269, 288, 298 If., Oster Ric (Austria), 191 Ostr~oths, 145, 172; see Theo· 30 5, 316 Louis of Provence, loth Frank done emperor, 301 p Louis the Stammerer, king of Paris, 73, 105, 147, 166, 318, 320 Aquitaine, 301, 316-17 Pepin of Heristal(?), Mayor of the Luegenfeld, the Field of Lies, Palace, ZOO near Colmar, 305 Pepin of Landen(?), Mayor of the . Palace, 197, zoo; his descen. M dants, 201 Magnentius, a Frank usurping Pepin the Hunchback, IOn of emperor, 70 Charles the Great, 219 Major Domus, see Mayors Pepin the Short, IOn of Charles , Emperor, 94 Martel, 204, 212, 268 Marbod, 30, 33, 40 Pepin I., king of Aquitaine, 300 , 34 Pepin II., king of Aquitaine, 301, Marculfus, Frank monk and his· 317 If. torian, 163 Plague, 175, 184 , Emperor, 33--4t Postumus, 60, 75 37,246 .. Probus, Emperor, 62; his policy Martin, Bishop, 143. 27S in the Rhenish provinces, 64, Maurice, emperor of the East, 18S 67,7S INDEX. 341

Provence, 6, 172, 191, 193, 203, Slavonians, 215, 299, 333 303,320 Spain, 60, 66, 80, 102, 145, 175, 230-2, 288, 328 Q Stephen II., Pop" 205, 211 Quintian, Bishop, 141 Stilicho the Vanaal, 78-9 Suevians, 13, 23 R Syagrius, king of Suessiones, 105 _ Radbod the Frisian, 204 Ragnacar, king of Cambrai, 101, T 105, 151 Tacitus, II, 12, 31 ff., 49; "Ger­ Ravenna, exarchate of the Eastern mania" quoted, 34 (Note), 155 Empire, 139, 172,208, 211,240, (Note) 249 .. h Q. , 13, 25, 32 Reccared, king of V ISlgot s, I uq. Tetricus, 62 Remy, Bishop, 16,86,117 If., 127 Teutoburg forest, 29 Rhine frontier, 12, 27-8, 40 Teutonic law, 154 If. Riparian Franks, 14, 16-17, 39, Teutons, 4, 38, 42 ; and Romans, 86; the Riparian kingdom, 38, 149, 282 If. ; and passim 101; its absorption, 149 Theodebald, king of Metz, 166, Robert, Count of Anjou, 321 176 Rois Faineants, 199 If. Theodebert, king of Metz, 166, Roland, reputed nephew of Charles 172; his daughter, 173 the Great, 201, 231 Theodebert II., 179, 188-9 Roman frontier after Trajan, 43 Theodoric, king of , "," 208, 212, 133, 139, 145, 165, 249-51 221, 226, 241 If. Theodoric, king of Visigoths, 90, Roncesvalles, 231 _ 93 Theodoric, son of Clovis, 145, 166, S 170 ~ Sala, the two rivers, 45, 87, III Theodoric II., king of Orleans, Salians, see under "Franks" 179, 188-9 Salic law, 79, 155 If., 162, 195, Theodosius, emperor of the East, 263,329 77, 121-2; his code, 144 Saracens, 203, 215, 221,230,270, Thirty Tyrants, 60, 62 288 Thuringia, 81 If., 98 If. ; 302, 312 : Saxons, 94, 176, 182, 190, 203, and passim 221 If., 228 If., 271, 282, 296, , Emperor, 30, 34 302, 312- 14 Totila the Goth, 172 Scheidungen-burg, 85, 109, 157 Trajan, Emperor, 33. 44 Seneschal, 199 Tribe names of the Teutons, 2~ , 203, 303 (Note) Sicambrian League, 12-15,87,239 Trojan origin of the Fl'llnks, Siegbert, king of Riparian Franks, legendary, 17 101, 114, 149, 166 , 41, 65, 86, 88, '101 Siegbert, king of Metz, 179 If. Sigebert of Gembloux, 19 Silvanus, a Frank usurping em- U peror,7° Urtheil (ordeal), 161; variulls Slavery among the Franks, 163, ordeals, 162-3 • 217 Usipii (Usipites), 12, 13 342 INDEX.

v Vitellius, Emperor, 31-2 Vitiges, the Ostrogoth, 172 Valentinian I., emperor of the Vocladensian Plain, 143,203 East, 19,77 Valentinian lit, emperor with Vopiscus, historian, IS, 19, S9 Gratian,77 Vanda~, 35,60,62, 78 W Varus defeated by Hermann, 29 Wamaher, Mayor, 196 , Bructerian wise woman, Wehrgeld, 160 32-3 Witikind, 229 ; in faille, 235 ; 238 Verdun, the treaty of, 313 • WintriOll, Duke, 188, 196, 206 , Emperor, 31-2, 42 - .' ~ Vi~l, the Trojan legend, 17 I Z Vislgoths, 93, 102, 104, 144, 171, 190. See" Alaric" .- ~charias, Pope, 211

RO:\IAN PLACE NAMES, &c., MENTIONED IN THE TEXT, WITH THEIR MODERN EQUIVALENTS.

Agedincum Senonum, Sens Aulerci Cenomini (Diablintes), Agri Decumites Maine R. A1bis, Elbe R. Aureliini Cenllbum, Orleans A1cimona, A1tmiihl R. Avenio, Avigoon Amisia, R. Axona, Aisne R. Angli, Angles Baeterrae, Beziers Aqwe MattW:re, Batllvi, Batavians, B~tuwe Aquae Sextiae, Aix Belgica, Belgian land Aquis (Aquisgrinum), Aix-la­ JJeneventum, Benevento Chapelle, Aachen Boihsemi, Bohemia, Bohmen Aquitania (pne.Augustan), Gas· Bonna, cony Bononia, Boulogne Arausio, Orange Braina, Braisne Arduenna Silva, Ardennes Bruct~ri (medirev. Borahtra-gau) Arelite, Aries Burdigllla, Bordeaux Argentaria (1), see p. 308 Burginatium, Schcokenschanz Argentoritum, Strassburg Burgundi (Burgundiones), Bur· Argentovaria (p. 308), Artt.enheim gundians Aremonca (Armorica) Byzantium, Constantinople, J&. Asciburgum, Asburg tamboul Atuatuca, Tongres Camariicum, Cambrai. Kamerijll Augusta Suessionum, Soissons , Champagne Augusta Trev~rorum, , Caninefates, Kennemerland Treves Carcaso, Carcassonne Augusta Vindelioorum, Carisiicum, Kiersey, Quierzy Augustodiinum (Bibracte), Autun Catalauoi (Durocutalauni), Augustodiirum Baiucassium, Chalons-sur-Mame Bayen.: Cebenna, cevennes Augustonelbetum, Clermont·Fer. (medirev. lIamaland) rand (Hessen) INDEX. 343

Chattuarii (medirev. Hattera-gau) Nicer, R. Colonia Agrippina, , Noviodunum Diablintum, Jublains KOIn Noviomagus Batavorum, Nime- Con~entes, Coblenz guen Dispargum (Divisio-burgum), Die- Regina , Rel:ensburg burg Rhenus, Rhine R. Diutia, Dintz, Deutz Rhodanus, Rhone R. Divisio, Scheidungen-burg , " Rigomigus, Divodiirum Mediomatricorul!l;' Rura, Ruhr R. Metz ' SaIa, SaaIe (Frank) R. Durnomagus" " .SalB, SaaIe (Thuringian) R. Durocortomm Remorum, Reims ,Saucon,pa (Arar), Saone R. 'Forum Julii, Frejus Sealdis, Scheidt, Escaut R. Fossa Drusiana, the dyke...' of Segodiinum Rutenorum, Rodez Drusus Sequana, Seine R. Gammna, Garonne R. Siga, Sieg R. Geldiiba, Gellep Suevi (" Suabians ") Inferior,Superior (Gallic Tencteri provinces created by Claudius­ Teruenna, Terouanne the latter extended by Domitian Teutoburgius SaItus, Wiehen- across the Rhine, to the Limes gebirge M .. Germanicus) Teutones, Teutons Gottones, the Goths Texuandri (Toxandri), Tessender- Hermi6nes, Hennunduri (?) ; 100 Thuringians Theodonis Villa, Diedenhofen, Issala (Navalia), Yssel R. Thionville !tius Portus, Wissant Tolbiacum, Ziilpich Julia Apta, Apt Tullum, Toul Laugona, R. Tungri, Tongres Lemanus Lacus, Lake Leman Turnacum, Tournai Locoritum, Lohr VaclUus (VahaIis), Waal R. Lugdiinum, Lyon Vandlili, Vandals Luppia, Lippo R. Vasconia, Lutetia Parisiomm, Paris Vetera Castra, Birten Matrona, Marne R. Vindobona, Vienna Mogontiacum(Magunt-),Mayence, Virodiinum, Verden (Germ.) Virodiinum, Verdun (Gaul) Mrenus, Main R. Visontio, Besan<;on Mosa, Meuse R. Yisurgis, Weser R. Mosella, Moselle R. Vosdgus, Vosges M.