Frisian Language, As It Is Probable That the Received Its Present Form Substantially at This Time

Home , Chattuarii, Franeker, Frisia, Lake Flevo, North Frisia, Old Saxon

T HE F RI S I A N LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

A HI S TORI CA L S T UD K

A R L " E XT E N T F F RI S I A I . E O .

1 ‘ LA I CA L RE FE RENCE C SS S S . . TO FRI IA

1 D “ lin . P 7 . : y , who wrote about A , says I n the Rhine itself is the most renowned islan d of the Batavi and the Can n en efate s and

of Frisiav o n es S tu rii s other islands the Frisians , Chanci , , and Mar

ii He lin iu m Fle v u m sac . , which are scattered between and These

m on th are the names of the two s into which the Rhine divides . I t

to empties its waters to the north into the lakes there , and the west ” l M a a tw o of into the s . The branches the Rhine here mentioned

T he are the eastern and western . eastern was formed from the Sala or "ssel W l th which the waters of the Rhi n e were connected

of L Ple v o by the canal Drusus, and which ﬂowed through ake and

o f entered the sea between the islands Terschelling and Ameland . m ’ I ts lower course bore later the na e of the Fli . The western

1 I n Rheno autem ips o nobili s s im a Ba tav o r u m in s ula e t Can n e n e fatiu m aliae F e t r isio r u m , Cha u co r u m , F r isiav o n u m , Stu r io r u m , M arsa cio ru m quae s te r n u n te r inter Helin iu m e t Fle v u m : ita appell an tu r o stia in quae ' e ﬂu su s Rhe n u s a s e pte n tr io n e in Iacu s ab occidente in am n em Mo sam s e

a it . s r N a t H s V . 2 i t Lib I . p g . , . , c 9 2 ' ' ' ’ ' ’ Se e A il in N tz tza a z r z H Ger m m a l n r o zs A n t w 82 . e s o cz e u . g , f q , p hold He lvl o t B B - m m He lin iu m that e and riel ( ree He l ) ar e re ain s of the na e . ’ See s S k a tin /2 A lo u d t a s V a d a d 1 Th e e S a a t e er l n s . . al o g , , vol I , p 44 ( en rd branch of the Rhine called the Old Rhine enters th e sea near Le iae n . w ' branch as the V ahalis (W aal) which entered the sea near th e pres t en t Rot erdam . I t is noti c eable that the Cha n ci are here ass ociated with the Fri as sians, they are later their neighbors to the eas t o n the coas ts of

e a the North S .

s 100 D . . s s an as w Tacitu , writing about A , describe the Fri i s d ell in n m n a s a g alo g the Rhine and a o g great lakes far as the oce n .

G L s s They were divided into reater and e ser Fri ian s , according t o ” 1 s the resources of the two n ation .

L s Fr is iab on es e The e ser Frisians, or , are supposed to hav resided

m the Eli S between the ouths of the Maas and , in outh and North ” a n i r Holland . An app rent bra ch of the Fris ans b e a rim the nam e Fr isiabo n e s resided in the distri c t of Liin b u rg on the borders o f L S 3 iege and outh Brabant .

139 16 1 D s Ptolemy , who w rote between and A . . , place the Fri sians north of the Bructeri extendin g along the coast as far as the Em E m W river s . To the east between the s and the eser resided

L Ch au ci Ch au c i W the esser , then the Greater between the eser an d

E l n n k C m b the be , and ext in order upon the ec of the i rian peninsula S 4 the axons . The Chanci here appear as occupyi ng what was later

E n ast Frisia . Tacitus, however, places the Greater Cha ci between the E ms and the W eser and the Less er Chanci between the W eser ‘5 E m s b e and the lbe . The home of the Chanci see to have been t E m s W ween the and the eser, and those residing to the east of the W m eser si ply an outlying colony .

1 A n riva r io s e t Cham av o s D ul ubin ii e t Cha s u a r ii c l u du n t g a tergo g , aliae u e s d m e m o r a tae s e x ci iu n t m q gente hau perinde a fronte Fri ii p , aiori b u s min o r ib u s q u e Fri s ii s v o cab u l u m e s t e x m odo v ir iu m U trae q u e n a tio n e s u s que ad Oc e an u m Rheno p ra e te x u n tu r a mbiu n tq u e im m e n s o s — s l acu s e t m s cl a s sib u s n av i a to s . Ger m . . . in uper Ro ani g , c 34 2 S l m tin /z Se e A irin 1 . I I I . g , I , 7 , and g , I I , p 3 I V . 1 . P lin Lib . y , , c 3 ’ ' ' ’ ‘ 4 T V dé ﬂ at J a me m / e x a r e o v o w v ms u e 1/ r o v s B o v ﬁ / x p ,

' ’ ’ Ga u r e o v s o i §l5 i6 w z ” r o v A u z oio v ﬂ o r a 1 0 17 ar a dé p p my, , / ; p

’ ' r o v r o v s K a dxo z o i u m p o i ”8 s r o v Odz oo v p y io v n o r a u o v

' ’ ’ s t ar K a fi o z o i e z o v S e z r o fiiAA j z o s fl o r c o fi’ é e s dé i x u C y xp / w , mifi ' ' ‘ ’ ' — v a v K J e z/ v 2 d o v e § . Geo . 7t z r o xe v a ” 75 lfl/l ffg x p oo n oo § g ,

ib . . . J I I , c XI 5 Sunt vero e t in se p te n tr io n e v isa e nobi s Chau c o r u m q u i maiore s — f the 1r / V I . T s o X . he n in o r e s u e a e ll an tu r . in q pp P y , , c I de cription . . country which follows applie s s trikin gly to E as t Fri sia and the dis trict o f S a terland . ra S w r e . trabo , who ote earlier at the beginnin g of the Christian

th s s a s l be doe s n ot men tion e Fri ian . I n list of nation dwel ing

S m Cha m a v i tween the Rhine and the ocean he mentions the ica bri , , 1 C m C n Cha u lki A m s ia n i m n I n B . ructeri , i bri , ha ci , , p and a y others

s m m C another list embracing these tribe he o its si ilarly the hanci . m The ter is a geographical one , den oting the dwell E m e rs along the s an d may well have included the Frisians . I n a g G e n tiu m u Notitia wri tten at the begin ning of the fourth cent ry ,

Cham avi t s the Frisians are placed between the , the inhabi ant of

l A msiv a r ii A Ha ma an d . and the similar list of the fourth cen tury , as cribed in some codices to Julius Caesar places the Fr u s io n e s or

F risio n e s in m Ca n n ifa te s , as appears an other anuscrip t , n ex t to the

s of B s who occupied the we tern part the atavian i land . The Geog r a he r a s t he p of Raven n , who wro te in the la t half of seventh cen

D o r osta te o n th e tury , places (Duurstede) the north bank of Rhine ” Fr i o n u m Fr ix o n u m in the country of the Frisians i n g or patria .

to him t The Frisians , according , extended still farther o the south

Tc te rban t into the distric t of s adj oining Flanders . At one tim e the Fris ians advanced up the Rhine and es tablished them selves temporarily on the lan ds res erved for the m ilitary colo V n ists V e se l us bu t n between an d D seldorf, were soo obliged to retire “ s m acro s the Rhine . The first Roman to co e in contact wi th the

w as u m c Frisians Dr sus, who , after the construction of his fa ous an al , S " L k E con necting the Rhine and the ala or ssel , sailed into a e levo ,

s m s an d received the ub is ion of the Frisian n ation . The campaign

S s E m of Germanicus against the axons was through Fri ia to the s . Later the Rom ans s u ffered a terrible defeat in the Baduhenn a fores t 6 s s by the Frisian , but were afterwards subdued under the vigorou m m Co rb u lo m ilitary ad inis tration of , and beca e regular allies of m m m m Ro e . The Ro an governor placed the under the govern ent of

' ’ dé m 5 c h e m / 05 r e u a i Xcr u a j o z m ri , /

’ B p o vm ' ep o z u cri K in /5p m K a fix o z r e x a i K a o zF/I x o z u a i Zimmer — Lib . V I I . . l e o v eo . i K ari (Wt/1 0 1 m i . G V o s g , , c I 9 — A m siv r i A Cha ttu a r ii Ch am av i F risia vi A m siva r n . ZP[zZZ/el z a , n gri , , , , i u a lz Ger fl za n za A n t . 1 . qfi g , p 5 7 3 s s r o vin cu s o r ie n tis C Ca u ci Ce i is ci Quae gente int in p oceani , atti , , ,

U si i F r u sio n e s Can n ifa te s The u to n i C m . . 1 . pp , Quadi , , , , i bri p 5 9 4 A n n a l . A . . . , XI I I , 54 , D 59 5 I V . 2 . A 7m a l . , , c 7 , 73 1 s s a senate , magistrates and law . Only scattered traces bear witnes to the relations o f the Frisians to Rom e during the next few cent u rie s . s m E Frisian oldiers served in the Roman ar ies in ngland , an d E m ’ 2 i n I taly where they were members of the peror s body guard .

Tm: NS o r S N S M N B S RELATIO THE FRI IA TO THE OTHER GER A TRI E .

The passages already quoted from cl a ssic authors s how the inti th mate relations which existed between e Chanci and the Frisians .

The former are associated with them , according to Tacitus, i n the dis tr ic t tw o o f between the arms the Rhine . They are also placed as

o n the E m s their neighbors the east, i n region between the and the W . s o f eser The reference in Beowulf to Frisia are interest . The

- i to sixteenth , seventeenth , thirty f fth an d fortieth cantos relate a ’ r e war between the Frisians and the Danes . The Traveler s Tale 3 Folcw alda o f s s lates how Fin , son of , king the Frisian , ﬁght with

Hn a ef of Scildin s Fin n esbu rh o r a Hoeing, the leader the g in Finnes ham l him s m n and s ays . Hengest the Dane a sumes co ma d , a truce

o to is negotiated and hostages are given . Both armies g together t Friesland . I n the winter the strangers are preven ed by frightful

n n m k m o f storms and ice from retur i g ho e . They thin ore ven ge an ce and the slaughter of their kindred than of seeking their n a

the an d tiv e land . At last reinforced they attack again Frisians slay t an d Hilde bu rh of heir king, carry captive , the daughter Hoce to ‘ H ilac K of Denmark . yg , ing the Goths, falls in a battle with the

s m w n g o . Fri ians . Beowulf escapes by swi min to his country The name Chanci appears in Hu ga s (Hockings) w ho inhabit Fri

of Hildeb u rh sia, and perhaps in that of Hoce , the father . That Fin the Frisian king ruled over the Jutes as well as the Frisians is inad 5 N o to missible . reference is made the Jutes in this song . There

1 A m za l A . . . . , XI I I , 54 , D 59 9 1 8 6 w as f VV ate m o r e C s m m I n 3 there ound at , near irence ter , a e orial s o f s K w a s m m tone a Fri ian ni ght , who a e ber of the Thracian cohort m m s f th e s m b e s ervin g in E n gland . O ther Ro an re ain ound at a e place the m C s s s is lon g to ti e of Diocletian and on tantine , and thi in cription s s f probably to b e as s i gned to th e s ame period . For in cription ound in L D r . ee se e Gr a ter N o s . 1 2 1 s Or al/i. Se e s I taly , in , and 3 ; al o al o ma n s in (be V r eie F r ies . . . , , vol I I I , p 5 3 — B oew u XV I 1 0 2 1 1 2 . if, , 5 9 4 — L s 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 6 2 . ine , 5 , 35 359 5 T he word E o te n a s h as been shown by Rieger to apply to both Fri s s s deu lsc/ze P /z ilo/o ie . . 0 0 . ian and Dane g , vol I I I , p 4 is n o distinction in the terms employed in the poem be tween North ‘ ’ V t h n e v m W . e e r s an d est Frisia , as is often claimed the ter is u ed it

m to to o f n o t see s apply the Frisia the main land , to the North

w a l m a Fr e s e . Frisia of the peninsula . y denote a frontier castle 2 m s m m Gri m calls attention to the i ilar ode in which the Frisians ,

z t Chanci and Bructeri are characteri ed . These three tribes of nor h m L o eastern Ger any are each divided into esser and Greater, a distin m tion which was employed a ong no other German tribes, even though many were m uch larger and occupied a greater extent of country

u s than these . Grimm wo ld also make the Bructeri clo ely related t o the Chanci and Frisians, though their political action was often 3 f m o f the Chau c i dif erent. He clai s that the mighty race , whom

of m n o t e x tin Tacitus called the noblest all the Ger ans , could be

u ishe d l r isian s g , but that being so c osely related to the F they were

m r isian s absorbed in the . The east and north F are the descendants o f Chau ci m the , while the west Frisians have retained their na e and 4 original seat . E ichhorn holds conclusively that the Frisian name includes the

of Ch au i S tribes the c . The axons must be regarded as later immi ” E o ri in al a b o de of Chau c i grants into ast Frisia, the g the . Grimm calls attention to the fact that in the remains of the epic p o e tr of e r isian s a y northeast rn Germany , the F and Chanci constantly p

w of S of S pear, hile the Germans the interior, of axony and wabia , 6 k n o m of ta e part. I n Gudrun , whose co position is a later date , but

1 B H B f he m s s fo r s a r . 1 0 . T e y eyne , eowul , p 9 ter u ed Fri ia in line 1 1 2 F r s la n d 2 16 F r e s n ala n d 2 8 is the s 7 y , in 9 , while in 35 , it plural Fre m l o n du . 9 ’ Gere/z ze/z l e der a eu tse/zen S r a eﬁe 6 6 p , 7 . 3 Ta S e e c itu s , A n n a b , 4 Nach allem die s em s tellen s ich Frie s en und Chauken nur al s ve r ss V o lks chla s a l s de r siidw e s tliche wandte Zweige de elben g dar, und nord ostliche m an f m de r Chau kische m allmahlich , und begrei t waru Na e

z e s s f f N achkomm . gan rlo ch . O t riesen und Nord ries en s cheinen mir W s W C k s f die s . linge der alten hau en , e t rie en der eigentlichen Frie en ohn C k de r e e kiis te so miisse n sie w ten die alten hau en an S , noth endi g die S au f de r f s s m triche inne gehabt haben , welche nachher auch rie i che Na e ’ h ers treckt wurde . V ernichtet worden sein kann der machtige C au kisch e S mm r — d r d n t 5 x e s ss B . Ger e e . ta nicht ; wech elte blo die enennun g . p , P 4 71 5 D e r Fries i sche Nam e begreift daher un z weifelhaft die Chau kische n V olker da die Sachsen in deren Gegenden nur al s E inwanderer betrachtet k — ﬁ r t -te on n e n . E z ﬁ u t S tra i s n d . . e o ri D e . werden , vol I , p 0 5 and note to p . 5 1 . 6 Ger . der deu t S r 1 . . f . , 4 7 — 8 is based upon early legend s and hi s torical e vents ass ociated wi th w w e m s hich that region , have the proper na es as centre of incident .

Holz ft n e 13 4 3 M a t lft n e 6 0 3 M a tlin e I? 7 . e 7 lau t (Holstei n) , , , ( g ()

S S elémt S e ss in outh Holland) , (Zeeland) , wen (also Zeeland , po ibly n S 0 6 1 Te n el a n t m k W e s te r w al t 7 . amed from the uevi) , , (Den ar ) ,

I V e ste r w old a s 639 D ie tma rsch a s (possibly ) Dietm r , ( ) as well

Frie l an t s .

He tele He elin e the s o f , king of the g g , is ruler of Frie land , Dit

’ m s VV AIe is W ar ch and (the district of the aal) .

E r w a s z e s h w az z e r c Frie en erre , un le lant ; ” D ie tm V - 8 e r s V ale is w a s s . 2 0 1 . unde in iner haut ,

V Méru n c d o f m V ale is is lor the arch of . — M 6 ru n c de d h e r F s 2 1 . r s nelle a von rie en reit . 7

I r olt He te le of Or tl an d l n , a vassal of , is the ruler (North a d) , and a t par of Frisia .

‘ O k m u n s I r o l t de s m a ich w h h m uch u t her , g o l je e ,

E r b r in e t s a l s ich m h kan s g vil der Fri en , ic ver ehen , ” — I . Und ouch de r Ho l saéz e n da z s int z iere helde . 374

” - s 80 . I ro l t von Or t rich e und hI ér u n c von F r ie e n l a n t . 4

2 E E S THE K S . XT NT OF FRI I A DUR ING FRAN I H E P RI OD . The greatest exten t of the Frisian race an d n am e seems to have h been attained in the sixth and sevent centuries . The great move ment of the German tribe s in the fifth and sixth centuries erased all

o f m l traces Ro an dominion . The triba dominions and relations

r e - s were adj usted in the period following . The Frisian extended on

the W E an d s n the east to eser and the lbe , occupied the i lands alo g the

S S s coast of chleswig . outhward they occupied both bank of the 600 Rhine , Utrecht, Gelderland , An twerp and Bruges . Between

85 D s s 7 . . s and A , the conﬂict between the Frank and the Fri ian ,

r occurred . Dagobe t captured Utrecht then occupied by the Fri

W ilte n bu r 630 sians , and called g, and founded in A . D . the ﬁ rst

n Christia church in the North Netherlands . The period which fol lowed is that of the labors of the ﬁrst Anglo -Saxon missionaries _ 9

n a mong the Frisians . Possibly earlier under the Roman domi ion

s but s mi sionaries began labor in the Netherlands , no traces of uch e fforts were left: Only as the power of th e Frankish kings was

ss felt by the Frisians, could mi ionary operations among them be

n of He r is tal 689 o r 692 t o s afely carried o . Pepin resolved in bring the Frisians under the Frankish yoke . He defeated them and made them pay tribute and receive Christian missionaries .

o f b o f Radbod, their king, the brave defender the li erties his country,

D o re stadt n o w W k- - rose again but was defeated at , ij bij Duurstede, ’ ’ m Radb od s dau h and Utrecht ca e again under Pepin s dominion . g ’ The u desn e de to Gr imo ald ter, , was given in marriage , Pepin s son , 69 A . D . 7. The Frisians fought again a great battle under Radbod , 16 E k l 7 s . at Cologne, in , and defeated the a t Fran s Charles Marte

- w o n S r e assembled his army and a victory over the Frisians at tablo .

a an d o n He followed them into Frisi , defeated them in a battle the

f r k Se a o . Middle . The Frisians then sued peace Radbod , their ing,

19 A D A d ild n 7 . . e o died in g I I succeeded him , but the Franks longer

f r k o o f o . permitted him the title king, but that hertog du e The n ow L Frisians followed the Franks in their wars . ater they j oined S k W the league against the Franks, formed by the axon du e ittekind S which embraced the Danes under their king iegfried , and the Fri sians under their duke Radbod . This formidable alliance was

of ﬁnally overcome by Charlemagne, and the independence Frisia 86 L . . 7 . forever lost, A D ater the coun try was governed by Frank ‘ ish counts, deputies and stadholders. I t becomes necessary to de ﬁne the exact boundaries of Frisia as an aid in determining the ex

of Le x Fr ision u m tent the Frisian language, as it is probable that the received its present form substantially at this time . i Frisia was d vided into three parts , and these divisions are men tion e d of E 4 0 in the divisions the mpire of 8 6 and 87 . I n the di

of E 839 L of vision the mpire in , othair received the duchy Frisia ’ of 8 70 which at that time extended to the Maas . I n the division , L E 3 ewis the German received ast and Central Frisia .

1 P k S r d o o s His t. a r e e e a éoeéen 0 6 ff. j , y , vol . I , p . 4 , ” — D u catu m r i n r . is ae H a it r tz M o . Ge m 1u d. C P e s s . . F u que Mo a I , p , vol . I I I , 373 . 3 E t hae c ist s m s Hl u d w icu acce it s s divi io qua ibi o s p . De Fri ia dua Western Frisia was situated between the riv er Sin kfal in the vi cin ity o f Bruges in Flanders and the Fli ; Central Frisia between th e Fli and the Lauwers E astern Frisia between the Lauwers and the n Weser . These divisio s gave rise to certain special provi s ions in k the Frisian laws, and often mar ed the limits in which those law s

ss Lex Frision u m prevailed . The pa ages in the which specify these “ districts are the following : Haec lex inter Lau bachi e t Flehu m cu sto ditu r c ae te r u m Flehu m e t Sin cfal am h u iu sm o di , inter pro causa ” — 1 c Fr e ion . . . n s talis est consuetudo Tit X I V, Apud oc ide tales e s " l hi in falam —A dditi a i n u m F e e t S c . o S e t L inter p , Tit . I I I , X I X . ” “ Fli t in cfal am - Ho c Laub a i e S . . . c e t S I nter Tit I , X inter ine ” — V I Lau bachi e t W iser am e t falam . Tit . I V , . I nter cis Fli — I I I similiter . Tit . I , . The p osition of Sin cfal as a harbor or bay is implied in the men t of of to Sin cfal ion the length the voyage from Ripa in Denmark ,

o f tw o tw o t w given by Adam Bremen , as days an d nigh s , hile from

in cfal on E S to Prol , the opposite point the nglish coast, it is speci 1 ﬁe d as tw o days and o n e night . 1200 D Kii . The Tenth re , composed about A . , speciﬁ es as a grant from Charlemagne that the Fr isian s should n o t be required to serve as soldiers beyond the W eser on the east and the Fli on th e west, and no further to the south than would be possible for them to return in an evening, in order to protect their country against the 2 sea and foreign enemies .

parte s de r egno quod Lo thar iu s habuit . E t haec ist divi s io quam Carolu s c e it — de s iam m —A m z e o de m r s a c te r t . a l . de egno ibi p , Fri ia parte ,

B er t P s P er tz 8 0 . . ar I I I , , I , 4 9 , 4 9 1 D e Ripa in Flan dr iam ad Cin cfal v e lificari potes t du ob u s die b u s e t D e Cin cfal P A n lia m du o b u s dieb u totidem n o ctib u s . ad rol in g s e t una I ll u d e st m m A s s s m e t e s t s s s nocte . ulti u caput n gliae ver u au tru proce u m — S e /z li M illu c a n ulo su s s e o ccide n te m . o on 6 . de Ripa g inter au tru t , 9 , T B m Lib . I V . he o f m A da mi Ges ta Ha . , , author , a canon re en , died about 1 1 25 . 2 m e st : P s s n o n O te re e x e r citum du ce re u lte riu s Deci a petitio ri ione po r , m W is e r am s s m e t s s o ccide n te m u s qua ad ver u oriente , ver u que Fli ; ver s u s au strum non r e m o tiu s quam p o s sin t in ve spere redire u t e o ru m p o s flu c P e tivit m sint p a triam te n u e r e contra tu s e t ge n tile m e x e rcitu m . aute rex K ar o l u s quod ips i ultra p r o ficis ci v e llen t in orien tem u s que Hidde s o cide n te m s in fall E t ob tin u e r u n t F r is io n e s e kke r e e t in c u que S g um . id apud K aro lu m quod ips i b an n o s s uo s non ultra se r va r e n t quam in orient ’ u W is e r a m e t o ccide n tem s —F r ies ise/ie A eefits zeeZ/en m ad in u que Fli . g

1 1 8 . pp . 7, “ T he Ru s tr in er ha s : is thin lio dke s t w i s g text Thit tiande , thet Fri a fal m as Sinc is undoubtedly Zwin , a s all river in Flanders Maer 1 D m 1220 300 . w ho . Flemish poet, lived fro about to A ,

Al V rie sla n t verre ende n a T u ssce n de r Elven e n d Sin c val ” — Re ke n m e n te Sas se n a l . I P B e k . . t artie o , I , c 33

T e e n e n tiden quam s ulc geval D e n volke dat tu ssc en Sin cval

E nter W e sere sat alleene . Dat daer w a s e n e s care ge me n e ” E nde al te mal e V r ies e n b ieten .

T u s sce n de r W e se re e n ten Zw en e ” Dat tien tiden hiet Sin cval .

T fole dat upter z ee w o e n t al

T u s s cen W s e n de Sin cval der e ere .

Dat w i Frie slan t heten bi namen .

Alle die lie de n gh em e e like Die lanc s de r z e e saten hene T u ssc en der W es ere an ten Zw en e Dat tien tiden hiet Sin cval W art an e Go de beke e r t al

B i W illeb o rde W illade , bi

E B o n ifacis re dicade nde bi p .

P B k V . C . I I I artie oe , I I I , c X I I I

R m 0 1 0 11 of S 1283—1287 u l Melis toke, written between ,

D ie Scelt w as s e n d S dat we t ine , A l s o sie valt in de z e e O es t s treckende m ine no m ee ” — 6 V an av e ce n B k . L E . toter ofter lven oo I , 4

n e thu r o n hir ife rd f thru ch s kin in e s mi n e n b o dthin nene ara the g bon , g ﬁro r s W s s V V is u r a s itta, tha e ter to tha Fli and a ter to there , uther to there W e ilin e Tha kin i K lio de p g and north to heve s ouere . welde thi g erl tha ﬁr o r — leda wes ter to Sin kfal o n and as ter to Hiddise kr e Tenth Ke s ta . is s s C m m s ss i f I t po ible that harle agne ade thi conce on , but in act the s s m his m his m ss E Fri ian for ed a part of ar y in ca paign acro the lbe , and to the s s th e m s S s s outh again t Dal atian , and in pain where , at Ronce valle , their in — st t the s k E l z/za r di A m za l . F u ld. w as . g , grand on of Radbod , illed , , li lg7g9 N u we s t in V lan dr en s o verre comen ’ ’ B r u e h e s s Co n in x s Dat g tout in hant , E n bider z e e aldat lant Son der die D am m etten Sw e n e ’ ” A s o e s tw ae r t 1 h m e e n e . 6 l o t ant g VI , 1 14 .

V an h e ms s e an b e do ch haer J te , Dat hi selve voer ter Slu s e En bernede daer vel e h u e se

E n m s s tr i t qua weder onder j . Doe gh e vie l e e n an de r tijt Dat de V r e se n voeren over

Cae tsa n t de n e Tote an hoev r , ” E n ich — st te n e n . I V 1 . roof brant , 9 4

E n tr e cte opt u te r st van Ze elan t Tote V lis sin ghe on dat z ant

E n z o m z o u te n —I V 0 . toten lande . , 9 7

I n of 124 1 of a charter , given by Thomas, count Flanders and Hen n e au m g , Muiden is made a city free fro duties, also the district around

S in cfal Damme and the harbor called in the vulgar language . The — name indicates therefore a bay or harbor accessible to sea goin g f 1 S o . ships . I t extended between luis and Damme an d north Bruges This stream called the Zwin (Sine) entered the Hunte or W ester Scheldt which here separates Flanders (Cadsand) and the island o f

t o f S Walcheren . Zeeland hen included a district south the cheldt,

of o f and within the boundaries Frisia . The see Utrecht then em 1 1 c . n ot 1 6 bra ed Bruges The Hunte is mentioned before . I t was

ri z the an insigniﬁcant stream , and did not attain its present si e until ” n the ﬁfteenth ce tury .

Ru o teber u s w ho , slew his brother Baldwin , is said to have made in the year 10 71 an hostile expedition into Frisia which borders on 3 Flanders .

1 Thom as Flan drie e t Ha n n o n ie com e s ; fe cim u s apud Mudan fr an kam villam e t c o n ce s s im u s om nibu s illi s de Muda scabin giu m e t legem ville B r u ge n sis ab s ol vim u s univers os infra dictum scabin agiu m de Muda m an e n te s e t omni teloneo infra villam de D am e t u n diq u e infra p o r tu m

v ul ar itu r a ell atu r Sin cfal . S tr a tin /z 1 1 . Se e s qui g pp Quoted by g , I , 5 al o it is t Cr it om Holla n d 2 1 2 K l n . H . . C . 1 0 , I I , 3 , for a charter of 75 , con tainin g a s i milar grant . 9 - ' V a n den B er /z [Ja n elboeé eler N ea . Geo . 82 . g , g , p 3 Ru o te b e r u s Fr e siam c o n ﬁn io e st Flan driae ir r u atque in , quae p — tio n e m f . La nz éer ti A n n a l . P er tz V I I 1 8 1 . ecit , , , , _ _ 1 3

’ 1 W a 83 D alcheren ppears ﬁrst as an island in 7 A . . Frisian insti t u tion s s a s o f s s t o still exi t in Zeeland , the divisions e tate according

m f s the nu ber o cattle . Frisian word and forms are s till fou nd in m Dutch Flanders . Vlaardingen near Rotterdam also bears the na e “ of t constantly a Frisian ci y .

s W The ea tern limit of est Frisia is called in the Frisian laws Fli ,

Fle hi o r le hu m s F , and is of frequent mention in the mon a tic chron 3 t t i oles and charters . The early Roman wri ers say that the eas ern 4 Fle vo branch of the Rhine emptied into the lake , ﬂowed through it

Fle v u m the V lie and sought the sea at , between presen t islan ds of

of land an d Terschelling . The islan ds Texel and Vlieland were at S that time united . The river ﬂowed past tavoren and along the pres ent coast of Friesland . Hence the present provinces of North and

S H as w s outh olland , ell as the i lands of Zeeland, formed a part of

W a - est Frisi . The name Holland, Holtland or forest land, appears in

of the early records of the see Utrecht . The name was ﬁrst applied

n M iw e d e r e . to the district around Dordrecht, alo g the Maas and the

The separation from Central Frisia, both by rivers and the lake of

Flev o f , produced early dif erences in the laws of the two sections and

the of s o f political separation . Holland became property the Count

l u 1083 Ho land . They bore the title Coun ts of Frisia ntil , when

1 b W l m - N o r dm an n i tri u tu m e x acta n te s a chra v u n t . A n e n e r n a l . in , ’ F u la P r tz 6 1 a m s N o r m a n n i ir ru e . E d tio n e s F r is iam . , I , 3 te pe tate p olita ir ru e n te s in in sula quae W alc r ia dicitu r impe rato s a gg r e s s i e t ad — A n n a l . B er D o r tad m e v e n u n t . 8 . o m e s u m s r e r t. A . . C eade Fri ia p , D 37 I itu r im e ra to r dis o sita F r is iae m a ritim a e u e s is Ze e are . g p p cu todia ; that , pand and Fri s ia s im ilarly Campania e t m aritim a is u s ed in cla s s ical Latin o —A n ] r r is m t n a . B e t P e tz 0 A D n e s . . 8 . where but di trict ean , , I , 4 3 , 37 9 V s m F i io n u m D e laardin gen ic eni haec regio r s v o ca tu r . i d i r . r z V 8 . D e n e x r itu m n a v al e D v e s Tem P e / I 1 A . . 1 0 1 e e c m , p , , 7 9 , D p e r Reh um du xit in F re s iam contra G o te fr idu m eiu s q u e adiu to r e m Dio de r icu m ibi u e s s m u n itis s im as Rin e sbu r e t Fla e rdin , q dua urbe cepit , g — P r z V I I A n n a l . A . . 0 e t 1 . e n . La nz b. 1 g , D 4 7, , , 54 3 — A i n Fl e h e f l Lex F r is . pud occidentales Fr is o e s inter i t Sin c a am . A i L E l e a s V d 8 . cc s i m , I I I , 5 , X IX in occidentali Fre ia in illa Meden — Fr s o n P r z . e s . e t 8 A . . 1 1 1 8 e s blec , I I , 3 9 , D occidentale qui habitant m cc e v o r t s 0 idu li A lc m ar e co n s ce n d r u n t tran s vadu O n h in agro pp e .

r XV . 6 P e tz I A . 1 1 6 . , , D 4 s s m u e o r u m Later called A e lm e re . Tran tagnu q od in lingua dici ”

V t r tz v . m r . ita S B on i a P o l . The s m A e l e e . e tur f , , I I , 34 pre ent na e h Zuider Ze e doe s noes not appear until t e thirteenth century . 1 4

“ o f Dirk V styled himself Theodore, by the grace of God Count ” 1 Holland .

The city of E gmont was long the bo u ndary between the country of Holland and Frisia . The Fli as a division line was early recog n iz e d . Witteki nd is said to have destroyed the churches and ex

elle d e the p the priests, and forced the peopl as far as Fli , to return ” W to paganism . The estern Fr isian s do not seem to have j oi ned in e E t the league against Charl magne, composed of as Frisians , Danes S and axons . The western boundary of Central Frisia w as the La u bachi or L L auwers , at present a small stream ﬂowing north into the auwers

Zee , and formi ng the boundary between the provinces of Friesland

n and Gro ingen . I t seems early to have been a division line and the Frisians who resided beyond it adhered longer to their old

‘ paganism . Charlemagne constituted Liu de ge r a teacher in the ﬁve 8 of L Lab eke S m districts which lay to the east the auwers, ( ) . i ilarly

of Gregory , the successor of Boniface as bishop Utrecht, preached 4 of L to the east the auwers . There are also in charters constant references to the Lauwers as forming a boundary li ne between Cen E “ S tral and ast Frisia, as all the lands from tavoren as far as the

1 - ' — m H l A n E r /mr a A . . 1 2 . ve s . n a l Quot aute in ollandia Fri ia . , p , D 4 9

P er tz XV I . V V ilhelm u s Ro m an o r u m r e x o cciditu r F r e s o n ib u s , , 37 a — m 6 . k o ll an a l S ta ci A . . 1 2 H di m m o r an tib u s A n n a . . Mede bli prope . , D 7 Com itatu s Ho llan de n sis e t Fr e so n ic u s e t unum pertinent c o mite m e t s s —P er tz co n fin iu m e t s s e s E km u n de n si . utriu que populi qua i divi io t villa , ' XV I 66 F r r u ritu r W e s tlin i . e so n e s e x t e mi s s o cc ide n tem dic , 4 ve u ui g — r q W s 1 f XV . Fl n i . 1 [a t A n n a l . 1 ( e t i g ) . , I I , 5 7, quoted by Richtho en “ ” T he ode r icu dei Ho lla n de n is m 1 8 s s s . gratia co e I I , 3 , quoted V an d n B e . 2 1 . by ergh , p 9 1 Radix s cel er is W idu kin t e v e r tit F r e so n e s a via Dei c o mb u s sitq u e e c cle sras e t e x pu lit D ei fam u l o s e t u s que ad Fleo ﬂu viu m fecit Fr e so n e s ﬁdem r l m V ita e mq u e r e e t immolare ido lis j uxta morem e r r o n is p r isti .

S . Liu d A 82 . , . D . 7 . 3 Glorio su s princep s K a ro l u s c o n s tituit e u m (Liu dge r u m ) do cto r e m in gente Fr e so n u m ab orientali parti flumin is Labeki s uper pagos quinque - r tz I V 10 A . . m r chi H a l a E i a e r it a . P e e , u n u s Fivi , m s , Fe d , , 4 , ng g , g g g D 7 5 ° 4 s u a s s T r aiectu m m civ itatem e t Doctrina beatu Gregoriu , antiqua , v icu m fam o su m D o r stad cu m in r adiavit F r e s o n iae illa parte , quae tunc te mpo r u s Chris tian itatis ce n s eb a tu r ; idem u sque in ripam occide nt m flu min is dicitu r La b eki co n fin iu m Christian o r u m ale quod g , ubi erat - S r i V ita . G e . F r e so n u m ac pagan o r u m cu n ctis die bu s Pippin regi s . g

A eta S S d 2 . B en e ic. S a ee . P . . . I I I , I I , p 95 _ __ I S

L s Borne and the rest of Frisia from the Borne to the auwer , the “ ” 9 o f i s E m s L lands Fr sia ituated between the and the auwers . The eastern boundary of Frisia at the promulgation of the Le x Fri

i n u m W s o was the eser river. Certain portions of the laws apply to t L W 3 “ the coun ry between the auwers and the eser all the lands,

islands and districts in all Frisia between the We ser and Meeres ‘ ” “ “ - W W e u diep , all Frisia from the Zuider Zee to the eser . th s ﬁnd Frisia at the time in w hich the Lex Frisio n u m was in force h W divided into t ree parts ; est Frisia, which included a strip of of S country in Flanders along the southern shore West cheldt, Zee 5 n C land and Holla d . entral Frisia between the Fli , the eastern

s - L rs hore of the Zuider Zee and the auwe , separating the provinces f o Friesland and Groni ngen . This has been the permanent seat of

Lex Frision u m the Frisians where the originated, and where the

language is still retained in use . That these divisions o f Frisia had a certain centre of union an d a government by a law with in the m ain similar provisions is shown by the quotations already

given .

3 THE E E S THE . XT NT OF FRI I A TO NORTH .

n The exten t of the Frisian dominio to the north , and the period

i n which the North Frisian islands were occupied , cannot be de

min d m k ( te r e with accuracy . Ptole y spea s of a tribe of Pzp a ié o z as

Sk S is s dwelling i n andia, or southern weden There a di trict also

W o thl an d the FFIS O in est G having name J . This may indicate an

1 Omnes a Stavria u s que ad B o r n e da m r eliq u a vero pars F r e s iae a

B o r n e da s Lav icam A . . 12 0 . k ic/z t/w en Lex u que ad , D 3 Quoted by f ,

F r ion u m . is . , p XI I I 9 A s in e n n o n de r z ate n h ul e r e n e z e te ii s s llen lande , luden , ende p g tu chen — Cﬁa r ter boele v an F r ies l a n d L s de r W e z e r e . de r 8 . auwer ende , I , 3 9 3 La u ba chi e t W is e r am e t cis Fli s e e Le x F r isio n u Inter , in the m .

T . it. 1 0 1 I , 3 , 4 , 5 , ; I X , 3 ; XI ; XXI I 4 ’ A de e l an de e n o m lan de o m tre n t t e m e m e F r ie sla n t e lle lande , y , g g ’ — is n M e r sdie . B r en n e e P s de W s e n t e . 2 legen tu chen e er p , I , , p . 33, Rient/zo en XI V D e s e m e n e n Fr ie s la n de s de r quoted by f , . g von Zuder ’

W W k n 1 2 . z e e de r e z e r e . er e to , I , 5 5 Thi s di s trict from the Zwin to the Maas received in the eleventh - T he cen tury the name Se land or Zeeland . territory between the Maas a n d A lkm aa r received th e n ame Holtland (Holland) . A s mall di s trict ﬁ m W T to th e north of A lkm aar s till bears th e na e e s t Friesland . he G e r man application o f th e term to th e pre sent province o f Frie s land is

s u se . wrong hi torically , and contrary to national 1 6

‘ S e early settlement in candinavia . There is in Beowulf, in the battl of Fin n e sbu r g, a possible reference to an outlying border castle .

E ilsa a of 1220 is . r e f n e n ce to I n the g g A D . there a e the land lying m k 2 between Frisia and Den ar . Helgoland w as in the eighth century 3 Frisian and apparently the centre of the w orship of Fosite , and 4 o f S possibly the residence the king Radbod . The trand Frisians m 5 are mentioned as early as the thirteenth century under that na e . The inhabitants of D itm arsch between the Elbe an d the E ider were closely and early connected with the Frisians , probably both by language as well as blood . The Frisians often appear associated

W e 122 s . 6 with them read that in the year , many Fri ians entered 6 D itm ar sch to of r aid in the defense the count y agai nst the Danes . E ichhorn holds that the Strand Frisians who resided o n the west

S o rdstr an d coast of chleswig, and on the former island of N took pos 7 of fo r session that distric t after the third cen tury . Falck declares 8 m of the ti e of Charlemagne or somewhat earlier . The occupation

of E o n this district , north the lbe and bordering the Danes by a

of S a m mixed population axons and Fr nks , is anifest as early as the year 8 82 and shown by a letter from the E mperor Lothair to the

o n of pope , in which he says that the borders the empire there is a

’ 1 Corre s pondin g to D ahlman n s view of the early residence of Fri sian s — ’ / h G selz iente v an D ein ema r c 1 6 . in t e . e north , I ,

1 k m til l an dam ae r is a r e r m o e tiz D a n mo r k 0 k rislan d 0 k peir o a b F , — ’ 6 de n t S r . . 6 . m es a er . a a d Gr im . G . l gu p vit lan Quoted by , f , p 4 3 A n effort h a s been m ade to connect the word F r is ia n with the Nors e

th e m o f the s ss F os ite s s . Fro and Freir , and na e Fri ian godde , Nor e , For eti — ’ ’ - niente a er F r ies en a n d Clum ben V olekn za r . Zu r S ta mmes zm a S ag eng ese , ’ 4 - S W illebr or d V ita . . U n de acce pit nomen u t Heiligland dica tu r . Fo site slan d app ell ari dis cim u s quae s ita e st in co n ﬁn io D an o r u m e t F r e s o n u m ; Sunt e t aliac in s ulae contra Fre s ia m e t D a n iam s e d nulla — da r/i i es ta Ha m . B ook 2 . M . A G o ilis . e or u m tam m e m rab , , I , 79 5 Re x D an o ru m Abel Str an tfris o n e s ab in s ol e n tia e o ru m volen s co m — XI V . m e iis e st o ccisu s . P er tz pes cere, inopinata orte , , 373 6 kia Multi Fr is on e s c o r r u e r u n t in Thide m ae r skia e t tam e n Thide m ae r s — R n ses P er tz XV I 0 . l . e b u ata e st . A n n a Dani s su j g , y , , , 4 7 7 iso n e s I ch bin genei gt an z unehmen dass die Nord oder Strand Fr de s He r z o th u m s Schleswig s eit de m dritten Jahrhundert eingewandert — g - d Ree /z ts esenielz te v o l . . 0 . D en t. S ta a ts u n s ind . g , I , p 5

8 - fits 80 . i Hols t. P n va tree Ha n dézeefides S e/z lesw g , I , a description of the coun try around W orms by the bish op Th en dola ’ 8 3 i r . . 7 s S chus A D , we fi n d a Fri an peier mentioned . On the rive

S z s c e il in thi vi inity lies Fries nheim , which may have been a Fri

o n o s Le x Fri ion u m sian c lo y . We cann t suppo e that the s ever pre

to o The vailed the s uth of the Rhine . Salian law was early intro

" s du ce d s . e e s n o t c t o along the el B qu st w ere made, ac ording S 2 W - Frisian law , but according to Ripuarian and alian law . ijk bij i ’ S Duurstede is frequently mentioned as Fris an . Meppel was axon , ‘ a the as early s eighth century . I t has been attem pted to determine the limits of Frisian terr itory

e c of u m e n m o f by the app aran e the termination in prop r a es places . This has been held to be a characteristic of Frisian occupation

u m is of hem everywhere . Thi s in many cases a relic the older ,

im em E s ha m in ha m s he S . Franki h , axon , ngli h as Dur I n a regis

o f of of 983 Falc on he m ter the Abbey Werden the year , we ﬁnd

V alku m S ahsin hem S W e rfhe m W r ( ) , g ( aaksum) , ( a fum) , Midlist

heim o r hem a hem (Middelstum) . The termination appears but few times in names of places in the Netherlands . I n Helgoland 00 D 8 . . alone in A , there w ere forty places having the termination

1200 D the of h -tw o m . u . . I n A , names eig ty places in North

n u m -tw o Frisia e ded in , while in West Frisia there were seventy

n : E - places havi g that termination in ast Frisia twenty four, in ' d r an d n E s - or st . N ninetee , in iderstedt four Over eventy six places in

of u m m a the present province Frisia end in . The termination u p pears in the n ames of but few places outside of the provinces o f

an d f S - i s e s o . Frie land , Groning n the west coa t chleswig Holste n . This termination pr edominates in names of places on the islands of

1 D e loco qui dicitu r Fr iso n e n -Spira us que ad Rhe n u m msi F r is o n e s r e stau r an da m . Ru do l s h e im Gu n sh e im k m uralia procuren t , , Tur hei , m m s S s m Rhen i A l shei , Mettenhei a uper dicta pira u que ad locu qui - v o ca tu r r o videan t . A n n a l . W or m A . . 8 . s s Spira p , , D 73 The e place lie n W m s W m s O e n heim orth of or , between or and p 2 e 8 w e Eo Fo lke r u s uasdam I n a grant giv n in 5 , ﬁnd , g , q proprie s m c re s 13a m ula n d co mitatu W i m an n i n e c n o n tati ae in pago in g , in atuwe m te s tibu s s um m Ri u ariam e t Salicam n ec B , cora ecund lege p , non - ’ u m ew a Fr e so n u m tradidi. Leeomblet Rhein isches Ur hu n aen bu e/z se c ndu , , m 0 . R f s s o f I , 3 ichtho en clai that the peciﬁcation not according to the ” a s s is f m m . l w of the Fri ian , an interpolation ro another diplo a 3 s s D s a u m t o n s u s -V ita Inde e gre i per o r t t e vicinia Fre s u m tran e n te .

S A n sha r ii . 8 . , c 4 V ita Oppidum e st in Saxonia not um plurimis M e ppea nominat u m .

S Lin d Lib . 2 . A eta B en edict S a ee. I V . . , I I , 5 , i l an d f To east Fohr and on th e southern half o f the s o Sylt . the

ar e a n Lo w m n t he nam es o f places Danish d Ger an, with few Frisia

’ l s bdttel in f m e n brill . bdl an d bbl e. or s . The t rminatio , Dan po sibly

W olfe n biittel o n old , meaning a cottage , which does not appear W E a is s r o f c harts of est and ast Frisi , found in the earlie t ecords

o f S - o n t e N orth Frisia . On the west coast chleswig Holstein and h

n n m e of s e North Frisia isla ds, ore than a hundred nam s place hav t his e n ding.

I I L I T E RA T U RE .

That the Fris ians had early a distinct form of spe ech is evident

of w e from the early mention their language, even before possess

W e the Fr isica, lin u a the literary remains. ﬁ nd g mentioned in an

D h o f F r eson u m l of o f 2 o t e S t. n a s 88 . Fulda A . , als in life Boniface, l l in u a s s g . This language always bear the name Frisian , and doe not

deu ts c s eem to have been included under the general term h. The — likeness of the Frisian to the Anglo Saxon admitted o f a certai n d o f e for -S x s e u egree int rcourse , the early Anglo a on mis ionaries 2 t er e d at once upon active labor on arriving in Frisia. Boniface is said to hav e spo ken to his companions at the time o f

t S ow n a tr ia the Frisian at ack upon him in the peech of his land, p v oce - k a ‘ S . , Anglo axon I t is thus evident that wor mong the Fri

of sians was based upon the acquisition their language . I t is as s e r ted to that the Frisians promised receive the gospel, provided Charlemagne would send to them some o n e who could speak their o w n Liu d e r o f language , and g , who was Frisian birth , was sent 3 m m n n of Ge r ‘ to the . A general si ilarity betwee the la guage s

1 V ita . B on i a t S Lib . 2 . f , I I , c . 5 9 W f f — a il red labored a e w month s in 0 78 with great s uccess V it S . ' ’ P ‘ V z r ea in A a S S . E m mi . n u d 2 . V V i b e rt s u s c V , c 5 labored two year — g c e s sfu ll f m 6 0 6 2 th e s o f f R . y, ro 9 9 , owing to oppo ition their chie adbod He a f W w s d s o f A . . 6 A e ollowed by illebror , bi hop Utrecht , D 93 ; d l s o f H f in E bert , the patron aint North olland who ounded the church g m W ulfrarn s o f S s 6 0 B f 1 - w as s ont ; , bi hop en , 9 ; oni ace , 7 9 755 , who lain k m at Doc u by the Fri s ian s . 3 — ’ Si e is ali u is de r e u r l s V z ta S . q t cuj u s lo q u e am in tellige r e p o s e n t . ' ' Liu d er z . 1 6 . V olks l z tem tu r g , c Quoted by Mone , ,

. 2 p 37 . man w as co z it ba r y early re gni ed . Thus is said that all the

t he ' e W a n d be barous nations living between Rhin and the eser ,

the m tween the Danube and ocean , rese ble each other in language , ’ s e but in dre s and custom are v ry dissimilar . Augustine is said by B ede to have taken Frank interpreters with him to E nglan d from France

n n o Of national popular songs in Frisia there are traces, and yet we have sh o wn that the scen e of Beowulf is partly o n Frisian s m its oil , and that Gudrun includes , ixed w ith northern elements, m o f s s . s any legendary events Frisian hi tory There were Fri ian bard , s w but th eir ongs ere never written and consequently have perished .

of t Liu d e r Helle w ir d I n the life S . g we ﬁnd that he met at a

B e rn le f w ho o f o f blind singer, , sang the deeds and conﬂicts the w 3 s as . ancient Fri ian kings, and who greatly beloved by the people These songs could only exist when the country was free from for ei n r w as o f t g inﬂuence , and whe e there the bond a national spiri

o The e h as and common hist ry . Frisian lan guag disappeared in n E S North Holla d, in ast Frisia except in the aterland , and in the

o f -" distric ts North Brabant, Drenthe , and Over ssel . I n the w est it

o r has yielded to the Frankish its modern representative , the Neth e rl an dish s r e do min at , and in the ea t i t has given way before the p of - 15 0 in g political inﬂuence the Saxon or Platt deutsch . For years the Frisians were constantly exposed to attacks from the North m en t u 10 10 or thm e n e u . The las invasion occ rred in , when the N

r d w as to t e e Frisia and advanced into Holland . Frisia given the o N orman chief Godfrey by Charles the Fat . Godfrey was s on

Ge r olf of o f assassinated, and , the son Theodore, a Count Frisia, E L r egained his hereditary domain . The mperor ewis gave Frisia 4 t o K e r olt N m t the Dane , but the or an dominion was always doub

1 mn e s u e r ae ter ea s n atio n e s Rhe n u m W is O q p barbara , quae inter ac m ﬂu vio s o cean u m u e D an u biu m o sitae s m era q atque p unt , lingua quide s m s s ed habitu i v el mo r ib u s s s m s e r do m u it u t pene i ile valde di i ile , ita p — x Hu a tz H rt E ccl . E . o s f ce rat. P er 6 1 . a . e as s ibi tributaria , XI , 3 g ' '

or za cem zs A . . I I OO . F l , D 9 is t. E ccl . Lib . . 2 . H , I , c 5 3 E t discu mb e n te cum disci ulis s s oblatu s e s t e i s vo ecce illo p ui , caecu ' B e r n l e f v icin is s s dili e ba tu r e o ss aﬂabilis e t cabulo , qui a ui valde g , quod e et n i u o r u m s r e u m u e c e rtamin a n o ver at sall e n do m a t q actu g q bene , p pro ere

Lia m Lib . . I A d d B en edzct . S a w . I V . 2 . , I I , c , , p 5 4 T u n e dominus imperator magn am partem F re so n am dedit ci [Heriol t ’ a Hl a d I m . P er tz s E n s . The an i V it . . de Danai ] g p , I I , 59 7 Fri ia and g 2 1

n d a f ful, a we cannot assume that the langu ge was greatly af ected I n s during their uncertain supremacy . the eleventh century Fri ia,

L s ms a go v between the auwer an d the E , p ssed un der the temporal

r i n t o f the t E m s e e g y bishops of Utrecht, and Frisia be ween the and u W eser became subject to the bishops of Bremen . D ring thi s period of incessant warfare and occasion al temporary subjection to

n the Da es, perished probably all native literature , if any written o f m memorials existed . Frisian chronicles speak a agniﬁcent temple

S n of o f at tavore , the seat of the Frisian kings, and a long line his “ t or ic al m W itho writers, a ong whom are mentioned , the wise, the

132 F te m a . . or n n u s chief of the Druids, who died A D of Hanco , w ho lived in the time of Charlemagne and who wrote an account

f of S o r te m an n u s w h o o f o his campaigns ; ulco F , wrote a record Fri

Fr ix o the of sian history from , mythical founder the race and

o f to S w ho brother Aeneas, Radbod I I ; of Occo van charl, lived in w ho o f the tenth century , and wrote the history his time . Most o f o n of S u ffridu s these statements rest the authority Petri , who k lived in the sixteenth century , and whose writings are mar ed by

credulity an d a love of romancing . There are no existing remains of the early language other than the words contained in the Lex

Fr isio n u m , and in the proper names contained i n the monastic

records . An interesting fact which connects the earliest writings in the

n of Frisia language with the writings the other German nations ,

s and which bears i ndirect witne s to their age and authenticity , is ’ l W iar da the u se of alliteration employed in their aws . called atten

t of a d tion ﬁrst o the alliterative character these laws . He held the

dition s s o f to them to be in part fragment popular songs, poetic m glosses, which gave to the people infor ation regarding the origin

and meaning of the laws . I n the second Kiire in the Ru strin ger text we have Col n ab u rch hit by a lda tidou Cologne hight i n olden times

A r i n a l n m A ri g p a da da o a And by olden name g p. Tha firade us F rison The n was strange to us Fr isian s Thin m en o te n fire , The foreig money,

m s the s m land ar e said to have beco e s ubject to the Dane at a e time. ditio n e D a n or u m fe r u n — m e A tu r . A tque ex illo te pore Fres ia t nglia in M . da e 8 6 A mi G r m Lib . A . . , I , D . 7 1 A se a bu c/z . 1 1 1 6 0 . g , pp , 7, 34 2 2

sw e rade And us An d us i nconvenienced ,

s w e ra Tha thi panning Then the heavy penny . Setton tha selua S et (established) w e ourselves

Su n dro e m en ot e g , An especial coin , t w And war h ther ith thet An d there w as with it,

siu u n tich Twa and g punda, Tw o and seventy pounds,

L e d e la ad L y and g , aid and valued,

siu u n tichs killin a Tw o s Twa and g g and seventy shilling .

Re dn athes slekes ieftha m of Re dn a th o r Of the sta p , ’ K aw in e s sleke s K a w in s g . Of g stamp .

Re dn ath K Redn ath an d K and awing awin g .

hiton S o Alsa tha forma were hight the ﬁrst, Tw e n e ther to H islan de Two that in Friesland

an n i l o on n Then p g s g . The pen y stamped .

Thr iu un d p tha frana, Three pounds to the magistrate . Thet ist en and tw in tich That is o n e and tw enty Skillin ga thr u ch thes Kyn in ge s

bo n . Shillings by the kings decree .

Of historical poems there are few traces . Lines appear which

to o f seem have formed part some Volkslied , as

Hi was min n e r a

A n d hi w a s betera Hi s tifte and s te r de

T r iw a and werde . A n d hi s etta thera kenega ie ft A n d all e r e liuda kes t

A n d lan dr iu cht ” 1 A n d alle ra londa e ccu m sin r iucht Rask holds that these lines may have been taken from some poem r to elating Charles Martel . Compare with these the following lines f 2 from a register o the kings who established good laws . Thesse ﬁu w e r hera These four lords B ihu lpo n us Helped us F rison frihalses Frisians t o liberty

ridom es And f , And freedom

kin i W K With thene g ith ing Charles ,

K er] b , wanda alle Because all

1 R c/z ts u el len . . e g , p 343 3 ' ' za 1 . l é . p . 33 2 3

h Frisa er north erdon Frisians to the north were subject, m h . Anda grim ma erna . To the gri nations

o f Rhyme appears later, and there are few traces it in Frisian

W iar da uo s writings of unquestioned earl y date . q tes a an ex m 1 a ple .

el e w i Forth sc se halda, Hereafter these will w e keep ’ Go d scel a Go d And urse wald , An d shall rule o er us,

r e dde ra stitha Thes and thes The weak and the strong,

f r mitha u n r iu chte o . u And alle thing And all things wrong we will sh n . These lines form a conclusion to a gloss to the XVI I Kiire n an d L Hu n sm o e r E s the XXIV andrechte in the g an d m iger laws.

m of A rhymed poe uncertain , but probably late date , contains the 2 of t o risian s C grant special privileges made the F by harlemagne . The language of the poem does not differ much from the Hu n sin g

K s m o e r text of the e ta . The poe begins

wa s s u Thit to there t nde ,

Tha k K r iu chta bi u n de the ening erl g ,

Tha s h Sax in n a m k wa ter ande t ere eri , ﬁ Liu din ge r u s e n hera fele s te ric S Of glosses upon the criptures and translations into the Frisian , o f which form so large a part early German literature, we ﬁnd o f f d scarcely any traces, although in the laws the dif erent istricts as

Sin dr iu cht well as in the ecclesiastical law ( ) , there are constant provi

s o f sions regarding priests, fast , the sanctity churches, obedience to W . e t spiritual authorities, etc have a fragmen regarding the last

a m of judgment, lso the ten com andments, with a sort scriptural gen e al o o me d ts o f m gy, to which is j lis the Ro an emperors and of the early bishops who ruled over Frisia . The original dates of the ren d dering of these into Frisian cannot be etermined, but the lists of kings who instituted wi se laws is not earlier than the beginning of the fourteenth century . The earliest forms in the Frisian language Le x Fr isio n u m are the words which occur in the .

l ﬁ n . 8 6 . Rec/z ts u elle 1 . A se a éu c . 1 g , p 7 g , p 2 l n . Rec/Etr u el e . 1 g , p 35 3 A Latin vers ion o f thi s charter is given by Sehota '

d h an ck v a n Heer l zcé/z e dt v an . 6 1 6 en . A C g/ y p 4 , 55 nother copied from the s tate archives in B ru ssels is given in the Char te rb o ek o f

s V ol . . T he L s w a s b e b Fri ia, I , p atin ver ion long held to original , ut its genuineness is no lon ge r maintained . 2 4

L W S L A IN ATIN .

or r a n LEx RI SI ON M DATE F U . The earnest edition of the Le x Frision u m appeared in 15 5 7 at 1 Basel . The law stands between the Le x A n gl o r u m e t W e r n io r u m

Thu r in o r um an d L B u r u n dio ru m t hoc est g , the eges g . No original tex h is w n it k of t is law kno , and is not nown from wh at source Herold w 2 obtained the text hich he used . The editor states that for the

Lex S l t of m w ho a ica he used a manuscrip Fulda, and that a ong those contributed to this edition o r aided in its collation w ere scholars of W . ak S ax m u n du s Basel , Milan and orms Herold spe s in on e place of , on e of o f A dditio S a ie n tu m 60 0 the authors the p , as living in A . D . i S cc am a assign s the collection of the laws to the time of Cl o thair e I I — 6 13 628 o r 628—638 , to his son Dagobert . Richthofen , however,

of wi th better reason , divides the laws into three parts, each which f he assigns to a dif erent period . He holds that the oldest part w as compiled after the subjugation of Frisia by the Franks under Charles 734 Martel , in , and that it was in force in Central Frisia either dur

o r of 4 1 ing his reign that his son Pippin , 7 . The second part of the law w as in force throughout all Frisia after the conquest of East 85 Frisia by Charlemagne , 7 .

A dditio S a ien tu m The third part or the p , by which the provisions of f to the law w ere changed and dif erently applied, is subsequent 802 the year . The historical considerations which determine the of L date these laws may be brieﬂy given . The laws are in atin ,

of of w ith many Frisian w ords . None the laws the German na

n tio s were written down until after the introduction of Christianity .

of -S With the single exception the Anglo axon laws , these laws were all written ﬁ rst in Latin . Dagobert I founded a Christian

on of church at Utrecht the borders Frisia . The city was captured by the Frisian king Radbod and the church destroyed . The bishop of Cologne claimed j urisdiction over Utrecht in consequence of the

l r i B asil n O ig n u m ac G e r man icar um A n tiq uita tu m Libri . O pera Ioan is H B il n . as iae 1 . erold , 5 5 7 9 f his o f Le x Fr isio n u m s Richtho en , in edition the , republi hed under the s s s S ha s f Gau Lin au pice of the Fri ian ociety , re uted the theory of pp that den b ro his 1 6 1 Sic cam a his o f 1 6 1 s g in edition of 3, and , in edition 7, u ed m s s s s a anu cript ori ginal , by howing that the e edition add nothin g to the s d Hu de co e r his m Cr o n i k o f H . ﬁr t e ition erold y p , in edition of the Rij j f s S k L 1 2 v o l . I 1 2 has s s o of Meli to e, eiden , 77 , , 4 , doubted the genuinene B u t m m s m p s th e s these laws . a ore co plete tudy and a co ari on with law o f other German nation s has e stabli shed their genuinene ss .

I r 834 to 1024 D k o f . . a f om A , an d anything li e the compilation general code of laws would have be en during this period impos si ble .

L u n o f L s se n o t ater, d ri g the reign ewi the Pious, the laws could h n o f s ave received form , as various provi ces Fri ia had been given to e m ss the leading Norman chi fs . I t is i po ible that any law em

n in s braci g any respect similar provi ions, could at that time hav e originate d and been applied to a cou n try So divided an d under so

n s varyi g governmen t . Certain specifications regarding the amounts of m of r oc e e du r e l of the fines and inde nities , the rules p , the re ations m to o n e o f to the oneys specified, lead assign portion these laws period between 734 a secon d portion to the peri od succeed in E s C m 785 g the conquest of a t Frisia by harle agne , hence after , and the third portion to the general exam in ation and codification o f all of f 802 the laws the dif erent tribes at Aachen i n .

ewa s a n of 85 5 al The term for law appears ﬁ r t in early record ,

Ham al a n d ready quoted , in which property in is conveyed accord

to of S a n ee n on secu n du m ing the law the alian and Ripuarian Fr nks ,

w a r eson u m Le x Fr isio n u m u n u e s e F . Many provisions in the are q

f z tio n ably o remote heathen origin . The law recogni es ancient na tion al customs (Gewohnheitsrecht) continued beside the recogni z ed

m r r co mon law o Volksrecht . All distinctively pagan features are e m to oved from the law , save a single passage which has given rise much controversy . I t provides that whoever shall violate a shrine

of th e and carry away any sacred objects, shall be conducted to the

of a l shore the sea, and th t there his ears shall be s i t and he shall be sacriﬁced to the gods whose temple he has violated . This occurs u o f A dditio S a ie n tu m W u l e m ar u s nder Title X I the p , given by 2 3

f . on e o the revisers . His n ame shows him to have been a Frisian

T hi s is the earlies t m ention I find of a Norman invas ion . Interim e tiam clas s i s de Dani s v e n ien s in Fr isiam aliq ua m partem e x illo deva s tav it e t e r V e s -T r aie c tu m m um v o catu r D o r e stadu s , tu ad e pori quod , p — n ie n te s m u e r u n t . A n n a 1. B er t. P er tz 2 8 . ve o nia diri , , I , 4 9 ' Rzcfit/z en . LI . qf , p 3 a u b ach de e te m l o r u m f m e ffr e i e Ho c tran s L i honor p . Qui anu g t t de sac ris tu l e rit ducitu r m e t sab u l o ac ce s s u s ibi aliquid , ad are in quod o e rir e s fin du n tu r s s e t castr atu r e t im m o la tu s diis mari s p olet , aure eiu v quorum templa v io la it . T he T hi s s e em s to be m ore the s tatemen t of a cu s tom than a law. ' s ubjunctive would have been u s ed in th e verb s du ca tu r and z mmol etu r m s m s as e were it any other than a ere note written by o e revi er , Richthof n sugge s t s . _ _ 2 7

ha d e m D 2 he After Ch arlemagne b en crowned in Ro e A . o bserved the defects in the law s of the different tribes under his d m o f l a w v n m S an d o inion , and that provisions e e a ong the alian

s He to Ripuarian Franks were often dis imilar . therefore sought — rem edy the s e deficiencies by the addition o f Cap itu kt special brief

m n n a n d s tatements which re oved any i co sistency , yet left the sub

a o f f s tance o f the law unch nged . The laws the dif erent trib es

to c al were reduced writing, and it was even dire ted that nation

mm m o f s ongs co e orating the deeds their kings should be preserved .

8 02 t e s I n the year , at a grea council of princes , nobl , clergy and 2 the e m e r or jurists, these laws were read before p and translated .

E m s m the la w endation were ade, and as amended was written “ down in order that j udges might adminis ter ju s tice according to ” 3 t n L t . o s hat which was writte , and not receive bribes ater wi e and learned men was entrusted an examination into the operations 4 a n d u s w res lt of these la s . All defects were to be reported to the

1 P s s u sc e tu m m m c u m adve r te re t m le ib u s o t p i periale no en , ulta g populi s u’i de e s s e n am s hab en t s l u r imis s s s , Franci dua lege in p loci valde diver a , c o itavit de e ra n t adde re e t dis c re a n tia e r " g quae p unire , prava quoque ac p e r a m ca r r i e r e : s e d de his ab e o f m s p prolata g nihil aliud actu , ni i quod m a pauca capitula e t e a imperfecta le gibu s a ddidit. O nium t me n nation u m s u b us do min atu e ra n t iu ra u e s e ra n t de s c rib e r e ac quae ei , q cripta non li m e t a n ti u is s im a m te ris mandari facit . I te barbara q car ina quibu s veter u m m s e t can e ba n tu r s s c t m e m o r iae u e m a n dav it regu actu bella . crip it q . ’ m o n is — n ﬁ r I n cho a vi e t ram m a i a m s e r . E i a m i V ita Ca /i t t c o M . g patrii ,

29 . 9 Se d e t m m s m s n o du m f m e s t c o n r e av it i perator interi , quod ip u y actu , g g s m s e t r e li u o C s c u m le is la to r ibu s e t f o m duce co ite q hri tiano populo g , ecit n e s e s s u o e t u n ic u i u e ho min i m s m e t m " l ge in regno legi tradi , q lege ua e en d u bicu m u e s s f e t e me n datam m s c ribe re e t u t s are , q nece e uit , lege , j udice r i u a c i e n -A n l e scr t m u dica sse n t e t m c e s s t. n a . La u r a /z p p j unera non p , , S A . . 0 8 2 . r l z M on . er S . 8 . P e G . D , I , 3 3 T he s the F s s s S R ks law of ri ian , Thuringian , alian and ipuarian Fran , and o f the Cha m avi a r e s uppos ed to have been reduced to writing at thi s time . 4 K a r o l u s elegit e x o ptim atib u s s ui s p r u de n tissimis e t sapie n tis s imis s tam a rchie isc 0 is m e t r e li u is e is c o is sim u l u e e t a s viro p p qua q p p , q bbate v e n e rabile s la ic o s u e s s e t rs m m s m e t e r q religio o , direxit in unive u regnu uu p o s u s s u b e n ib m e m e c n cti s q ue t u s s ecundu re ta legem vivere conces s it . Ubi m m e t s a li u it s s co n stitu tu m aute aliter qua recte j u te in lege q e e , hoc dili e n tis sim o m e x uire re u s s it e t s in n o te s ce r e s e g ani o q j ibi , quod ip , donante D e o m e lio r ar e u t s u tilitate m m , cepit longa con uetudo , quae ad publica non im e n di r va a t s e v e tu r et s e r t e s e m . C . p , pro lege quae diu int , p r anent apit A o m m b 8 1 . 1 . V o l u m u s u t s m n u d ha n t . . c o s u e t in e m e D 3 , c 7 h e tale — it o n b o A . D r z s e a n i u s L a . 82 . 1 P e t S S . t u o r d r u n . i ut q g fuit , 3 , c 4 , I , 1 93 . e o L c s w as be mper r for adj ustment. ong standing national u tom to r w as etained and to have equal force wi th written law , unless there a m w as conflict between the , when the written law to be followed .

E wa e n to a l a w e m o n o G e w ohn was equival t b dyi g nati nal usage , ( heitsr echt ) .

Le x Fr isio n u m s s t w o a s the The con ist of p rt , law proper and the

A dditio a ien tu m Th m i — S . e o s e o p f r er divid d int twenty tw o titles , each embracing many s e parate speciﬁcations ; the latter contain s

a n d o e ﬁ a a r e eleven titles als many s parate speci c tions . Penalties

s e fo r m e speciﬁed with great fullnes and xactness, urd r, theft, vio l n s e n of ence, mismarriage, u cha tity , inc ndiarism , violatio oaths, in

mn it n f s th de y for i juries and personal af ronts . I n many ca es e num ber of the witnesses or judicial supporters (E ideshelfe r) of the ao

s n o t h c u se d are given . Penalties are a sessed merely according to t e r to the n h e ank of the injured , but according that of tra sgressor . T es

f n are estimated in m oney of dif ere t coin ages, old and new . The fi nes

r in are uniform th oughout Frisia only a few cases . The three divi

of a an s sions Frisia , each of which had i n p rt independent legal statu

e o are mention d . The h me of Frisian law was unquesti onably Cen

s r e tral Frisia, and variations for the other district from the legal

u ir em en ts s . q here, are peciﬁed in n otes If the law does not denote deﬁnitely for what district its state ment holds, the preface indicates for en tire Frisia or the special di vision to which it applies . If the passage relates to the central — part, short remarks specify the penalties and the oath helpers for the o n e of W le m a ru s S ax other parts . Only passage the revisers, and 1 mundus, is incorporated in the text . This may show contempo A dditio do r ary revision . The penalties i n the law and in the not 2 ar e correspond . For bodily injuries they i ncreased threefold . That the laws were composed under the reign of the Frankish kings

s of is evident from the use the title , king and duke, side by side ; also

f r edu m r from the payment o the f o peace mony to the king . There are n o traces of Roman law in the Le x Fr ision u m and the in flu ence of other tribal laws cannot be certainly shown . Certain penalties for bodily inj uries are the same in the Le x Fri

A t e n d o f Tit. 11 1 0 . the , t 9 ’ — e e W ilda S tr a r ec/z t a er D en ise/zen 6 1 8 622 . D e G s S , f , eer hold that — thes e e nactment s were made in the tenth and eleventh centurie s Over ’ d m — d e Za men s tel/in v a n e Lex Fr is ion u . 1 8 1 . g , pp 9 9 5 n u m Le x A n lor u m m s s o and the g . Once the en act ent is aid to be 1 m the k fro ing .

THE RELATION o r THE FRIS IANS TO THE ANGLES A S SUGGE STED IN THE

LEx RI S I ON UM F . I t has been atte mpted to determ ine a con nection between the

s m of Le x F ri i Angles and the Fri ians, by a co parison the s o n u m

Le x A n lo r u m e t W e rn io r um 11 0 0 Thu r in o r u m with the g est g . The

is u b s n latter code undo tedly old i n sub ta ce , but in the form in which 2 w s s l a w e posse s it has been subj ect to revi ion . The exhibits no

n a d traces of Christian i nflue ce and ideas , n evidently has its origin m m in t imes of pure pagan is . The freque n t entio n of the duel in i t

e is especially notic able . It has been held to have originated in

S t Th o rin ia chleswig, in a distric on the Maas called Thuringia or g , C m m and in the presen t Thuringia in e n tral Ger an y . I t ust have originated in a dis trict where Frisian and Frankish form s w ere 3 in mixed both the laws as well as in the language . The Frankish m m ele ent predominates . There is great si ilari ty to the Le x Cham m a v or u .

4 Zo e fl m a m According to p , the law y have received its na e either becaus e it originated i n Thuringia o r w as carried to Denmark by S m m w ay of North Thuringia . o e for of this law was carried to

E m Le x 1V e rn io r u m e t Th u rin o r u m ngland , where it bore the n a e g .

A n lo r u m as The term g was dropped , applying to the laws of the E ; Angles, which originated on nglish soil

I n the Co n stitu tio n e s de Foresta o f Canute a ﬁ ne is assessed a o 6 W s is cording to the law of the erni and Thuringian . I t suggested

T he w s s s m m m k s la of only two tribe ee to have e anated fro their ing , Ro har i 6 6—6 2 s th e L s k t A . D . s tho e of on gobard under ing 3 5 , and tho e o f - — — — A S s . s 1 I V 1 8 1 the n glo axon Title I , I I I , M 7 ; , M ; IX , fl 3 , V a r e the ks t . T s V held to belon g to old national law ( ol rech ) itle I I , , s m - G e w o h n he it s r XI V s e c t. k XI , , to previou unwritten cu to law, Fran i sh 8 - m s s a r e s 1 1 . enact ent in Fri ia hown in I I I , M , 7; IX , M 4 7 2 ’ ’ Ga u D a r A l ie Ga re /z a er 7 fizir zn er . pp , g 3 D Le x S de r Le x A n l o r u m e H M iille r . e r t VV e Se e . alica und g r n i m A He im ath 1 s k Le x S oru lter und , 5 9 ; al o Mer el , alica , Nachtrag ’ ' — n 1e r s G m s h Re ch ts de n m ale r a o u m 8 . e in Le x S x n 1 G . 1 66 53 g er ani c e , p . 4 /z t cfiic/zte . 1 . D en t . R ec s es g , p 5 5 e m e n de t s m m m s m s s E t ecundu pretiu ho ini ediocri , quod ecundu m T n o r m e s t du c e n to r u m s o lido r m m W e rn io r u m i e . hu r i u u lege , , , g , Qui ’ Ges el z e a s s c o m o n a t . er A n e liberum o ccide rit C. C olido p g / - a r k 1 Le x A n l o r u m e t W e r n io r u m 1 . sen . 2 . A s p _3 l o g , I , 5 _ _ 3 0 that king Harold to whom had been given a distri c t north o f the l E s S - s m lbe , carried thi law to chleswig Hol tein , the early ho e of the 2 n A gles . He is said to have given law s and statutes to those w ho

E as dwelt across the lbe, well as the Frisians .

W Le x N o r ico ru m e t D an o r u m is m hether the , which it clai ed

the E prevailed in north of France , was carried thence to ngland

The Le x S Le x may be questioned . alica and the Ripuaria cer tain l E y influenced early nglish law , and penalties are speciﬁed 3 s s in ba ed upon provisions in these laws . Dani h law prevailed

S ff an d K W m m Norfolk , u olk en t, and illia the Conqueror conﬁ r ed this law and directed its ge n eral enforc ement as being n obler than 4 l s of a e o n the aw the British tribes . This was b s d a general resem blance between the Le x No r ic o r u m o r N o r w e ge n siu m and the Le x

Thor in ia o f w e That a g existed on the right bank the Rhine , g s o f have that statement of Gre ory of Tours . who in peaking the of f crossing that river by the Franks, says Many af irm that the

ﬁ o n Franks settled rst the shores of the Rhine , which they after

Tho rin ia wards crossed and passed through g , where they elected ” m of Chlo io kings to rule over them from the fa ilies the nobles . g

o f is said to have been king the Franks , whose camp or citadel was “ D is ar u m f Thorin ia o n o . at p g , the borders g

1 E t quia in ter du m paciﬁc e in regno s u o He r ioldu s r ex con s i s tere non o te rat e i m e m o r a tu s A s s Hl u do wic u S Albia m b e n e ﬁ p , dedit ugu tu ( ) ultra m — ciu u t si ei s s m s s ibi s u b siste re o ss it . V ita S . , quando nece ariu e et p

A n s éa r ii . . 8 , c , 9 9 H a s tra n salbian is e t Fr e so n u m s e t c o n stituit ( arold ) genti lege jura , — S t d hu a n c o rita d n A l "er t a . ad c t te s e t c o n te n u t. quae pro tanti viri ervare , 8 A . D . 9 3 3 I n the laws o f Henry I are found vari o u s penaltie s pre s cribed ac ”

s m . 8 1 0 s . s w . S m m Sali a cording to the e la ecundu lege g , c 7, t ; al o c “ 8 1 s s m m Rib u a r io r u m so l vatu r . 0 . 9 , ; al o ecundu lege , c 9 , 4 ' m ia t 82 8 . S cfz . , pp 4 , 4 5 4 E m Le x D an o ru m o r thfo lc u thfo l c Ca n tib r i e sir e rat etia in N at S at g , I n omnibu s a liis can s i s e t fo r is fac tu ris e a n de m legem habitant c u m ad m u m r e x W lliel mu s a u disse t cu m aliis s u r ictis N o r w e n sib u s . c i p Qua , s u i l e ib u s m m a r e tia tu s e st e am e t rae c e it u t o b s e r va r e tu r regni g axi e pp , p p P r o f r ebat m s s s e u s per univers um regnum . e eni quod antece ore j N o r w e a m v e n is s e n t e t an c to r itate s m c u m r a e dic tis de j oli , hac lege coru p

D an o r u m e t s u i l e ibu s a ss e re bat e se u i e t o b se r va r e . , regni g d bere q

L er E dw . on . e C ess . g f , c 33 , 34 5 Stobbe as s ert s that there is no proof that Canute carried the Dani s h E m Le x D an o r u m Lex law to ngland , and that under the na e the Thur in go r u m is to be u nders tood 1 860 . 6 T r adu n t enim multi e o sde m primum quidem lito r a Rhen i amn is in 3 1

f hilde r ic h to B asin u s o S . C ﬂed , in the neighborhood the cheldt

Th r in ia m o f as Thi s o g ust have been in the neighborhood the sea, “ B a sina s ay s in t ran sm ar in is par tibus aliq u e m c o gn o v isse m u tili ” m C ma 0 11 Tho r i ian s ore te . hlodwig de war the ng and brought

w as m them u nder his dominion . He separated fro the presen t

s Thuringia by i ntervening tribes . The Thuringian are frequently

of s as j oined with the inhabitants Braban t, in the early epic , in that o f king Rother,

o in e n B a V rie s e n Holla n t D r r g unde r bant , unde ,

af he be die mit im e a G vier ren , w ren ” Uz ir lande ge varin .

Sah s e n Plis u m S w u r v e n und Turinge , und

af h e z én G graven , where Thuringia adj acent to Holla nd Friesland and Brabant is meant . ’ — In the Traveler s Tale tw o Thuringias Thyr in gas an d Eds tbyr in — gas are men tioned . Historical notices o f the W erni place them in the cen tre o f Ger 3 L many near the Angles, who reside as far east of the ongobards E l ‘ as the centre of the river be . 5 W Procopius places the erni later on the shores of the Rhine , near t t the mou h . Here they were associa ed with the Angles and the 6 ’ S c s S uevi . The Angles an d the uevi are asso iated i n the Traveler

c o l u is se de hin c s T ho r in iam tra n sm e a s se . Fe r u n t , , tran acto Rheno , g etiam tunc Chlo gio n e m u tile m ac nobil is s im um in ge nte s u a regem Fr a n co r u m s s D is a r u m s m h abita ba t e s t fui e , qui apud p g ca tru , quod in — m Tho rin o r u m . Gr r . o Tou rs 2 . ter ino g g f , , 9 ’ ’

d d. m r a er a c n t. S a . 1 e Gr im Ge . Quoted by , p , p 4 7, 3 9 L s 2 0 1 2 2 1 6 a n d 2 0 . b y Gr imm 2 . ine 3 , 7; 3 , 3 3, 3 Quoted , 4 9 r 0 Re u di n i dein de e t A s e t A n lii e t V Ta c itu s Ge . . , 4 g vione g arini

ﬂu min ibu s aut s ilvi s m u n iu n tu r .

‘ ’ ' ’ 4 T ibial dé éV t o S n a i a e o o y u cmx u s y z or a y er éor z t o ' r e r a w E o v ﬁ/jm z/ f div o f eiow d v a r o l z n oo r ep o z

' ’ ’ ' t c5 1/ A a y y o /jcr p da w cfw r r e z v o z/ r e s a p ds r d ; cfp n z o v g 71 5. p

' y ‘ V o l Sz o n o v a z o o n ext t o r c5 V Z o v i j a w r c5 V 11 19 v r aS r fi A / s / , j/ ” “ ’ a ffi x/ 5 5 6 17714 0 0 6 2 y a r d r dV A A/31 V d a d z' o v ez p n ‘ ' ' ' l a l i o u e o v s 7t d§ d v a r o /l cr s é z f o r? 2 0 127 30 1) n o r a o fi. , u p p u xp 77 fl — ib . . P tol . L , I I , XI 5 2 0 . 4 , 6 m m a m m S Ze e w e n . is The early na e of Zeeland y co e fro uevi , I t poss ible that the Fr isia n s formed a part of th e great s outhern migration E a le wa S e e. W e Tale , g and f Traces of the erni appear i n the nam W e rin o u w e t W W g , a dis rict on the erra , and possibly in armond , n L l the ame of a village near eiden . Traces of the onward march of the A n gles to the sea are found

E n il o w e E n in the term g g , on the Unstrut in Thuringia , gelen in

H -"s North Braban t, engeloo in Gelderland , and Over sel , and in the ’ l A n l e W B u rbu r Pays de g in est Flan ders , near g, as well as i n

. n K s Angeln betwee the bays of Flensburg and iel in Schle wig . I t r e m ams for us to assume a double m ovement of the Angles p r o c e e din i E an d g from Thuring a, one to the north alon g the lbe ter min a tin g in the present Angeln on the Bal tic , and a second down 2 m the Rhin e to the sea, or as Grimm asserts fro the north up the E h W —S lbe and t en ce to the eser . Anglo axon records unite in plac in g the home o f the Angles who invaded E ngland 0 11 the peninsula 3 S - e a E of chleswig Holstein and the islan ds of the Baltic S to the ast .

I t h c of cannot be doubted t at they oc upied a great exten t coast, m and hence their migration in large nu bers was to be expected . The Frisians are mentioned as o n e of the three nation s which settled E l ‘ ng and , the others being the Angles and the Britons . I n what proportions these differen t tribes contributed to the pop u l atio n t o E s and the language of ngland , it is impos ible to deter I t s E mine . is certain that the Frisian in ngland at no time existed

o r as a separate political unit in the people government.

o f s s th e S S z nation , and ettled with uevi in wit erland, according to a na al tion tradition . 1 Grimm and Latham point to a pos sible relation between th e word s

W W W s . erni , and erra and e er 9 i Gr mm . 2 1 . , p 4 ’ - n K A f s O s s S e e A S C A . . the n glo axon hro icle , D 4 49 ; in g l red ro iu ,

XV . B ib . H s . E . L . B k . 1 oo I , c ; ede , i t ccl , I , c

' ’ 3 ' ' " s z z z a r 6 12 r nr r p z a n ol v a r dp mn or a r a ’ ' ’ ' ’ 0 11 6 1 d ol /1 8 15 r e 51 5 a v r eﬁr én a dr m ér e or n e r dr o a r a 51 , [i 5 p n , u ’ ' ’ ' ‘ ' 5 dé n fsz z a z r o t ; éo r e o z r o v r o z s r e n a i dp i6 0 o r e s n a i o i ’ ' — ' ib l/ Gotiz ico L . 1 6 3 d mr o e r o z r r o r e § . P roco iu s D e B e o 7 37 0 7 9 a u s p , ,

I V . 1 . , c 9

_ 34

the K z utes use in part XVI I esta . The characteri ation is broad an d L l poetic . ater these laws were included in the special aws of l S e e l an ds the seven .

3 B o tr f . The General e egis t e r s or classiﬁcat ions o ﬁnes of about

e n s s the same date as the pr cedi g . The e contain penalties for v ariou ff criminal o enses .

4 K s ar e n . o r U b e rku re n e e The additional esta e . Th seve in

of number and are the thirteenth century . They are preserved in

Hu n sm o e r E Low a g and msiger Frisian , an d i n a German version m m also in a later for , but we cannot deter ine in what district they orig inated .

U tallb m 1 2 5 . s o e r of 3 3 The p laws . These w ere n ot in force

o f E m o r of east the s . They consist of resolutions enactments rep r e se n ta tiv e s of S of rie tm e n the seven eelands , consisting g , magis 2 m e t U st allbo m n trates, bishops and clergy , who yearly at p , ear

L n Aurich . These occur i n a Frisian an d i n a longer atin versio . Seven additional propositions were added i n an assembly at Gr o n in 136 1 gen , in the year , which were to be in force for six y ears .

T fo r hey contain an agreement mutual assistance in case Of attack ,

m n also special penalties for cri es, to be enforced throughout the seve

11 THE E C MMUN I T S E S S G O S . . LAW OF IN L OR TAT

Frisia at ou r earliest acquaintance with it was divided in separate

1 Th e s even Seeland s are de s cribed in a document of th e fifteenth cen Th e s W s s the s H m tury . fir t . e t Fri ia , pre ent North olland , e bracing H E k z m k m s the orn , n hui en , and Mede bli , which beca e early ubject to s o f H s the s s Of the count olland ; the econd , di trict ea t Flie between L W e ste r o th e h d O ste r o — Stavoren and eeuwarden , includin g g ; t ir , g the th e s O f s B the eas t half of pre ent province Frie land , between the orne and L s th e m s the s s O f auwer ; fourth , Drenthe , which beca e ubject to bi hop s s th e s F s Utrecht , and the outh we tern part of pre ent province of rie land ; the fifth included th e di s trict about Groningen between th e Lauwer s and E m s s n s W s th e the ixth , the country alo g the coa t between the e er and E s e th e Ru s trin e r s th e the lbe ; the venth , the country of g and land to the th e E s s th e E north of lbe , po ibly extendin g to ider and including the s s Th e m a A i his G m c Strand or North Fri ian . p of lting s Notitia er ania

f s A n ti u ae 1 6 8 A . D . ff s f m s u . I n eriori q , 9 , di er greatly ro thi acco nt 9 r ie tman n i n s r ae la ti e t s te r rar um Oe ste r o e e t V V e ste r G , i dice , p cleru , g

o e cu m cae te ris Zela n diis . . 1 0 2 . g , p s s m s s be th e e These a e blie cea ed to held early in thirte nth century , but

1 2 . were re sumed in A . D . 3 3 s k s the parts by n atural boundary line of river and la e . I n life of

is s s a s Boniface it said that he vi ited the country of the Fri i n , which w as m b y divided i nto an y separate distric ts, which though called 1 m ar u o n e s differen t na es yet e occ pied by race . These law were occasionally en acted by delegates from two states in com mon s e s ? the B ro cm en a n d Em i e r s s s s , ion , as in tatutes of g

THE L W S THE RU STRI N GE R I . A OF .

Ru s tr i These were i n force in the district of , west of the mouth

W s in s of the eser in the present Oldenburg . Manu cripts Fri ian of

the the thirteenth century , also i n Netherlandish of fourteenth an d

s a k k k ﬁfteenth cen turie , exist. They cont in eran or esta , new eran ,

b oe tr e iste r o r i m s a g list Of ﬁn es, j udic al decrees , a state ent of taxe

P r ies ter B e the du e . z the priests, e tc ( ) , said to have bee n authori ed by C m Le o s o r a s t harle agne an d Pope , a endbrief in p rt ecclesia ical charter containing a s tatem ent of the authority and prerogatives Of

o f m s s the the Archbishop Bre en , al o obligation due church ascribed

m Le o B s W ille had a ' fr a m e n t to to Charle agne , and i hop , g relating L m m m m C w the ast Judg ent and the Ten Co and ents . onnected ith

is o f k s l a w these a list the ing who have established . These laws

to j oined the general Frisian laws, have been called arbi trarily by

W iar da A se ab o e k o r k o f , the g the boo the j udges .

2 L s m B ro c me n s c . aw in force a ong the , a di tri t in the nei ghbor

f t s f K s L o . o e n hood Aurich These con ain two eries e ta in atin , a B roc m e n Em si e rs L cted j ointly by the and the g , a ati n sen dbrief 125 1 B of the year , a treaty or reconciliation between the ishop of

Miin ste r B r oc km e rl a n d E m si e r la n d an d the four distric ts of , g , Reid

A lo m hta lde a m t o f 12 6 L be c O . 7 erland and (or p ) in atin , Frisian

s B r o c m e rb rie f s and Netherlandi h , and the which is clo ely related to

E Pfe n n in sch u lds bu ch the msiger g of the thirteen th century .

3 E ms i e rl an d Of E m . The laws in force i n g , the region den . E m 13 12 h These con tain the msiger Do ar of , w ich are preserved in

L tw o n s e th e rlan dish so -c atin and in Frisia text , also in N ; the alled

Pfe n n i chu ldbu ch a n n en skelde w is gs from p g ith which begin s . I t

1 A u temq u e pagan am F r e so n u m v isitavit q uae in te r ea ce n tib u s a q u is in m ul to s a r o r u m dividitu r pago s ita u t div e r s is appellati n o m in ib u s uniu s g — m m s r o r ie ta te m o r t en du n t r o te n du n t . V z ta S . B an a t ta e genti p p p (p ) i/ , c .

A . . 34 , D 75 5 9 m s o n 1e —Rec/z ts u l l m a m n e e t E e . e en B r o c . 1 Sta tu er u n t in i s . d ce g g , p 3 7 1 of s Fiae 1d treats debt, inheritance , private right , pen alties , a and

Of s o r the methods eccle iastical courts judgments . 4 . o f W e s te rw o ld o f E ms The laws , a district w est the and south

W o f of inschoten , in the presen t province Groningen . These con s 14 70 Of ist of a landrecht of , together with a later revision the 15 6 7 n f same in , co ﬁ rmed by Philip I I and Margaret o Parma .

s o f This is perhap the latest the whole body of Frisian laws .

5 . of Fivel o of The laws g , a province north east the city of Gron Em ingen and west of the s . A cons iderable portion of these laws

L s are only found in atin and Netherlan dish version . They are i n great variety and are Often enactments in c ommon of the provinces

Hu n sin o Fiv el o of g and g . They contain provisions relating to

A in dam crimin al law , and several relating to i nheritance . The pp g m e rbr ie f was enacted by delegates from all Fris1a at U pstallbom in 132 7.

6 Hu n in . s o of Hu n se The laws of g , a district east the river, north o f m f E m o s . Groningen on the coast, exten ding to the outh the

K of 125 2 m L These contain esta , possibly fro a atin original , the

K V V iSdo m of Ten Commandments , the Five eys of , list kings who m e of established law , also the rhy ed chart r Frisian liberty from 2 m of Charle agne, undoubtedly Of late origin , and a list penalties

B oe tre iste r ( g ) . The other laws of the fourteenth century are in L atin and Netherlandish .

—9 L f Hu m t rl n d Hu n 7 . o s e a se The aws , between the and the

L of c of Lan ew old auwers, northwest the ity Of Groningen, g , east Of

L Hu m sterl an d of Fr e de w old the auwers and south of , and south Of

Lan ew old of o f g and west Groningen in the province Groningen .

1 mm s s T he nature o f thi s oath is uncertain . Gri con ider it an oath

k m k s . 0 ta en upon money ar ed with a cro s . p 9 7. I n another cas e it s eem s to b e an oath taken by a woman on the thre sh o f h e r m s o f m o f s m o f he r hold ho e , accu ed the conceal ent o e portion ’ — s s s e R ecb ts u ellm 1 66 1 8 . w a s s k hu band e tat g , , I t al o ta en in certain cases of bodily injury . 9 T he s s hu ll o f 80 2 C m genuinene of the , given by harle agne , granting m f s s to th e Fri s ian s perpetual liberty is extre ely doubt ul . I t exi t in vari o m s m s w a s m e o u s form s in Latin and L w Ger an . That o e uch grant ad be a s is f m can scarcely doubted , it re erred to in the charter conﬁr in g the right s and privileges of th e F r isian s given by king W illiam at A achen in — m is the s k . s s 8 . C/za r ter boe 1 24 , I , 9 4 Thi rhy ed ver ion probably expre s o f f ion a national tradition , but elaborated to en orce the popu—lar belief in freedom from foreign dominion in th e s ixteenth century Red d:

u el len . 1 . g , p 35 T o f r c y in hese are the thi teen th entur , an d are only preserved m L Netherlandish versions fro ati n originals .

10 L s . The laws of Friesland , west of the auwer , the present

r o v c e o f p m Frisia. This district is to be regarded as the earliest an d t he m m I t w as ost p er anent abode of the Frisian s. divided into t s— Os te r o L w B hree p art g , the district between the au ers and orne, e mbracing the neighborhood of Dockum and Leeuwarden ; W e S a t u he r ergo, between the Borne and the Flie, and incl ding t egion of

k H n B S n S e v e n w olde n Frane er, arlinge , olsward and tavore ; and , a n Oster o W e ste r o w arrow tract south of g and g , bet een Dren the and t e u — h Z ider Zee. This collection is very extensive .

‘ k s : The laws are of two ind general , extending over the whole d c of La istri t Friesland west of the uw ers ; and, special , relating to

a s n e c iﬁc a » particular provinces . The gener l law contai numerous sp t ions regarding the authority of the count o r dep u ty who a dm in is A ’ t ese d Sc hu lz e n r e cht s m justice ( ) in the emperor na e, and of the V A se a o r V e r e ld g judge. The laws include provisions regarding g ,

M cOde 1276 m s arktrecht, a crimi nal Of the year , enact ents regard ’ - E s k n e . so i ng coin age the called mperor Rudolph boo , con tai ing stat m m c s s ents of law ixed with refle tions an d hi torical reference , a “ treatise on W hat is a fragment regarding Charles Martel

d k s K s . an the Frisian ing Radbod, al o the e ta of Magnus The special laws con tain in additional to the general provincial

o f d . m s laws, the laws certain local istricts The ost of the e laws are

f a d o the fourteenth n ﬁfteenth centurie s .

o f I V . The meagre remains laws in force in the province of

e i L t N e therla dis11 Drenthe are only preserv d n a in and n . L o f N s n s E V . aws the orth Fri ia , residin g north of the ider alon g

s the coast Of Schleswig and on the adj a c ent island . 1 m . For the southern portion Of North Frisia , e bracing the region o f E U tholm n d E v e rscho s s iderstedt, , a p are pre erved law dating

14 8 to 144 6 from 1 . 2 O t th t , f laws relating o e northern par of North Frisia there

h i b har de n b elie b u n s is tw e n tv a exists t e S e e n g . Thi a brief code of

s o he s Ohr 14 26 s three par agraph en acted n t i land of F in , by even

in on s communities , residing part the North Frisian i lands, an d in part on the adj acent co ast: The lan guage o f all the s e laws of North m Frisia is more nearly Lo w Ger an than Frisian .

Of Frisi an laws in force in North Holland we have no remains . This region be cam e subj ect to the courts of Holland in the eleventh century The oldest manus c ripts o f an y p o rti o n of the Frisian laws are no t probably earlier than the fo urteenth centu r that of the Ru str in ge r

s e r O law pr se ved in the grand ducal library at ldenburg, is of about

1 0 of u in 1 2 . 3 0 R str er B u ss tax en 3 7 . the year . A Copy the g of A D c m is preserved in the grand du al library at Hanover . A parch en t m o f B r o c me n 134 5 al so in anuscript the laws of the of , is contained

r r th e Hu n m o e r w s the same libra y . A parchment manusc ipt of s g la 14 00 r L of about is prese ved at eeuwarden . Two charters exist with th e n 1374 on e origi al seals still upon them , on e of at Franeker, and L f 1390 . o , at eeuwarden Among the literary remains whi ch bel on g to what may be termed

Of the middle period Frisian literature , and which deserve mention

t w o Thet F r eske as memorials of the language, are works called

esta Fr eson u m F iim in B iim and the G . The reske R was written

bu t L of c A lw i n Frisian , translated from the atin a ertain Master j ,

h of L S S k 14 00 A l w i n w o was rector the atin chool at nee about . j s f w as learned in Roman law and church hi tory . His title o Master w as received from some foreign university . His narrative begins

th e n w ith Creatio , rambles through sacred and profane history , through lives Of Jewish patriarchs and Roman kings . His Frisians

of E s erved in Asia the kin g heaven , but sailed to urope and were enslaved and forced to become idolators by a Danish king . The poem , which is but a fragment when compared with the existing

1 n 1671 u Netherlandish vers on , co tains nequal rhymed lines . The poem was evidently divided at ﬁrst into separate parts, each bearin g ” of a special title, as the Rhyme Noah and his Child , etc . The nar

n ration is tame and spiritless . The rhyme is mo otonous from the r epetition of the same ﬁnal w ords . The language is in the main

of of L pure , and the forms, those Frisia west the auwers . The Gesta Fr eson u m is a translation into Frisian of a prose nar

iv Frisior n m e therl an dish t e rat e called the Gesta , written in N in h d latter part of the ﬁfteenth century . A rhyme history wri tten in ” Fr e e sch e Cr o n ike the same language , called the Olde , also exists . L Both point to an earlier atin original . The same events are relat ff in . ed both in about the same terms , but in a di erent order The orig

of St Lebu in u o f . s inal author drew from the legends , Boniface and ’ Lin d e r of S g , the Bishop s Book Utrecht and a axon and Frisian chron - o The i l t r i le . au thor was a Frisian who res ded at Utrecht not a e t 14 4 u of k is m Of s han 7 . The s bject this wor the usual i ngling cript

n s ural an d early m y thical Fri s ia hi s tory with the li ves of the aints. The blen ding of S axon an d Frisi an legends is m anifest in all these e s Sa B o s an arly chronicles . The brother xo, runo and Fris ail from “ ” i a w m h ad S t. sland in I ndi , called Frisia the Blest , here Tho as E e S o on E preached . They reach the coast of urop ; ax settles the lbe, a n d becomes the ances tor of the S axons B runo resides o n the 1V e ser a n d k s s s to s s founds Brunswic Fri o settle Frisia, and give his even ons t he S n S W i mo lt o n of eve eelands . A daughter, j , resided the east t he W e m r a ‘ eser and gave her name to the country, which b ced Dit

f Hildebu r . marsh. There is an echo here O the story of g in Beowulf

Of n The order narratio is confused an d inconsequential . The lan

of m g uage is not entirely pure, and the influence Netherlandish for s i s manifest.

THE L E ANGUAG .

k s Upon the west, the Fran ish in its pre ent representative the

u n H Netherlandish, has s ppla ted the Frisian in North olland . Of the

W s an d language spoken in est Fri ia between the Scheldt the Flie, t here are no remains except those left in a few pro per nam es and early records and it is not possible to determine the dialec t o f Fri ‘ k sian which was spoken there . The language was spo en as late as t he middle of the seventeenth century in the W aterlan d north Of I J ‘ . 2 v sch the The pronunciation of the letters , and in North 2 s sic ‘ Holland is like that of the Frisian , f and . The political separ

s s o ation of the two portions of Frisia ea t and west of the Flie, was

o f great as to produce alienation an d Often warfare . The irruption the ocean which produced the Zuider-Zee in the thirteenth c en tury

m TO s co pleted the separation . the ea t the Saxon has occupied the

s 1V r E m whole of the di trict between the e se an d the s . I n Gron

n n E s s i gen , Netherlan dish is spoke . The ast Fri ian is a living lan

n of S 0 11 L guage o ly amid the moors aterland the eda, and on the

W s k island of angeroog . Fri ian is spo en at present in the province o f of - of s Friesland , east the Zuider Zee . The language the chools

1 d o n all F r i . 1 1 Over e Taal e n de T gv e n der e z e n . p . 9 r i H a l r tr ma in the V e F r ies . 6 . . . H be 7 j , vol X , 34 an d w r e the rlandish I n r r the pulpit is ho eve N . the cities and la ge

n n the towns Frisia is scarcely heard . The la guage of Bildt is old

so — Netherlan dish mixed with Frisian forms . The called city Fri si sta d r iesch t o r n an , f , which hi hert prevailed in the la ger t ow s as in

a k ol w r a n e ke r S is Leeuw rden , Doc um , B s ard, F , n eek and Harlingen the lan guage of the south of Holland of the ﬁfteenth and sixteen th

The Hen delo o e n th e Z — s c en turies . dialect of p on uider Zee present

W o in many old as ell as unusual and strange f rms, not contained the other dialects .

n o S D itm ar sch O the n rth the axon has supplanted the Frisian in ,

E in o in iderstedt and the islands of N rdstand and Pellw orm . Only

- th e thirty eight parishes of three counties of Tondern , Bredstedt

m o n o f S m and Husu which lie the w est coast chleswig . and upon so e

h alli s of N S e a The i slands and g the orth is Frisian still spoken . n um ber of inhabitants i n these districts does not ex ceed E ven here, there is a great variety of forms, expression an d pro

iation s u n c . n On the mainlan d, the language is purest in the Ri um M u oor and in the district so th of Wiedau , along the coast to Bred

of stedt . The speech of the inhabitants of the islands Fohr , excep t s W of in the pari h of ijk , and on the islands Sylt and Amrum is different from that of the mainland an d can scarcely be understood E M . or there The language is more ancient but ruder . The ast ingers use th e dual of th e person al and possessive pronoun where

Mo rin er s the West g use the plural . The lan guage here is free ’ Lo w m m from both Ger an and Danish ele ents . The language in which the Frisian laws were written presents

of f several dialects with well deﬁned lines dif erence . Commencing

Ru strin er of at the east the g dialect, spoken west the Weser in

n m of w Oldenburg , has preserved the origi al for s ords most closely, and is to be taken as the basis of comparison with the other dialects

-S S W of Ru tr in e r . s and the Anglo axon , Old axon and Norse est the g B r okm e rl an d of dialect is the speech of , in the neighborhood Aurich

t o of Emsi erl an d of further the west existed the speech g , the region

E of Fiv el o of E m s mden , then the language g , a district west the ; of

Hu n sin o of L - g , east the auwers Zee , and north of Groningen , ex

o f W esterl au w e r sche s e mbr ac tending along the coast Friesland, and ing the present province of Frisia ; containing the two provinces o f

1 - ’ o r dfr ie sis ch e S h M o r in e r d . B en a sm Die N prac e nach der g Mun art , p . XXI I I .

_ _ 4 2

The range of analogy is far greater in modern Frisian and m o d

E -S an d ern nglish, even than in old Frisian and Anglo axon ; a com

v of parison of the e ery day speech the country people , presents

n E striking corresponde ce with various local dialects in ngland . A m th syste of parallel changes has gone on e two lan guages .

A B R I E F V I E W O F F R I S I A N F O R M S A N D I N F L E T I N C O S .

V OVV E LS 1 IN FRI S IAN . I n m any cases the quantity of the vowel cannot be determined

n m deﬁnitely , but may be i ferred from a co parison with the other m m Ger anic dialects . Heyne calls attention to the re arkable pre

of s scutation in Frisian , as in Gothic , sentence in which the primitive

a i a vowels , , predomin ate , as

A n d thin a n d tha r a m a thet skelma Zi ta O a en en d twin tich p f , g pp

' schillin a —E msi t . er K es a g g , , I I .

’ A ls a thi a se a zm n r l n a da a n n in a g n th tha u n r in clzta mida a n d tha o p g . - Rns tr in er K esta I I I g , , .

I n other sentences the vowel e predominates .

I e F r es on a a st n a en er e w er tha ben et f c p m en a n d them sogen r ete g .

E msi er Kesta g , , IX .

I S V ow E Ls HORT . A .

m n . a i Original is preserved in Frisian before and , either alone o r doubled, or j oined with mutes , also before a single consonant

a md r emd ka n n a o r a r a . with in the following syllable, as f , Ger f , ,

ken l . n en a n d a r a Ger , , land, f , fare . m a n . 0 ii The tendency to become is also manifest, as man and m on la n d Zon d , and .

ba n st hen stes 6 . iii . An in the ﬁ nal syllable produces umlaut, as g g ,

Hen st Ger . g .

W a b e iv . ith a doubled consonant following , remains generally

a r a lla fore combinations with l and before the umlaut appears asf , w a ma b r d a . fall ; , increase ; , beard f The earliest Frisia n forms in the Le x Fr iso n u m present less r e

of m a a d fo r m e ith. quent cases umlaut, as g , maid later g

’ ' ’ C m Ka r la s F r zese/ze Se e He n e s La u t u n d 3d e d. o pare y ’ ’ He ttem a s Hel en r tez n r S r a a él e r n s . p e . Tra lated into Dutch by M ; al o , f ' a Compa ra tiv e Gr a mma r of tae Teu tom e La ng u g e. E a i a m a i . appears derived from , an d ; fro i n two ways, by

ml hen da k ha n d k u aut as (to ta e) from , hand , an d secondly li e the

A —S d a s m k o f nglo axon from , by a i ple wea ening the soun d This is especially comm on in the preterit of strong verbs as br ek from br eka k e ieva an d , brea , jf from , give ; also before doubled mutes

m s r ekker er s ber n co bination wi th , as , acre , g , grass , , bairn .

E s S e ii . from i . Thi corresponds with Old axon an d O . H . G .

h m il a s wes ter e el h . in , as p , held , sister The vowel is not changed

n s ber sta in the co jugation of strong verbs in the present ten e . hence , ,

ber stet burst, .

E a t n iii . appears for original , of en through an intermediate cha ge

n 0 ella i to , f , full .

helen n br ehen In the participles , co cealed , , broken , and in similar verbs the e represents the vowel of the infinitive where other verbs

A - ebr ocen 0 S . . have . . g

I .

i . I remains unchanged in Frisian in many combinations espe ciall m n kima l Himmel . b y when followed by an d as , Ger ; and e A - S . eo . hin der fore with a dental following , where the has , as ,

hir te A - heor t S . hinder ; , heart, . .

k in cht siu cht for siht . r ia eht ii I is bro en to before , as , , sees ; for r icht , right .

0 .

. a as m i i O represents the obscuring of , in the other Ger anic d a

hol bo a m n lects, , hole, g , bow . It remains before and , where it a n a ma an d n oma m often takes the place of , as , , na e .

U .

u m u . 0 su r som er i U represents an original it passes into , as and , m summer , but holds in general the sa e position in Frisian as in the

m s other Ger anic dialect .

2 L N W S . . O G VO EL

A .

L (2 as i . ong appears in a few words the representative of the

dtha i—n dda H d n . . a d ...... Gn e. O G , as , O H G g , Mod Ger

L (3 o f w or ds » as hw a ii . ong appears in the auslaut a few , , who ,

- hu twd tw o md A hwd e . S . . S . . , O , ; , man L d . n o f ol iii o g appears in a few cases con traction as f , Ger . a n en E n to a n f g , Old g . f g , L a i v . ong appears in Frisian as the represen tative o f the Gothic

a n A -S ea d - . . e A d S . e e a . u o hel , as y , eye , g , Gothic , g p , purchase , E n chea A - a . S he h . . a n on 2 a u s . 0 . a n G r Ga n . g p , p , G p Fr , 9 , G g j , e .

. L a r s a t a s a a v ong occasion ally epre ents Gothic in g , have , G .

’ ‘ a l a n dskia ask A —S aset a n g , , , . . .

L a s vi . ong appear in the preterit plural in the second class of

n dmon n im a k ablaut verbs , as from , ta e .

E .

’ L (2 6 m e l mel m a hl A — . S . i ong represents Gothic as in , G , Ger . , .

L ' . 6 n o f ei ez o r ii ong represe ts the contraction the diphthong , G .

' a t léda -S leden n a A . het h t ezto . h . o . . S . , lead , , G g , , G , O het M od hiet , . Fr .

L e - . a n A ea éth N a te S . n . iii ong represents the Gothic , . , as , Ger

en n a a A - ad . s . S . n e . , G h ,

L n é f 0 dema doms . r o . iv o g epresents the umlaut , as , doom , G , — A = S dam . . .

‘ L 6 hede A — had . u a S . v ong represents the mlaut of as , hi de , . ,

Lat cu tis . .

L n 6 i A — o bin era . n S e vi o g occasionally represents the Gothic , . . ,

bi l’ ta n A - be ote a - in ta n S . n o n e n n S . . . rob, O . , . , deprive , G g

v n (3 o f . Long appears in the root a few originally reduplicating

a n d verbs where appears in the root before combination with as f ,

én a ha n a i a h 7? in f g , G . f , f f also appears, as f g

I .

f i i min . Lon i e . . . i . g represents the Gothic , O H G ; as , my , G

m in s e . L 1 ii . ong 7 appears in consequence of contraction in a few w ords

n ia n in as as , new , G . j .

iii L ei e . ong also appears derived from , wher a gutteral has

m d is de is z di e . been vocali ed , as fro , gen , g , day

O . - 6 n . A . . . S . L 6 to o . i . ong corresponds G thic and , O H G , as F

br n der b é r b a r . é her r e r o . . br t . . , also , G b , O H G A — man a S . é . ii . I t represents in a few words , as Fr and . , moon ,

' m n a mdn o S . . e . G . , O iii I t r of n émon k hdm on . emains in the preterit some verbs as , too , ,

L it re e e n s the n a of o e i . ong pr s t lo g the ther German dial cts , as has , house. ’

s ts the n t c o in iicht iu cht. ii . I t repre en co ra ti n , as ﬂ forﬁ

in u u s o f c o m on os l ‘ iii . I t appears the a sla t in ca es on tracti n in y

l able s baa n dil a do. , as , ha g, ,

3 g D I PHTHONGS.

ha s s in i i io Old Frisian the ingle diphthong , with the var at ons and ia ia and in appear in words where io or a is found in the following

s ia a e rs in . Ru s tr in er yllable, where an app a the ﬁnal syllable The g d the e n io a i ialect retains weak ing , the rem ining dialects the fuller n.

s I n s a hid s thin . e prevails in the au laut, thi ; , that In c rtain strong

' ia r main o f in o r io in verbs e s in the root the ﬁrst pers . sing. and

s s as kia sa os kioses t kioseth the second and third per ons ing , , cho e, , ,

hias a th pl . . El .

E l e rm of a " is a lat r fo ation, occurring in cases contr ction , espe

iall w i w i es r w ei c e a e as e . o es y in the t rminations, g, and g, , way, gen g ,

w i e r w ei dei de es deis kei A - . o . S. dat g so also in , day , gen g or , key, . ca e br ein A -S br a e an leid le a d I n g , brain , . . g for g , laid. the plural

f de a r d a r o o e . nouns the 9 again appears as g g , days d Ei e i fo r dei i. ii . frequently b come , ,

Ei e to ei H iii . for corresponds in a few forms in O. . G. and

S of a deil del an d S dal O . . , in place an original , as , , dale dell , O . . ,

ta l da l O . H . G . , Norse .

Ei a in on iv . also appear where other dialects exhibit , and , as br eid A - br d br ad br u r S . . S . e . iS . , bride , y , O , Ic landic ,

Ei of a i o keisar v . appears also as a weakening in foreign w rds, , ca a r A - m er e késu r es S . 0 . S . . , . ,

A u a 11) as bld bla uw vi . appears developed from by a following, , , blue . 4 6

i E -L E V E S s W ST AUW RS OW L .

S V o w ELs I . HORT .

Th a e . i . umlaut Of the is more uniform

of a t o 0 e s ma n ii . The tendency become is l s frequent, hence man ha n d , , hand .

for iii . I is a frequent substitute other v owels

o I m n r e a as in i . Bef re , , and , it frequently takes the plac Of I l ber d r c . bir d 6 Ge . , beard , where the other dialects have , as , and

t schil hin x t hen st n immer n ammér ba r s . , hall ; for g for i S i 6 e b r . ii . imilarly takes the places Of befor liquids in g, Ger

stir ia E ter ta stu r z en ber n . s . . . . g Of in , ast Fr , O H G O before n with a following consonant u sually takes the plac e Of

a on . , as j g for j ung

R K B EA ING .

I l s ie ielder i . before Often broken ; becoming , , elder

W E LONG VO LS .

” Long d appears for the East Frisian 6 in the preterit plural Of

a d en E s s in s n s s a e . certain tro g verbs, g , seen , t Frisian g

DIPHTHONGS .

E ia tz iesa kia sa 1 [6 . . . stands for Fr , as for , choose .

fo r E in 2 I o s . . . stand occasionally Fr .

3 A u on 2 ou d . and appear later, produced by the dropping Of , as g

d sau t for sa lt for ol . g , and

hw kw sw dw tw a n d thw an The combinations , , , , , remain in the

E w z which laut, where in nglish the has become vocali ed, as in ,

a ilsch (h ) .

5 NS S . . CO ONANT L S I"UID .

The Li u ids l m n r to - S . g , , , , correspond in general the Anglo axon

M n n in endings has become . I n the inlaut is dropped, as

n -S 3 th u s for a n s i for in the A glo axon , before , f and hence , us , f f n ma th fo r mn n th -a th for -a n d ﬁf, ﬁve, , mouth, and in the plural

n er —a th for n er -a n d terminations Of the present, as . I n the termin

h in ﬁn itive n t e . ation Of , has been dropped I t reappears however

w er tha n de in the gerundive , as .

The r ker sten for kr isten er s for r es metathesis Of is common , as , g g ,

w ar old for w r old ha rs he r s for hr os grass, , world, and O . H . G . .

w as w er on Rhotacismus is common , , w as, pl . . I w r th s S p RA N r s z . , , f, , j, , , i Th -S z w l a W . e . Anglo axon tendency to vocali e the on y p p ears in a few cases as in the B r okm e r and E m siger su ster for the

t ku m a ke ema W in t Ru str in er s wea er s . . g , al o in for , come ii in the

w tr iu w e tr iwa laut corresponds to O. H. G. , as , , true. in . I n the a s w or n r e u laut remains, is dropped, with the lengtheni g Of the p

‘ F r a u tr e tr i A - tr ow we . u S e c r o . . . . eding vowel, f , Ger , , tree, G ,

H. CH .

h i tia n E n teha n e 0 . s . S . i. I n the inlaut, Often dropp d, as , g ten , , ‘ s td E n slo on o r . . . becomes 9 , as from , g slay, pret g

h for h If hdch . 0 ii stands in the auslaut, and before in the inlaut, ,

a chta high , , eight.

J. J is represe n ted by i in the manuscripts

in I t represents an original spirant j, also g other dialects. I t is

z frequently vocali ed when ﬁnal.

a z i . I n derivatives from j stems and in in ﬂection it is vocali ed

n ot ér ieva eva hir i and does again appear ;j , year, and g , give, , G. hir is hir i j , army , gen . .

I S .

t i o o s n S . . . . s . sch in S corresponds 0 . and O H G I t becomes E 6 i the msiger dialect before and . I n the preterit plural Of many

r of s kiase has ker on verbs, takes the place , , choose, pret. , pl . . Z appears in later Frisian . V . . F ,

F h in ; represents the labial aspirate , p the anlaut, also in the in

n or s laut before a dental mute , and in the au laut.

V a ears r e r eves pp in the inlaut , g f, grave, gen . g .

The gemination Of f occurs only in foreign words .

E MUT S .

L B A IALS. P I t i in itial appears in but few native Frisian words . rema ns On h the same step as in the Gothic . The labial aspirate p has passed

e B or . as into the spirant f initial remains unchanged , also in n mb cases Of gemination , and in the combinatio , otherwise it passes

n o i t the aspirate .

PALATALS . k i . The palatals g and are in a few words represented by j before

ie ild for iet for a t E n and , as j geld ; g , hole, g. gate . - 4 8

’ n K m a sz r 3 th ts zz o r tsz K the o . . in the anlaut y become , , in i ‘ t ch seka sdchta me a mdchta inlaut before becomes , as , seek , , g , may , . t iii . G remains generally unchanged in the anlaut . G in the inlau

z dz o r z is Often vocali ed ; g in the inlaut may become , is v ocali ed ,

A - l i l n le a r lidz a r leia S . e a n . e a o o . as . gg , O . H . G gj , Fr . g ,

L N S I GUAL . The lingual mutes correspond in general to the sa me letters in

— T m ch r iu ch S . Anglo axon ﬁnal is so etimes dropped after , as for r iu cht for -ih Of n ima -t it stands occasionally the ending verbs, as

n ima -th sa o for , takes ; otherwise it occupies the me p sition as in th e Low other German dialects . ih The lin gual aspirate appears only as . I t may have had a softer — 6 S . sound in the inlaut and auslaut, like the Anglo axon

d e n I n the inlaut is protected from chang by a preceding , as bin da n th n d , bind ; the combination drops the ﬁnal remains, ex

Of th w er -ih cept in the terminations verbs, where it becomes , as p

w er —d for p . L ETTERS DROPPED . H and w are Often dropped when initial and a previous w ord is

n lla n e w ella o e n e . j oined to the they begin , as for

W S S N S S E T FRI IA CON ONANT .

ih ma n th N . i . remains before , as in

hl hr ha hw ii . I nitial , , and lose their aspiration and become gen l w thw dw o r n . rally , , , becomes

ic sch v iii . S becomes . iv . The spirants f and in the inlaut and l ter va E n t s . . auslau are frequent y dropped , as , die , g starve , part

te r n r e s . stu r n and . This occurs gen erally after

F DROPPING O CONSONANTS . f This is especially frequent in the inlaut, and af ects principally the

to dentals, and corresponds similar disappearance in the Nether l an dish br oer for br dth er m oer mOde r , as , , .

e THE S E s FRI IAN V RB .

tw o The verb has tenses, present and preterit . The future and

skila hebba w esa perfect tenses are formed by the auxiliaries , , , ; w er tha is used in forming the passive .

in There are four moods, indicative, subjunctive , imperative and

ﬁn itiv e . tw o Verbs are divided into classes, strong an d weak . The absence Of complete forms m akes it impossible to classify ao

5 0 ‘

F r 2d ist ith o 6 3d S i . in the and persons ing, is Often found, as ,

The subj unctive drops n in the plural Of both tenses . When the i

in 2d 3d . characteristic connecting vowel the and persons, sing is , dropped and the personal endings are j oi ned to a dental d-si be

st ih-si st d—ih s-si t comes ; becomes and become .

ih t s Rho The tendency Of the ending to become is also manife t . o ta ism takes place is dissyllabic preterits .

E L E R DUP I CAT ING V RBS .

R S FI ST CLA S .

CLASS .

hét ca ll . a, , heten swee swepa, p ,

FOURTH CLASS .

aka in cr ea se , , hew hawa, ,

bla a r u n hlé p , , p , ush p ,

F SS FI TH CLA .

ﬂOka cu r se , ,

ll hr O a ca ro . p , , [ p ] w ee wepa, p , E S ABLAUT V RB .

4 I n . , ia, 8 ) S FIRST CLAS .

bin d . , banden , w dr a w , delve , b W der en . er . G . , derf dr in k ,

n d . ﬁ , fand , funden

gulden , gulden .

kr u n on g ,

sk d n ou e . S prung, w . stu r von stu rv en , .

thw an g,

w u n n on wan , , N SS SECO D CLA .

re . in . r e . r P t S g P t Plu .

comman d bi- , fel , bi-fal

iech , ief , kom kam SS THIRD CLA .

re Sin . . re t . P t g P Sin g .

reden

R SS FOU TH CLA .

re . n r e t . r P t Si g . P Plu . bad 3 bedon ,

ﬁach ﬂe on ( ) , g ,

ﬁat ka s ekeren . a sl t,

a t ch , tegon,

F FI TH CLASS .

in . . ur . Pret S g Pre t. Pl drOch drO on , g , fOr fOr on , , hOf hOv e n , ,

skO on skop, p , l ch on , l g ,

s w e ra s wea r SW o r , , , A w ax a w ax w ox , , , a w a de d wad , , ,

' du a do dede deden eden dén I rregular forms are seen in , , , , , and ‘ eddn w esa w es w er on w esen stdn a sidd siddon 68 ‘ g , be, , , , st nd, , ,

E K N W A CONJUGAT I O .

Tw o forms of verbs are preserved as in the Anglo-Saxon and

S in . to Old axon They correspond in part the Gothic weak verbs, a 6 j and . The connecting vowel of the preterit of these verbs is

e n er a n er ede o r n er dc the weakened , as , , . a I n many verbs gemination has taken place , developed by the j

‘ ' of sella sellia n A - sella n I el se a S . . . . . S the lengthened root, as , O , , lq thekka A —S ecca n thecia n s ka A - sec a n . . . . e . S , deck, b , O . H G , say, . g ,

' ia - . S se n . ll a lia te a z a a n A S t n . O gg also in , tell, O . H . G. ly , . .

do o r te to The preterit is formed by adding the root, verbs end

o r e o r m 8 h ‘ ing in a liquid , sonant mut , si ple w ich join the term in ation v dc to directly to the root without a connecting owel , add form the preterit ; verbs ending in a surd mute o r double 3 add te to

te S d form the pre rit, as in the Old axon . The past participle adds

t o id or ed h . roots whose vowel is long, to roots whose vowel is s ort W a te d t hen the preterit is formed by dding , the participle en s in ;

’ lér a t lér de w isa ou t w isde thekha tha chta r esta , each, , , point , , deck , ,

r este W for r dcku mla u t a rest, pret . . hat is termed convenience p

‘ ' k éka séchte s l a in s . o n pears a few verbs, ending in , as , seek, , G g . f t -da i o S . The termination the O . preteri , , connecting vowels and 54

0 A n -S dc l e 6 in F do h , glo axon , connecting vowe s and , is risian , wit the e a n er -i—da sea w 0 . S . connecting vowels and ; compare , and — 6" da A -S n er -e de sca -d-de n er —e-de sca l -a -de . . , and lf Frisian , and f . The forms which still Sh o w a j in the p resent tense are Often further l t n e to -i e -e e -i i en dia en di ia en d ia eng he d g g g as , end , g , g .

I S E K I F R T W A CONJUGAT ON .

V E M I NDICATI OOD .

ir ea k o n en se F st W a i n . d W eak on a i n . Presen t T . C jug t o Sec on C jug t o 1 -e Sek-e Sing . . ner , , 2 n er-i-st n er-st Sék-I-St sék—st . , , , , 3 n er- -th -i-th -th . ith , ner , sek , sek 1 n er-a-th sek-a-th . , 2 -a—th sek-a-th . ner 3 -a-th Sék-a-th . ner

Prete rit. 1 -e - n er de sOch- Sing . . ner de, , te, 2 -e - SOch- s . ner dest, te t, 3 -e - sOch- . ner de, te, P 1 -e- -don -ton lur . . ner don, ner , soch 2 n er-e-don S -ton . , och 3 n er-e -don sOch-ton . ,

SUB JUNOTI V E M OOD .

resen Pres en t . P t. l -i e sek-i Sing . . ner () (e) 2 -i Sék-i . ner , 3 n er-i sek-i . , 1 -i sek-i P u . l r . ner , (e) 2 D er-i sek-i . , , 3 -i sek-i . ner ,

P reterit.

n 1 -de Si g. . ner , 2 - . ner de, ‘ 3 - . ner de, P u 1 n er- l r . . de, 2 - . ner de , 3 - . ner de,

I mp erative . 2 -e Sing . . ner , 2 n er ath Plur . . , I n f n . era, a n eran d P rt. , n erid , kon n en , konde. k n ath o .

thorste.

hu t r von .

m ei mi , ,

ach ac , hte.

wet, wit, to be w or th , duch, mus t m mOt Oste. , ,

S -L W R RB WE T AU E S VE S.

The distinguishing features Of these verbs are in brief

1 n n . The changes by ablaut are ot u iform in verbs Of the ﬁrst c bin da ban d ban den bou den hel a hu l ha l en ka i en lass , as , , , ; p , p , p , p .

2 to 0 a . The tendency employ instead Of in the preterit and participle.

3 - i f i io r in . S e or a fo The fourth ablaut class hows , . 4 . s e The fuller vowels in the ending Of inﬂection have become .

5 ih t r d . The Of the third person singular and the plural is o .

6 in ﬁn i i . t ves S n as A few , and the subj unctive in the plural how , dn o u dn g , g , g , say .

E LE S S . § 7. D C N ION OF NOUN

S S TRONG DECLEN ION .

A - N DECLE SION .

Fe min n er. i e . Ne M asc ulin e . ut N m fik o . s S S ing . , jeve word , kip , fiki-s -e s - —os -s -e s s. Gen . , ) , jeve word is, , skipi , fiSk—a —e -i -a -e -e Dat. , , , j ebe, word , , skipa, . fik s . Acc . , j eve, word , skip m fikar -a o ski u - N s 0 . o . Plur . , , j va, word (a) , p , fiSk-a -n -a —a -a Gen . , j eve , word , skip l fik- - n - vu -m - n w or du -m -Ou D at. S O e O um , , em , j , , , , ski u -m -On p , . fika - o -a ski u -O s . Acc . , ar, j va, word , p ,

tw o -a -a r The masculine nominative plural exhibits forms in and . When r is Omitted the plural corresponds to that Of the weak de -i I l l n i n r c . 0 . c e s o . . Compare H . G neuters in and masculine and

t -a r neu ers in . is The genitive singular Of the masculine and neuter nouns in , is t Ru strin er re ained in the g dialect, while the other dialects exhibit

es the w eakened . The dative in a is retained in the Hu n sin go er and E msiger dia

s Ru str in er i B r okmer e lect . The g has and the .

Ru str in er on B r ockm er u m I n the dative plural the g has , the and

h em a the ot er dialects . When in the feminine singular appears in the Oblique cases, the forms Of the strong and weak declensions

a en a correspond . The genitive plural has often instead Of , O . H . G . - en a tw d A . 6n . S . o , Neuter nouns have in the plural forms accord or S ing as the root has a long short vowel . The hort syllabled neu A - n . S . . 0 S S . ters how as in the and O , commonly represented by , ‘ E e — S w a er ér a msiger ; the long syllabled ho as j , year, pl . j . Dis

el an d en e u syllabic neuters in form the plural in , weakened from , ‘ -S béken béken e as in the Anglo axon , as , beacon , pl . . Compare - bedcen l bedcen u A . . S . . , p

a n o -e Of themes in j traces are left, except in the termination Of m - n o . hdder e the . sing Of a few masc . and neut . nouns, as , hat bearer .

I r fo r z hir i ba r is appea s j vocali ed in , army , G . j .

I -DE CLENSION i mi Th s declension contains only m asculine and fe nine nouns .

a lie de Leu te Only four m sculine nouns remain , , Ger . , only found in

at ét to th to the plural ;f , foot, pl . f ; , tooth , both Of which belonged

u - i i the declension originally . The feminine nouns are decl ned l ke n -S ouns Of the same class in Anglo axon . The dative plural shows th -im -em -u m -on e . forms , , , l at e‘d M . n ascu ine, f , foot Feminine, , need . fOt n éd S . . ing N , , fOte-s G . , nede . fete n éde D . , . n éde A . fot, . -e Plur. N . fet, neda, . -a n éda G . fot , . -m -On d-im - - - n n é O . D . fote , , , em , um, fét n éda A . , .

U- E S DECL N ION .

a tw o m i su n a son This declension ret ins but ascul ne nouns , ,

ho t ia vieh ailhn r et . . . f , peace, and the neu er f , Ger , G f S -O s . . . . . Ma culine, ing N sunu , , G suna, D . suna, A sunu - - - - - — . . a su n a r a. Plur N sun ar, , G . (suna) , D . sun um, A . , N fia fias fia Neut. . , G. , D . and A . .

5 8

E K E LE S W A D C N I ON .

M as c in e . Fe min in e N e r e u . ul . t S -a - — . . e e ing N blind , blind , blind . - - - . a a a G blind , blind , blind . - - - . a a a D blind , blind , blind . - - - . a a e A blind , blind , blind . - - - . . a a a Plur D blind , blin d , blind . - - — G . blind ena blind ena, blind ena . - - - D . blind um , blind um , blind um . - - - . a a l a A blind , blind , b ind . Participles both present and pe rfect are declined like adj ectives Of the strong and weak declension The present participle when u n in fle cted S 6 s n da n de hows a final from a fuller formative j, a fi .

in e The inﬁnitive has a dative form , before which it resumes the

“ n to a r a n o consonant , lost from the inﬁnitive as f , to fare . The Rus tr in er S to a r a n de g dialect hows the form f , as if inﬂuenced by the present participle .

f ir or Adjectives are compared by means Of the su ﬁxes and , and ist t ac a s t or eat . , and . The w eakened forms and are frequent

m or -m-a The Old comparison in is preserved in f ﬁrst, super

or -m -es t in lative f . Adjectives in the comparative degree are

ﬂe cte d to only according the weak declension, those in the super lative degree, according to both the strong and weak declensions .

n The umerals afford n o especial occasion for remark . They pre - sent few variations from Anglo Saxon and Old Saxon forms .

W R WES T LAU E S DECLENSION . This dialect shows a tenden cy to form the plural Of m asculine

' ' étha n r n éth . nouns f om vowel themes in . as , oath, plural , The fem inine nouns do n ot exhibit this tendency in the same degree .

9 S . . PRONOUN S PERSONAL P RONOUN .

I I I Pe rs .

N e u t . M as . F e rn . é s . hi , he hiu , , hit in S . [sin], hiri , [ ]

. him , hiri , him - - e a sé . hini , , ) , hia, , hit hi For the pronoun Of the third person, is used the demonstrative

s I n -S a Anglo axon , and in the nominative masculine Of the Old i Saxon . The genitive singular, masculin e and neuter, is suppl ed by i sin . . . s the form , not marking gender, as in O H G There a to to marked tendency j oin the nominative Of this pronoun , other m to hit hi hit forms Of the sa e pronoun and the demonstrative, as for ,

f r hit tha hin t for hin hit hitha o .

ma d con The indeﬁnite , Ger . man, is early istinguished from the

m a n o r man to u crete . I t is Often j oined a following prono n ,

s r ma thes a mas fo . ,

SS SS A D JEOTI V E S PO E IVE PRONOUN . min a d m a n d W u r n . o mein , y unser F . ouse, . i a th I u w e I u nd . w er ou r th n dein, y , , y . i his its S n . , ,

effor t t The inﬂection is like that Of the strong adjective . The o

as form a possessive from the feminine pronoun is early manifest, hir e kin dis hir es hir n es S and , Of her child . Compare the imilar de velo m e n t ir p Of the form , in Middle High German .

M S DE ONSTRATIVE PRONOUN .

M a F e m s . .

S N om ing. . thi , thiu,

Gen . thes, there,

Dat. tham, tha, there ,

Acc . them , tha,

I nst .

N om Plur . .

Gen .

Dat . A 0 0 .

The lengthened dem on stativ e forms thi-s .

N om - -s S . . s ing thi , the , thisses Gen . ,

Dat . thissa, -n e Acc . (this ) , thit. N om thesse Plur . . thisse, , he er a . t ss thesser a Gen , . thesse Dat. thisse, , thisse . s Acc . thi se, thisse . i en . a ns as The demonstrative j , G j , Frisian in Old

Saxon . -6 o

E S I NT RROGATIVE PRONOUN .

M in F ascul e a n d e m . S N om ing . . hwa, hw amm es Gen . ,

Dat. hwam , hw en e hwane ,

NS RELATIVE PRONOU . The Frisian uses the demonstrative o r the particle ther for relative .

THE I NDEFINITE PRONOUNS ' Su m ck mon ich en ich a n n en on e n en Are , some, , each , , many , , any , , ,

n a n on n n e a mmon immen S coma n on e a w ei o o . . and , , , , , O , any , , l i ﬂ d h n a w et n a u n n ecte e . ought, , aught, , frequently , all, , each

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