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The Project for Pilot Gravel Beach Nourishment Against Coastal Disaster on Fongafale Island in Tuvalu

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The Project for Pilot Gravel Beach Nourishment Against Coastal Disaster on Fongafale Island in Tuvalu MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, TRADES, TOURISM, ENVIRONMENT AND LABOUR THE GOVERNMENT OF TUVALU THE PROJECT FOR PILOT GRAVEL BEACH NOURISHMENT AGAINST COASTAL DISASTER ON FONGAFALE ISLAND IN TUVALU FINAL REPORT (SUPPORTING REPORT) April 2018 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. FUTABA INC. GE JR 18-058 MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, TRADES, TOURISM, ENVIRONMENT AND LABOUR THE GOVERNMENT OF TUVALU THE PROJECT FOR PILOT GRAVEL BEACH NOURISHMENT AGAINST COASTAL DISASTER ON FONGAFALE ISLAND IN TUVALU FINAL REPORT (SUPPORTING REPORT) April 2018 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. FUTABA INC. Table of Contents Supporting Report-1 Study on the Quality and Quantity of Materials in Phase-1 (quote from Interim Report 1) .............................................................. SR-1 Supporting Report-2 Planning and Design in Phase-1 (quote from Interim Report 1) ............ SR-2 Supporting Report-3 Design Drawing ..................................................................................... SR-3 Supporting Report-4 Project Implementation Plan in Phase-1 (quote from Interim Report 1)................................................................................................. SR-4 Supporting Report-5 Preliminary Environmental Assessment Report (PEAR) ....................... SR-5 Supporting Report-6 Public Consultation in Phase-1 (quote from Interim Report 1) .............. SR-6 Supporting Report-7 Bidding Process (quote from Progress Report) ...................................... SR-7 Supporting Report-8 Inspection on the Pilot Construction ...................................................... SR-8 Supporting Report-9 Marine Environmental Monitoring Report (No.1-3) .............................. SR-9 Supporting Report-10 Technical Papers for APAC 2017 ......................................................... SR-10 Supporting Report-1 Study on the Quality and Quantity of Materials in Phase-1 Project for Pilot Gravel Beach Nourishment against Coastal Disaster on Fongafale Island in Tuvalu Interim Report 5. Study on the Quality and Quantity of Materials for Gravel Beach Nourishment 5.1 Gravels 5.1.1 Overview (1) Procedure for Selection of Borrow Site for Gravels Figure 5.1.1 shows the criteria employed in the selection of borrow site for gravels, which have already been presented in the previous inception meeting. Figure 5.1.1 Criteria for Selection of Borrow Site for Gravels (Source: JICA Study Team) Four potential possibilities below were nominated as candidate borrow sources of gravels: a) Inside Funafuti Atoll b) North side of runway c) Imported from Fiji d) Sand spit at nearby island Based on the survey results and information obtained in this study, these four sources were preliminary selected and evaluated. Consequently, the other candidate sources were clarified based on the criteria shown in Figure 5.1.1. 5-1 Project for Pilot Gravel Beach Nourishment against Coastal Disaster on Fongafale Island in Tuvalu Interim Report 5.1.2 Inside Funafuti Atoll According to the results of the previous study (J-Pace Project), most of the seabed materials inside Funafuti Atoll are formed by sand. To ascertain this conclusion, a diving survey has been carried out at Area 1, Area 2, and six channels as shown in Figure 5.1.2. 1 2 Channel no.1 and 2 of the Te Ava I te Lape Area 1 3 4 Channel no.3 and 4 Area 2 of the Te Ava Pua Pua 5 6 Channel no.5 and 6 of the Te Ava Mateika Area 1 Area 2 1,000m 1,000m 1A 2B 2C 2D 1B 1,000m 2F 2G 1C 1D 2I 2J 1E 2K Figure 5.1.2 Sea Bed Material Sampling Area (Source: JICA Study Team) (1) Area 1 According to the diving survey and results of grain size analyis, deposition of gravels was not found in Area 1. Most of the samples taken from Area 1 are composed of coarse, medium, and fine sands. Grain sizes, 1A to 1E, are summarized in Table 5.1.1. The grain size with median diameter, D50 at 1C and 1D indicates comparatively suitable values such as 1.1 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively as material for sand nourishment. It is expected that this area will be one of the potential borrow sites for sand due to absence of gravels. 5-2 Project for Pilot Gravel Beach Nourishment against Coastal Disaster on Fongafale Island in Tuvalu Interim Report Table 5.1.1 Summary of Grain Size Samples Survey and Grain size (D50) sampling point mm 1A 0.4 1B 0.4 1C 1.1 1D 0.5 1E 0.3 (Source: JICA Study Team) (2) Area 2 In Area 2, gravel materials were also not found, and most of the seabed material are composed of medium and fine sands, similar to that in Area 1. In addition, corals and coral reefs were found in the shallow area in a patchy fashion. According to the results of laboratory tests, the grain size D50 of sand was between 0.30 mm and 1.18 mm. It is expected that this area will also be one of the potential borrow sites for sand same as Area 1. (3) Channnels The depth of center of all channels is less than 12 m. A lot of live corals and fishes exist in the channel as shown in Figure 5.1.3. Each of the two samples was taken from the seabed at the center of the channels. Subsequently, deposition of gravels and sands were found. However, most of the gravel materials are comparatively small and lightweight, and the thickness of gravel deposit is very thin with a thickness of approximately 20 cm on average. It is assumed that most of the gravel materials were produced from branched corals such as Acropora sp. In addition, it is difficult to take gravel from the channel because tidal current is always strong. Therefore, these areas are not suitable and recommended as borrow sites for gravels in consideration of quality and quantity of gravels, difficulty of construction, and impact on corals . Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4 Channel 5 Channel 6 Figure 5.1.3 Seabed Condition in Channels (Source: JICA Study Team) 5-3 Project for Pilot Gravel Beach Nourishment against Coastal Disaster on Fongafale Island in Tuvalu Interim Report As a result, there were no potential borrow sites for gravels inside Funafuti Atoll. 5.1.3 Runway (1) Outline In the previous study (J-Pace Project), a consultation meeting with the Civil Aviation Department, who is the authority for controlling the runway, was held to explain the outline of the plan, and consult them on measures to be taken when gravel collection work is executed at the runway area. In addition, the exploitable gravel material volume was investigated. As a result, it was deemed that gravel material can be possibly collected in the area shown in Figure 5.1.4. Since the area is close to the existing runway, even if it is within the safety limits, the Civil Aviation Department pointed out the necessity for taking special care to prevent any structural damage, and to properly apply safety management to the existing runway. It especially noted that the area around the existing runway is used as swamp on the beach. Total Gravel Area Area Gravel Zone Volume Volume LxBxDepth (m2) Percentage (m3) (m3) (A) North End 70m×60m×1.5m 4,200 6,300 85% 5,355 (B) 370m×20m×1.1m 7,400 8,140 85% 6,919 (C) 100m×30m×0.7m 3,000 2,100 80% 1,680 (D) 100m×30m×0.7m 3,000 2,100 80% 1,680 (E) 430m×25m×1.0m 10,750 10,750 85% 9,138 (F) South End 350m×20m×1.0m 7,000 7,000 85% 5,950 S/Total 30,722 Figure 5.1.4 Gravel Material Collection Site from the Existing Runway Area (Source: Previous Study (J-Pace Project)) Gravel collection work from the eastern side of the safety zone of the runway will consist of the following works: 1. Excavation and extraction of gravel, 2. Replacing with dredged sand, 3. Leveling and compaction, and 4. Cleaning and removal of equipment. 5-4 Project for Pilot Gravel Beach Nourishment against Coastal Disaster on Fongafale Island in Tuvalu Interim Report Further discussion was conducted with the Civil Aviation Department in this study. The Civil Aviation Department informed that the high-voltage electrical power cable and telephone cable are buried parallel to the east side of the runway. Due to this, the Civil Aviation Department refused to take gravel materials from the east side of the safety zone of the runway. The Civil Aviation Department also informed that further discussion held in July 2012 together with technical consultant team of the World Bank was required for the possibility of taking gravels from the north side of the runway (Figure 5.1.5). Figure 5.1.5 Conditions of Burial Cable around Runway Area and Candidate Gravel Collection Site (Source: JICA Study Team) The discussion was held with the Tuvalu Civil Aviation in October 2012. During the meeting, held on 10 October 2012, it was informed that the north side of the runway will be designated as Runway End Safety Area (RESA) based on inspection conducted by ICAO in August 2012. Due to this decision, any construction works at this area was not allowed. The Tuvalu Civil Aviation sent an official letter to the JICA Study Team to prohibit the use of gravels at the north side of runway. Thus, the idea to take gravels from the north side of runway was also 5-5 Project for Pilot Gravel Beach Nourishment against Coastal Disaster on Fongafale Island in Tuvalu Interim Report eliminated from the list of candidate borrow sites. The official letter from the Tuvalu Civil Aviation is shown in Appendix 5.1.1. 5.1.4 Import from Fiji (1) Outline According to the information obtained from the supplier of gravels in Fiji in June 2012, they can provide both river gravel and crushed hill gravel materials, with sufficient supply quantity to meet the requirements.
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