Building a Copyright Commons in Brazil: Copyright Exceptions & Limitations in a Comparative Context by Aline Frota Parente A
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Building a Copyright Commons in Brazil: Copyright Exceptions & Limitations in a Comparative Context By Aline Frota Parente Arrais de Moura A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham, UK for the degree of MPhil in Law Department of Arts and Law Birmingham Law School University of Birmingham December 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis aims to build a creative commons culture by exploring L&Es to copyright in a developing country, namely Brazil, and compare it with other jurisdictions seeking to propose future changes in policies among jurisdictions, which are the basis of its contributions. This thesis proposes that the Brazilian law should regulate compulsory licenses applied to copyright as well as new clauses regarding limitations for religious, official celebrations and broadcasts for social institutions. Furthermore, it favours expanding the scope of limitations for educational purposes as well as it suggests policy recommendations to surpass the lack of clarity regarding the concept of parody in international forums. Additionally, the ‘sui generis’ of database lacks protection under Brazilian law and could be enlightened by international treaties in this area. Finally, the questionnaire illustrated the importance of Open Access movement to economic development in Brazil. Keywords: IP, Developing countries, Brazil, UK. Acknowledgements I have to start by thanking God for giving me strength and support to succeed this tough journey, particularly in helping me finish this work despite the numerous desperate times that I have faced due to my anxiety disorder that has tormented my life. I am very grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Chen Wei Zhu who have had the patience to guide me and to cope with my struggles during the whole MPhil, offering ideas as well as encouraging me throughout this hard process. I would like to greatly thank Maureen Ower Mapp, and Pieter Koornhof who have provided valuable comments to improve this work. I would also like to thank the Birmingham Law School for providing funding to perform postgraduate studies in the field of Intellectual Property Law. Its financial support was crucial for the completion of this work. I would like to thank my parents, Hedilberto and Francigleuma for giving me the foundation and the chance to reach my current stage. I also thank my beloved husband André for standing beside me throughout this MPhil and for always being my biggest inspiration. I kindly thank Dr. Anne Louise Armstrong for proofreading this thesis. A very special thank to my friends Jo and Eddie, who are family to me, they made my worse days become better. Finally, I thank the Birmingham Vineyard Church for being the greatest community that one could ever wish for. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction ............................................................................................... 8 1.1 Research context ..................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Research objective ................................................................................................ 19 1.3 Methodological approach ...................................................................................... 21 1.4 Contributions of the research ................................................................................ 24 1.5 Structure of the thesis ............................................................................................ 26 CHAPTER 2: An overview of the Brazilian history on authors’ rights and IP history .. 27 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Overview of Brazilian History (1500-1822) ......................................................... 28 2.3 History of Authors’ rights in Brazil ...................................................................... 30 2.3.1 Author’s right during the Imperium (1822-1889) ............................. 30 2.3.2 The Old Republic (1889-1930) ............................................................. 33 2.3.3 The Vargas Era (1930-1945) ................................................................. 41 2.3.4 Second Republic (1946-1964) ............................................................... 43 2.3.5 The Military Dictatorship (1964-1985) ............................................... 44 2.3.6 The New Republic (1985-present) ....................................................... 47 2.4 Theories of IP focusing in Copyright .................................................................... 49 2.4.1 Utilitarianism ............................................................................................ 52 2.4.2 Labour Theory ........................................................................................... 54 2.4.3 Personality Theory ................................................................................... 56 2.4.4 Social Planning Theory ........................................................................... 58 2.4.5 Open Approaches in IP with focus on Creative commons ................................ 60 2.5 Impact of IP theories in Brazil .............................................................................. 64 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 65 CHAPTER 3: The Limitations and Exceptions system to Copyright ............................. 69 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 69 3.2 Legal nature of the limitations .............................................................................. 74 3.2.1 Subjective right .............................................................................................. 74 3.2.2 Objective right or privilege ............................................................................ 76 3.3 Forms of limitations .............................................................................................. 76 3.3.1 Exemptions .................................................................................................... 77 3.3.2 Statutory licenses ........................................................................................... 78 3.3.3 Compulsory licenses ...................................................................................... 79 3.3.4 Mandatory collective management ................................................................ 85 3.4 Approach of Limitations to copyright ................................................................... 89 3.4.1 Open system of limitations ............................................................................ 91 3.4.2 Closed system of limitations (enumerated permissible clauses) .................... 96 3.4.3 Hybrid system .............................................................................................. 106 3.5 L&Es and Moral Rights ...................................................................................... 111 3.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 4: Brazilian system of Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright .............. 115 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 115 4.2 Partial or full reproduction .................................................................................. 119 4.2.1 News or informative articles ........................................................................ 120 4.2.2 Public Speeches ........................................................................................... 121 4.2.3 Portraits or visual works made for hire ........................................................ 121 4.2.4 Visually impaired ......................................................................................... 123 4.2.5 Private copy for personal use ....................................................................... 128 4.2.6 The quotation right ....................................................................................... 132 4.2.7 Student’s notes from lessons ........................................................................ 137 4.2.8 Judicial and administrative evidence ........................................................... 139 4.2.9 Reproduction within the context of a larger work ....................................... 141 4.2.10 Private copies of Computer programs ........................................................ 143 4.2.11 Partial quotation of computer programs .................................................... 144 4.2.12 Similarity of Computer Programs .............................................................. 146 4.3 Limitations related to performing rights ............................................................. 147 4.3.1