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A Theory of Case and Verb Diathesis Applied to Classical Sanskrit

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A Theory of Case and Verb Diathesis Applied to Classical Sanskrit CASE-LINKING A THEORY OF CASE AND VEFG3 DIATIIESIS APPLIED TO CLASSICAL SANSKRIT NICHOLAS DAVID MACLACHLAN PSTLER / B.A., University of Oxford (1975) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF TIIE REQUIREbfF,NTS FOR THE IIEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY at the (September 1979) Signature of Author ...... ................................. of 1,ingui.s~ics and Phi.losopt,y, I 4 September 1979 Certified by .......... ......................... Thesis Supervisor Accepted by.. ................ .................. Commlttec HIVE EAASSACI~IIS~[IS 1rl~l1rUiE OF TECl!~~.:;L~IGY SttJ 18 IYN CASE-LINKING: A THEORY OF CASE AND VERB DIATHESIS APPLTED TO CLASSICAL SANSKRIT NICHOLAS DAVID MACLACNLAN OSTLER Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy on 4 September 1979 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. AB STRACT In this work a proposal is made for the integration of Case into syntactic and semantic theory. Case is the province of three components of the grammar, each of whikh has its own internal structure. These are: the domain of Case Incidence, whose rules govern the occurrence of relevant mor- phological categories, in particular the Formal Cases, on the basis of syn- tactic information; the domain of Functional Structure, which is the frame- work relating Participant Boles (similar to Fillmore's 'Deep Cases') to types of predicate; hnd the domain of Linkin& itself, which establishes systematic correspondences between the morphological categories and the participant- roles. In Chapter 1, these three components are laid out. The rules of Case Incidence are a part of the syntax. They interact particularly close- ly with Phrase Structure, but evidence is presented (from Japanese) which suggescs that the power of these rules goes beyond that of context-free PS rules. Previous attempts to formulate partial theories of functional struc- ture are reviewed,and a new and more comprehensive attempt is made, which is localist in orientation: the concepts of Source, Goal, Theme and Path play key roles. A system of binary features is introduced, which is in- tended to map out the whole domain, and to provide intrinsic connexion~he- tween types of predicate and types of participant role. Linking principles are shown to be of two kinds, Semantic and Grammatical. Semantic linking rules make use of the feature system to establish intrinsic connexiona be- tween particular formal cases and particular classes of roles. Grammatical linking rules presuppose total orderings of the roles and cases respective- ly, and establish links on the basis of priority determined by these order- ings. Extensive illustrations of these various principle8 are eiven, from ,Japanese and other languages. And the whole system is integrated with ~resnan's'~ealistic Transformational t ram mar'. The place of the Lexicon in the application of all t.hese components is crucial, and it is su~gested that lexical rules provide a nest formulation for the complex phenomena of Verb Diathesis which interact with Case. In the remaining four chapters of the worl the system is applied to the analysis of Classical Sanskrit. A subs tan^ lally complete analysis of Sanskrit phrase-structure and case-incidence is given. All the tradi- tional cases are given representations in the framexork which are illus- trated in extenso. In Chapter 4, alternations in transitivity are investi- gated from the st'axdpoint of a theory of Sanskrit lexical entries. And in Chapter 5, the Sanskrit Passive is discussed. Besides giving an analysis of it as a Diathesis within tlre terms of the system, the chapter also shows it to present evidence against other current theories of the passive, those due to Relational Grammar and the Revised Extended Standard Theory. Thesis Supervisor: Rene Paul Viktor Kiparsky Title: Prufcssor of Linguistics TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 8 9 CHAPTER : I; THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF CASE LILWING. ..................... 1.1 Introduction. ......................................... 1.2 Structurally Induced Case. ............................ 1.2.1 Tntroductlon. .................................... 1.2.2 The Adnominal Genitive and the Power of Struc- tural Case Marking. ........................... 1.2.3 Japanese Case Arrays and the Structural Context of Particular Cases, .......................... 1.2.4 Formal Case & Morphology. ........................ 1.3 Functional Structure. ................................. 1.3.1 Introduction. .................................... 1.3.2 Previous Approaches. ............................. 1.3.2.1 Logic and Philosophy. ....................... 1.3.2.2 illm more's 'Case Grammar'. .................. 1.3.2.3 Halliday's 'Transitivity Systems' , .......... 1.3.2.4 Wallace Chafe. .............................. 1.3.2.5 Anderson's 'Localist Case Grammar'. ......... 1.3.2.6 TheorLes based on Embedding: Carter. Jackendoff. .............................. 1.3.3 Position and 'Ldentificational Predicates, ........ 1.3.4 Themes. Goals. Sources and Paths, ................ 1.3.5 Possessional and Cognitional Predicates . Inversion. .................................... 1.3.6 Actional Predicates. ............................. 1.3.7 Embedding . External Roles. ...................... 1.3.8 Formation Rules for Functional Structure . Binding 1.3.9 Conclusion. ........................... ........... 1.4 Linking Rules. ........................................ 1.4.1 Introductory Overview. ........................... 1.4.1.1 A Sketch of Case Linking . Tts Relation to Bresnan's 'Realistic Transformation Grammar'. ................................ 1.4.1.2 Comparison with 'Lexicase'. ................. 1.4.1.3 Comparison with Generative Semantics: Relational Grammar; Panin i' s !;araka System. .................................. Page 1.4.1.4 Comparison with Chomsky' s ' Revitsed Extended Standard Theory', ......................... 1.4.2 Semantic and Gra~iunatical Lhking .................. 1.4.3 Role Features and the Characterization of Formal Cases . Case Syncretism. ........................ 1.4.4 Semantic Linking I: Minimal Features Specifica- tion or Prototype Role?. ........................ 1.4.5 Semantic Linking IT: Case Studies, ................ 1.4.5.1 Introduction. .......................... ... 1.4.5.2 Japanese. ................................... 1.4.5.3 Turkish. .................................... 1.4.5.4 Conclusion. ........................... ...... 1.4.6 Grammatical Linking 1. ............................ 1.4.6.1 Hierarchies of Role and Case. ............... 1.4.6.2 The Subject and Ergativity. ................. 1.4.7 GrarnmaLical Linking 11: Illustratii>n from Japanese. .................................... .. 1.4.8 carter's "Backwards Linking" vs . Inverse Predicates. .................................... 1.4.9 Substantive Relations between Linking and Formal Case & hlorphology. ............................. 1.5 Lexical Entries and Lexical Rules. ..................... 1.5.1 The Descriptive Power of Lexical Entries. ......... 1.5.2 Some Restrictions. ................................ 1.5.3 Diathesis through Lexical Rules. .................. 11: RnES OF FORE1 IN SANSKRIT. ................................. 2.0 Introduction to the Analysis of Sanskrit; Tests; Abbreviations. ...................................... 2.1 Categories, ............................................... 2.2 The Major PS Rules. .................................... 2.2.1 PSI. .............................................. 2.2.2 PS2: Inpersonals In Sanskrit; Finite Verh Morphology, ........... ........................ 2.2.3 PS3. ............................................... 2.2.4 PS4. ..............................................- 2.3 The Expansion of P. ....................................... 2.3.1 Oblique Cave Marking. ............................. 2.3.2 Adverbs. .......................................... 2.3.3 Adpositions.. ..................................... 2.3.4 Predicate N. ................................... ... 2.3.5 Attributive and Predicative Position, ............ 2.4 Deverbal Expressions. .................................. 2.4.1 General. .......................................... 2.4.2 neverbal Nominals. ....................a..q........ 2.4.3 Inf ;ln Ltives and C,crtinds. ................... 2.5 Two Ellnor PS Rules; 'L'tlc Vocative, ..................... 2.6 Structurally Determined Case. .......................... 2.6.1 CR1 Incidence of Nominative Under S. .............. 2.6.2 CR2 Incidence of Acc . Under 'V'. .................. 2.6.3 CR3 Incidence of Gen . Under N. .................... Page 2.7 Case-MarkLng Rules; The Concept of 'Head'. ............ 2.8 Word Order. ............................................ 111: CASE LINKING. ............................................... 3.1 Semantic Linking. ...................................... 3.1.1 Introductory. ..................................... 3.1.2 Accusative. ....................................... 3.1.3. Instrumental. ..................................... 3.1.4 Dative. ...................................... ..... 3.1.5 Ablative. ......................................... 3.1.6 Locative. ......................................... 3.1.7 Genitive. ......................................... 3.1.8 Theoretical Implications. ......................... 3.2 Grammatical Linking. .................................... 3.2.1 Introductory. ..................................... 3.2.2 Examples. ......................................... 3.2.2.1 Position. .................................... 3.2.2.2 Possession. ................................
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