Peran Al-Jazeera Dalam Transformasi Politik Tunisia Pada Peristiwa Arab Spring 2010-2011

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Peran Al-Jazeera Dalam Transformasi Politik Tunisia Pada Peristiwa Arab Spring 2010-2011 PERAN AL-JAZEERA DALAM TRANSFORMASI POLITIK TUNISIA PADA PERISTIWA ARAB SPRING 2010-2011 SKRIPSI Diajukan kepada Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S.Hum) Oleh: Indi Nisauf Fikry Sakila (1111022000011) PROGRAM STUDI SEJARAH DAN KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN HUMANIORA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1437 H./2016 M. UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Menulis suatu karya adalah perjuangan yang melelahkan, sekaligus suatu kebanggaan tersendiri yang tak dapat diungkapkan. Segala puji dan syukur penulis ucapkan kepada Allah yang telah memberikan kemudahan serta kemampuan untuk dapat menyusun kata demi kata dalam karya yang penulis sebut “Skripsi” ini. Ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya penulis sampaikan kepada beliau yang telah memberikan kontribusinya dalam membuat skripsi ini menjadi lebih baik. Dengan kesabaran dan ketelatenannya, penulis diarahkan dan dibimbingnya untuk dapat menyempurnakan skripsi ini. Adalah Ibu Awalia Rahma, MA, yang telah menyisihkan waktu dan tenaganya demi membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Drs. Saidun Derani, MA. dan Dra.Tati Hartimah, MA. selaku pembimbing akademik yang tanpa bosan selalu memberikan semangat serta nasehatnya kepada penulis. Sehingga tanpa jasa mereka, penulis tidak akan sampai pada titik ini. Adapun skripsi ini sendiri tidak akan ada tanpa dukungan dan dorongan dari orang-orang terdekat penulis, khususnya Nimas dan Imas, adik tersayang yang selalu memberi semangat, teman-teman SKI 2011 yang tak hanya sebagai tempat berbagi suka duka namun juga sebagai partner bertukar ilmu – khususnya Mulki Mulyadi yang telah membantu penulis dalam hal transliterasi sumber Arab, para senior SKI khususnya Kak Endi yang telah banyak membantu penulis dalam hal diskusi masalah skripsi dan pencarian sumber, teman-teman BJ Community dan para sahabat tercinta (Timmy, Nurul, Maya, Yeni) yang tak henti-hentinya memberi semangat serta dorongan kepada penulis, serta Ekky – teman, sahabat, sekaligus saudara yang selalu menjadi rival dan motivator penulis selama mengerjakan skripsi ini. ii Terakhir, tak lupa pula rasa syukur dan terima kasih yang tak terhingga untuk kedua orang tua penulis yang selalu sabar dan tak henti-hentinya memberikan doa serta dukungannya. Penulis pun mendedikasikan skripsi ini untuk ayah dan ibu, yang tanpa ridho mereka penulis sadar tidak akan mampu melewati perjuangan yang melelahkan ini. Indi Nisauf Fikry Sakila iii ABSTRAK Indi Nisauf Fikry Sakila Peran Al-Jazeera dalam Transformasi Politik Tunisia pada Peristiwa Arab Spring 2010-2011 Al-Jazeera merupakan salah satu media internasional yang berbasis di Doha, Qatar. Didirikan pertama kali pada tahun 1996 atas inisiatif Emir Qatar, sejak saat itu Al-Jazeera secara aktif meliput peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di kawasan Arab. Al-Jazeera mulai banyak mendapatkan pujian serta pengakuan dari banyak kalangan, khususnya dunia internasional saat meliput peristiwa besar seperti perang Amerika yang terjadi di Irak dan Afghanistan, menjadikan Al-Jazeera sebagai media yang mempunyai peran dan pengaruh yang besar bagi dunia Arab dan Internasional. Al-Jazeera kembali membuktikan perannya yang penting sebagai media yang terdepan saat terjadi peristiwa Arab Spring di Tunisia tahun 2010-2011. Melalui pendekatan media studies, serta metode historis, penulis mengetahui seberapa penting peran Al-Jazeera dalam peristiwa Arab Spring yang terjadi di Tunisia tahun 2010-2011. Al-Jazeera menjadi salah satu faktor terpenting munculnya revolusi yang terjadi di Tunisia sehingga dapat menyebar secara luas sampai akhirnya terjadi secara besar-besaran dan berhasil menumbangkan pemerintahan Ben Ali yang telah berkuasa selama 23 tahun. Penulis menemukan bahwa peran Al-Jazeera dalam transformasi politik Tunisia pada peristiwa Arab Spring sangatlah penting, yaitu telah menginspirasi dan menggerakkan masyarakat Tunisia melalui berita-berita yang disiarkannya sehingga mampu mempengaruhi masyarakat untuk melakukan aksi tersebut. Perannya yang lain yaitu Al-Jazeera telah menghasilkan sesuatu yang disebut diseminasi berita. Dimana dengan adanya diseminasi berita yang dibawa oleh Al- Jazeera tersebut mampu melahirkan peristiwa Arab Spring di Tunisia. Selain itu, keberadaan Al-Jazeera juga telah menginspirasi masyarakat di negara-negara MENA (Middle East and North Africa) untuk melakukan revolusi yang sama di negaranya masing-masing. Kata Kunci: Al-Jazeera, Revolusi, Arab Spring, Tunisia iv KATA PENGANTAR Dalam era modern seperti saat ini, keberadaan media tidak dapat dipisahkan dari masyarakat. Dengan kata lain, media memiliki peran penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Media memainkan perannya dalam memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat sehingga mampu mempengaruhi cara berpikir dan bagaimana mereka bertindak, khususnya dalam menanggapi masalah-masalah terkait politik, ekonomi, sosial, pemerintahan, dan masalah lainnya. Dalam dunia Arab sendiri, keberadaan media tak ubahnya hanya sebagai „boneka‟ pemerintah, dimana media harus tunduk dan patuh kepada penguasa. Media selalu berada di bawah pengawasan dan harus melalui sensor yang ketat sebelum informasi yang mereka sajikan sampai kepada masyarakat. Sehingga tidak hanya media di Arab yang merasa terkekang, masyarakat Arab pun merasakan hal yang sama karena terbatasnya informasi yang mereka peroleh. Tak jarang media juga menjadi faktor penting dalam setiap konflik yang terjadi di dunia Arab. Adapun kemunculan Al-Jazeera sebagai media yang independen dan bebas dari pengaruh pemerintah, telah memberikan perubahan penting dalam sejarah Arab. Media Al-Jazeera yang telah menghasilkan berita serta menyebarkan informasi tentang apa yang sedang terjadi ketika konflik, telah menempatkannya sebagai salah satu aktor penting yang tidak hanya mampu mempengaruhi kondisi masyarakat, tapi juga suatu pemerintahan. Hal tersebut selaras dengan perkataan mantan sekretaris jenderal PBB – Kofi Annan, “Knowledge is power, information is liberating” yang artinya pengetahuan adalah sebuah kekuatan, informasi adalah sebuah kebebasan. Berkat informasi yang dibawa oleh media, masyarakat memperoleh pengetahuan tentang apa yang v sedang terjadi, sehingga dengan kesadaran tersebut masyarakat memiliki kekuatan untuk bertindak dan memutuskan bagaimana nasib mereka di masa depan. Terlepas dari hal diatas, studi kali ini mengambil salah satu media di Arab, yaitu Al-Jazeera yang berbasis di Doha – Qatar, terkait dengan revolusi yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Tunisia terhadap pemerintahan mereka, dengan judul Peran Al-Jazeera dalam Transformasi Politik Tunisia pada Peristiwa Arab Spring 2010-2011. vi DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN .................................................................................. i UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ............................................................................... ii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... Iv KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... v DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... vii BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1 A. Latar Belakang .............................................................................. 1 B. Permasalahan ............................................................................... 10 1. Identifikasi Masalah ................................................................ 10 2. Pembatasan Masalah ............................................................... 11 3. Rumusan Masalah ................................................................... 12 C. Tujuan Penelitian ......................................................................... 12 D. Manfaat Penelitian ....................................................................... 13 E. Tinjauan Pustaka ......................................................................... 13 F. Landasan Teori ............................................................................ 17 G. Metode Penelitian ........................................................................ 18 H. Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................. 20 BAB II JARINGAN MEDIA AL-JAZEERA ................................................. 21 A. Sekilas Tentang Al-Jazeera ......................................................... 22 B. Saluran dan Program Al-Jazeera ................................................. 29 1. Al-Jazeera English Television/AJE TV ................................. 30 2. Situs Al-Jazeera Arab dan Inggris .......................................... 38 a. Al-Jazeera.net berbahasa Arab ........................................ 39 b. Al-Jazeera.com berbahasa Inggris ................................... 40 C. Pengaruh Media Al-Jazeera ......................................................... 42 vii BAB III ZINE EL ABIDIN BEN ALI DAN TUNISIA DI BAWAH PEMERINTAHANNYA (1957-2011) ............................................... 47 A. Latar Belakang Sejarah Tunisia .................................................. 47 B. Tunisia di bawah Pemerintahan Zine El Abidin Ben Ali ............ 55 BAB IV PERAN AL-JAZEERA DALAM PERISTIWA ARAB SPRING DI TUNISIA ............................................................................................. 67 A. Laporan Peristiwa Arab Spring di Tunisia akhir
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