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“The Role of Specific Grammar for Interpretation in Sanskrit”
Quest Journals Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science Volume 9 ~ Issue 2 (2021)pp: 107-187 ISSN(Online):2321-9467 www.questjournals.org Research Paper “The Role of Specific Grammar for Interpretation in Sanskrit” Dr. Shibashis Chakraborty Sact-I Depatment of Sanskrit, Panskura Banamali College Wb, India. Abstract: Sanskrit enjoys a place of pride among Indian languages in terms of technology solutions that are available for it within India and abroad. The Indian government through its various agencies has been heavily funding other Indian languages for technology development but the funding for Sanskrit has been slow for a variety of reasons. Despite that, the work in the field has not suffered. The following sections do a survey of the language technology R&D in Sanskrit and other Indian languages. The word `Sanskrit’ means “prepared, pure, refined or prefect”. It was not for nothing that it was called the `devavani’ (language of the Gods). It has an outstanding place in our culture and indeed was recognized as a language of rare sublimity by the whole world. Sanskrit was the language of our philosophers, our scientists, our mathematicians, our poets and playwrights, our grammarians, our jurists, etc. In grammar, Panini and Patanjali (authors of Ashtadhyayi and the Mahabhashya) have no equals in the world; in astronomy and mathematics the works of Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta and Bhaskar opened up new frontiers for mankind, as did the works of Charak and Sushrut in medicine. In philosophy Gautam (founder of the Nyaya system), Ashvaghosha (author of Buddha Charita), Kapila (founder of the Sankhya system), Shankaracharya, Brihaspati, etc., present the widest range of philosophical systems the world has ever seen, from deeply religious to strongly atheistic. -
C:\#1 Work\Greek\Wwgreek\REVISED
Review Book for Luschnig, An Introduction to Ancient Greek Part Two: Lessons VII- XIV Revised, August 2007 © C. A. E. Luschnig 2007 Permission is granted to print and copy for personal/classroom use Contents Lesson VII: Participles 1 Lesson VIII: Pronouns, Perfect Active 6 Review of Pronouns 8 Lesson IX: Pronouns 11 Perfect Middle-Passive 13 Lesson X: Comparison, Aorist Passive 16 Review of Tenses and Voices 19 Lesson XI: Contract Verbs 21 Lesson XII: -MI Verbs 24 Work sheet on -:4 verbs 26 Lesson XII: Subjunctive & Optative 28 Review of Conditions 31 Lesson XIV imperatives, etc. 34 Principal Parts 35 Review 41 Protagoras selections 43 Lesson VII Participles Present Active and Middle-Passive, Future and Aorist, Active and Middle A. Summary 1. Definition: A participle shares two parts of speech. It is a verbal adjective. As an adjective it has gender, number, and case. As a verb it has tense and voice, and may take an object (in whatever case the verb takes). 2. Uses: In general there are three uses: attributive, circumstantial, and supplementary. Attributive: with the article, the participle is used as a noun or adjective. Examples: @Ê §P@<JgH, J Ð<J", Ò :X88T< PD`<@H. Circumstantial: without the article, but in agreement with a noun or pronoun (expressed or implied), whether a subject or an object in the sentence. This is an adjectival use. The circumstantial participle expresses: TIME: (when, after, while) [:", "ÛJ\6", :gJ">b] CAUSE: (since) [Jg, ñH] MANNER: (in, by) CONDITION: (if) [if the condition is negative with :Z] CONCESSION: (although) [6"\, 6"\BgD] PURPOSE: (to, in order to) future participle [ñH] GENITIVE ABSOLUTE: a noun / pronoun + a participle in the genitive form a clause which gives the circumstances of the action in the main sentence. -
Audible Punctuation Performative Pause In
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140838 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-25 and may be subject to change. AUDIBLE PUNCTUATION Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 21 mei 2015 om 14.30 uur precies door Ronald Blankenborg geboren op 23 maart 1971 te Eibergen Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois Prof. dr. J.B. Lidov (City University New York, Verenigde Staten) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. M.G.M. van der Poel Prof. dr. E.J. Bakker (Yale University, Verenigde Staten) Prof. dr. M. Janse (Universiteit Gent, België) Copyright©Ronald Blankenborg 2015 ISBN 978-90-823119-1-4 [email protected] [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Printed by Maarse Printing Cover by Gijs de Reus Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Doctoral Thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from Radboud University Nijmegen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof. -
Ergativity in Indo-European
Deseret Language and Linguistic Society Symposium Volume 14 Issue 1 Article 9 3-18-1988 Ergativity in Indo-European John D. Frauzel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/dlls BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Frauzel, John D. (1988) "Ergativity in Indo-European," Deseret Language and Linguistic Society Symposium: Vol. 14 : Iss. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/dlls/vol14/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Deseret Language and Linguistic Society Symposium by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Ergativity in Indo-European John D. Frauzel Indo-European Doctoral Program, UCLA Ergativity It might be best to explain what an ergative language is by beginning with what it is not. Almost all Indo-European languages, including English, may be cl ass ified as nominati ve-accu sati ve languages: in tranSItIve constructions, the subject is nominative and the direct object is accusative; transitive and intransitive subjects are identical in form. In examples (1) and (2), three grammatical functions are filled by two nominatives and one accusative: I see him. (nom. sbj. with trans. verb and acc. obj.) (1) He left. (nom. sbj. with intrans. verb) (2) Ergative languages treat these distinctions very differently. The subject or, as the terminology prefers, the agent of a transItive action is marked ergative, and the object of the action, or rather the patient, is marked absolutive. The absolutive is generally more weakly marked than the ergative; in fact it is often marked by zero. -
Latin Derivatives Dictionary
Dedication: 3/15/05 I dedicate this collection to my friends Orville and Evelyn Brynelson and my parents George and Marion Greenwald. I especially thank James Steckel, Barbara Zbikowski, Gustavo Betancourt, and Joshua Ellis, colleagues and computer experts extraordinaire, for their invaluable assistance. Kathy Hart, MUHS librarian, was most helpful in suggesting sources. I further thank Gaylan DuBose, Ed Long, Hugh Himwich, Susan Schearer, Gardy Warren, and Kaye Warren for their encouragement and advice. My former students and now Classics professors Daniel Curley and Anthony Hollingsworth also deserve mention for their advice, assistance, and friendship. My student Michael Kocorowski encouraged and provoked me into beginning this dictionary. Certamen players Michael Fleisch, James Ruel, Jeff Tudor, and Ryan Thom were inspirations. Sue Smith provided advice. James Radtke, James Beaudoin, Richard Hallberg, Sylvester Kreilein, and James Wilkinson assisted with words from modern foreign languages. Without the advice of these and many others this dictionary could not have been compiled. Lastly I thank all my colleagues and students at Marquette University High School who have made my teaching career a joy. Basic sources: American College Dictionary (ACD) American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (ODEE) Oxford English Dictionary (OCD) Webster’s International Dictionary (eds. 2, 3) (W2, W3) Liddell and Scott (LS) Lewis and Short (LS) Oxford Latin Dictionary (OLD) Schaffer: Greek Derivative Dictionary, Latin Derivative Dictionary In addition many other sources were consulted; numerous etymology texts and readers were helpful. Zeno’s Word Frequency guide assisted in determining the relative importance of words. However, all judgments (and errors) are finally mine. -
Pause in Homeric Prosody
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140838 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-10 and may be subject to change. AUDIBLE PUNCTUATION Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 21 mei 2015 om 14.30 uur precies door Ronald Blankenborg geboren op 23 maart 1971 te Eibergen Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois Prof. dr. J.B. Lidov (City University New York, Verenigde Staten) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. M.G.M. van der Poel Prof. dr. E.J. Bakker (Yale University, Verenigde Staten) Prof. dr. M. Janse (Universiteit Gent, België) Copyright©Ronald Blankenborg 2015 ISBN 978-90-823119-1-4 [email protected] [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Printed by Maarse Printing Cover by Gijs de Reus Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Doctoral Thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from Radboud University Nijmegen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof. -
Dative by Genitive Replacement in the Greek Language of the Papyri: a Diachronic Account of Case Semantics*
Journal of Greek Linguistics 15 (2015) 91–121 brill.com/jgl Dative by Genitive Replacement in the Greek Language of the Papyri: A Diachronic Account of Case Semantics* Joanne Vera Stolk Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, University of Oslo, Norway [email protected] Abstract Semantic analysis of the prenominal first person singular genitive pronoun (μου) in the Greek of the documentary papyri shows that the pronoun is typically found in the posi- tion between a verbal form and an alienable possessum which functions as the patient of the predicate. When the event expressed by the predicate is patient-affecting, the possessor is indirectly also affected. Hence the semantic role of this affected alienable possessor might be interpreted as a benefactive or malefactive in genitive possession constructions. By semantic extension the meaning of the genitive case in this posi- tion is extended into goal-oriented roles, such as addressee and recipient, which are commonly denoted by the dative case in Ancient Greek. The semantic similarity of the genitive and dative cases in these constructions might have provided the basis for the merger of the cases in the Greek language. Keywords Greek papyrology – cognitive linguistics – dative – genitive – pronouns – possession construction – case syncretism – affectedness – semantic extension * This article was presented at the 21st International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Oslo, August 5th–9th 2013. I would like to thank the participants for their contribution to the discussion as well as Anastasia Maravela, Mark Janse, Trevor Evans, Eirik Welo, Dag Haug and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments on earlier drafts of this article. -
Chapter 42 the Genitive Absolute E.G. Περιπατῶν Δὲ Παρὰ Τὴν Θάλασσαν
Chapter 42 _______________________________ The Genitive Absolute _____________________ 42.1 In this chapter we will start by reviewing some of the uses of participles, and then meet a special use of participles. As we have seen, participles can be used as adjectives to describe nouns. For a review of previous uses : The Nominative is used for the subject of a sentence or clause. e.g. περιπατῶν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶδεν δύο ἀδελφ oύς. Jesus, walking beside the sea, saw two brothers. The Accusative is used for the object of a sentence or clause. e.g. ὁ Ἰωάννης βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόµενον . John sees Jesus coming. The Dative is used for the indirect object of a sentence or clause. e.g. καὶ προσεκύνησαν τῷ θεῷ τῳ καθηµενῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ. (Rev. 19:4) And they bowed down to God, (to the one) sitting on the throne. 42.2 The Genitive Absolute A very common construction in Greek uses the Genitive to describe "concomitant circumstances". Consider the sentences 1. "While Jesus was walking in the temple he saw Peter." The core event is "Jesus saw Peter." Greek would use a participle in the Nominative : "Jesus, walking in the temple, saw Peter." ὁ Ἰησοῦς περιπατῶν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ εἶδεν τὸν Πέτρον . 2. "Jesus saw Peter while he (Peter) was walking in the temple." Greek would use a participle in the Accusative. : "Jesus saw Peter walking in the temple." ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶδεν τὸν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ περιπατοῦντα Πέτρον . 3. "While Jesus was walking in the temple, Peter saw Andrew." The core event is "Peter saw Andrew." "Jesus" is neither the subject nor the object of the sentence. -
Pause in Phonology and Phonetics
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140838 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2017-12-05 and may be subject to change. AUDIBLE PUNCTUATION Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 21 mei 2015 om 14.30 uur precies door Ronald Blankenborg geboren op 23 maart 1971 te Eibergen Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois Prof. dr. J.B. Lidov (City University New York, Verenigde Staten) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. M.G.M. van der Poel Prof. dr. E.J. Bakker (Yale University, Verenigde Staten) Prof. dr. M. Janse (Universiteit Gent, België) Copyright©Ronald Blankenborg 2015 ISBN 978-90-823119-1-4 [email protected] [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Printed by Maarse Printing Cover by Gijs de Reus Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Doctoral Thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from Radboud University Nijmegen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof. -
The Participles Themselves: They Speak Not to Moods, but Only Vo
Russell Soh, Greek 2, Prof. Lynn Report on Greek participles: The participles themselves: they speak not to moods, but only voice and tense, there are no subjunctive or optative participles, for it is no kind of conjecture that such a quality is attached to such a subject. It is quality of a person, that corresponds to a verb, such as “he, a man who runs”, like a ‘side-verb’, or an opening act at a concert, such qualities are not the main attraction, or the major point of a given statement, but supplement additional context to a given statement. Use of the participle in sentences: Participles may be used in attributive and circumstantial position: An example of the difference: Attributive: “he, a man who (incidentally) runs fast, shall be killed by us” Circumstantial: “because he runs fast, he shall be killed by us” The attributive speaks to any almost incidental side quality of a subject in question and can be known by its placement in relation to the subject it speaks. If a participle matches with a subject in terms of its corresponding declension, and is: a) sandwiched between the article and the subject: “tous [participle in accusative plural] adelphous” b) Linked to the subject via an additonal article: “tous adelphous tous [participle in accusative plural] The circumstantial participle speaks to the circumstance of a subject doing or having done a thing, therefore causing the main statement to be spoken in the sequel, as such the circumstantial participle is somewhat akin to a conditional, why we can’t just use conditionals with set verbs is not a thing I am qualified to address. -
39.5. Genitive with Compound Verbs 328 EXERCISE 39 329 40
INTERMEDIATE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE INTERMEDIATE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE DARRYL PALMER Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760463427 ISBN (online): 9781760463434 WorldCat (print): 1241230170 WorldCat (online): 1241230169 DOI: 10.22459/IAGL.2021 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press This edition © 2021 ANU Press Contents Abbreviations and Symbols xiii Introduction 1 1. Time and Aspect of the Indicative Mood 5 1.1. Tense 5 1.2. Forms and Functions 5 1.3. Time and Aspect (Summary) 8 EXERCISE 1 9 2. Aspect in the Imperative, Subjunctive and Optative Moods 13 2.1. Introduction 13 2.2. Forms 13 2.3. Functions 14 EXERCISE 2 17 3. Infinitive 21 3.1. Introduction 21 3.2. Forms 21 3.3. Functions 22 3.4. Infinitive without Article 22 3.5. Infinitive with Article 25 EXERCISE 3 28 4. Participles 31 4.1. Introduction 31 4.2. Forms 32 4.3. Functions 32 4.4. Negatives 36 EXERCISE 4 36 5. Genitive Absolute 39 5.1. The Usual Construction 39 5.2. Subject Unexpressed 40 5.3. Improper Genitive Absolute 41 EXERCISE 5 42 6. Accusative Absolute 45 6.1. Introduction 45 6.2. So-Called Impersonal Verbs 45 6.3. Verbs Used Impersonally in the Passive Voice 46 6.4. -
Table of Contents More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19860-8 — The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek Evert van Emde Boas , Albert Rijksbaron , Luuk Huitink , Mathieu de Bakker Table of Contents More Information Contents Preface xxxi On Cs and Gs: History and Aims of the Book xxxi Conception and Development xxxi Target Audience and Scope xxxii Some Principles of Presentation xxxiii Using CGCG: A Few Points of Guidance xxxiv Acknowledgements xxxv Abbreviations, Symbols, Editions xxxviii Abbreviations Used in This Book xxxviii Other Symbols xxxix Texts and Translations of Examples xxxix On Terminology xl Problems and Principles xl Verbal Terminology xli Tenses, Aspects and Moods xli On ‘First’ and ‘Second’ Aorists and Perfects xlii PART I: PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY 1 1 The Signs and Sounds of Classical Greek 3 Writing: the Alphabet, Accent and Breathing Marks, Punctuation 3 The Alphabet 3 Particulars 4 Accents and Breathings 4 Punctuation 5 Further Diacritical Signs 6 The Alphabet, Breathings, Accents, Punctuation: a Very Brief Historical Overview 6 Pronunciation: Vowels and Diphthongs 7 Vowels 7 Phonetic Details 8 Diphthongs 8 Short Diphthongs 9 Long Diphthongs 9 ‘Spurious’ Diphthongs ει and ου 10 Pronunciation: Consonants 10 List of Consonants 10 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19860-8 — The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek Evert van Emde Boas , Albert Rijksbaron , Luuk Huitink , Mathieu de Bakker Table of Contents More Information vi Contents Phonetic Details 11 Stops 11 Fricatives