Additional file 1: Table S1. The 162 accessions of Daucus, and two accessions of related genera characterized in this study, improvement status, locality information and new identification. Taxon and 2n Improvement Geographic Accessionsa Chromosome Location or Sourcec New Identification Status Region Numberb Daucus aureus PI 319403 Wild Desf. (22) + Israel. Mediterranean Region. D. carota L. Ames 25731 (18, all Wild Syria. Al-Qastal: 30 km D. guttatus

subspecies) + northeast of Al Ladhiqiyah. Syria. Al-Qastal: 30 km Ames 25732 D. carota + Wild D. guttatus northeast of Al Ladhiqiyah. Middle Ames 25771 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota Syria. Kfarya: Near Salma. East Ames 25778 D. carota + Wild D. guttatus Syria. Kasab. Iberian Ames 26404 D. carota Wild Portugal. Evora: Near Portel. D. carota subsp. maximus Peninsula Portugal. Beja: Near Iberian Ames 26405 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. maximus Baleizão. Peninsula Iberian Ames 26406 D. carota Wild Portugal. Beja: Near Ourique. D. carota subsp. maximus Peninsula Iberian Ames 26409 D. carota Wild Portugal. Faro: Near Salema. D. carota subsp. maximus Peninsula Uzbekistan. On main road from Central Ames 27396 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota Village of Sijjak. Asia Ames 27400 D. carota Cultivated Uzbekistan. Tashkent. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus Central Ames 27411 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota Uzbekistan. Asia Central Ames 27413 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota Uzbekistan. Chetsuv Village. Asia Central Ames 27414 D. carota Wild Uzbekistan. Chetsuv Village. D. carota subsp. carota Asia Uzbekistan. Chetsuv Village: Central Ames 27415 D. carota Wild Approximately 50 meters from D. carota subsp. carota Asia Z10. Ames 29084 D. carota Landrace . D. carota subsp. sativus

Tunisia. Nabuel: along Route North Ames 30250 D. carota Wild 28 at junction of road to D. carota subsp. carota Africa . Tunisia. Nabuel: Sidi Daoud, North Ames 30252 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota 1 km from Route 27. Africa Tunisia. : along Route North Ames 30260 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota 51, west of Ghzab. Africa Tunisia. Bizerte: grounds of North Ames 30261 D. carota Wild Direction Regionale Mogods, D. carota subsp. carota Africa Khroumerie . Morocco. Sefrou: Along Route Ames 31548 D. carota Wild N8, 24 miles north of Azrou, Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus Oulad Mkoudou Region. Morocco. Fes: Along Route N6 (road to Taza from Fes), just Ames 31553 D. carota Wild Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus east of deviation with Route N8, Sidi Harazem. Morocco. Fes: Along Route N6 (road to Taza), 13 kilometers from deviation with Route N8, Ames 31554 D. carota Wild Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus 28 kilometers east of downtown Fes, Sidi Harazem Region. Morocco. Sefrou: Along Route N6, 28 kilometers from Ames 31555 D. carota Wild deviation with Route N8, 58 Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus kilometers east of downtown Fes, Bir Tam Tam Region. Morocco. Sefrou: Along Route R503, south side of Fes, 6 Ames 31558 D. carota Wild Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus kilometers north of Sefrou, Aghbalou Aqorar Region. Morocco. Meknes: Along Route N4, 36 kilometers west of Ames 31559 D. carota Wild Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus Fes, east of Sidi Kacem, Mhaya Region. Morocco. Sidi Kacem: Along Route 410, 4 kilometers south Ames 31562 D. carota Wild Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus of Mechra Belqsiri, Sefsaf Region. Morocco. Larache: approximately 10 kilometers Ames 31570 D. carota Wild Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus south of Larache, Laouamra Region. Morocco. Nador: Along Route N16, 41 kilometers west of Ames 31580 D. carota Wild Morocco D. carota subsp. gummifer Nador, approximately 0.5 kilometer from Mediterranean Sea, Amejjaou Region. Morocco. Berkane: Along Route S403, approximately 5 Ames 31584 D. carota Wild kilometers northwest of road Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus to Sidi Bouhria, Rislane Region. Morocco. Safi: 11 kilometers Ames 31592 D. carota Wild east of Safi on Route 204, Morocco D. carota subsp. maximus Khatazakane Region. PI 163234 D. carota Cultivated India. Madhya Pradesh. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus PI 163235 D. carota Cultivated Pakistan. Punjab. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus PI 176563 D. carota Cultivated Turkey. Kutahya. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus PI 187235 D. carota Cultivated Belgium. Western D. carota subsp. sativus PI 222249 D. carota Cultivated Iran. Tehran. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus PI 249535 D. carota Cultivated Spain. Western D. carota subsp. sativus PI 256066 D. carota Cultivated Afghanistan. Kabul. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus PI 264235 D. carota Cultivated France. Western D. carota subsp. sativus PI 264236 D. carota Cultivated France. Western D. carota subsp. sativus PI 264543 D. carota Cultivated Japan. Osaka. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus PI 268382 D. carota Cultivated Afghanistan. Kabul. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus PI 269319 D. carota Cultivated Sweden. Western D. carota subsp. sativus PI 271348 D. carota Cultivated India. Delhi. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus Spain. Madrid (Botanic PI 279759 D. carota Landrace D. carota subsp. sativus Garden). PI 279762 D. carota Landrace D. carota subsp. sativus Denmark. Copenhagen. Spain. Madrid (Botanic PI 279798 D. carota Landrace D. carota subsp. sativus Garden). South D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. maximus PI 280706 Chile. Concepcion. America PI 341204 D. carota Cultivated France. Western D. carota subsp. sativus PI 502914 D. carota Cultivated Germany. Western D. carota subsp. sativus PI 634651 D. carota Cultivated USA. Minnesota. Western D. carota subsp. sativus PI 643114 D. carota Cultivated USA. California. Western D. carota subsp. sativus Portugal. Vila Real: S. Joao Iberian PI 652222 D. carota Wild da Pesqueira, Tras-os-Montes D. carota subsp. carota Peninsula (Alto Douro) Province. Bulgaria. Lovech: Balkan Balkan D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota PI 652237 Mountains. Peninsula PI 652257 D. carota Cultivated India. Delhi. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus Greece. Ionian Islands: Balkan PI 652301 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota Englouvi. Peninsula PI 652335 D. carota Cultivated Syria. Damascus. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus PI 652336 D. carota Cultivated Syria. Damascus. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus Middle PI 652337 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota Syria. Sweida. East Middle PI 652338 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota Syria. Sweida. East Middle PI 652348 D. carota Wild Turkey. Izmir: West of Izmir. D. carota subsp. carota East USA. Washington: South side of Route 507 (old Highway North PI 661219 D. carota Wild 99), just southwest of Tenino D. carota subsp. carota America Avenue junction with Mina Acres Drive, Thurston County USA. California: Crescent North PI 661231 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota City, Del Norte County. America Iberian Ames 26395 D. carota Wild Portugal. Faro: Near Fuseta. D. carota subsp. maximus Peninsula Uzbekistan. Northeast of Central Ames 27395 D. carota Wild Gazelkent on main road to D. carota subsp. carota Asia Tashkent. Tunisia. : Road 11 North Ames 30267 D. carota Wild between to Beja, D. carota subsp. carota Africa near km 47.5. Pakistan. Four miles west of Central PI 274298 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota Parachinar. Asia PI 344447 D. carota Cultivated Iran. Hamadan. Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus North PI 478874 D. carota Wild Italy. Sicily: Catania. D. carota subsp. carota Africa PI 652224 D. carota Wild Poland. Lomza. Europe D. carota subsp. carota Greece. Ionian Islands: Balkan PI 652299 D. carota Wild D. carota subsp. carota Vasiliki. Peninsula Greece. Peloponnese: 10 km Balkan PI 652304 D. carota Wild south of Patrai, toward D. carota subsp. carota Peninsula Pyrgos. Greece. Peloponnese: Near Balkan PI 652306 D. carota Wild Koklas village, toward D. carota subsp. carota Peninsula Sparti, Messenia Prefecture. Middle PI 652349 D. carota Wild Turkey. Izmir: West of Izmir. D. carota subsp. carota East Middle PI 652352 D. carota Wild Turkey. Izmir: Near Bağarasi. D. carota subsp. carota East D. carota subsp. Tunisia. Medenine: Djerba North Ames 30198 capillifolius Wild Island, Boumellel, 2 km (Gilli) Arbizu of Houmt Souk. Tunisia. Medenine: Djerba D. carota subsp. North Ames 30202 Wild Island, just outside of south capillifolius Africa end of El May. Tunisia. Medenine: Road to El D. carota subsp. North Ames 30207 Wild Kantara, south of Djerba capillifolius Africa Island. D. carota subsp. North PI 279764 Wild capillifolius Libya. Near Jefren. Africa D. carota subsp. Middle Ames 25740 Wild carota Syria. As Samra. East D. carota subsp. Middle Ames 25762 Wild carota Syria. Deir Mama. East D. carota subsp. Portugal. Porto: Near Vila do Iberian Ames 26374 Wild D. carota subsp. carota carota Conde. Peninsula D. carota subsp. Portugal. Portalegre: Near Iberian Ames 26377 Wild D. carota subsp. maximus carota Monforte. Peninsula D. carota subsp. Portugal. Portalegre: Near Iberian Ames 26379 Wild D. carota subsp. carota carota Marvao. Peninsula Uzbekistan. Along main road Central Ames 27397 D. carota subsp. Wild between Yalangoch and Sobir Asia carota Raximova. D. carota subsp. Tunisia. : Along road North Ames 30245 Wild carota between Fahs and El Magrane. Africa Tunisia. : Along Route D. carota subsp. North Ames 30249 Wild 26 between Saliman and Sidi carota Africa Aissa. Tunisia. Nabuel: Route 26, between Takelsa and El North Ames 30251 Wild D. carota subsp. Haouaria, 26 km from El Africa carota Haouaria. Tunisia. Beja: road from North Ames 30262 D. carota subsp. Wild Route 7, just west of Sejnane Africa carota to Cap Negro. D. carota subsp. Tunisia. Beja: Road between North Ames 30271 Wild carota Beja and . Africa D. carota subsp. Tunisia. Jendouba: South of North Ames 30272 Wild carota Hotel beach. Africa PI 274297 Wild Central D. carota subsp. Pakistan. Northern areas. carota Asia D. carota subsp. Hungary. Pest (Botanic PI 279775 Landrace D. carota subsp. sativus carota Garden). D. carota subsp. Austria. Vienna (Museum of PI 279788 Landrace D. carota subsp. sativus carota Natural History). D. carota subsp. Iberian PI 295862 Wild D. carota subsp. maximus carota Spain. Peninsula D. carota subsp. North PI 421301 Wild carota USA. Kansas: Elk County. America D. carota subsp. PI 430525 Cultivated Eastern D. carota subsp. sativus carota Afghanistan. Zardek. China. Xinjiang: near Chou En Central PI 478369 D. carota subsp. Wild Lai Monument Stone River, Asia carota Sinkiang. D. carota subsp. Italy. Misano Adriatico: Near PI 478859 Wild Europe carota Rimini. D. carota subsp. France. Paris: Versailles PI 478860 Wild Europe carota Park, Seine et Oise. D. carota subsp. France. Paris: Versailles PI 478861 Wild Europe carota Park, Seine et Oise. D. carota subsp. PI 478862 Wild France. Mere (Seine et Oise). Europe carota D. carota subsp. PI 478864 Wild Germany (Botanic Garden). Europe carota D. carota subsp. PI 478869 Wild Germany. Near Jüterbog. Europe carota Italy. Sardinia: St. Elia North PI 478873 D. carota subsp. Wild Beach, 50 m from sea, Africa carota Cagliari D. carota subsp. Italy. Molise: Larino PI 478875 Wild Europe carota Province (Campobasso). D. carota subsp. Italy. Latium (Botanic PI 478876 Wild Europe carota Garden). D. carota subsp. Switzerland. Geneva: Wild Europe PI 478877 carota Vandœuvres. D. carota subsp. USA. Oregon: roadside between North PI 478881 Wild carota Echo and Pendleton. America D. carota subsp. PI 652218 Wild Hungary. Near Bekes. Europe carota D. carota subsp. Greece. Epirus: 7 km from Balkan PI 652296 Wild carota Ioannina toward Igoumenitsa. Peninsula D. carota subsp. Greece. Central Greece: Near Balkan PI 652303 Wild carota Agrinion, toward Patrai. Peninsula D. carota subsp. Middle PI 652341 Wild carota Syria. Ash Sheik Hasan. East D. carota subsp. Middle PI 652351 Wild Turkey. Izmir: Near Cesme. carota East D. carota subsp. Tunisia. : along carota x D. road to Sidi Bouzid (Route North Ames 30219 Wild carota subsp. 125), north of Bir El Hfey, Africa capillifolius at El M'Zara. D. carota subsp. carota x D. North Ames 30253 Wild carota subsp. Tunisia. Nabuel: Between El Africa capillifolius Haouarcae and Dor Allouche. D. carota subsp. carota x D. Tunisia. Nabuel: along road North Ames 30255 Wild carota subsp. between Korba and Beni Africa capillifolius Khalled. D. carota subsp. Ames 7674 commutatus Wild Italy. Tuscany (Botanic Europe D. carota subsp. gummifer (Paol.) Thell. Garden). D. carota subsp. France. Finistere: maritime PI 478883 Wild Europe D. carota subsp. gummifer commutatus turf, Le Conquet. D. carota subsp. Iberian Ames 26381 fontanesii Wild Portugal. Faro: Near D. carota subsp. gummifer Peninsula Thell. Portimao. D. carota subsp. gadecaei (Rouy & Ames 31193 Wild Europe D. carota subsp. gummifer E. G. Camus) Heywood France. D. carota subsp. Iberian Ames 26382 gummifer (Syme) Wild Peninsula Hook. f. Portugal. Faro: Near Sagres. D. carota subsp. Iberian Ames 26383 Wild gummifer Portugal. Faro: Near Aljezur. Peninsula D. carota subsp. Portugal. Beja: Near Iberian Ames 26384 Wild gummifer Cavaleiro Peninsula D. carota subsp. France. Finistere: Pointe de PI 652411 Wild Europe gummifer Rospico, Navez. D. guttatus Sm. Turkey. Konya: Konya, toward Ames 25898 Wild (20) + Beysehir. Source: Lebanon. American PI 286611 D. guttatus + Wild University of Beirut: Faculty

of Agricultural Sciences. PI 652387 D. guttatus + Wild Turkey. Antalya. D. carota subsp. halophilus Iberian Ames 31194 Wild D. carota subsp. gummifer (Brot.) A. Peninsula Pujadas Unknown D. carota subsp. Iberian Ames 24682 major (Vis.) Wild Portugal. Coimbra: Souselas. D. carota subsp. carota Peninsula Arcang. D. carota subsp. Ames 25017 Wild Europe D. carota subsp. carota major Germany. Saxony-Anhalt. Tunisia. Aryanah (Institut D. carota subsp. North PI 652229 Wild National de la Recherche D. carota subsp. carota major Africa Agronomique de Tunisie). D. carota subsp. Portugal. Coimbra: Near Iberian Ames 26391 maritimus (Lam.) Wild D. carota subsp. carota Buarcos. Peninsula Batt. D. carota subsp. Portugal. Leiria: Near Iberian Ames 26392 Wild D. carota subsp. carota maritimus Batalha. Peninsula D. carota subsp. Portugal. Castelo Branco: Iberian Ames 26393 Wild D. carota subsp. carota maritimus Near Perdiagao Peninsula D. carota subsp. Portugal. Portalegre near Iberian Ames 26394 Wild D. carota subsp. maximus maritimus Monforte. Peninsula D. carota subsp. Portugal. Coimbra: Near Iberian Ames 26390 Wild D. carota subsp. carota maritimus Mesura. Peninsula D. carota subsp. Iberian PI 502244 Wild D. carota subsp. carota maritimus Portugal. Coimbra: Lousa. Peninsula France. Paris (Museum D. carota subsp. PI 652225 Landrace National d'Histoire D. carota subsp. sativus maritimus Naturelle). D. carota subsp. Portugal. Portalegre: Near Iberian Ames 26402 maximus (Desf.) Wild Sao Vicente e Ventosa. Peninsula Ball D. carota subsp. Iberian Ames 26407 Wild Portugal. Faro: Near Olhao. maximus Peninsula D. carota subsp. Portugal. Beja: Near Monte Iberian Ames 26408 Wild maximus Velho. Peninsula D. carota subsp. Portugal. Portalegre: Near Iberian Ames 26401 Wild maximus Monforte. Peninsula Albania. Lushnjë: Along road D. carota subsp. Balkan PI 652230 Wild going to field plots of Wheat D. carota subsp. carota maximus Peninsula Institute. D. carota subsp. PI 279777 sativus (Hoffm.) Landrace Egypt. Giza (Orman Botanic

Schubl. & G. Garden.). Martens D. carota subsp. PI 432900 Cultivated China. Eastern sativus D. carota subsp. PI 432901 Cultivated China. Eastern sativus D. carota subsp. PI 451752 Cultivated Netherlands. Western sativus D. carota subsp. PI 509434 Cultivated Eastern sativus Turkey. Sivas. D. carota subsp. PI 652152 Cultivated United Kingdom. Western sativus D. carota subsp. PI 652155 Cultivated Hungary. Pest. Western sativus D. crinitus PI 652414 Wild Desf. (22) + Portugal. Faro: Near Bengado. D. involucratus Turkey. Izmir: 5 km north of PI 652355 Wild Sm. (22) + Kusadasi. D. littoralis PI 295857 Sibth. & Sm. Wild

(20) + Israel. Beit Alpha. D. pusillus USA. Oregon: near Hunters PI 661242 Wild Michx. (22) + River Cove, Curry. D. sahariensis Ames 29096 Wild Murb. (18) Tunisia. D. syrticus Ames 29097 D. sahariensis Wild D. syrticus Tunisia. Ames 29098 D. sahariensis Wild D. syrticus Tunisia. Greece. Peloponnese: 4 km D. setulosus from Skoura, toward PI 652329 Guss. (not Wild Leonidion, Laconia reported) + Prefecture. D. syrticus Ames 29108 Wild Murb. (18) Tunisia. Ames 29109 D. syrticus Wild Tunisia. Ames 29110 D. syrticus Wild Tunisia. Orlaya daucoides PI 649477 (L.) Greuter Wild Turkey. Aydin: Dilek (20) + Peninsula Reserve. Rouya polygama Tunisia. Jendouba: Road to PI 674284 (Desf.) Coincy Wild Tabarka, near Tabarka (20) + airport. a Plant Introduction (PI) numbers are permanent numbers designated to germplasm accessions maintained at the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) in Ames, Iowa, USA. Ames numbers are assigned for carrots and other Apiaceae in the NPGS temporarily to newly acquired germplasm until passport data of an accession and taxonomy is verified. Also, accessions with Ames numbers have to be determined they are not duplicate accessions, and that they can be successfully maintained by the USDA. It is not guaranteed these accessions may be assigned a PI number after the assessment period. b These names correspond to those in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database (https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/search.aspx?). The 14 accessions designated with a plus sign were used to demonstrate the utility of GBS data to obtain the dominant topology of Daucus (Arbizu et al. [36]). c Location refers to where the germplasm was collected in the wild. If the accession was obtained through another entity (vendor, genebank, botanic garden), the source is indicated within parenthesis.