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IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca Lucca, Italy Measuring Time Histories of Chronology Building in Archaeology Phd Program IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca Lucca, Italy Measuring Time Histories of chronology building in archaeology PhD Program in Analysis and Management of Cultural Heritage XXX Cycle By Maria Emanuela Oddo 2020 The dissertation of Maria Emanuela Oddo is approved. PhD Program Coordinator: Prof. Emanuele Pellegrini, IMT School for advanced Studies Lucca Advisor: Prof. Maria Luisa Catoni Co-Advisor: Prof. Maurizio Harari The dissertation of Maria Emanuela Oddo has been reviewed by: Prof. Marcello Barbanera, University of Rome La Sapienza Prof. Silvia Paltineri, University of Padova IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca 2020 Contents Acknowledgements vii Vita ix Publications xii Presentations xiv Abstract xvi List of Figures xvii List of Tables xxi 0 Introduction 1 0.1 Archaeological chronologies 1 0.2 Histories of archaeological chronologies 3 0.3 Selection of case studies 5 1 La Grotte de la Verpillière, Germolles (FR) 13 1.1 Grotte de la Verpillière I 13 1.1.1 Charles Méray 15 1.1.2 Gabriel De Mortillet and la question Aurignacienne 23 1.1.3 Henri Breuil 35 1.1.4 Henri Delporte 40 1.1.5 Jean Combier 46 1.1.6 Harald Floss 48 1.1.7 Ten new radiocarbon dates at ORAU 58 1.2 Analyzing the debate 63 1.2.1 Neanderthals and Modern Humans 67 iii 1.2.2 The Aurignacian: unpacking a conceptual unit 76 1.2.3 Split-base points and the nature of ‘index fossils’ 85 1.3 Conclusions 96 2 The Fusco Necropolis, Syracuse (IT) 100 2.1 The Fusco Necropolis. An under-published reference site 118 2.1.1 Luigi Mauceri 119 2.1.2 Francesco Saverio Cavallari 140 2.1.3 Paolo Orsi 167 2.1.4 Giovanni Patroni 184 2.2 The Fusco necropolis in chronology building 194 2.2.1 Vases and chronology: building the Proto- Corinthian typology 197 2.3 Conclusions 209 3 Relative dating, the Pharaohs, and the fossil man 212 3.1 Beyond the Bible 217 3.1.1 Catastrophism and uniformitarianism 228 3.1.2 Archaeological excavations and the fossil man: Boucher de Perthes 251 3.2 History of Heathen Times 259 3.2.1 From coins to the Three-Age system 262 iv 3.3 The order of artefacts 276 3.3.1 Oscar Montelius and evolutionary typology 278 3.3.2 Flinders Petrie and the combinatorial method 287 3.4 Conclusions 292 4 Radiocarbon dating in context 295 4.1 Radiocarbon dating: the development of the method 299 4.1.1 The Chicago Laboratory 301 4.1.2 Archaeologists and the gathering of samples 313 4.2 Radiocarbon dating: some context 317 4.2.1 Radioactivity is part of life: Libby and the Atomic Energy Commission 318 4.2.2 Radiocarbon dating and “World Prehistory” 324 4.2.3 A matter of scales 328 4.3 Radiocarbon dating in the academic context before the “Second Revolution” 335 4.3.1 Against Radiocarbon: from Clark and Childe to Milojčić and Piggott 335 4.3.2 Science, Antiquity, Les Annales: before Radiocarbon 351 4.3.3 Radiocarbon dating in the academic world: people and questions 362 4.4 Conclusions 366 5 Conclusions 369 v Appendix 374 Bibliography 413 vi Acknowledgements I am grateful to Prof. Maria Luisa Catoni for guiding me in this long journey, for her presence and the attention she paid to my work. My gratitude goes to Prof. Maurizio Harari, whose advice and suggestions were the source of many ideas discussed in this dissertation. I must also thank Angelo Bottini for his friendship and his invaluable advice, for the long conversations and the great meals in the long tradition of convivial paideia. He is to me an example of what an archaeologist and, most importantly, a public servant should be. My gratitude goes to Tom Higham, Dan Comeskey, David Chivall and all the colleagues of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art (RLAHA) at the University of Oxford, who had the patience and the good will of introducing a classicist to the mysterious world of Physics. I must especially thank Rachel Hopkins because she made it impossible not to use critical thinking, not even when choosing a sandwich. I must also thank Carmine Lubritto, Maria Elena Fedi, Francesca Alberghina, Emanuela Massa, Celestino Grifa and all the friends and colleagues of AIAr (Associazione Italiana di Archeometria) for the stimulating discussions and for teaching me how to integrate different methods in a large archaeometric campaign. My PhD was funded by the Italian Government through the scholarship of IMT Lucca and my research period at Oxford University was funded by the Erasmus+ program. I am grateful to both for letting this happen. This long journey did not only entail academic achievements. It made me a professional Heritage Consultant. I have many people to thank for this as well. My gratitude goes to Gabriel Zuchtriegel and to the staff of the Archaeological Museum of Paestum, who taught me responsibility, resilience and the moral implications of working in a museum. I must vii also thank Maria Sapio and Lucia Anna Iovieno, from whom I learnt professional integrity, creativity and leadership. I must also acknowledge the team of Spazio Geco, with whom I learnt how to build a cultural and creative company from the ground up. My thankfulness extends also to my parents, my friends and my partner, who fed my spirit and my mind every day with their intelligence and their affection; to my mother who taught me strong will, independence and entrepreneurship; to my father who gave me confidence, sense of civic duty, and rectitude. To Sara, who was for me a safe harbour and can read people as well as the books, plays, pints and exhibitions we shared in many years. May travels come next. To Pietro, who encouraged me every day without asking. To Antonio and Letizia, who made success look easy. To Giulia, always the smartest one. To Stefano, who tolerated me through all of this. Thank you for walking through life at my side. viii Vita December 28, 1990 Born, Catania (CT), Italy Education 2012 Bachelor’s degree in Classics and Ancient Near East Final mark: 110/110 cum laude University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy 2014 Master’s degree in ‘History of Arts from Ancient Times to the Contemporary’ Final mark: 110/110 cum laude University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy 2015 Diploma of Advanced Studies in Humanities Final mark: Excellent Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori, Pavia, Italy Professional experience (Consultant – Heritage, Business & Innovation) 2016 Arte’m (Napoli) – Exhibition Project Manager and Scientific Secretary. National Archaeological Museum of Paestum – Possessione: trafugamenti e furti a Paestum Arte’m (Napoli) – Exhibition Project Manager and 2018 Scientific Secretary National Archaeological Museum of Paestum – L’immagine invisibile. La Tomba del Tuffatore nel cinquantesimo dalla scoperta. 2017-present Spazio Geco (Pavia) – Accounting Manager (until 2019), Project Manager and Content Manager: ix @ Museo delle Grigne di Esino Lario - 4 video-guides with gamification and storytelling @ Museo Archeologico di Cremona - interactive forma urbis @ Museo Etnografico di Tirano - interactive map of the territory @ Musei Civici di Pavia - multimedia installations in the Sala del Collezionista @ Museo Valtellinese di Storia e Arte - Archaeology - immersive installation (audio, lights, video) - smart audioguide @ Parco Archeologico di Paestum - temporary exhibition "Poseidonia città d'acqua" @ Musei Civici di Cuneo - multimedia boardgame (with V. Maggi) @ Comune di Montefranco - didactic texts - reconstructive illustrations of the ‘Umbrian sanctuary’ of Monte Moro @ Museo Archeologico di Piadena (in progress) - interactive installation (cremation tomb) @ Divina Sorrento SRLS (in progress) - historical multimedia exhibition (with L. Iovieno) @ SHS Sardinia per Istituto Superiore Etnografico Sardo (in progress) - multimedia boardgame x 2019 - present Cooperativa Metaia (Pontecagnano, SA) – Project Manager Google Cultural Institute for the National Archaeological Museum of Paestum (with Archeostorie) March 2020 - present Italica DMC (Verona) – Local Experience Manager & Local Heritage Consultant xi Publications 1. M.E. Oddo, “Appunti per un'analisi dello schema di Endimione in ambito greco-ellenistico” in Engramma 122, Dicember 2014. 2. M.E. Oddo, “Measuring Time. Historical Perspectives on the Birth of Radiocarbon Dating” in Metrology for Archaeology. Proceedings of the First International Conference, 88-94. Benevento, 2015. 3. M.E. Oddo, “Un'accurata combinazione di autentici e falsi. Lekythoi a fondo bianco e vasi italioti a figure rosse” in G. Zuchtriegel (ed.) Possessione. Trafugamenti e falsi di antichità a Paestum (Catalogo della mostra, Paestum 2 luglio - 31 dicembre 2016). Napoli: Arte'm, 2016. 4. M.E. Oddo, “Radiocarbon dating and Italian archaeology: reporting conventions from the early years of the method” in A. Pontrandolfo and M. Scafuro (eds.) Dialoghi di Archeologia Mediterranea I, 713-722. Paestum: Pandemos, 2017. 5. M.E. Oddo, “La Tomba del Tuffatore. Una bibliografia ragionata” in G. Zuchtriegel (ed.) L’immagine invisibile. La Tomba del Tuffatore nel cinquantesimo dalla scoperta (Catalogo della mostra, Paestum 2 giugno – 7 ottobre 2018), 137-145. Napoli: Arte’m, 2018. 6. M.E. Oddo, “Tre vasi apuli con l’uccisione di Reso. Una questione di metodo” in in M. Cipriani, A. Pontrandolfo and M. Scafuro (eds.) Dialoghi di Archeologia Mediterranea II, 395-406. Paestum: Pandemos, 2018. 7. M.E. Oddo, P. Ricci, D. Angelici, F. Fantino, E. Sibilia, M.F. Alberghina, S. Schiavone, C. Grifa, M. Mercurio, C. Germinario, F. Izzo, A. Langella, E. Massa, S. Bracci, D. Magrini, R. Costa, A. Pelagotti, G. Zuchtriegel, C. Lubritto, “Results of diagnostic campaign promoted by AIAr in the deposits of the Archaeological Museum of Paestum” in HeriTech Conference 2018. 8. G. Zuchtriegel, P. Carter, M.E. Oddo (edd.) Poseidonia città d'acqua. Archeologia e cambiamenti climatici (Catalogo della mostra, Paestum xii 04 ottobre – 3 maggio 2020). Paestum: Pandemos 2019. 9. M.E. Oddo (in press), “Perspectives in the first person.
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