DOCSLIB.ORG

The Participles Themselves: They Speak Not to Moods, but Only Vo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Participles Themselves: They Speak Not to Moods, but Only Vo Russell Soh, Greek 2, Prof. Lynn Report on Greek participles: The participles themselves: they speak not to moods, but only voice and tense, there are no subjunctive or optative participles, for it is no kind of conjecture that such a quality is attached to such a subject. It is quality of a person, that corresponds to a verb, such as “he, a man who runs”, like a ‘side-verb’, or an opening act at a concert, such qualities are not the main attraction, or the major point of a given statement, but supplement additional context to a given statement. Use of the participle in sentences: Participles may be used in attributive and circumstantial position: An example of the difference: Attributive: “he, a man who (incidentally) runs fast, shall be killed by us” Circumstantial: “because he runs fast, he shall be killed by us” The attributive speaks to any almost incidental side quality of a subject in question and can be known by its placement in relation to the subject it speaks. If a participle matches with a subject in terms of its corresponding declension, and is: a) sandwiched between the article and the subject: “tous [participle in accusative plural] adelphous” b) Linked to the subject via an additonal article: “tous adelphous tous [participle in accusative plural] The circumstantial participle speaks to the circumstance of a subject doing or having done a thing, therefore causing the main statement to be spoken in the sequel, as such the circumstantial participle is somewhat akin to a conditional, why we can’t just use conditionals with set verbs is not a thing I am qualified to address. We may know a circumstantial by signal words that denote both its circumstantial nature, as well as the exact way they are to be translated. The signal word can be understood as framing the argument. • The Temporal frame: signified by (“empeita”), “upon this circumstance of the subject so doing a thing, we had to do this” • The Concessive frame: “Although….nevertheless….” pair, signified by (kaiper)…(homus) respectively • The Causal frame: 1. Signified by (ate/oia): “because (and I assert this) he [circumstantial participle], we had to do that” 2. Signified by (oos): “because (and I don’t vouch for this) he [circumstantial participle], we had to do this” All frames heretofore described is matched with “ou” to demonstrate its negation. • The Conditional frame: no word for this, but may be derived from either the presence of “mn” in it negative aspect, or the tense and mood of the verb in the clause of the sequel: Example of the latter kind: 1. If a conditional sentence is of two parts, a prior condition, and the ensuing result: protasis and apodosis, i.e. “protasis, apodosis” 2. Then a conditional participle is found in first part the protasis 3. Thus, the sentence would have one conditional participle in the protasis and one corresponding verb in the protasis. 4. By looking at the tense of mood of the verb in the protasis, we may derive what kind of conditional sentence it corresponds to, and so translate the sentence according to such frames. *would this imply that the corresponding verb in the apodosis may only be limited to the tense and moods of the apodosis verbs found in the six main frames of conditional sentences? **Sometimes circumstantial will not have any such tell-tales signs and must be inferred via context. Noticing a participle in a circumstantial position can be tricky without these signifiers. Alternatively, such participles fall with the notions of “the genitive absolute” The genitive absolute (to recognize one: look for a comma, that frames a statement with a whole series of genitives of all kinds in a kind of prelude to what is being said) A genitive absolute can be known by having both the subject and the participle in a genitive case for apparently inexplicable reasons, reason that do not refer to the rest of the sentence. Such circumstantial are translated mostly with “with”: as in, “with the departure of the guards from the city, we fled into the countryside”, “departure” would be a kind of genitive participle, and “guards” a genitive plural, third declension noun – both genitive declensions that refer to nothing else in the sentence but themselves, a kind of self-standing proclamation. Supplementary participles: recalling internal and external accusatives, a supplementary participle is used to complement or qualify the main verb in question. For example: The statement “you enjoy running”, where “enjoy” is the main verb and “running” the supplementary participle that qualifies the exact nature of the enjoyment. Translated best as a gerund. Certain verbs almost always necessitate a supplementary participle be paired with them in the sequel. Direct translation of participles: Present: “doing”, simultaneous with the main verb Future: “about to do”/ “about to be doing”, subsequent to the main verb Aorist: “this done (once and for all),”/ “after doing so (once and for all)”/ “doing thus (once and for all),”, prior to main verb (or just “having done”, in simple aspect) Perfect: “having done”, completed action/ in completed aspect .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “The Role of Specific Grammar for Interpretation in Sanskrit”
    Quest Journals Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science Volume 9 ~ Issue 2 (2021)pp: 107-187 ISSN(Online):2321-9467 www.questjournals.org Research Paper “The Role of Specific Grammar for Interpretation in Sanskrit” Dr. Shibashis Chakraborty Sact-I Depatment of Sanskrit, Panskura Banamali College Wb, India. Abstract: Sanskrit enjoys a place of pride among Indian languages in terms of technology solutions that are available for it within India and abroad. The Indian government through its various agencies has been heavily funding other Indian languages for technology development but the funding for Sanskrit has been slow for a variety of reasons. Despite that, the work in the field has not suffered. The following sections do a survey of the language technology R&D in Sanskrit and other Indian languages. The word `Sanskrit’ means “prepared, pure, refined or prefect”. It was not for nothing that it was called the `devavani’ (language of the Gods). It has an outstanding place in our culture and indeed was recognized as a language of rare sublimity by the whole world. Sanskrit was the language of our philosophers, our scientists, our mathematicians, our poets and playwrights, our grammarians, our jurists, etc. In grammar, Panini and Patanjali (authors of Ashtadhyayi and the Mahabhashya) have no equals in the world; in astronomy and mathematics the works of Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta and Bhaskar opened up new frontiers for mankind, as did the works of Charak and Sushrut in medicine. In philosophy Gautam (founder of the Nyaya system), Ashvaghosha (author of Buddha Charita), Kapila (founder of the Sankhya system), Shankaracharya, Brihaspati, etc., present the widest range of philosophical systems the world has ever seen, from deeply religious to strongly atheistic.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\#1 Work\Greek\Wwgreek\REVISED
    Review Book for Luschnig, An Introduction to Ancient Greek Part Two: Lessons VII- XIV Revised, August 2007 © C. A. E. Luschnig 2007 Permission is granted to print and copy for personal/classroom use Contents Lesson VII: Participles 1 Lesson VIII: Pronouns, Perfect Active 6 Review of Pronouns 8 Lesson IX: Pronouns 11 Perfect Middle-Passive 13 Lesson X: Comparison, Aorist Passive 16 Review of Tenses and Voices 19 Lesson XI: Contract Verbs 21 Lesson XII: -MI Verbs 24 Work sheet on -:4 verbs 26 Lesson XII: Subjunctive & Optative 28 Review of Conditions 31 Lesson XIV imperatives, etc. 34 Principal Parts 35 Review 41 Protagoras selections 43 Lesson VII Participles Present Active and Middle-Passive, Future and Aorist, Active and Middle A. Summary 1. Definition: A participle shares two parts of speech. It is a verbal adjective. As an adjective it has gender, number, and case. As a verb it has tense and voice, and may take an object (in whatever case the verb takes). 2. Uses: In general there are three uses: attributive, circumstantial, and supplementary. Attributive: with the article, the participle is used as a noun or adjective. Examples: @Ê §P@<JgH, J Ð<J", Ò :X88T< PD`<@H. Circumstantial: without the article, but in agreement with a noun or pronoun (expressed or implied), whether a subject or an object in the sentence. This is an adjectival use. The circumstantial participle expresses: TIME: (when, after, while) [:", "ÛJ\6", :gJ">b] CAUSE: (since) [Jg, ñH] MANNER: (in, by) CONDITION: (if) [if the condition is negative with :Z] CONCESSION: (although) [6"\, 6"\BgD] PURPOSE: (to, in order to) future participle [ñH] GENITIVE ABSOLUTE: a noun / pronoun + a participle in the genitive form a clause which gives the circumstances of the action in the main sentence.
    [Show full text]
  • Ergativity in Indo-European
    Deseret Language and Linguistic Society Symposium Volume 14 Issue 1 Article 9 3-18-1988 Ergativity in Indo-European John D. Frauzel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/dlls BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Frauzel, John D. (1988) "Ergativity in Indo-European," Deseret Language and Linguistic Society Symposium: Vol. 14 : Iss. 1 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/dlls/vol14/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Deseret Language and Linguistic Society Symposium by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Ergativity in Indo-European John D. Frauzel Indo-European Doctoral Program, UCLA Ergativity It might be best to explain what an ergative language is by beginning with what it is not. Almost all Indo-European languages, including English, may be cl ass ified as nominati ve-accu sati ve languages: in tranSItIve constructions, the subject is nominative and the direct object is accusative; transitive and intransitive subjects are identical in form. In examples (1) and (2), three grammatical functions are filled by two nominatives and one accusative: I see him. (nom. sbj. with trans. verb and acc. obj.) (1) He left. (nom. sbj. with intrans. verb) (2) Ergative languages treat these distinctions very differently. The subject or, as the terminology prefers, the agent of a transItive action is marked ergative, and the object of the action, or rather the patient, is marked absolutive. The absolutive is generally more weakly marked than the ergative; in fact it is often marked by zero.
    [Show full text]
  • Dative by Genitive Replacement in the Greek Language of the Papyri: a Diachronic Account of Case Semantics*
    Journal of Greek Linguistics 15 (2015) 91–121 brill.com/jgl Dative by Genitive Replacement in the Greek Language of the Papyri: A Diachronic Account of Case Semantics* Joanne Vera Stolk Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, University of Oslo, Norway [email protected] Abstract Semantic analysis of the prenominal first person singular genitive pronoun (μου) in the Greek of the documentary papyri shows that the pronoun is typically found in the posi- tion between a verbal form and an alienable possessum which functions as the patient of the predicate. When the event expressed by the predicate is patient-affecting, the possessor is indirectly also affected. Hence the semantic role of this affected alienable possessor might be interpreted as a benefactive or malefactive in genitive possession constructions. By semantic extension the meaning of the genitive case in this posi- tion is extended into goal-oriented roles, such as addressee and recipient, which are commonly denoted by the dative case in Ancient Greek. The semantic similarity of the genitive and dative cases in these constructions might have provided the basis for the merger of the cases in the Greek language. Keywords Greek papyrology – cognitive linguistics – dative – genitive – pronouns – possession construction – case syncretism – affectedness – semantic extension * This article was presented at the 21st International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Oslo, August 5th–9th 2013. I would like to thank the participants for their contribution to the discussion as well as Anastasia Maravela, Mark Janse, Trevor Evans, Eirik Welo, Dag Haug and two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments on earlier drafts of this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 42 the Genitive Absolute E.G. Περιπατῶν Δὲ Παρὰ Τὴν Θάλασσαν
    Chapter 42 _______________________________ The Genitive Absolute _____________________ 42.1 In this chapter we will start by reviewing some of the uses of participles, and then meet a special use of participles. As we have seen, participles can be used as adjectives to describe nouns. For a review of previous uses : The Nominative is used for the subject of a sentence or clause. e.g. περιπατῶν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶδεν δύο ἀδελφ oύς. Jesus, walking beside the sea, saw two brothers. The Accusative is used for the object of a sentence or clause. e.g. ὁ Ἰωάννης βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόµενον . John sees Jesus coming. The Dative is used for the indirect object of a sentence or clause. e.g. καὶ προσεκύνησαν τῷ θεῷ τῳ καθηµενῳ ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ. (Rev. 19:4) And they bowed down to God, (to the one) sitting on the throne. 42.2 The Genitive Absolute A very common construction in Greek uses the Genitive to describe "concomitant circumstances". Consider the sentences 1. "While Jesus was walking in the temple he saw Peter." The core event is "Jesus saw Peter." Greek would use a participle in the Nominative : "Jesus, walking in the temple, saw Peter." ὁ Ἰησοῦς περιπατῶν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ εἶδεν τὸν Πέτρον . 2. "Jesus saw Peter while he (Peter) was walking in the temple." Greek would use a participle in the Accusative. : "Jesus saw Peter walking in the temple." ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶδεν τὸν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ περιπατοῦντα Πέτρον . 3. "While Jesus was walking in the temple, Peter saw Andrew." The core event is "Peter saw Andrew." "Jesus" is neither the subject nor the object of the sentence.
    [Show full text]
  • 39.5. Genitive with Compound Verbs 328 EXERCISE 39 329 40
    INTERMEDIATE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE INTERMEDIATE ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE DARRYL PALMER Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760463427 ISBN (online): 9781760463434 WorldCat (print): 1241230170 WorldCat (online): 1241230169 DOI: 10.22459/IAGL.2021 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press This edition © 2021 ANU Press Contents Abbreviations and Symbols xiii Introduction 1 1. Time and Aspect of the Indicative Mood 5 1.1. Tense 5 1.2. Forms and Functions 5 1.3. Time and Aspect (Summary) 8 EXERCISE 1 9 2. Aspect in the Imperative, Subjunctive and Optative Moods 13 2.1. Introduction 13 2.2. Forms 13 2.3. Functions 14 EXERCISE 2 17 3. Infinitive 21 3.1. Introduction 21 3.2. Forms 21 3.3. Functions 22 3.4. Infinitive without Article 22 3.5. Infinitive with Article 25 EXERCISE 3 28 4. Participles 31 4.1. Introduction 31 4.2. Forms 32 4.3. Functions 32 4.4. Negatives 36 EXERCISE 4 36 5. Genitive Absolute 39 5.1. The Usual Construction 39 5.2. Subject Unexpressed 40 5.3. Improper Genitive Absolute 41 EXERCISE 5 42 6. Accusative Absolute 45 6.1. Introduction 45 6.2. So-Called Impersonal Verbs 45 6.3. Verbs Used Impersonally in the Passive Voice 46 6.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19860-8 — The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek Evert van Emde Boas , Albert Rijksbaron , Luuk Huitink , Mathieu de Bakker Table of Contents More Information Contents Preface xxxi On Cs and Gs: History and Aims of the Book xxxi Conception and Development xxxi Target Audience and Scope xxxii Some Principles of Presentation xxxiii Using CGCG: A Few Points of Guidance xxxiv Acknowledgements xxxv Abbreviations, Symbols, Editions xxxviii Abbreviations Used in This Book xxxviii Other Symbols xxxix Texts and Translations of Examples xxxix On Terminology xl Problems and Principles xl Verbal Terminology xli Tenses, Aspects and Moods xli On ‘First’ and ‘Second’ Aorists and Perfects xlii PART I: PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY 1 1 The Signs and Sounds of Classical Greek 3 Writing: the Alphabet, Accent and Breathing Marks, Punctuation 3 The Alphabet 3 Particulars 4 Accents and Breathings 4 Punctuation 5 Further Diacritical Signs 6 The Alphabet, Breathings, Accents, Punctuation: a Very Brief Historical Overview 6 Pronunciation: Vowels and Diphthongs 7 Vowels 7 Phonetic Details 8 Diphthongs 8 Short Diphthongs 9 Long Diphthongs 9 ‘Spurious’ Diphthongs ει and ου 10 Pronunciation: Consonants 10 List of Consonants 10 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19860-8 — The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek Evert van Emde Boas , Albert Rijksbaron , Luuk Huitink , Mathieu de Bakker Table of Contents More Information vi Contents Phonetic Details 11 Stops 11 Fricatives
    [Show full text]
  • New Ways Ancient Greek
    NWAAG^1 New Ways of analyzing Ancient Greek organized by Götz Keydana, Stavros Skopeteas, and Vassilios Spyropoulos This workshop is part of LinG2, the Annual Meeting of the Linguistics in Göttingen network. LinG2 will also contain a workshop on Number and plurality: cross-linguistic variation in the nominal domain to take place on December 13-14, 2019. Göttingen, December 13-14, 2019 Workshop announcement Götz Keydana, Stavros Skopeteas, and Vassilios Spyropoulos Ancient Greek and Latin were certainly among the best-studied languages a hundred years ago, biasing our understanding of grammatical categories and structures. In the realm of modern linguistics the perspective was shifted towards modern languages, which gave rise to an interesting situation: the grammars and dictionaries of Classical languages are still among the most detailed linguistic descriptions available, but these languages are severely underrepresented in modern linguistic research. This state of affairs offers a twofold challenge: - What can we learn from languages such as Ancient Greek for the generalizations gained within modern linguistic frameworks? - How can we advance our understanding of Ancient Greek by applying the analytic tools of modern linguistic theory? These challenges were taken up by several studies in the recent years that shed light on typological peculiarities of Ancient Greek, such as the metrical structure, syllabification and accentuation (Kiparsky 1967, 1973, 2003, Warburton 1970, Steriade 1982, 1988, Sauzet 1989, Golston 1989, Devine & Stephens
    [Show full text]
  • The Genitive Absolute
    CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION OF : THE “GENITIVE ABSOLUTE” Defined The Genitive Absolute construction in Greek may be recognized when one encounters a "circumstantial" participle (generally Present or Aorist ) in the genitive case, occurring in a construction with a noun or pronoun also in the genitive, and operating independently from the rest of the sentence. Hence the name "Genitive Absolute," because it is loosed or separated from the rest of the sentence. Translating "Genitive Absolutes" 1. Identify the "genitive absolute" construction: a circumstantial participle and a noun or pronoun, both occurring in the genitive case in a "dependent" clause. 2. Translate the main ("independent") clause of the sentence (the part not containing the "genitive absolute" construction). 3. Identify the time frame (present or past time) of the Indicative verb in the main ("independent") clause. The time frame of the participle in the "genitive absolute" construction will be translated either as being "simultaneous" with the time frame of the Indicative verb of the main ("independent") clause, or as occurring "prior" to the time frame of the main Indicative verb (see point 5, below). 4. Translate the noun or pronoun in the "genitive absolute" construction ("dependent" clause) as if it were in the Nominative case . 5. Translate the genitive participle as an indicative verb, preceded by the adverbial, circumstantial word "While…" if the participle is a Present tense participle, or with the word "After…" if the participle is in the Aorist tense . Examples: • τοῦ δὲ 'Ιησοῦ γεννήθεντος ἐν Βηθλέεμ . ἰδοῦ μάγοι ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν παρεγένοντο εἰς ’Ιεροσόλυμα. (Matthew 2:1) And after Jesus was born in Bethlehem .
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Greek Syntax
    Intermediate Greek Western Reformed Seminary (www.wrs.edu) John A. Battle, Th.D. NOTES ON GREEK SYNTAX These notes deal with Greek grammar and its relation to biblical interpretation. These notes are not complete, but cover major areas of syntax as they commonly impact the interpretation of the NT. There are many categories and points in the grammars not included in these notes, and the student should be familiar with a standard grammar. Knowledge of the subtleties of Greek syntax will greatly assist understanding the New Testament text. Cases Three-fifths of the words in the NT have case endings: nouns, adjectives (including the article), pronouns, and participles. Prepositions are used with three different cases of their objects: genitive, dative, and accusative. The quickest method to determine the influence of case in these constructions is to check the lexicon under the appropriate preposition. In this section we will note the uses of the cases when used without a preposition. Many grammars divide the five Greek cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative) into eight cases instead, by superimposing Sanskrit and Latin categories on the genitive and dative cases. Here we will follow the five-case system. Some grammarians go to great lengths to assert that the case should be determined by the word’s function in the sentence, not by its morphology, or form; A. T. Robertson and Dana and Mantey fall into this category. These notes follow the tradition of Moulton and others (table comparing the systems, Wallace 34). The average speaker—and the average Greek student—can easily understand various uses of cases without positing additional cases as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Equivalents Notes
    EQUIVALENTS NOTES Introduction In order to prevent orthographical variations from figuring in the collation of a set of manuscript transcriptions, it is necessary to standardise scribal word-forms through a process known as normalisation or regularisation. A scribal form is the particular spelling of a word as written by a scribe, whereas the corresponding conventional form is the spelling the same word would have in a standard edition. A conventional form should always be derivable from a word found in a standard lexicon, using the normal rules of word formation. (I am indebted to Dr Shelly Harrison of the Linguistics Department of the University of Western Australia for his help with this terminology.) The standard edition referred to in this thesis is the fourth edition of the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament (UBS4). The standard lexicon is the Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature by Bauer, Arndt, Gingrich, and Danker (BAGD). Occasionally, other lexicons (e.g., Liddell and Scott, Lampe) have been consulted where scribal forms do not have corresponding entries in BAGD. I have carried out normalisation by means of an equivalents table that consists of two columns. The first column is a list of over 2000 scribal forms compiled by a program that found every word in the transcriptions which did not appear in the text of the standard edition of Hebrews. The second column is a list of corresponding conventional forms which I have specified. Prior to collation, every instance of a manuscript word (or, sometimes, words) which occurs in the first column is replaced by the corresponding entry in the second column.
    [Show full text]
  • Definite Referential Null Objects in Ancient Greek
    DEFINITE REFERENTIAL NULL OBJECTS IN ANCIENT GREEK Silvia Luraghi Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Linguistica Strada Nuova 65, I-27100 Pavia [email protected] Abstract It is well known that direct objects of transitive verbs can be omitted in Greek in occurrences in which they refer to definite antecedents (hence the definition of ‘definite referential Null Objects). Under what conditions omission can occur has never been the topic of any detailed study. Based on previous research on Latin, and on extensive analysis of Greek texts, I try to describe these conditions. It turns out that there are constructions where omission is the rule (e.g. with conjunct participles), and thus must be regarded as syntactically conditioned. Other occurrences are best explained as a matter of high topicality and low communicative dynamism of the omitted objects. 0. Introduction. The purpose of the present paper is to describe the conditions under which definite referential N(ull direct) O(bjects) can occur in Ancient Greek. In order to define the topic of this article, let’s start by comparing the following two examples: (1) toiÍsi de\ decio\n hÂken e)rwdio\ni e)ggu\j o(doiÍo Palla\j ¹Aqhnai¿h: toiì d' ou)k iãdon Øi o)fqalmoiÍsi nu/kta di' o)rfnai¿hn, a)lla\ kla/gcantoj aÃkousan Øi “Athena sent them a heron to the right of their route: they could not see it in the dark night, but heard it screaming”, Il. 10.274-276; (2) Pro\ tou= aÃra aÃrcasqai h(ma=j o(ra=n kaiì a)kou/ein kaiì taÅlla ai¹sqa/nesqai tuxeiÍn eÃdei pou ei¹lhfo/taj e)pisth/mhn au)tou= tou= iãsou oÀti eÃstin “Then before we began to see or hear or use the other senses we must somewhere have gained a knowledge of abstract or absolute equality”, Pl.
    [Show full text]