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Tunus'ta Arap Bahari

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Tunus'ta Arap Bahari Dayı T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİRELÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KAMU YÖNETİMİ ANABİLİM DALI TUNUS’TA ARAP BAHARI: FRANSA’NIN TUNUS YAŞAMINA ETKİSİ ÜZERİNDEN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Bülent KARAATLI DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN Prof.Dr. Murat OKÇU ISPARTA 2015 T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİRELÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KAMU YÖNETİMİ ANABİLİM DALI TUNUS’TA ARAP BAHARI: FRANSA’NIN TUNUS YAŞAMINA ETKİSİ ÜZERİNDEN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Bülent KARAATLI 0740203055 DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN Prof.Dr. Murat OKÇU ISPARTA 2015 ii ii ÖZET TUNUS’TA ARAP BAHARI: FRANSA’NIN TUNUS YAŞAMINA ETKİSİ ÜZERİNDEN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Bülent KARAATLI Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Doktora Tezi 454 sayfa, Haziran 2015. Danışman: Prof.Dr. Murat OKÇU “Arap Baharı” olarak anılan Kuzey Afrika ve Ortadoğu’daki olaylar, Tunus’ta başlamış, müteakiben Mısır, Cezayir, Fas, Libya, Yemen, Bahreyn, Suudi Arabistan, Ürdün, Umman, Suriye ve Kuveyt’e sıçramıştır. Olaylar, ülkelerin sahip oldukları kendine özgü toplumsal kültür, siyasi birikim, tecrübe, kurumsal yapı gibi özellikler neticesinde her ülkede farklı bir yönde evrilmiş ve süreç her ülkede farklı yaşanmıştır. Tunus’ta, diğer ülkelerle karşılaştırıldığında daha az şiddetin ve ölümün yaşandığı olaylar sonucu Cumhurbaşkanı Bin ALİ yönetimi bırakmak zorunda kalmış, geçici hükümet kurulmuş, Kurucu Meclis seçimleri yapılmış ve bu seçimler bu sürecin içerisinde yer alan ülkelerde yapılan ilk serbest ve adil seçimler olarak tarihe geçmiştir. Kurucu Meclis öncülüğünde kurulan Anayasa Komisyonu ülkedeki her kesime hitap eden ve eski tecrübelerden ders alınarak hazırlanan Anayasayı tamamlamıştır. Müteakiben de Tunus bu anayasaya göre yeni Başbakan ve Cumhurbaşkanını seçerek hem bölge ülkelerine örnek olmuş hem de diğer ülkelerden farklılığını ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma, Tunus’un tüm bu farklılığı kazanmasında tarihi süreç içerisinde Fransa ile karşılıklı ilişkiler sonucu oluşan eğitimli ve güçlü orta sınıf, kendine özgü sosyal ve siyasi kültür, tecrübe ve kurumsal yapı gibi özelliklerin etkisinin büyük olduğu savıyla yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada Fransa’nın Cezayir’i işgal ettikten sonra Tunus ile komşu olması ve Tunus’taki reform hareketlerine öncülük etmesi, müteakiben Fransa’nın 1881 yılında Tunus’u işgali ile bu ülkede uyguladığı farklı sömürge politikası ve idari, hukuk, eğitim, kültür ve ekonomik hayatta yaptığı reformlar ile Tunus yaşamını günümüze dek etkileyen sonuçlar doğuracak şekilde yeniden yapılandırdığı incelenmiştir. Yine Fransa’nın yaptığı reformların Fransa’da eğitim görmüş ve yine batının, özellikle de Fransa’nın değerlerini benimsemiş liderler olan BURGİBA ile Bin ALİ zamanlarında da devam ettirilmesi ve bu reformların neticesinde Tunus’un sadece Arap ülkeleri arasında değil Ortadoğu ve Afrika ülkeleri arasında en modern ve batılılaşmış bir ülke haline geldiği Fransa’nın Tunus yaşamına etkisi üzerinden değerlendirilerek anlatılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Arap Baharı, Tunus, Fransa, reformlar, anayasa, Bin ALİ, BURGİBA iii ABSTRACT ARAB SPRING IN TUNISIA: THE REVIEW ABOUT THE EFFECT OF FRANCE ON TUNISIAN LIFE Bülent KARAATLI Süleyman Demirel University, Public Administration Doctoral Thesis (PGD) 454 pages, June 2015. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Murat OKÇU The events in North Africa and The Middle East called Arab Spring started in Tunisia, then spreaded in Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Oman, Syria and Kuwait. The events, as a result of the features like the countries having their unique social culture, political experience, experience, organizational culture, have been evolved in a different way in every country and lived in a different way in every country. In Tunisia, compared to other countries, as a result of the events in which less violence and death lived, The President Bin ALİ was forced to leave the job, caretaker government was set up, the elections of the constituent assembly was done and these elections in which the countries were all in have been made history as first free and fair elections. Constitutional commission guided by the Constituent Assembly defined the Constitution addressed to every part of the people and prepared by holding up an example of the old experience. Later on, by choosing the new President and the Prime Minister both seen as an example to the area countries and proved its difference from the other countries. The study, throughout the historic period of Tunisia obtaining all this difference, was conducted by the thesis of the effect of the features like the educated and powerful middle class which was constructed as a result of the relationships with France, specific social and political culture, experience and organizational structure. Within this scope, in this study the fact that after being contiguous to Tunisia upon occupying Algeria, France leaded the reform movements there and following the occupiance of Tunisia by France in 1881 its different collonial policies and the governmental, legal, educational, cultural and economical reforms played a contemporary role in stucturing the life in Tunisia is analyzed. Moreover, the reforms that France made there were continued by Burgiba and Bin Ali, who were educated in France and adopted French values. As a result of these reforms, Tunisia has become the most modernized and westernized country not only among the Arabian countries but also among the Middle East and African countries. Thus, this study also reviews the French effect on current Tunisian life. Keywords: Arab Spring, Tunisia, France, reforms, constitution, Bin ALİ, BURGİBA iv İçindekiler TEZ SAVUNMA SINAV TUTANAĞI ............................................................................ I YEMİN METNİ SAYFASI ............................................................................................. II ÖZET............................................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................ V KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ............................................................................................ XIII TABLOLAR DİZİNİ .................................................................................................... XV ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ XVI GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................................ 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM FRANSA İŞGALİ ÖNCESİ TUNUS ........................................... 4 1.1. Osmanlı Fethi Öncesi Tunus ......................................................................................... 4 1.2. Tunus’un Osmanlılar Tarafından Fethi ve Tunus’ta Osmanlı İdaresi ........................... 6 1.2.1. Paşalar (Beyler/Beylerbeyi Dönemi) (1574-1591) ............................................... 7 1.2.2. Dayılar Dönemi (1591-1630) ................................................................................ 7 1.2.3. Muradi Hanedanı Dönemi (1630-1705) ................................................................ 8 1.2.4. Hüseyni Hanedanı (1705-1957) ............................................................................ 8 1.3. Osmanlı Egemenliği Dönemi Tunus ............................................................................. 9 1.3.1. Yönetim/İdari Yapısı............................................................................................. 9 1.3.2. Sosyal ve Demografik Yapı ................................................................................ 12 1.3.3. Kültürel ve Ekonomik Hayat .............................................................................. 14 1.4. Tunus’ta Reform Hareketleri ...................................................................................... 14 1.4.1. 1830 Fransa’nın Cezayir’i İşgali, Tunus-Fransa İlişkilerinin Gelişmesi ............ 16 1.4.2. AHMET Paşa/Bey Zamanı (1835-1855) Tunus-Fransa İlişkileri ve Reform Hareketleri ........................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.3. MUHAMMED Bey/Paşa Zamanı (1855-1859) Tunus-Fransa İlişkileri ve Reform Hareketleri ............................................................................................................. 18 1.4.4. Muhammed SADIK Bey/Paşa Zamanı (1859-1881) Tunus-Fransa İlişkileri ve Reform Hareketleri ............................................................................................................. 20 1.4.5. HAYRETTİN Paşa’nın Yaptığı Reformlar ve Başbakanlık (Vezir’ül Ekberlik) Dönemi Tunus ..................................................................................................................... 24 1.5. Tunus’un Fransa Tarafından İşgaline Sebep Olan Gelişmeler.................................... 28 v 1.5.1. Avrupalılarla yapılan Ticari, Hukuki Anlaşmalar ve Tunus Maliyesine El Konulması ........................................................................................................................... 28 1.5.2 Devletin Başında Olan Kişilerin Davranışları ve Yetersizlikleri ........................ 29 1.5.3. Berlin Kongresi (1878) ....................................................................................... 30 1.5.4. Cezayir’in Fransa Tarafından İşgal Edilmesi
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