DOCSLIB.ORG

Beachwatch Managing Our Beach Erosion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

TOOLKIT BEACHWATCH MANAGING OUR BEACH EROSION Prepared for the Ministry of Environment, Energy & Water with assistance from the Asian Development Bank – Male', Maldives, November 2006 Live & Learn Environmental Education PO Box 3007, Male’ 20-05 Maldives M: (+960) 778 8848 E: [email protected] http://www.idea.org.au/liveandlearn/ Live & Learn Environmental Education 87 Gordon Street Suva, Fiji Islands Tel: +679 331 5868 Fax: +679 330 5868 http://www.idea.org.au/liveandlearn/ Written by Gillian Cambers, Robbie Henderson, Zameela Ahmed, Fathimath Shafeeqa and Jady Smith Proofed by Hussein Naeem and Jady Smith Printed by Cyprea Printers Cover design by Karen Young Page layout by Mariyam Maalika Photographs courtesy of Zameela Ahmed , Robbie Henderson, Fathimath Shafeeqa and Jady Smith © Copyright: Live & Learn Environmental Education ISBN 99915-95-07-5 Disclaimer: This toolkit was prepared by consultants for the Asian Development Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in it do not necessarily represent the views of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or those of its member governments. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this toolkit and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. CONTENTS BEACHWATCH Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Agenda ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Deciding who to involve .............................................................................................................................. 5 Holding the first meeting ............................................................................................................................. 6 Beach erosion .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Making a map of the beach ...................................................................................................................... 8 Developing history of the beach .......................................................................................................... 9 Setting up a program ................................................................................................................................... 10 Beach monitoring data form ................................................................................................................. 11 Beach events record sheet ....................................................................................................................... 12 Hold a meeting to discuss the results ........................................................................................... 13 Preparing for a meeting with stakeholders ............................................................................. 14 FACT SHEETS - Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15 What is beach erosion ................................................................................................................. 16 Building a safe distance from the beach ................................................................... 18 Building a seawall ............................................................................................................................ 20 Building a sloping seawall ....................................................................................................... 22 Building groynes ............................................................................................................................... 23 Building an offshore breakwater ....................................................................................... 24 Nourishing the beach with sand ...................................................................................... 26 INTRODUCTION The first step towards getting somewhere is to decide that you are not going ot stay where you are SILENCE IS THE NATURE OF MY ISLAND BY FATHMATH WAHEEDHA, GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL EDUCATION CENTER, MALDIVES http://www.sivyouth.org/phase2/?read=180 2003 Nature is an eternal storehouse of great mysteries and enchanting beauties. Nature is a thing of beauty and being in the company of Nature means a joy forever. Maldives is one such country blessed by Mother Nature. The Maldivian islands are a group of beautiful islands located in the Indian Ocean. We are becoming more and more exposed to tourists - mainly from Italy and Germany. For this all our thanks goes to our beautiful sandy beaches and wonderful lagoons with their rich variety of fishes and marine life. All that I see, sense, breathe, feel and adore is my own small island - Thinadhoo. Thinadhoo is a greenish lagoon that measures a diameter of 2kms. It is far more isolated from the capital of Maldives- Male. Therefore we have our own unique set of advantages and disadvantages. 2 BEACHWATCH Our life in a small island is generally associated with life in the lap of nature. My island people indeed lead a very simple life. There is no nerve breaking hustle and bustle. There are no straining hurries and worries. Rather we people believe in simple living. We love a sense of belongingness and share each other’s joys and sorrows. We are free from artificiality of the present modern life. We have no clubs, even no cinema to divert our attention from work. Rather we have our own simple ways of recreation. After a tiring day, the men/women sit under a shady breadfruit tree, gossip among themselves and feel as free as a bird. At times, our elders arrange recreational programs. The youngsters (boys and girls) enliven the whole gathering. Life in a small island, no doubt, has its darker side also. Pollution is beginning to have an effect on our prestigious beaches. The range and quality of marine life around our island and in our lagoons is beginning to suffer as a consequence of pollution. The reef systems around the islands are relatively fragile and if we are not careful about over-fishing and pollution, the very existence of the islands would be in doubt. Even though we lack a lot of things, we are blessed with an enchanting nature. The fresh morning breeze, the ripples in the reef and the dancing coconut trees - all have beauty on their own. Whenever I see strong waves I get great courage to fight the modern world and whenever I am sad the dancing coconut trees bring cheer to my heart. I wish this beauty that I have found in culture tradition and nature would be evergreen. Though I have a lot of things to say, I go silent here because silence is the nature of my island. 3 AGENDA ACTIVITY 1: (15 MINUTES) Deciding who to involve ACTIVITy 2: (1 – 1.5 HOURS) Holding the first meeting ACTIVITy 3: (1 – 1.5 HOURS) Making a RAP on the beach ACTIVITy 4: (1 – 1.5 HOURS) Developing the history of the beach ACTIVITY 5: (1.5 HOURS) Setting up programme to record beach changes ACTIVITY 6: (2 HOURS) Hold meetings to discuss results 4 BEACHWATCH DECIDING WHO 15 minutes 1 TO INVOLVE Duration: Various one-on-one discussions held over several days • Persons involved should include the community near the affected beach, members of the Island Development Committee, Atoll Offices, Regional Development Management Office, persons doing the sand mining • It is possible, as an alternative to bring in different people at this stage of the project, but ideally all affected parties should be invited at the beginning so they can all contribute to the management process Output: List of people to invite to the first meeting 5 ACTIVITIES HOLDING THE 1-1.515 minutes hours 2 FIRST MEETING • Icebreaker: Everyone gets to know each other and their respective interest in this conflict ICEBREAKER ACTIVITY 1. Ask each person to close their eyes and ask themselves what is the most important thing they want to gain from this meeting/activity 2. Ask each person to turn to one of their neighbours, and to spend 5 minutes telling their neighbour 3 items: • their name • the island where they live • the most important thing they hope to gain from this meeting 3. Have each person introduce their neighbour: • name of their neighbour • island where their neighbour lives • what their neighbour hopes to gain from the meeting • Decide on a chairperson, and a person to take notes • Start by reading out loud the Fact Sheet on beach erosion (see overleaf), pause after each bullet point to see if the group agrees with the statement in the context of your island. Use the bulleted items as a starting point for discussion. Where is the most serious beach erosion on the island? What time of year does erosion take place? How long has it been taking place? What does the group think causes the erosion? Is beach sand mining part of the erosion problem? • The purpose of the meeting is to give everyone a chance to put forward their views on the sand mining conflict and to indicate whether they are willing to commit their time and energy to help solve the problem Needs: Meeting room, copies of the fact sheet, flip chart and markers Outputs: Notes about the sand mining problem Names of a group of people willing to give some time to try and manage this problem Names of knowledgeable persons within the community/island/atoll 6 COPING WITH
Recommended publications
  • This Keyword List Contains Indian Ocean Place Names of Coral Reefs, Islands, Bays and Other Geographic Features in a Hierarchical Structure

    This Keyword List Contains Indian Ocean Place Names of Coral Reefs, Islands, Bays and Other Geographic Features in a Hierarchical Structure

    CoRIS Place Keyword Thesaurus by Ocean - 8/9/2016 Indian Ocean This keyword list contains Indian Ocean place names of coral reefs, islands, bays and other geographic features in a hierarchical structure. For example, the first name on the list - Bird Islet - is part of the Addu Atoll, which is in the Indian Ocean. The leading label - OCEAN BASIN - indicates this list is organized according to ocean, sea, and geographic names rather than country place names. The list is sorted alphabetically. The same names are available from “Place Keywords by Country/Territory - Indian Ocean” but sorted by country and territory name. Each place name is followed by a unique identifier enclosed in parentheses. The identifier is made up of the latitude and longitude in whole degrees of the place location, followed by a four digit number. The number is used to uniquely identify multiple places that are located at the same latitude and longitude. For example, the first place name “Bird Islet” has a unique identifier of “00S073E0013”. From that we see that Bird Islet is located at 00 degrees south (S) and 073 degrees east (E). It is place number 0013 at that latitude and longitude. (Note: some long lines wrapped, placing the unique identifier on the following line.) This is a reformatted version of a list that was obtained from ReefBase. OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bird Islet (00S073E0013) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bushy Islet (00S073E0014) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Fedu Island (00S073E0008)

  • A Field Experiment on a Nourished Beach

    CHAPTER 157 A Field Experiment on a Nourished Beach A.J. Fernandez* G. Gomez Pina * G. Cuena* J.L. Ramirez* Abstract The performance of a beach nourishment at" Playa de Castilla" (Huel- va, Spain) is evaluated by means of accurate beach profile surveys, vi- sual breaking wave information, buoy-measured wave data and sediment samples. The shoreline recession at the nourished beach due to "profile equilibration" and "spreading out" losses is discussed. The modified equi- librium profile curve proposed by Larson (1991) is shown to accurately describe the profiles with a grain size varying across-shore. The "spread- ing out" losses measured at " Playa de Castilla" are found to be less than predicted by spreading out formulations. The utilization of borrowed material substantially coarser than the native material is suggested as an explanation. 1 INTRODUCTION Fernandez et al. (1990) presented a case study of a sand bypass project at "Playa de Castilla" (Huelva, Spain) and the corresponding monitoring project, that was going to be undertaken. The Beach Nourishment Monitoring Project at the "Playa de Castilla" was begun over two years ago. The project is being *Direcci6n General de Costas. M.O.P.T, Madrid (Spain) 2043 2044 COASTAL ENGINEERING 1992 carried out to evaluate the performance of a beach fill and to establish effective strategies of coastal management and represents one of the most comprehensive monitoring projects that has been undertaken in Spain. This paper summa- rizes and discusses the data set for wave climate, beach profiles and sediment samples. 2 STUDY SITE & MONITORING PROGRAM Playa de Castilla, Fig. 1, is a sandy beach located on the South-West coast of Spain between the Guadiana and Gualdalquivir rivers.
  • Management of Coastal Erosion by Creating Large-Scale and Small-Scale Sediment Cells

    Management of Coastal Erosion by Creating Large-Scale and Small-Scale Sediment Cells

    COASTAL EROSION CONTROL BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF SEDIMENT CELLS by L. C. van Rijn, www.leovanrijn-sediment.com, March 2013 1. Introduction Nearly all coastal states have to deal with the problem of coastal erosion. Coastal erosion and accretion has always existed and these processes have contributed to the shaping of the present coastlines. However, coastal erosion now is largely intensified due to human activities. Presently, the total coastal area (including houses and buildings) lost in Europe due to marine erosion is estimated to be about 15 km2 per year. The annual cost of mitigation measures is estimated to be about 3 billion euros per year (EUROSION Study, European Commission, 2004), which is not acceptable. Although engineering projects are aimed at solving the erosion problems, it has long been known that these projects can also contribute to creating problems at other nearby locations (side effects). Dramatic examples of side effects are presented by Douglas et al. (The amount of sand removed from America’s beaches by engineering works, Coastal Sediments, 2003), who state that about 1 billion m3 (109 m3) of sand are removed from the beaches of America by engineering works during the past century. The EUROSION study (2004) recommends to deal with coastal erosion by restoring the overall sediment balance on the scale of coastal cells, which are defined as coastal compartments containing the complete cycle of erosion, deposition, sediment sources and sinks and the transport paths involved. Each cell should have sufficient sediment reservoirs (sources of sediment) in the form of buffer zones between the land and the sea and sediment stocks in the nearshore and offshore coastal zones to compensate by natural or artificial processes (nourishment) for sea level rise effects and human-induced erosional effects leading to an overall favourable sediment status.
  • Responses to Coastal Erosio in Alaska in a Changing Climate

    Responses to Coastal Erosio in Alaska in a Changing Climate

    Responses to Coastal Erosio in Alaska in a Changing Climate A Guide for Coastal Residents, Business and Resource Managers, Engineers, and Builders Orson P. Smith Mikal K. Hendee Responses to Coastal Erosio in Alaska in a Changing Climate A Guide for Coastal Residents, Business and Resource Managers, Engineers, and Builders Orson P. Smith Mikal K. Hendee Alaska Sea Grant College Program University of Alaska Fairbanks SG-ED-75 Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Cataloging in Publication Data: Smith, Orson P. Responses to coastal erosion in Alaska in a changing climate : a guide for coastal residents, business and resource managers, engineers, and builders / Orson P. Smith ; Mikal K. Hendee. – Fairbanks, Alaska : Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2011. p.: ill., maps ; cm. - (Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks ; SG-ED-75) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Coast changes—Alaska—Guidebooks. 2. Shore protection—Alaska—Guidebooks. 3. Beach erosion—Alaska—Guidebooks. 4. Coastal engineering—Alaska—Guidebooks. I. Title. II. Hendee, Mikal K. III. Series: Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks; SG-ED-75. TC330.S65 2011 ISBN 978-1-56612-165-1 doi:10.4027/rceacc.2011 © Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks. All rights reserved. Credits This book, SG-ED-75, is published by the Alaska Sea Grant College Program, supported by the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA National Sea Grant Office, grant NA10OAR4170097, projects A/75-02 and A/161-02; and by the University of Alaska Fairbanks with state funds. Sea Grant is a unique partnership with public and private sectors combining research, education, and technology transfer for the public.
  • Littoral Cells, Sand Budgets, and Beaches: Understanding California S

    Littoral Cells, Sand Budgets, and Beaches: Understanding California S

    LITTORAL CELLS, SAND BUDGETS, AND BEACHES: UNDERSTANDING CALIFORNIA’ S SHORELINE KIKI PATSCH GARY GRIGGS OCTOBER 2006 INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF BOATING AND WATERWAYS CALIFORNIA COASTAL SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT WORKGROUP Littoral Cells, Sand Budgets, and Beaches: Understanding California’s Shoreline By Kiki Patch Gary Griggs Institute of Marine Sciences University of California, Santa Cruz California Department of Boating and Waterways California Coastal Sediment Management WorkGroup October 2006 Cover Image: Santa Barbara Harbor © 2002 Kenneth & Gabrielle Adelman, California Coastal Records Project www.californiacoastline.org Brochure Design & Layout Laura Beach www.LauraBeach.net Littoral Cells, Sand Budgets, and Beaches: Understanding California’s Shoreline Kiki Patsch Gary Griggs Institute of Marine Sciences University of California, Santa Cruz TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 7 Chapter 1: Introduction 9 Chapter 2: An Overview of Littoral Cells and Littoral Drift 11 Chapter 3: Elements Involved in Developing Sand Budgets for Littoral Cells 17 Chapter 4: Sand Budgets for California’s Major Littoral Cells and Changes in Sand Supply 23 Chapter 5: Discussion of Beach Nourishment in California 27 Chapter 6: Conclusions 33 References Cited and Other Useful References 35 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY he coastline of California can be divided into a set of dis- Beach nourishment or beach restoration is the placement of Ttinct, essentially self-contained littoral cells or beach com- sand on the shoreline with the intent of widening a beach that partments. These compartments are geographically limited and is naturally narrow or where the natural supply of sand has consist of a series of sand sources (such as rivers, streams and been signifi cantly reduced through human activities.
  • Beach Nourishment: Massdep's Guide to Best Management Practices for Projects in Massachusetts

    Beach Nourishment: Massdep's Guide to Best Management Practices for Projects in Massachusetts

    BBEACHEACH NNOURISHMEOURISHMENNTT MassDEP’sMassDEP’s GuideGuide toto BestBest ManagementManagement PracticesPractices forfor ProjectsProjects inin MassachusettsMassachusetts March 2007 acknowledgements LEAD AUTHORS: Rebecca Haney (Coastal Zone Management), Liz Kouloheras, (MassDEP), Vin Malkoski (Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries), Jim Mahala (MassDEP) and Yvonne Unger (MassDEP) CONTRIBUTORS: From MassDEP: Fred Civian, Jen D’Urso, Glenn Haas, Lealdon Langley, Hilary Schwarzenbach and Jim Sprague. From Coastal Zone Management: Bob Boeri, Mark Borrelli, David Janik, Julia Knisel and Wendolyn Quigley. Engineering consultants from Applied Coastal Research and Engineering Inc. also reviewed the document for technical accuracy. Lead Editor: David Noonan (MassDEP) Design and Layout: Sandra Rabb (MassDEP) Photography: Sandra Rabb (MassDEP) unless otherwise noted. Massachusetts Massachusetts Office Department of of Coastal Zone Environmental Protection Management 1 Winter Street 251 Causeway Street Boston, MA Boston, MA table of contents I. Glossary of Terms 1 II. Summary 3 II. Overview 6 • Purpose 6 • Beach Nourishment 6 • Specifications and Best Management Practices 7 • Permit Requirements and Timelines 8 III. Technical Attachments A. Beach Stability Determination 13 B. Receiving Beach Characterization 17 C. Source Material Characterization 21 D. Sample Problem: Beach and Borrow Site Sediment Analysis to Determine Stability of Nourishment Material for Shore Protection 22 E. Generic Beach Monitoring Plan 27 F. Sample Easement 29 G. References 31 GLOSSARY Accretion - the gradual addition of land by deposition of water-borne sediment. Beach Fill – also called “artificial nourishment”, “beach nourishment”, “replenishment”, and “restoration,” comprises the placement of sediment within the nearshore sediment transport system (see littoral zone). (paraphrased from Dean, 2002) Beach Profile – the cross-sectional shape of a beach plotted perpendicular to the shoreline.
  • 1 the Influence of Groyne Fields and Other Hard Defences on the Shoreline Configuration

    1 the Influence of Groyne Fields and Other Hard Defences on the Shoreline Configuration

    1 The Influence of Groyne Fields and Other Hard Defences on the Shoreline Configuration 2 of Soft Cliff Coastlines 3 4 Sally Brown1*, Max Barton1, Robert J Nicholls1 5 6 1. Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, 7 University Road, Highfield, Southampton, UK. S017 1BJ. 8 9 * Sally Brown ([email protected], Telephone: +44(0)2380 594796). 10 11 Abstract: Building defences, such as groynes, on eroding soft cliff coastlines alters the 12 sediment budget, changing the shoreline configuration adjacent to defences. On the 13 down-drift side, the coastline is set-back. This is often believed to be caused by increased 14 erosion via the ‘terminal groyne effect’, resulting in rapid land loss. This paper examines 15 whether the terminal groyne effect always occurs down-drift post defence construction 16 (i.e. whether or not the retreat rate increases down-drift) through case study analysis. 17 18 Nine cases were analysed at Holderness and Christchurch Bay, England. Seven out of 19 nine sites experienced an increase in down-drift retreat rates. For the two remaining sites, 20 retreat rates remained constant after construction, probably as a sediment deficit already 21 existed prior to construction or as sediment movement was restricted further down-drift. 22 For these two sites, a set-back still evolved, leading to the erroneous perception that a 23 terminal groyne effect had developed. Additionally, seven of the nine sites developed a 24 set back up-drift of the initial groyne, leading to the defended sections of coast acting as 1 25 a hard headland, inhabiting long-shore drift.
  • Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data

    Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data

    Remote Sens. 2014, 6, 6961-6987; doi:10.3390/rs6086961 OPEN ACCESS remote sensing ISSN 2072-4292 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Article Assessing Long-Term Changes in the Beach Width of Reef Islands Based on Temporally Fragmented Remote Sensing Data Thomas Mann 1,* and Hildegard Westphal 1,2 1 Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-421-2380-0132; Fax: +49-421-2380-030. Received: 30 May 2014; in revised form: 7 July 2014 / Accepted: 18 July 2014 / Published: 25 July 2014 Abstract: Atoll islands are subject to a variety of processes that influence their geomorphological development. Analysis of historical shoreline changes using remotely sensed images has become an efficient approach to both quantify past changes and estimate future island response. However, the detection of long-term changes in beach width is challenging mainly for two reasons: first, data availability is limited for many remote Pacific islands. Second, beach environments are highly dynamic and strongly influenced by seasonal or episodic shoreline oscillations. Consequently, remote-sensing studies on beach morphodynamics of atoll islands deal with dynamic features covered by a low sampling frequency. Here we present a study of beach dynamics for nine islands on Takú Atoll, Papua New Guinea, over a seven-decade period. A considerable chronological gap between aerial photographs and satellite images was addressed by applying a new method that reweighted positions of the beach limit by identifying “outlier” shoreline positions.
  • Formulation of Territorial Action Plans for Coastal Protection and Management

    Formulation of Territorial Action Plans for Coastal Protection and Management

    this project is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund Eu project COASTANCE FINAL REPORT phase C Component 4 Territorial Action Plans for coastal protection and management Formulation of territorial Action Plans for coastal protection and management 96 95 94 93 PARTNERSHIP Region of Eastern Macedonia & Thrace (GR) - Lead Partner Regione Lazio (IT) Region of Crete (GR) Département de l’Hérault (FR) Regione Emlia-Romagna (IT) Junta de Andalucia (ES) The Ministry of Communications & Works of Cyprus (CY) Dubrovnik Neretva County Regional Development Agency (HR) a publication edit by Direzione Generale Ambiente e Difesa del Suolo e della Costa Servizio Difesa del Suolo, della Costa e Bonifica responsibles Roberto Montanari, Christian Marasmi - Servizio Difesa del Suolo, della Costa e Bonifica editor and graphic Christian Marasmi authors Roberto Montanari, Christian Marasmi - Regione Emilia-Romagna, Servizio Difesa del Suolo, della Costa e Bonifica Mentino Preti, Margherita Aguzzi, Nunzio De Nigris, Maurizio Morelli - ARPA Emilia-Romagna, Unità Specialistica Mare e Costa Maurizio Farina - Servizio Tecnico Bacino Po di Volano e della Costa Michael Aftias, Eleni Chouli - Ydronomi, Consulting Engineers Philippe Carbonnel, Alexandre Richard - Département de l’Hérault INDEX Background and strategic framework 2 The COASTANCE project 6 Component 4 strategy framework 8 Component 4 results: coastal and sediment management plans 10 Relevance of project’s outputs and results in the EU policy framework and perspectives 10 Limits and difficulties
  • Guidance for Flood Risk Analysis and Mapping

    Guidance for Flood Risk Analysis and Mapping

    Guidance for Flood Risk Analysis and Mapping Coastal Notations, Acronyms, and Glossary of Terms May 2016 Requirements for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning (Risk MAP) Program are specified separately by statute, regulation, or FEMA policy (primarily the Standards for Flood Risk Analysis and Mapping). This document provides guidance to support the requirements and recommends approaches for effective and efficient implementation. Alternate approaches that comply with all requirements are acceptable. For more information, please visit the FEMA Guidelines and Standards for Flood Risk Analysis and Mapping webpage (www.fema.gov/guidelines-and-standards-flood-risk-analysis-and- mapping). Copies of the Standards for Flood Risk Analysis and Mapping policy, related guidance, technical references, and other information about the guidelines and standards development process are all available here. You can also search directly by document title at www.fema.gov/library. Coastal Notation, Acronyms, and Glossary of Terms May 2016 Guidance Document 66 Page i Document History Affected Section or Date Description Subsection Initial version of new transformed guidance. The content was derived from the Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners, Procedure Memoranda, First Publication May 2016 and/or Operating Guidance documents. It has been reorganized and is being published separately from the standards. Coastal Notation, Acronyms, and Glossary of Terms May 2016 Guidance Document 66
  • The Contribution of Wind-Generated Waves to Coastal Sea-Level Changes

    The Contribution of Wind-Generated Waves to Coastal Sea-Level Changes

    1 Surveys in Geophysics Archimer November 2011, Volume 40, Issue 6, Pages 1563-1601 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09557-5 https://archimer.ifremer.fr https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00509/62046/ The Contribution of Wind-Generated Waves to Coastal Sea-Level Changes Dodet Guillaume 1, *, Melet Angélique 2, Ardhuin Fabrice 6, Bertin Xavier 3, Idier Déborah 4, Almar Rafael 5 1 UMR 6253 LOPSCNRS-Ifremer-IRD-Univiversity of Brest BrestPlouzané, France 2 Mercator OceanRamonville Saint Agne, France 3 UMR 7266 LIENSs, CNRS - La Rochelle UniversityLa Rochelle, France 4 BRGMOrléans Cédex, France 5 UMR 5566 LEGOSToulouse Cédex 9, France *Corresponding author : Guillaume Dodet, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Surface gravity waves generated by winds are ubiquitous on our oceans and play a primordial role in the dynamics of the ocean–land–atmosphere interfaces. In particular, wind-generated waves cause fluctuations of the sea level at the coast over timescales from a few seconds (individual wave runup) to a few hours (wave-induced setup). These wave-induced processes are of major importance for coastal management as they add up to tides and atmospheric surges during storm events and enhance coastal flooding and erosion. Changes in the atmospheric circulation associated with natural climate cycles or caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions affect the wave conditions worldwide, which may drive significant changes in the wave-induced coastal hydrodynamics. Since sea-level rise represents a major challenge for sustainable coastal management, particularly in low-lying coastal areas and/or along densely urbanized coastlines, understanding the contribution of wind-generated waves to the long-term budget of coastal sea-level changes is therefore of major importance.
  • Hunan Roads Development III Project

    Hunan Roads Development III Project

    PD ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK RRP: MLD 33218 REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED LOAN TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE MALDIVES FOR THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, PHASE II – ENVIRONMENTAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT April 2005 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 14 April 2005) Currency Unit – rufiyaa (Rf) Rf1.00 = $0.077 $1.00 = Rf12.96 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ADP – atoll development plan EIRR – economic internal rate of return GDP – gross domestic product IsDB – Islamic Development Bank IDC – island development committee IDP – island development plan IEE – initial environmental examination IS – international shopping MEC Ministry of Environment and Construction MHUDB – Maldives Housing and Urban Development Board MOAD – Ministry of Atolls Development MOFAMR – Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources MOFT – Ministry of Finance and Treasury MOH – Ministry of Health NPSC – national project steering committee MWSA – Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority O&M – operation and maintenance PHAST – Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation PIU – project implementation unit PMU – project management unit PPMS – project performance management system RPAC – regional project advisory committee TEAP – Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project UNDP – United Nations Development Programme UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund WDC – women’s development committee GLOSSARY Central Regions — Group of 13 atolls, part of the Maldives, between 1o and 6 oN, 72-74 oE. It comprises the South Central, Central, and North Central regions. Community — The community-based approach to management of utility management services and facilities, including sanitation and sewage treatment and solid waste management. Cooperative — Commercial enterprise owned and managed by and for the benefit of customers or workers.