FINAL
Rural Community Water Management Planning Process for Shakadza, South Africa
Shakadza Local Municipality, Mutale; District Municipality, Vhembe; Limpopo Province; South Africa
Location Lat: S 22°37’4.2” Long: E 30°33’31.3’’
‘Tangible benefits to the community resulting from community managed interventions that can be replicated elsewhere’
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA i
Contents
1. Introduction ...... 2 2. Principles of the Planning Process ...... 3 2.1 Plan Development Process ...... 4 3. Goal and Objective of the Plan ...... 6 3.1 Goal ...... 6 3.2 Objectives ...... 6 3.3 Anticipated Outcome ...... 7 4. Baseline Information...... 8 4.1 Location ...... 8 4.1.1 Socio-economic ...... 8 4.1.2 Climate ...... 9 4.1.3 Drainage ...... 11 4.1.4 Geology ...... 11 4.1.5 Geomorphology ...... 12 4.1.6 Soils ...... 12 4.1.7 Natural Vegetation and Fauna ...... 12 4.1.8 Agriculture ...... 12 4.2 Current Water Supply Situation...... 13 4.2.1. General Situation...... 13 4.2.2 Groundwater ...... 14 4.2.3 Water Quality ...... 15 4.2.4 Irrigation ...... 16 4.3 Current Status of Community Structure and Sociological Issues ...... 16 4.4.1 Community Structure ...... 16 4.4.2 Community Livelihoods...... 16 4.4.3 Principal Community Sociological Issues...... 17 4.5. Current Community Status with Respect to Other Stakeholders ...... 18 4.5.1 Rural Water Supply Stakeholders...... 18 4.6 Existing Drought Coping Strategies ...... 18 4.6.1 Community Perception of Drought...... 19 4.6.2 Current Coping Mechanisms ...... 19 4.6.3 Future Drought Mitigation Measures ...... 20 5. Proposed Interventions ...... 21 5.1 Community Aspirations ...... 21 5.2 Community ‘Buy In’ to Intervention and Community Training ...... 21 5.2.1 Community Ownership...... 21 5.2.2 Community Empowerment ...... 21 5.3 Details of Proposed Interventions ...... 22 5.3.1 Physical Interventions ...... 22 5.3.2 Sociological Intervention ...... 24 5.4 Community Structure Development with Respect to Water Management and O&M ...... 26 6. Knowledge Transfer and Awareness/Training Programmes ...... 28 6.1 The Awareness Manual ...... 28 6.1.1 Aim of Awareness Manual ...... 28 6.1.2 Content of Awareness Manual ...... 28 6.2 Community Empowerment Aspects ...... 29 7. Monitoring ...... 30 7.1 Definition of Monitoring Indicators ...... 30 7.1.1 Physical Monitoring Indicators ...... 30 7.1.2 Social Monitoring Indicators ...... 31 7.2 Physical Monitoring Programme ...... 33 7.2.1 Monitoring Processes and Data Collection ...... 33
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA ii
7.2.2 Monitoring System ...... 34 7.2.3 Monitoring Equipment and Procedures ...... 35 7.3 Sociological Monitoring Programme ...... 36 7.4 Community Feedback ...... 38 7.4.1 From the Community ...... 38 7.4.2 To the Community ...... 39 7.5 Monitoring Database, Data Evaluation and Project Reporting ...... 39 7.5.1 Physical Data ...... 39 7.5.2 Sociological Data ...... 39 7.5.3 Project Reporting ...... 40 8. Management Actions ...... 41 8.1 Monitoring ‘Triggers’ and Early Warning ...... 41 8.2 Action Plan with respect to ‘Triggers’ ...... 41 8.3 Stakeholders ...... 42 9. Concluding Statement ...... 47 Annex A Overview of Physical Interventions in Shakadza...... 49 Annex B Overview of Sociological Interventions in Shakadza ...... 50 Annex C Rural Community Water Management Plan Template ...... 51
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA iii
List of Tables
Table 1. Borehole data for the Shakadza from DWA records...... 14 Table 2 Summary of Physical Interventions...... 22 Table 3 Social Interventions Needed to Support Physical Interventions Aimed at Groups within Shakadza Community ...... 24 Table 4 Overview of possible training requirements and target audiences according to physical intervention type - Shakadza ...... 29 Table 5 Monitoring of Population Welfare Indicators ...... 32 Table 6 Monitoring of Water Supply Indicators ...... 32 Table 7 Social Indicators according the Physical Intervention ...... 33 Table 8 Awareness Programme Monitoring ...... 33
List of Figures
Figure 1 Google Image of Shakadza Community ...... 8 Figure 2 Long-term annual rainfall record at Folonhodwe ...... 10 Figure 3 Long-term annual evaporation record for representative stations in the Limpopo Province. 11 Figure 4 Locality map of boreholes and other water supply infrastructure in the Shakadza Area .. 15 Figure 5 Quality of groundwater in the Shakadza...... 15 Figure 6 Relationship between Water Availability and Crop Production ...... 46
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA iv
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AP Awareness Programme CBO Community Based Organization CC Catchment Council CEO Chief Executive Officer CMA Catchment Management Association DWA Department of Water Affairs DDF District Development Fund HH Household ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone LHS Left hand side MO Monitoring Operative MU Monitoring Unit NGO Non-governmental organisation O&M Operation and maintenance RCWMP Rural Community Water Management Plan RDC Rural District Councils RHS Right hand side SADC Southern African Development Community SMC Stakeholder Management Committee TDS Total Dissolved Solids – Water quality WMA Water Management Area WUA Water User Association
Quantities ha hectare km kilometre l/sec litre per second - yield l/sec/m litre per second per metre of drawdown – specific capacity masl metres above sea level mg/l milligrams per litre (hydrochemical quality) mm/year millimetres per year (rainfall or evaporation) m3/day cubic metres per day m3/hr cubic metres per hour
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 2
1. Introduction
This Community Water Management Planning Process (CWMP) has been developed in full consultation with the Shakadza community so that the community can better manage its water supply during periods of drought and assist in maintaining community livelihoods and wellbeing in times of water shortage and hardship.
The RCWMP is the product of a sub-regional project entitled ‘Development and Testing of Groundwater Drought Management Strategies in the Limpopo Basin Pilot Areas’ funded by a GEF grant from the World Bank and implemented by the Groundwater Management Programme within the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). This RCWMP is one of a number of similar Plans that have been developed as pilot programmes in rural communities in the Limpopo Basin in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana.
The Planning Process described in this report is the process that will lead to the Plan itself. This report describes that process and the procedure by which the community becomes empowered to determine the type of intervention that it stands to gain most from, the monitoring work required with which to measure the impact of the intervention and most of all the rightful ownership of the CWMP. The resultant CWMP is described in the companion document Rural Community Water Management Plan for Shakadza, South Africa.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 3
2. Principles of the Planning Process
The Community Water Management Plan (CWMP) has to be understood as a tool which will provide guidance to the recipient community in times of drought. It offers background information and action advice which the community members can relate to and make decisions on. Physical as well as social interventions involving the concept of community water management are presented in this planning process document, but it can be assumed that the initial management approaches and specific issues that are propounded herein will undoubtedly be modified as the Plan itself evolves.
This CWMP follows a number of guiding principles that will enable the community to sustain its livelihoods and improve wellbeing during periods of drought by better community management and use of local groundwater sources. The key guiding principles are:
Community Ownership Close consultation with the Shakadza community and other secondary stakeholders is essential to the achievement of successful and sustainable results. The planning processes contribute to community ownership of the project and the resultant Community Water Management Plan represents the community’s expectations for water management.
Functional Simplicity The content of the plan has been drafted to ensure that it suits the local context and is understandable to the majority of the community. The planning process has also involved detailed consultation with the Community Water Management Committee to ensure their understanding of the water supply interventions.
Essential Data Collection Comprehensive and accurate quantitative data collection is essential in order to measure social and biophysical changes resulting from the water supply interventions. These data are key to evaluating the effectiveness of each intervention.
Basis of Long Term Community Water Management The management plan was developed by the community in cooperation with the project team and it aims to provide a strong foundation for long term rural community water management. The plan will be adapted and updated over time by the Community Water Management Committee as lessons are learned by the community through the monitoring of various water supply and social indicators.
Enhance Community Knowledge The CWMP recognises the knowledge that exists within the community regarding time-proven techniques and traditional ways of water management. The Plan and the cooperative environment within which it has evolved provides additional information and knowledge to community members. A major outcome of the planning process, therefore, has been to enhance technical and management and skills within the community.
Community Contribution The community was committed to helping initiate and subsequently maintaining the water supply intervention.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 4
Equity and Special Needs Although the interventions may benefit all residents of Shakadza, the Community Water Management Plan respects the special needs of the vulnerable members of the community. The needs of women, resource poor farmers, youth, disabled people and those living with HIV and AIDS have been prioritised as beneficiaries of the Plan.
Sustainability This principle aims to sustain the physical, organisational and financial resources for the interventions, but cannot guarantee that this will continue in the post-project phase.
2.1 Plan Development Process
The inception phase of the project involved participatory research into the issues of water and drought management in the community. Focus group discussions - that included livestock and arable farmers, resource-poor farmers, traditional leadership, gender based groups, female headed households, youth and government extension agents - ensured that the project was fully informed by the views, opinions, concerns and aspirations of the different social groups that are found in Shakadza.
The draft Community Water Management Planning Process document for the Shakadza community was discussed with village leaders, institutions and government extension agents. The purpose of this participatory process was to validate the draft Community Water Management Plan and reaffirm community commitment and ownership to it. The validation process was fully achieved and also provided opportunities for the Shakadza community to identify the potential livelihood initiatives that would be carried out once the physical interventions were completed.
The final planning process involved the detailed community action plan that would guide implementation by the now established Shakadza Stakeholder Management Committee (SMC). The outputs of this participatory planning process involving the SMC, included a blue-print of action for the community level project initiatives.
The community liaison exercise (Planning Process 1) to develop the CWMP involved the following members of the community:
Surname Initials Profession and/or Position in village (chief, kraal head, nurse, priest) Mr. Phaswane E Pump operator Mr. Masera G Pump operator
Mr. Ndou M.S Educator
Mr. Phaswane A Royal family member
Ms. Makhado L.C -
Ms. Mavhungu R -
Ms. Mulaudzi R -
Mrs. Gumbu M -
Mr. Vele G Educator
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 5
Mrs. Ndou M.F Educator
Mrs. Manenzhe A Educator
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 6
3. Goal and Objective of the Plan
3.1 Goal
The goal of the CWMP is:
To facilitate and empower the community to maintain its livelihoods and wellbeing during periods of drought.
This is not an easy task, but the planning process and the resultant CWMP provides the framework and guidelines that will assist the community to achieve both technical and social improvements.
It will also help to build linkages between the community and regulatory stakeholders with respect to water provision and use. The CWMP provides the community with specific ways in which the cooperation between stakeholders and regulatory bodies can be integrated and enhanced to improve sustainable water management at community level in the future.
3.2 Objectives
The specific objectives of the CWMP are:
a) To promote improved rural community management and use of water sources, especially groundwater sources, during periods of drought. o More water available for domestic use especially during drought spells o More water available for food gardens especially during drought spells o More water available for livestock especially during drought spells o As a result of better water management practices reduce the need for emergency water supply o Improved water quality
b) To maintain and improve livelihoods, self-reliance and level of development during drought by means of community managed actions. o reduce food shortage: Number of emergency feeding programmes decrease o increase the number of food gardens o increase the period of food garden activity o Increase the number of months harvesting crops from gardens can occur o Increase the quantity and quality of locally produced vegetables o As a result of greater self-sufficiency from gardens throughout the year, has the socio-economic situation of beneficiary/vulnerable households improved c) To improve general health in the community o Improved nutritional levels o Number of diarrhoea occurrence stays the same or decrease o Decrease in cases of malnutrition amongst children under the age of 5years British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 7
d) Destitution remains the same or decreases. e) To improve the general knowledge of the community concerning groundwater, pollution and drought preparedness f) Motivate the community to adopt positive water management practices g) Ensure the community and SMC are sufficiently familiar with physical intervention and know how to maintain and repair it h) Empower the community to take control and mange their water resources effectively, by improved knowledge, data collection and data interpretation
3.3 Anticipated Outcome
The CWMP is designed around community ownership and enhanced community understanding of water provision and drought. It lays down a basis for improved rural community water management at a strategic level rather than at a recurrent seasonal ‘fire- fighting’ level. The anticipated essential outcome for the rural community is enhanced livelihood security through the provision of a better managed and more secure water supply. Although it is not anticipated or specifically intended that this will enable the community to develop external markets for produce, it will provide the community with an improved basis for stock watering, gardening and other activities during times of water shortage resultant on drought conditions i.e. it will assist in maintaining essential community livelihoods.
The level to which community wellbeing is improved by the proposed interventions will be carefully monitored and compared against pre-intervention base line data by the project with the assistance of the community. If the anticipated outcomes are not achieved, the interventions will need to be revisited to ascertain what additional physical or social actions could be required to improve the outcome. This will be essential information that will either support or inhibit the roll out of similar interventions elsewhere in the region.
The community of Shakadza is one of seven communities selected within four of the SADC Member States to trial the value of both social and physical interventions intended to empower communities to lessen the hardship of drought. The lessons learned in the Planning Process, both by the community and by SADC, will help to inform the eventual roll out of similar process planning for communities throughout the SADC region.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 8
4. Baseline Information
Shakadza Community
Figure 1 Google Image of Shakadza Community
4.1 Location Site location -Shakadza, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa Georeference -22° 37’ 4.2’’ S, 30° 33’ 31.3’’ E Topographic map - sheet 2230DA Thengwe (3rd edition, 1999) at scale 1:50 000 Elevation - between 630 and 700 masl.
4.1.1 Socio-economic Population groups - Mutale Municipality population is spread over former homeland areas, commercial farms, towns and semi-urban centres. It consists of two towns, Mutale and Masisi as well as several villages which are spread over seven tribal authorities. Although the dominant ethnic group in the municipality is Venda, there are also Batlokwa (a Northern Sotho group) and Tsonga. The most common language spoken is Tshivenda. The area largely consists of communally occupied land and includes a large number of rural settlements administered by tribal authorities. Town and rural service centres do exist in the municipality. Population - the municipality has a population of about 95 700. Settlement pattern in Shakadza - the settlement pattern is largely rural. The community is demarcated into four villages settled in an accessible area. Most of British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 9
the households live in modern houses built with brick wall and corrugated or tile- roofing. Fewer households live in traditional mud huts. The largest percentage of Vhavenda in the community has resulted in the higher degree of influence on the culture and language of the Northern Sotho and Tsonga. The result is a high degree of cultural and linguistic homogeneity in the community so that the majority of the people speak Tshivenda as their first language. Headmen - the headman (Mr. P Phaswane in Shakadza) is political head of smaller sections of the community-Villages. Village structure - a grouping of interconnected villages in an east-west trending valley. House-stands are each roughly 40 metres square, and are arranged in a regular grid pattern. Sizeable parts of many house-stands are given over to fruit trees, vegetable plots and animal ‘kraals’ (enclosures). Stands are, in principle, allocated by the village headman within the area officially demarcated for residential purposes. Focal points - large clinic, shops, boreholes, schools and local government offices in the wider area. Projects - peri-urban water supply scheme financed through Municipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG) funding. Economy - some subsistence agriculture; irrigation schemes on the Mutale River, but mainly administrative and service employment in local business centre. Business centre – local government centre at Thengwe. Roads - the villages are connected by a local graded all-weather road to the recently tarred road between Muzwodi in the north and Thengwe to the south. Services - Shakadza is a small service centre with a large clinic, store and school. Boreholes - two boreholes; the first equipped with a diesel-powered pump delivering to an elevated reservoir, and the second fitted with a defunct hand pump. Water is supplied via gravity feed to stand pipes throughout the community, where it is collected/fetched in containers and transported on donkey carts and wheel-barrows to individual households for domestic use. Power - electricity with access to diesel and petrol
4.1.2 Climate Environment – semi-arid. Rainfall – strongly seasonal, occurring mainly during the summer (October to March) with peak rainfall during December and February. The rainfall record (Figure 2) at Folonhodwe, located some 14 km to the west of Shakadza, indicates periods of drought (e.g. 1982/83 and 1991/92) and heavy rainfall, the latter resulting in major flood events as experienced in 2000/01. Rainfall type – orographic and convectional thunderstorms; o summer – moist SE trade winds along the Limpopo Valley from the Indian Ocean during wet season (October to March) when the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is located over northern Zimbabwe. o winter – dry (April to September). Rainfall erratic, heavy short thunderstorms
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 10
Folonhodwe Annual Rainfall
800
700
600
500
400
300 Rainfall m m /annum 200
100
0
1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Y e a r
Figure 2 Long-term annual rainfall record at Folonhodwe
Temperatures – the mean daily temperature ranges from 10°C in June (winter) to 29°C in October/November (summer). Cold winter nights in June and July, with hot (> 30°C) afternoons in summer. Evaporation – the average potential mean annual evaporation ranges between 1800 mm in the western mountains to 2400 mm in the northeast. Highest evaporation occurs from October to January, and the lowest in June. Annual evaporation data from four sites in the Limpopo Province of South Africa (Figure 3) indicate the marked difference in evaporation rates experienced north and south of the Soutpansberg mountain range. At the Albasini Dam site south of the mountains, evaporation rates vary between 1000 and 1500 mm/a, only occasionally exceeding the latter amount during drought periods. In contrast, north of the Soutpansberg, evaporation rates measured at the Nzhelele, Luphephe and Mutshedzi Dams varies between 1500 and 2000 mm/a with up to 2500 mm/a being experienced during major droughts as in 1991/92 (DWA evaporation data 2008). Drought - extended periods of below average rainfall are common.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 11
Annual Evaporation Data for Stations in Limpopo Province
3000
2500
2000 Albasini Dam Nzhelele Dam 1500 Luphephe Dam Mutshedzi Dam
1000 Evaporationmm/annum
500
0
2002/ 3 2002/ 2000/ 1 2000/ 5 2004/ 7 2006/
1952/53 1956/57 1962/63 1966/67 1970/71 1980/81 1984/85 1988/89 1994/95 1998/99 1954/55 1958/59 1960/61 1964/65 1968/69 1972/73 1974/75 1976/77 1978/79 1982/83 1986/87 1990/91 1992/93 1996/97 Year
Figure 3 Long-term annual evaporation record for representative stations in the Limpopo Province.
4.1.3 Drainage Catchment - the Shakadza Community is located in Tertiary catchment A92 of the Luvubu and Letaba Water Management Area (WMA). This catchment is drained by the Mbodi River, a tributary of the Mutale River which, in turn, is a tributary of the Luvubu/Letaba drainage system that joins the Limpopo River near Crook’s Corner. Local drainage - the Shakadza Community is located in a dry valley in the upper reaches of Quaternary catchment A92C. This catchment is drained by an ephemeral northeasterly draining tributary of the Mbodi River. River channel - as shown in Figure 1, the river channel is clearly defined. Surface flow - short duration after storms Sub-surface flow - unknown but all year round.
4.1.4 Geology Bedrock - primarily quartzite and sandstone with subordinate shale and basalt associated with the Wyllies Poort Formation of the Soutpansberg Group Structure - dominant structural strike is WSW-ENE as exemplified by regional faults such as the Klein Tshipise Fault located some 5 km to the north, and the Shakadza Fault located some 2 km to the south of the Shakadza Nodal Area. Weathering - moderate to unweathered
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 12
4.1.5 Geomorphology Land surface - located on the northern side of a fault scarp formed by the Shakadza Fault. Erosion surface - junction of Pliocene and post-African surfaces Land-forms - the Shakadza Community is located in a dry WSW-ENE striking valley some 1 km wide. Moderate to strongly dissected arenaceous strata with Quaternary sand cover in valley bottoms, slightly to extremely irregular plains to hills and low mountains. Weathered thickness - shallow. Groundwater targets - fracture and fault zones; weathered granitic gneiss in valleys. Regolith - extensive sand and gravel deposits of Quaternary age that cover the valley floor.
4.1.6 Soils
Soil types - a deep sands to shallow sandy lithosols, complex of brown or reddish brown, coarse-grained to loamy sands, inherently fertile. Soil class - soils support dry land crop farming.
4.1.7 Natural Vegetation and Fauna
Natural vegetation – identified as the Musina Mopane Bushveld (vegetation unit SVmp 1) within the Mopane Bioregion of the Savanna Biome. Dryland mopane savanna with dominant Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) and varieties of acacia. Vegetation is largely mopane veld, with some mixed bushveld and sourveld in western portions. North of the Soutpansberg, the vegetation is predominantly open tree savannah (sourish mixed bushveld) with Acacia caffra the dominant tree, and a denser tree savannah (mixed bushveld) in the northern foothills. In the dryer, low -lying areas to the north, the vegetation is largely short shrubby mopane trees (Colophospermum mopane), with scattered Baobab trees (Adansonia digitata). Natural fauna – several varieties of game, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are encountered in the area, which is attributed to the diversity of habitats available and the perennial water supply of the Mutale and Luvuvhu Rivers. Several endangered species are present, including the suni, leopard and osprey.
4.1.8 Agriculture
Agricultural potential - land adjacent to the Mutale River is well suited to the production of crops under irrigation, but the climatic conditions are also capable of supporting dry land agriculture and livestock farming. Natural region - the Tshiombo Valley, a broad nearly flat area approximately 33 km long and 4 - 7 km wide at an altitude of about 600 masl, covers some 18 800 ha of which 80% is estimated to be cultivable (ISCW Land Type Ba60).
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 13
Agriculture present - the dominant dry land crop is maize, usually intercropped with various varieties of pumpkins and squash. Smaller areas of groundnuts and some sorghum are also found. The proportion of produce sold is low, with most dry land crops being consumed entirely within the household. Dry land cropping only supplements household incomes, rarely forming a principal source of livelihood. Stock farming, of both cattle and goats, is widespread although no more than one-quarter of households keep livestock. Most cattle herds are 5 to 20 head, with similar sizes for goats. All land within the Tshiombo Valley is officially classified as communal land, and is under the control of the tribal authorities.
There will be a need during the CWMP process to construct a Seasonal Calendar to illustrate which crops are planted, when they are planted and harvested, when people work on their garden or field, when water is required and when is the period of water stress
4.2 Current Water Supply Situation.
The Shakadza community is supplied primarily via standpipes located a maximum distance of 200 m from any water user, and some metered connections. The Mutale Local Municipality is the responsible water supply authority.
4.2.1. General Situation
The Shakadza Community is served by a production borehole equipped with an electrically powered shaft-driven pump. The water is pumped to a reservoir located at an elevation of 780 masl on the mountain side to the south of the village.
The borehole is operated and maintained by the Mutale Local Municipality, with assistance from a pump operator and assistant. The latter personnel carry out the following functions: check the pump pressure daily, check the reservoir capacity weekly, regularly check the standpipes in the village, and report any malfunction or breakdown in the water supply network as soon as possible to the Mutale Local Municipality.
The municipality follows a learning-by-doing approach to effect basic repairs to the water reticulation system by employing untrained staff (mainly women) drawn from the local population.
There is no water committee in place in the community. Although the pump operator knows about the WUA, he is not involved in this structure.
Open wells dug in and alongside the sandy river channel are important sources of water to approximately 300 people in the vicinity. Downstream from the road crossing, a sand dam built in 1952 and since partly washed away, provides water from the riverbed during part of the dry season. This source often runs dry so that community gardens are difficult to maintain. Wells dug adjacent to the sand dam provide additional water for domestic water supply and vegetable gardening. These can dry up during drought.
Other sources – there are 8 boreholes located in and around the village area, of which 3 were operational in late 2008 and there are one borehole and a well, about 1 km from the
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 14
river, which dry up during drought. Most boreholes, wells and dams dry up during the dry season.
An old collapsed large diameter well next to the river, previously equipped with a wind pump, used to supply water to a large (about 200m3 capacity) tank for livestock watering, domestic, vegetable irrigation and laundry washing purposes.
4.2.2 Groundwater
Groundwater occurrence is primarily associated with fractured rock aquifers hosted by the quartzite and sandstone strata of the Wyllies Poort Formation. The alluvial and/or colluvial surface cover material that overlies fractured bedrock in the larger valleys represents a weathered and fractured rock aquifer system.
The DWA Regional Office in Polokwane operates and maintains a groundwater rest level monitoring programme that comprises 18 boreholes in secondary catchment A9. This office produces an annual report on monitoring and groundwater level trends in the province. The latest report (2009) shows that 16 of the 18 monitoring stations experienced a decline in water level in the period 1 May 2008 to 1 May 2009.
The DWA records indicate that there are eleven boreholes in the Shakadza (Table 1). Their positions, and that of the reservoir, are shown in Figure 3.
Table 1. Borehole data for the Shakadza from DWA records.
Borehole ID Borehole No. Location Latitude Longitude Malilela 2230BCV0045 H22-0785 -22.6227770 30.5548611 Secondary School 2230DAV0007 H22-0106 Stateland -22.6157300 30.5558000 2230DAV0011 H22-0455 Stateland -22.6178611 30.5586106 2230DAV0012 H22-0336 Stateland -22.6171389 30.5588884 2230DAV0013 H22-0456 Stateland -22.6166700 30.5589000 2230DAV0014 H22-0458 Stateland -22.6124500 30.5507400 2230DAV0015 H22-0457 Stateland -22.6124800 30.5507300 2230DAV0016 H22-0454 Stateland -22.6168700 30.5688500 2230DAV0050 H22-0879 Stateland -22.6154189 30.5522630 2230DAV0108 H22-0251 Stateland -22.6191700 30.5763900 2230DAV0126 H22-0453 Stateland -22.6132600 30.5610700
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 15
Figure 4 Locality map of boreholes and other water supply infrastructure in the Shakadza Area
4.2.3 Water Quality
Groundwater quality is usually good although the shallow nature of the aquifer and thin clayey near-surface layer increase the vulnerability of the groundwater to contamination as indicated by the presence of measurable concentrations of nitrate (Figure 4). The groundwaters present are mainly of a NaCl type but with low electrical conductivity (EC).
Shakudza Hydrochemistry 250
200 Ca Cl SEC F 150 K Mg
NH4 mg/l NO3 100 Na PO4 SO4 Si pH 50
0 2230DA00072 H22-0785 2230DA00074 H22-0336 2230DA00075 H22-0106 2230DA00125 H22-0879 SHAKADZA STATELAND SHAKADZA STATELAND SHAKADZA Site
Figure 5 Quality of groundwater in the Shakadza.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 16
4.2.4 Irrigation
The substantial extent of subsistence dry land agriculture in the Shakadza area is evident to the west and east of the village (Figure 3). Shallow groundwater obtained from alluvial (sand) river aquifers is used for informal irrigation. A yield of 0.7 l/s from is sufficient to irrigate 1 hectare for much of the year.
4.3 Current Status of Community Structure and Sociological Issues
The community maintains a clear and unquestionable social hierarchy. At the head is a hereditary chief, Mr. Phaswane who rules the entire community. The chief is responsible for the whole community. He settles disputes in the community, monitors the duties and roles of headmen in the villages such as allocation of arable land to individual homesteads for settlement, grazing of livestock and ploughing, organizes ritual, social and work parties and ensures that the natural environment is well preserved. The community comprises a number of villages under the leadership of headmen, usually the closest relatives of the chief.
Community population groups – the community represents a mixture of ethnic groups including Venda, and a minority group of Batlokwa and Shangaans.
Community population – the community has a population of 6732.
4.4.1 Community Structure
Each village comprises a number of households. The households are in close proximity so that scarce resources such as water can be accessible to every member of the village. The people consider that selection of land for settlement should be determined by accessibility to a water resource. Some of the residential places today have been declared unsuitable for settlement because of the distance to a water resource.
Role of the headman - as political head of the village he is responsible for any matter relating to water service delivery in the village. Before any interventions can be put in place, the ward councilors and community development workers need first to obtain his permission. He ensures sustainable livelihood in the village through monitoring the use of resources including water resources. Although monitoring of groundwater resources is done informally, the headman ensures that the pump operator is not overwhelmed with challenges from the community. The pump operator periodically reports the condition of the water resources to the headman.
Project implementation - the chief and headman, as part of the multiple roles they play, are willing to offer support whenever this is needed during project implementation. They will be of assistance in ensuring the participation of the stakeholders during the implementation phase.
4.4.2 Community Livelihoods. Main livelihoods - the community depends on subsistence economy. The people rely on the natural vegetation and springs for livestock feeding. The traditional subsistence economy is dependent on rainfall. Gathering of vegetable, hunting, and fishing all depend on the availability of rain. The economy is also dependent on paid labour and to a lesser degree on ploughing and livestock. Household plots - each individual, composite or single-parent household is given a small plot of about 0.5 ha. The piece of land is dispensed by the headman of the village. People who originate from other communities or distant places
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 17
(outside Mutale and Vhembe Municipalities) pay a tribute - today about R1 000 cash, but in the past it was in the form of livestock, usually one head of cattle. Community garden - these are non-existent. There are ploughed fields about half a kilometre from the village site. The fields are dispensed by the headman. Each household is allocated a piece of land for ploughing. Due to unpredictable rainfall and drought in the area, the fields have not been used for the past five years. There is a minority of households that plough every year despite the poor harvests. Rain-fed crops - the most common rain-fed crops grown in the community are maize, peanuts, groundnuts and beans. Dry-season crops - drought resistant cereals such as sorghum and a variety of millet are cultivated. Cropping patterns - the tilling and sowing in the fields takes place seasonally depending on the availability of rain. Seeds are scattered in the fields according to the extensive indigenous knowledge of the type of soil and crops that should be planted. Livestock - the people are semi-pastoralists and practice animal husbandry side by side with agriculture. A person’s livestock represents his capital and is valued as a medium of exchange. Apart from meat, cattle and goats also provide milk (sheep milk is used only for medicinal purposes). Hides are processed to make clothes, mats, ropes and shoes. Plumes from the tails of cattle are used as a framework for bangles and ankles for womenfolk. Alternative income - many people are engaged in cash labour in the neighbouring towns of Thohoyandou, Messina and Masisi. And on the mines and farms. Others are also teachers, nurses, police officers and others. Migration - for reasons of accessibility villages are settled within reach of municipal services such as water, sanitation, electricity and waste removal. Through population increase some villages have expanded in Mutale Municipality so much that ploughed fields have been turned into residential areas. Instances of people migrating from Shakadza due to scarcity of water have not been observed. Labour migration from Shakadza is mainly to Messina, Tshipise and Tshikondeni mine on week days, with smaller numbers going to Thohoyandou.
4.4.3 Principal Community Sociological Issues.
The key sociological issues in Shakadza include:
Water demand Frequent breakage of the borehole. Timeframes for municipality to fix the borehole. Lack of proper monitoring of water resource use. Lack of water for communal gardens. The pump operator does not carry out monitoring of groundwater use or of possible contamination.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 18
Challenges to livestock owners Little access to water resources for livestock drinking. Higher livestock mortalities. Decreases in livestock farming due to lack of fodder and debilitating drought.
Health Possible contamination of the main borehole. No history about diseases resulted from water contamination in the community.
Water Committee The water committee at Shakadza was constituted by the community members to monitor groundwater resource use and management. The committee was dismantled due to lack of support from the community.
4.5. Current Community Status with Respect to Other Stakeholders
4.5.1 Rural Water Supply Stakeholders. The Mutale Local Municipality is responsible to the Shakadza Community for both water supply and sanitation services. Whilst groundwater monitoring is acknowledged as a responsibility of the local municipality as water services authority in the Mutale area, this function is severely inhibited by a lack of capacity and funding. Water management institutions include a catchment management agency (CMA) and a water user association (WUA). The Mutale Local Municipality is part of the Luvubu and Letaba CMA. This agency is currently chaired by the Manager, Water Services of the Vhembe District Municipality, who also represents all communities in this forum. The Mutale WUA was established to revitalisation irrigation. This WUA is multi- sectoral and includes representatives from governmental institutions (ministries, municipalities), the private sector (game parks and mines) as well as representatives of village communities. The WUA is run by a management committee of about 19 members. The Shakadza Community per se is not directly represented in this forum. The small-scale farmers of the area are collectively represented by Mr A.E. Rabambukwa based in Sagole. The Mutale WUA is hampered by lack of funding and it has little influence. The DWA has a regulatory role in CMA and WUA. In Shakadza, a pump operator and an assistant are responsible for the groundwater supply comprising the borehole, the pump, the reservoir and other related infrastructure.
4.6 Existing Drought Coping Strategies
Sociological baseline survey analysis indicates that the main impacts of major droughts on communities are: British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 19
lack of food, scarce crop yields, lack of fodder, disease and death of livestock, lack of water. .
4.6.1 Community Perception of Drought. Community perception – relates to hydrological drought seen as the following progression: o not receiving rain at the expected time o scarcity of rain o reduced river flow o reduced spring. well and borehole yields o drying up of streams, springs, wells and boreholes o fodder and food shortages o famine. Community definition – a ‘drought’ is a time of no rain, reduced water supply and little food for human and animal consumption. Impact of drought o poor supply of water for humans and livestock, o poor harvest, o lack of food and hunger, o poor health conditions, o lack of fodder; o disease and death of livestock. Impact of prolonged drought o no supply of water, o malnutrition resulting from lack of food, o persistent attack by ailments such as typhoid, cholera, gastro-enteritis, o poverty, o death of livestock, o depletion of biodiversity, o tourism generated revenue dwindling.
4.6.2 Current Coping Mechanisms Strategies for long-term drought - when normal coping mechanisms collapse - include:
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 20
o Use of springs for household use and livestock drinking. o Relocation of livestock to places where there would be fodder and water for livestock. o Sale of livestock. o Slaughtering of livestock. o Preservation of seeds from previous harvest. o Water recycling. o Limited quantity of water supply per household. o Rainmaking rituals by traditional medical practitioners and the headman/chief.
Actions that can improve drought preparedness and management Growing fodder for supplementary livestock feeding. Producing, preserving and storing food for household consumption (beans, groundnuts, jugo beans, dried green leafy vegetables) Sale of livestock to reduce the herd to manageable numbers when drought sets in Supplementary feeding of livestock Collection and storage of veld food as a drought coping strategy To plough during the first rains (September/October) Drying and storing meat for consumption when the drought sets in Fencing of arable fields to prevent arable farming-livestock conflicts and crop raids by wildlife as well as enable regeneration of grazing resources in fields after the harvest Establish borehole syndicates to pool water resources Building of dams to enable livestock watering throughout the year and promote irrigated agriculture Awareness building and support to commercial farming practices Conservation of groundwater Re-introduce bartering of products To promote good eating habits in households i.e. avoid over-eating so that during droughts, thin years people are not in the habit of over-indulgence but cope with the reduced availability of food. Development of backyard gardens
4.6.3 Future Drought Mitigation Measures
The supplementary water sources developed during the current programme together with the community monitoring process will enable the Shakadza community to more effectively anticipate the onset of drought induced water shortages. The necessary tools have been provided to enable better water resource management to minimise the impact of a prolonged period of reduced water supply. As detailed in this CWMP, this community management may involve a selective reduction of water usage, the prioritisation of water users, a change in water application for agricultural purposes and for some other methods.
During CWMP development with the community more community information relating to drought perception and coping strategies will be gathered to refine the plan.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 21
5. Proposed Interventions
5.1 Community Aspirations
The Shakadza community suffers from a lack of water for both livestock and communal gardens almost every dry season, and is especially vulnerable during extended drought periods. The major issue highlighted in several community visits is that the community would like the “dam to be rehabilitated” and “the well reconstructed” or “another borehole drilled to supply the reservoir”. The reservoir could then be used for the nearby household-owned gardens and for livestock as well as for drinking water.
Since the proposed intervention measures include the involvement of the community in the monitoring of the source, the opportunity for participants to improve their literacy and numeracy skills supports a further community aspiration. Participation fosters a sense of ownership.
5.2 Community ‘Buy In’ to Intervention and Community Training
5.2.1 Community Ownership.
Community ‘buy in’ appears to be assured as a result of the following factors.
Considerable enthusiasm has been shown by the community and community leaders for the proposed interventions described during a number of community visits. The education authorities have shown interest and assured their support for and participation in the proposed intervention measures. The Shakadza Primary School has been identified for participation in the intervention measures. The pump operator has declared his willingness to work with learners in implementing monitoring measures The dismantled water committee was reformed within the Stakeholder Management Committee (SMC) to work together with the local pump operator to ensure community mobilisation and active participation in the intervention process, and will undergo training to equip them for this task. The reformed water committee is ready to interact with the school children and pump operator in the execution of groundwater monitoring. Existing and ongoing inconsistent water supply and drought, together with increased demand on and over-utilisation of existing groundwater sources, has encouraged the community to embrace and become involved in any intervention scheme that will help alleviate the situation and sustain, and even improve, community livelihoods.
The CWMP will contain an agreement with the community/committee members regarding their continued involvement in order to ensure community ‘buy in’ and sustainability of the interventions.
5.2.2 Community Empowerment
Any intervention implemented in the community will require that certain individuals, or groups of individuals, are given training in both operation and maintenance of the scheme and in the subsequent monitoring to ensure sustainability (See Section 6.2). British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 22
The community will receive groundwater and drought awareness training to understand the resource available to them and help their management of the resource.
Although the members of the CWMC have all been exposed to basic management of a community based organisation, capacity strengthening is required in the following key areas: Project Management, Leadership Development, Conflict Management, Fundraising Skills, Community Mobilisation and Partnership Building. The different extension officers in the community have responsibility for capacity building of village institutions and will consider these needs.
An assessment of training needs will be determined. The training requirements will then be incorporated into the awareness/training programme.
5.3 Details of Proposed Interventions
The planned physical interventions are summarised in Table 2. Their locations are shown on Figure 5.
Table 2 Summary of Physical Interventions.
Intervention Physical Intervention Other engineering input Site No. Establish and review the original operation and monitoring schedule of the production borehole, SH01 O&M borehole and implement an appropriate reactivated monitoring programme Fit the defunct open borehole with a secure cover SH02 to prevent the entry of foreign material into the O&M borehole bore and aquifer Install groundwater and climate monitoring equipment (for involvement of local school SH03 O&M monitoring equipment children and other community members in water level and rainfall monitoring)
5.3.1 Physical Interventions
The following physical interventions are planned:
Site SH01 – Production borehole monitoring. Existing structure - A water supply borehole equipped with an electrified line- shaft driven pump, and discharging into an elevated reservoir located a distance of just over 1 km away. The production borehole is secured in a lock- up corrugated iron shelter. Planned intervention 1 - Implement an appropriate reactivated monitoring programme. This is required because of the disabled water level activated pump cut-out device, the malfunctioning of the flow metering device, and the absence of any written record of monitoring measurements. Intervention 1 design - Review the original operation and monitoring schedule and programme for the production borehole. This will need to consider the reason for a water level activated pump cut-out device, and a means of access for a dip meter probe to measure depth to water level.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 23
Planned intervention 2 - Water quality monitoring, even though no adverse health conditions have been reported despite continual use of the water also for drinking purposes. Intervention 2 design - Application and use of equipment and materials to measure basic field hydrochemical parameters.
Site SH02 – Closure of the defunct open borehole. Existing structure - An open cased borehole in an exposed location on a large concrete plinth adjacent to the production borehole SH01. Planned intervention - Prevent the entry of foreign material into the borehole. Intervention design -- Fit the borehole with a secure tamper-proof cover.
Site SH03 – Supply, installation and demonstration of groundwater and basic climatological monitoring equipment. Existing structure - None. Planned intervention 1 - Monitor the rainfall locally. o Intervention 1 design - Install a simple rain gauge at a suitable location on the Shakadza Primary School property. Planned intervention 2 - Monitor the groundwater rest level. o Intervention 2 design - Provide the Shakadza SMC with a dipmeter. It is probable that an instrument with a range of 50 m will be adequate. Also provide a millimetre graduated measuring tape of at least 1 m length as well as a set of spare batteries for the dip meter. Planned intervention 3 – Monitor the groundwater quality. o Intervention 3 design – Provide the Shakadza SMC with a hand held combination electrical conductivity and temperature meter as well as a set of spare batteries for the instrument. Planned intervention 4 - Record all monitoring data. o Intervention 4 design - Provide the Shakadza SMC with the materials (logbook, pen, pencil, etc.) to keep a record of all measurements made. Planned intervention 5 - Training. o Intervention 5 design - Provide the Shakadza SMC, pump operator and identified learner group with training in the use, care and maintenance of the monitoring instruments. This will be supported with a basic operation and maintenance manual. Planned intervention 6 - Awareness building. o Intervention 6 design - Organise and hold a “learning event” in the Shakadza Community in which a basic understanding of groundwater resources and the relationship to rainfall and drought, and their impact on quantity (e.g. over-abstraction) and the quality (e.g. pollution) of groundwater.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 24
5.3.2 Sociological Intervention
Each of the proposed physical interventions described in Section 5.3.1 requires well planned social interventions targeted at specific members of the community. The following social interventions to accompany the physical interventions will be implemented (Table 3).
It is anticipated that further social interventions might be demanded by the community at a later stage during the CWMP community participatory development and these can be added to this list.
Table 3 Social Interventions Needed to Support Physical Interventions Aimed at Groups within Shakadza Community
Physical Intervention Social Intervention Target Audience Establish and review the original operation and monitoring schedule of SMC the production borehole, and implement AP Supply Borehole Learners an appropriate re-activated monitoring Community programme Install groundwater and climate monitoring equipment (for involvement SMC AP Monitoring Equipment of local school children and other Learners
community members in water level and Community rainfall monitoring) AP = Awareness Program
The social interventions need to: enhance the ownership among community members, enhance the cooperation and participation among community members, bridge the knowledge gap regarding water and drought which exists among the community, develop the CWMP and empower the community in monitoring and decision making.
It is envisaged that the Sociological Intervention Programme conducted as part of this planning process will be phased as set out below.
Stage I
In a first community meeting of the Intervention Phase the community will identify an existing community based organization (CBO) or assist in creating a new one that will be responsible for any matter regarding the physical intervention and the community. In Shakadza, the SMC is a strong body which can be trained act as the Water Committee. The responsibilities and role of such a Committee may be extended to cover the planned interventions.
The SMC is to be fully involved in the development and evolution of the CWMC and will oversee any community inputs into the implementation of the intervention. The SMC will also mobilize the community to participate. A one day workshop will be held to explain the objectives and to develop the committee tasks.
Stage I will require the involvement of the SMC and the initial liaison will gather/update baseline data and start to develop the CWMP - expected duration: 1-2 days
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 25
Stage II
A general awareness programme relating to water, groundwater and drought will be held with different stakeholders at community level at the beginning of the implementation phase. Information will be provided on the following topics: the hydrological cycle, the distinction between ground and surface water, groundwater recharge and groundwater pollution, drought, and indicators of drought, reasons for and impact of droughts, possible preparedness strategies, and monitoring of interventions and sources (especially for the Water Committee and schools).
Shakadza residents who participated in the General Groundwater Awareness workshop also discussed: The major causes of groundwater pollution and how these can be prevented. What drought is, the different types and how we can be more prepared for and manage it. Where groundwater comes from and where it goes. How we can best conserve groundwater resources. Abstraction of groundwater. The importance of being better stewards of our environment. The hydrological cycle. Types of wells that are used in groundwater abstraction. The importance of being prepared for drought as opposed to fire-fighting. The objectives of the SADC groundwater drought management project and its history.
Stage III
Appropriate accompanying awareness programme for the community members will be carried out. Other components will be explained within this awareness session. Other stakeholders in the village and regional representatives (District Council, DWA, and Ministry of Agriculture) need to be present. Expected duration: 1-2 days
Stage IV
Stage IV will further develop the CWMP together with the Community Water Committee into a final document. This will include the necessary agreed management mechanisms, construction monitoring and community water source and water supply monitoring. The final CWMP will contain a drought action plan stating action ‘triggers’, actions to be taken in time of water stress and a communication feedback strategy to address community and other stakeholders when actions are to be taken. Expected Duration: 2-3 days.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 26
Stage V
Regular monitoring visits in cooperation with the Community Water Committee, will identify any further knowledge gaps. A refresher awareness programme may need to be implemented with the respective stakeholder group. Expected Duration: 1 day (per visit)
5.4 Community Structure Development with Respect to Water Management and O&M
Experience indicates that projects implemented at community level are likely to be more successful and sustainable if the ownership of the project lies within in the community itself. In addition, participation in decision-making processes and implementation are essential to achieve the anticipated benefits for community members.
Shakadza community like other communities in Mutale Local Municipality has a community development worker committee. The committee has a vast experience of working with NGOs in the community and has played an important part in mediating between the community and the project leaders for progress and sustainability of the projects.
The process of formation or election of the SMC will be documented in the RCWMP, listing names of members, positions, professions or position within the community as well as describing roles and responsibilities. Other entities within the community (i.e. schools, clinics etc) who may also collect monitoring data will also be documented, with an indication as to how the information will reach the SMC.
In addition, the mode of meeting of the SMC to effect water management for the community as well as communication/cooperation with other stakeholders will be defined in the final CWMP.
The roles and responsibilities of the SMC have been agreed as follows: To raise the required funding for the community to implement income generating activities on the project site and ensure security of the facilities as well as the repair and maintenance of the equipment. To draft a constitution that will guide the community water management structure. To provide leadership and oversight in the effective and efficient implementation of the project. To develop guidelines and selection criteria for the use of project facilities. To generate applications for the use of project facilities from different community groups. To develop detailed plans for the use of project facilities during periods of drought and communicate these to Shakadza residents. To monitor the progress of the project. To disseminate information to the community on issues related to the project. To ensure the proper use and maintenance of project facilities. To ensure that the equipments is safe and secure.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 27
To ensure frequent monitoring of groundwater resources and disseminate the results to the community. To facilitate community access to information on groundwater and drought management.
The mode of meeting of the SMC to effect water management for the community as well as communication/cooperation with other stakeholders will be defined in the final CWMP.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 28
6. Knowledge Transfer and Awareness/Training Programmes
As a vital part of the implementation of the various interventions it will be crucial to transfer a certain level of knowledge to the community to achieve community ‘buy in’ and commitment to and involvement in the monitoring. This will be achieved by the extensive use of a newly developed Awareness Manual.
6.1 The Awareness Manual
6.1.1 Aim of Awareness Manual
The manual aims to assist the country sociologists through provision of programmes needed to prepare participating communities for the planned installation of physical interventions within communities. One copy will remain in the community and can be used as background information and a reference book in case questions regarding the interventions occur.
The awareness component of the project programme is aimed at gaining the support and delivering a sense of ownership and understanding of project elements by the community. These are needed to ensure the sustainability of planned physical interventions thus enabling successful community- based groundwater management.
6.1.2 Content of Awareness Manual
To aid the discussions with community members simple notes describing awareness units in 9 subject areas divided into two broad groups have been prepared:
Group A – Awareness of Physical Processes (subject areas 1-3) Group B – Awareness of the Types of Physical Interventions to be Implemented (subject areas 4-9)
The first deals with physical processes such as Groundwater Resources, Drought Impact and Water Supply Monitoring. To aid description these subject areas are divided into a series of training units. Many of the processes described occur underground and are difficult to visualise. The concepts presented may be difficult to understand by community members but some understanding is required if groundwater resources are to be developed and utilised sustainably. The intervention awareness subjects present a general understanding, of each type of intervention.
The awareness units are presented as a series of posters that can be selected according to the requirements of each different community. Reference will be made to specific manuals that describe specific interventions in greater detail.
GROUP A – AWARENESS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES
1. Groundwater Resources 2. Drought Impact 3. Water Supply Monitoring
GROUP B – AWARENESS OF THE TYPES OF PHYSICAL INTERVENTIONS TO BE IMPLEMENTED
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 29
4. Awareness Programme on the Construction and Maintenance of Subsurface Dams, Pumps, Wells and Boreholes (to be implemented where subsurface weirs are planned) 5. Awareness Programme on the Construction of Water Storage and Ancillary Structures such as fencing around gardens; irrigation systems (canals/pipes for gardens); reticulation systems to tanks/gardens; and surface water storage tanks. 6. Awareness Programme on the Installation and Maintenance of Equipment such as windmills; hand pumps; water storage tanks and irrigation pipes (drip/spray irrigation) 7. Awareness Programme on the Rehabilitation of Structures such as subsurface weirs, wells, boreholes, water storage systems, water supply reticulation systems and small scale irrigation systems 8. Awareness Programme on the Installation and Use of Monitoring Systems such as rainfall gauges; water level recorders; and well/borehole abstraction rate recording methods
Subject Areas Each subject area is broken down into a series of training units. In turn each unit comprises the following parts: Message –brief description of unit content Background information – fuller descriptions of the components of each unit using simple text, line diagrams and photographs Methods of putting information across with suggestions on how to achieve knowledge transfer.
It is envisaged that the programme will be adapted to the specific needs and planned intervention in the community. Community feedback will be used to improve the process of implementation and develop a more cohesive document.
6.2 Community Empowerment Aspects
The SMC will be given from short training courses.
A summary of possible training requirements is indicated in Table 4 below.
Table 4 Overview of possible training requirements and target audiences according to physical intervention type - Shakadza
Physical Intervention Training Requirement Target Audience Establish and review the original operation Pump-operator and monitoring schedule of the production O&M Supply Boreholes SMC e borehole, and implement an appropriate re- School children activated monitoring programme Install groundwater and climate monitoring Pump-operator equipment (for involvement of local school O&M Monitoring Equipment SMC School children children and other community members in Community water level and rainfall monitoring)
The specific training course material is forms part of the Awareness Manual.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 30
7. Monitoring
“Monitoring is the measurement or observation of the effects or reactions produced by a specific cause or action imposed by a change in the equilibrium or balance that currently exists in a natural system”.
In the context of the project there are two essential aspects to monitoring, namely: Monitoring relating to the success or otherwise of the implemented interventions with respect to achieving the objectives of the project, especially the maintenance or enhancement of community livelihoods during drought by improved utilisation of groundwater. Monitoring relating to any potential environmental (social and physical) impacts created by the implemented interventions.
7.1 Definition of Monitoring Indicators
The implementation of the work will result in both physical and sociological impacts and thus both physical and sociological indicators have to be defined.
The indicators will be discussed and agreed with the community as part of the development of the CWMP.
7.1.1 Physical Monitoring Indicators
Physical indicators will be used to monitor physical impacts of the intervention, especially those related to the impact on, or created by the use of, groundwater resources. In addition, other physical factors such as climate, water quality, agricultural practises and conditions may require to be monitored to assess temporal variability.
Groundwater The magnitude and temporal sustainability of a groundwater resource can be assessed by the measurement of groundwater level, quality and rate of depletion/replenishment (both natural and artificial).
The indicators are: Groundwater Level Groundwater Quality Rate of Abstraction
Climate The local climatic conditions have significant influence on the availability of surface water and the potential for replenishment of groundwater. They also have a major influence in the agricultural activities and outputs of the community.
The indicators are: Rainfall Temperature Evaporation
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 31
Water Quality Water quality is important with respect to agriculture and the tolerance of different crops to different chemical constituents of irrigation water. The indicators are: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) content Chloride content
Rural Water Supply In order to assess the community-wide situation with respect to existing water supply from boreholes, wells and surface water sources, and the extend to which this supply system becomes ‘stressed’ during periods of drought, it is important to measure and/or observe:: Surface water levels (depth, lateral extent and length of time of flood events). Water levels in wells and boreholes (and any decline during drought and recovery after drought). Water abstraction rate from wells and boreholes (and any decline during drought). Water quality (any decline, especially in taste, during drought).
Agriculture Measurement and/or observation of a number of general agricultural indicators can provide an assessment of the status of community livelihoods. Individual farmers and agricultural extension workers should be able to provide information on the following topics; Numbers of livestock kept per household. Crop yields. Areas and location of plots cultivated. Crop types grown and in what rotation. Irrigation methods employed e.g. furrow, drip. Rates of fertiliser application.
7.1.2 Social Monitoring Indicators
The expected outcomes and impacts from interventions vary according to the specific intervention implemented. Therefore, a number of indicators need to be formulated which can be used to measure the various changes. The two main groups are indicators regarding population welfare and food production and agriculture.
These indicators were developed through a participatory process with the community during the numerous interventions and were derived from discussions on livelihood constraints and aspirations as well as later during the detailed planning for the groundwater drought management project undertaken with the with the SMC. These indicators include those that have been developed by government health and social development extension workers to monitor community health, nutrition and overall wellbeing.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 32
The indicators, discussed and agreed with the community as part of the CWMP development, will be monitored by the community. Further indicators will probably result from community discussion and can be added to the CWMP.
Population Welfare
The intervention will impact the quality and quantity of water available in the community and, therefore, the population’s welfare which can be monitored by institutions in the village (Table 5).
Table 5 Monitoring of Population Welfare Indicators
Population Welfare Indicators Monitored through Health: Periods of illness Number of diarrhoea occurrences Numbers affected people District Health Team Statistics on the nutritional Health: Cases of Malnutrition status of children under five years of age
Water Shortage: Frequency of water bowsering to village Need for emergency water supply Period of water bowsering to village Frequency of supplementary feeding/distribution Food shortage: programs Number of emergency feeding programmes Period of supplementary feeding/distribution programmes
Water Supply The objective of the interventions is to provide a sustainable and constant water supply to the community. Five main indicators which need to be monitored can be identified based on the physical interventions (Table 6):
Table 6 Monitoring of Water Supply Indicators
Water Supply Indicators Monitoring Measure Water level trend Durability of the borehole Water quality trend Sustainability of supply yield Daily litres abstracted for domestic consumption Weekly observations (documented in diary) More water available for domestic use Document special events Discussion in regular village meeting Village observation Damage to infrastructure Hygiene around infrastructure Operation and maintenance Weekly observations (documented in diary) Document special events Discussion in regular village meeting Number of shortages Duration of shortages Constant flow / Constant supply of water to Weekly observations (documented in diary) communities Document special events Discussion in regular village meeting Test water quality, including TDS and nitrate Good water quality / constant flow Observation smell, taste, colour
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 33
An overview is given in Table 7 below showing each physical intervention and respective social indicators.
Some interventions will be measured and monitored by the same indicators.
Table 7 Social Indicators according the Physical Intervention
Physical Intervention Social Indicator Establish and review the original operation and - Durability of the borehole monitoring schedule of the production borehole, - Constant supply of water to communities and implement an appropriate re-activated monitoring programme - Water quality/constant flow Install groundwater and climate monitoring - Constant supply of water to communities equipment (for involvement of local school - Good water quality children and other community members in water level and rainfall monitoring) - Operation and maintenance
Awareness and Training
The awareness programme although not monitored over time had the immediate impact of raising community awareness of the importance of groundwater resources, the impact of certain practices on its pollution as well as the benefits of drought preparedness.
In addition, the outcome of the awareness programmes (AP) was also monitored (Table 8):
Table 8 Awareness Programme Monitoring
Awareness Programmes Social Indicator - As a result of the AP, has the general knowledge of the General Awareness Programme community concerning groundwater, pollution and drought (Stage I) preparedness improved?
Intervention Operation awareness - As a result of the AP and O&M training, are the community and training and SMC sufficiently familiar with the physical intervention, know how to maintain the infrastructure, as well know how to monitor the groundwater resource
7.2 Physical Monitoring Programme
The most assured method of determining the sustainability and usability of groundwater resources is for the community to regularly measure water levels and record all abstractions on a daily basis, especially during drought periods. The continuation of monitoring activities during the period following any prolonged drought is crucial for the community to gain understanding of the rate of recovery of its groundwater resource. Since groundwater cannot be seen, it is only through the monitoring of specific factors that the community will become fully aware of the limitations of the groundwater resources available to it under different climatic conditions.
7.2.1 Monitoring Processes and Data Collection
In order that the monitoring of the physical indicators can be undertaken in accordance with a regular schedule and to ensure community ‘buy in’ and continuity of monitoring beyond the life of the project, it is essential that the monitoring process be undertaken and managed by the aforementioned members of the SMC which will form the Monitoring Unit (MU), the learners, the representative of the existing water committee and the pump operator.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 34
During the initial awareness campaign the SMC will be advised of the role and activities of the MU and the qualifications required for the work such that a suitable candidate can be proposed and appointed. Service on the MU will be purely voluntary but will be crucial to the success and sustainability of the interventions. The selected MU members will be given training in the processes of monitoring, data recording, basic data assessment and communication to the project, as well as basic operation and maintenance procedures related to the intervention.
The MU will be required to visit all monitoring sites on a regular basis, probably once a week (or more frequently in the case of any problems with water quantity or quality), and will make and record the relevant measurements pertaining to the various indicators. Who will conduct which data collection will be discussed and agreed on during the training session of the MU. These data will be archived by the SMC.
The position and conscientious performance of the MU will be vitally important to the operation and long term performance of the interventions, and will constitute the most critical link between the project and the community on an ongoing basis.
In addition to the MU a number of simple monitoring activities can be undertaken in cooperation with local schools, such as climatic monitoring and even water quality monitoring as part of the educational training. The benefit of this approach is that the data collection can be controlled (through the teacher), can be documented and used as an educational tool. The ownership of data and the responsibility of the sources (especially when discussing groundwater monitoring) will not only stay with the SMC but spread over the population. Children will strengthen the community ownership and responsibility for the intervention and its sustainability. It is envisaged that the involvement of schools will enhance community ‘buy in’ as well as raise community awareness.
7.2.2 Monitoring System
The monitoring system to be installed in the Shakadza Community will target the existing groundwater source represented by the borehole site SH01, and the climatic aspect of rainfall represented by site SH03 at the Shakadza Primary School.
However, the following basic guidelines will be adhered to in planning and installing the monitoring system.
Groundwater Monitoring
Minimum Location of monitoring Measurement Intervention monitoring Indicator sites method requirement PVC conduit tube (12mm diam) installed Electric contact Water supply Groundwater to a depth Inside the borehole gauge borehole SH01 rest level determined by (diameter) the pump installed depth Analog reading Water supply 1 No totalising Groundwater Fitted on pump outlet of volume borehole SH01 flow meter abstraction pumped
Climate Monitoring
Rainfall British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 35
a. Use a simple rainfall gauge located at the Magiledzi Primary School where dally measurements become a school activity. b. Use a basic tipping bucket recording rain gauge to measure total rainfall plus rainfall intensity and duration. (data download automatic)
Temperature a. Use simple wet and dry mercury thermometers located at the Magiledzi Primary School where daily measurements become a school activity at set times during the day. b. Incorporate temperature sensor into the recording rain gauge (see b. above)
Water Quality
TDS/Chloride a. Use a simple ‘taste’ test – ‘salty’ or ‘not salty’ b. Use simple disposable test strips to measure TDS and Chloride c. Use hand held battery operated meters to measure TDS and Chloride
7.2.3 Monitoring Equipment and Procedures
In order that a physical monitoring programme can proceed it will be necessary to provide some basic equipment for data collection. This should include any essential instruments and data recording materials (notebooks, writing material etc) as well as facilities for mobility (if necessary) and communication to the data gathering centre (if possible).
Failure to provide such equipment, and incentives, may seriously hamper the longer term monitoring component of the programme.
Equipment
To be sustainable in a rural community environment monitoring equipment should be both robust and simple, with as few technological aspects or power requirements as possible, such that the equipment can be operated and maintained by the Monitoring Operative without outside assistance.
The following equipment is should be provided to the community Water Committee for use by the MO and/or local schools: Water level battery operated contact gauge ‘dip meter’ with 2 sets of rechargeable cells and solar operated charger. Hand held battery operated water quality meters (TDS and Chloride) with 2 sets of rechargeable cells and solar operated charger. Also standard calibration solution and appropriate beakers etc. Alternatively, proprietary field water testing kits. 1 years supply of disposable water quality test strips. Low cost rainfall and temperature recording gauge (to be established at local school or other secure location).
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 36
Notebooks, graph paper, general stationary, ruler, tape measure, stop watch, satchel or briefcase, bicycle, small hand tools. Digital camera with 2 sets of rechargeable cells and solar operated charger. Cell phone with solar operated charger.
Procedures and Frequency of Monitoring
The procedures related to the specific monitoring activities and the use of the monitoring equipment will be advised during the awareness meeting with the community Water Committee and the training of the Monitoring Operative.
The frequency of monitoring measurements will vary in accordance with the season and drought occurrence, but water level, abstraction and (some) quality measurements will be required at least once a week. During drought periods this should be increased to daily measurements of water levels in the well. Quality measurements may also be increased if any quality issues arise.
The monitoring of the quantity of groundwater pumped from the borehole will make use of the totalising flow meter (refurbished if currently inoperative) already fitted to the discharge pipe of SH01.
Water quality should be monitored weekly.
7.3 Sociological Monitoring Programme
Two main monitoring approaches for the sociological indicators will be implemented:
internal monitoring activities (by community) external monitoring visits (by sociologist)
Internal Monitoring
The internal monitoring activities are conducted by different institutions and members of the community as well as by the Water Committee itself with assistance and support from the sociologist. The Water Committee is responsible for the collection of monitoring data produced by households and for in-depth documentation of observations, protocols of repairs and complaints. The exact instruments, methods and time schedule will be discussed with the Water Committee and community during the Stage I and II visits by the sociologist and during discussions of the Community Water Management Plan.
The data will be reviewed together with the project sociologist to assist the Water Committee in analysing the data and developing the required actions or reactions. These reviews will also be shared with the community
Simple observations reported by the community users of the water sources to the SMC rather than specific measurements by the MO can be invaluable and can provide important information with respect to intervention performance as well as the groundwater resources. A Water Committee member should also be encouraged to keep a daily diary of events from the beginning of a recognised drought period.
Monitoring could, for example, document water consumption, cases of ill and sick people, their number of livestock etc., with data gathered by the SMC and/or Clinic. Depending Sustainable measures to conduct community-based monitoring will be developed.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 37
The following suggestions regarding responsibilities of monitoring are presented here but are open to modification and further development by the community.
Monitoring of Population Welfare:
Population Welfare Monitored through Monitored by Indicators Clinic Periods of illness Health: Number of diarrhea Household member occurrence stay the same or Clinic decrease Numbers affected people Household member Frequency of water tankering to Chief Water Shortage: Need for village SMC emergency water supply decrease Period of water tankering to Chief village SMC Frequency of supplementary Chief Food shortage: Number of feeding/distribution programs SMC emergency feeding programmes decrease Period of supplementary Chief feeding/distribution programs SMC
Water Supply:
Water Supply Indicators Monitored Through Monitored by
Water level trend MU Durability of the borehole Water quality trend SMC Sustainability of supply yield Learners Daily litres abstracted for domestic consumption Household members Weekly observations MU More water available for (documented in diary) domestic use Document special happening Discussion in regular village SMC meeting MU Village observation Damages on infrastructure SMC Hygiene around infrastructure MU Weekly observations Household member Operation and maintenance (documented in diary) Document special happening SMC Discussion in regular village MU meeting Number of shortages SMC Duration of shortages MU Constant flow / Constant supply Weekly observations Household member of water to communities (documented in diary) Document special happening SMC Discussion in regular village MU meeting Test water quality, including MU Good water quality /constant TDS and nitrate flow Observation smell, taste, colour Household member
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 38
The SMC also needs to be informed in case the community members observe the following: less yield and hence abstraction from the groundwater resource over a few days animals and humans fall ill after drinking the water die off or changes in appearance of crops irrigated with the water local vegetation die off in the vicinity of the water sources an increase in health problems, such as occurrence of diarrhoea (possibly due to faecal contamination of the water supply)
Once the Water Committee and community has developed their own monitoring systems and identified the respective persons, this will be documented in the Rural Community Water Management Plan.
External Monitoring
The external monitoring will concentrate more on the overall impact of the social and physical interventions.
The external monitoring will be conducted regularly (approximately every 3 months) and will follow the overall project monitoring plan. The methods will range from short standardized questionnaires conducted in monitoring households, observations in the villages, focus group discussions among the community or specific stakeholders. Once a year data gathering will be conducted which will evaluate the benefit of the project physical interventions.
7.4 Community Feedback
The project tries to enhance the ownership among the village community regarding the physical interventions planned by the project but also regarding the water resource. Therefore, an improved communication process between all respective stakeholders is required so that they become actively involved in decision making and solution finding. The SMC is the essential organ in the community which manages and monitors the interventions on the one side and the needs and demands of the population on the other. A system of information exchange and co-operation needs to be developed or an existing one (village meetings, etc.) used where feedback from all sides (community and SMC) can be given on a regular basis (monthly).
The sociologist will assist developing the community monitoring activities during the Stage IV of the awareness programme with the community. Suitable meetings for such an exchange will be identified or established for this purpose and documented in the CWMP.
7.4.1 From the Community
The community should monitor and document problems related to the intervention or water in general. Those issues need to be addressed to the Water Committee who will be responsible for taking this forward to address issues. It is important that negative (problems, failures) as well as positive incidences (success stories) can be reported in such a forum by anyone from the community. The positive feedback presented in front of others enhances the commitment and believe in the interventions and motivates the community to continue to manage the interventions and the resource in a sustainable way.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 39
Such information and feedback are crucial for the decision making body (SMC). Especially in times of drought or prolonged dry seasons this information will establish the basis upon which they will make their decisions and build their management advice.
7.4.2 To the Community
The forum of exchange needs to offer the possibility of feedback from the SMC or other stakeholders outside the community (e.g. project team, Sub-District Council authorities, Water Utilities Corporation, DWA, Sub-District and Village Disaster Management Committee) back to the community. Opinion leaders, students and parents are influential groups in the community who can play a vital role in reinforcing the messages that will be sent through the project.
In times of drought it is the SMC which will make decisions on how to manage the resource and how to react and find new solutions based on the feedback and information given by the community.
7.5 Monitoring Database, Data Evaluation and Project Reporting
7.5.1 Physical Data
Monitoring data gathered and archived by the community MU will either be collected from the community by the sociologist during their monitoring visits (see below) or dispatched to the project by mail by the MU in accordance with project instructions. These data will then be incorporated into the project database for evaluation.
Physical monitoring data evaluation will take the form of a regular (bi-annual) review of a data quality and highlights, trend analysis and an assessment of the groundwater resource in terms of quantity and quality. This review will feed into the project reporting in order to assess the success of the project intervention as well as to identify shortcomings and ‘lessons learned’.
7.5.2 Sociological Data
Virtually all of the sociological indicators will be monitored by members and institutions of the community itself. In the beginning (every three months) the internally gathered data will be reviewed during monitoring visits of the project sociologist to assist the SMC in analysing the data and developing the required actions or reactions.
Once a year data gathering will also be conducted which will evaluate the benefit of the project interventions as formulated in the following indicators: As a result of the Awareness Programmes has the general knowledge of the community concerning groundwater, pollution and drought preparedness improved? As a result of the Awareness Programmes and O&M training, are the community and Water Committee sufficiently familiar with physical intervention and know how to maintain and repair it? As a result of greater self-sufficiency from gardens throughout the year, has the socio-economic situation of households improve?
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 40
The methods with which to gather the data will range from short standardized questionnaires conducted in monitoring households, observations in the villages, and focus group discussions among the community or specific stakeholders.
All sociological data will be analysed and stored by the by the SADC Groundwater Management Institute. A feedback to the community and Water Committee will be given periodically.
7.5.3 Project Reporting
It is envisaged that brief monitoring reports will be produced following the 3 monthly visits to the community. Such reports will document the internal and external monitoring data, will assess the status and sustainability of the interventions and will form the basis for feedback to the community and other stakeholders.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 41
8. Management Actions
The CWMC will, through the monitoring system, keep abreast of the available water resources. The series of triggers identified and modified by ongoing community experience will be used to make decisions regarding the use of groundwater resources.
8.1 Monitoring ‘Triggers’ and Early Warning
Appropriate triggers can only be learned from experience and analysis of monitored data including critical well levels. These should be combined with health, food and agricultural indicators as created in due course. This should not be a difficult exercise as the community recognises critical conditions in each of these sectors from past experience. It will be the successful integration of the monitored information that will create a meaningful single trigger that may be less easy to arrive at.
The SMC will be provided with an early warning of potential problems through data generated from the monitoring process. Data include groundwater depletion, reduction in water quality and/or system malfunction. Indicator thresholds will need to be established to initiate a pre-defined community response to address water shortage through system failure.
The definition of these ‘triggers’ and the decisions and actions that should follow are one of the most crucial aspects of the CWMP and will be discussed extensively with the community during the CWMP development.
The primary triggers will be the changes observed and associated with water stress or signals of impending water shortage. The triggers will reflect periods of increasing and decreasing water stress, dependent on the status of the water resources and especially in the early part of the (presumed) rainy season.
During periods of increasing water stress, the CWMC plans to apply restrictions on water use. The Shakadza community will limit vegetable and stock watering and place priority on water for domestic use. The CWMC will ration and allocate water to the community on the basis of their household size.
The relationship between water availability and crop production is shown in Figure 3, together with observable impacts that could act as ‘triggers’ for early warning community action and decision making. Figure 3 indicates that groundwater will still be available for garden crops during a drought, but that after a prolonged dry period the volume of groundwater available for gardens will probably reduce, with consequent reduction in harvest. Quantitative monitoring triggers will, after a period of monitoring, be developed for each intervention. These will relate to groundwater levels (source depletion), pumping amounts and water quality. They will be characterised by definition of specific values of water level, abstraction or quality beyond which a line of community Water Committee action must be taken.
8.2 Action Plan with respect to ‘Triggers’
Once specific monitoring triggers have been defined in co-operation and discussion with the community a plan of action should be defined in the CWMP. This plan needs to be devised in consultation and agreement with the community as many parts of the community will be affected when the plan is implemented.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 42
Each monitoring trigger will be fully explained and discussed with the SMC and possible regulatory interventions and actions will be developed. Actions may be simply physical and individual (taking less volume of water for use; re-using or re-cycling water in the household) or may require more concerted social cooperation with respect to overall abstraction from particular sources, changes in usage practises etc.
On completion of the physical intervention in Shakadza, groundwater baseline monitoring will be undertaken regularly by the community. Specific values of water level, abstraction or water quality will need to be identified at which point the SMC will need to act. Once this has been established and moderated by community experience, a structured community action plan will be developed and disseminated to the community. A key principle of the action plan will be that it is for the ultimate benefit of the community and that it will seek to help preserve communal livelihoods during periods of water stress (drought).
It must be explained clearly during community discussions that the actions to be taken with respect to water supply are for the benefit of the whole community and will help maintain their livelihoods during times of water stress (drought). Community ‘buy in’ to this concept is needed if the interventions and monitoring are to be meaningful to the community.
The CWMC anticipates the following actions to ensure the sustainability of water resources:
Restrictions on water use for gardens. Allocation and rationing of water based on household size. Relocation of livestock to alternative water sources. Use of existing social arrangements with owners of private boreholes. Reliance of government water tankers/supply during shortages and breakdowns. Restrictions on abstractions from specific sources (e.g. shallow wells). Restriction of abstraction for non-potable use. Segregation of potable and non-potable sources to reduce pollution. Change in agricultural practices (i.e. different, dry land, crops, planting times).
8.3 Stakeholders
As part of the management and decision-making process the SMC will hold discussions with regulatory stakeholders others so as to report the status of water resources at times of increasing water stress. These lines of communication will be established during the implementation of the interventions.
As part of the awareness programme the SMC will receive training regarding the communication with authorities and regulatory stakeholders in the region such that the SMC will know to whom and what to report. A documented communication process will be developed with the SMC that sets out lines of communication with both external stakeholders as well as the community itself.
This communication is a primary function of the SMC as, at times of water stress, there has to be a route that triggers external emergency intervention, be it provision of water by tanker and / or provision of food aid. In addition, assistance from non-community stakeholders for repair of equipment (pumps, etc) may also be necessary. Further external aid may also be needed at times of decreasing water stress to aid recovery of the community, e.g. provision of seed and fertilizer and assistance with stock purchase.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 43
Stakeholder Conditions/Problem Issues Interests and Expectations Can the project meet from the Project stakeholder expectations Shakadza Water shortages during Access to water to improve Yes. Through improving residents breakdowns livelihoods access to drinking water; Poverty and food Access to employment livestock water during insecurity opportunities for livelihood drought spells; Cyclic droughts which improvement. enhancing household negatively affect Access to expertise and food security and the livelihoods skills in agricultural creation of employment Unemployment especially development opportunities. amongst youth. Inadequate skills in to enable high arable and livestock productivity Shakadza youth High unemployment Access to employment Yes. Through facilitating Lack of skills and opportunities youth access to land, experience in agriculture Access to income water resources and Lack of capacity and generating opportunities access to employment on guidance on income Participation in agricultural the project. generating projects development initiatives Lack of access to land and water resources to access agricultural development funding. Poor, Lack of capacity to fully Access to water at all Yes. Through supplying vulnerable participate in the times. them with some of the social groups development process. Access to food at all times food produced by the (PLWHAs; Lack of food, income and project. People Living employment. with Disability; Inability to access water Orphans; during shortage and Destitutes) breakdowns due to their physical disability and/or fragility. Lack of money to purchase water during breakdowns and shortages. SMC Lack of openness, That the Community Water Yes. Through clear role transparency and Management Committee clarification, effective co- following the right (SCWMC) implements its ordination and co- procedures regarding the role effectively and delivers operation with all village powers and role of other on the mandate of the development structures. village level institutions. project. CWMC Challenges implementing Role clarification especially Yes. Through the their role. between the SCWMC and acknowledgement of the Lack of leadership and the VDC. role of the TCWMC; recognition of the role of Acknowledgement and support and capacity the TCWMC by some respect for the role of the building of the project participants during TCWMC. committee. the construction stage of Support and capacity the physical interventions. building for the effective Lack of resources to implementation of the efficiently implement the TCWMC’s role. TCWMC’s role. That the project succeeds through achieving its objectives. District Health Inadequate capacity to Improved community Yes. Through awareness Authorities deliver efficient health health and hygiene building on health and services. Clean project environment hygiene issues in the Low productivity resulting community.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 44
in limited impact on community health. DWA Insufficient water Improved access to clean Yes. Through advisory resources and safe water. services on water Conservation of water management and resources conservation SADC Insufficient water in the Conservation and Yes. Through community Groundwater Limpopo river basin. monitoring of groundwater capacity development on Project resources. the management of the Improvement of community physical interventions as livelihoods. well as in groundwater Efficient drought monitoring techniques. management strategies in the community. Efficient management of the ground water drought management physical interventions.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 45
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 46
Figure 6 Relationship between Water Availability and Crop Production
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Normal Wet Season Normal Dry Season Drought - rains fail Normal dry season Season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season Dry Season Rainfall ** **** ***** **** *** ** * * * * Planting Little planting Rainfed Crops Crop Growth Crop failure Harvest Harvest fails Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant Garden Crops Grow Grow Grow Grow Grow Grow Harvest Harvest Harvest Harvest Harvest Harvest
Surface Water availability *** **** ***** **** **** *** *** *** ** ** * *
Ground Water
availability ** *** ***** ***** ***** **** **** **** *** *** *** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * * * * * *
dry
yields
fodder
rainfall
Impact
harvest
rainfallfails
Cropswither
gardencrops
Goodharvest
declaredrought
emergencyfood
Waterbowsering,
Goodcrop growth
supplementedwith
CentralGovernment
Wellsstart dryingup,
Secondgarden crops
Gardencrops harvest Gardencrops harvest emergencyfood relief
Start irrigationcycle of Boreholesbegin to fail
Reducedgarden crops
boreholeshave reduced
Cattlestart dying-lack of
Most surfacewater dams
First gardencrops harvest
Naturalvegetation with first Naturalvegetation with first Reducedgarden crops due toreduced water availability Triggers Failure of first rains - little planting - initiate monitoring of water levels in wells and sand river 1 Total crop failure - move to drip irrigation of crops - waterconservation measures 2 Livestock mortalities - due to lack of fodder - move cattle towards the Shashe 3 Surface water all dry - wells start drying up - reduced demand for livestock water 4 Groundwater levels decline in boreholes - total reliance upon garden crops 5 Drought declared by national authorities - emergency water supply and food supply measures put in place 6 Domestic water supply chemical quality may decline - water bowsered for human use, water frm remaining groundwater sources used for gardens 7 Garden cropping reduced yield - supplemented by emergency food distribution 8
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 47
9. Concluding Statement
The empowerment of rural communities to operate and maintain their own water supplies and to sustain and enhance their livelihoods during usually devastating periods of drought is a major goal for most developing countries. The key to achieving this goal is to transfer knowledge and instil a sense of responsibility to the community, defined and ordered by means of a Community Water Management Plan specific to each community’s needs, abilities and aspirations.
The concept of community management of water supplies is not new and has been tested in other projects and environments, but the current project is piloting this approach specifically with respect to the improved utilisation of groundwater during periods of drought. Drought is one of the scourges of rural communities in developing countries, bringing starvation and massive health problems, and any mitigation of these devastating effects, no matter how small, can only be welcomed.
With the aforementioned perspective in mind, the Community Water Management Plan, as envisaged in this Planning Process document, is considered the best possible means of achieving the various components of the principle objective set out in Section 2. These components are: To facilitate better community management of the water sources. To improve community well being. To build linkages with stakeholders. To measure intervention success. To serve as guidelines for replication elsewhere in SADC.
This Process Planning document is based on baseline information gathered during physical investigations and initial interaction with the community. Further development and refinement of this information and continued dialogue with the community and other stakeholders will be necessary for the CWMP to develop and evolve to a workable entity. All stakeholders involved in the intervention and monitoring phase agree that the CWMP is the optimum way to proceed and that it is likely to produce the best outcome.
However, it is recognised that there are a number of assumptions that have had to be made, not least that the community will continue to act in accordance with the CWMP. It is also assumed that no other external influences will impact the community during the intervention and monitoring phase. Given these assumptions and uncertainties, the Plan as envisaged is nevertheless applicable and achievable and is seen as the optimal approach towards a successful set of outcomes for the project as a whole.
The CWMP template as contained in Annex C is viewed as a prototype Plan template for use in intervention phases elsewhere in the project. It is critically important that this prototype Plan is robust, clear and transparent, whilst at the same time simple and non- technical enough to be accepted and managed at community level. It may be, however, that some aspects of this prototype Plan template will need to be modified to be more ‘community specific’ as both physical and sociological intervention as well as monitoring proceed. However, it is hoped that such modification will only be of a minor nature and will not negate the application of the template across all the Nodal Point communities.
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 48
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 49
Annex A Overview of Physical Interventions in Shakadza
Intervention overview
Location Shakadza
1. Establish and review the original operation and monitoring schedule of the production borehole, and implement an appropriate re-activated Planned monitoring programme Physical 2. Fit the defunct open borehole with a secure cover to prevent the entry of foreign material into the bore and aquifer interventions 3. Install groundwater and climatological monitoring equipment for involvement of local school children and other community members in hydrological and hydrogeological monitoring
Stage I II II IV V VI Establish Intervention related Activity Baseline data AP General Training of MU Monitoring visits Interventions AP Community key multipliers Project, (teachers, priests, Community Project, Pump Operator, SMC, learners, Target group traditional leaders), SMC, especially MU SMC Pump Operator Local Municipality, Community SMC, government MU DWA structures (to be informed) Time 1 day 2 – 5 days 1 day 1 day 2-3 days 1-day visit (every 3 months) South African South African Team South African Team South African South African Team South African Team Team Sociologist / Sociologist / Engineer / Sociologist / Engineer / Implemented by Team Sociologist / Engineer / Hydrogeologist Engineer / Hydrogeologist Hydrogeologist Hydrogeologist Hydrogeologist Hydrogeologist - meeting with SMC, Field inspection of - Community - check data reports borehole Source, procure and meeting - Community meeting - meet with communities Method of installations and mobilise the - Smaller focus Explaining the Workshop - focus group discussions implementation measurement of contracted services groups (maybe interventions - questionnaires basic field required women separately) - visit targeted intervention parameters sources
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 50
Annex B Overview of Sociological Interventions in Shakadza Overview of Sociological Interventions in Tsetsebjwe
Location Shakadza
1. Establish and review the original operation and monitoring schedule of the production borehole, and implement an appropriate re-activated Planned monitoring programme Physical 2. Fit the defunct open borehole with a secure cover to prevent the entry of foreign material into the bore and aquifer interventions 3. Install groundwater and climatological monitoring equipment (for involvement of local school children and other community members in water level and rainfall monitoring)
Stage I II II IV V VI Intervention related Activity Baseline data Establish SMC AP General Training of MU Monitoring visits AP Community key multipliers (teachers, priests, Community Community, key SMC, learners, Target group All community traditional leaders), SMC, especially MU SMC multipliers Community SMC, govt. MU structures (to be informed) Time 2days 2days 1 day 1 days 2-3 days 1 day visit (every 3 months) South African South African Team South African Team South African South African Team South African Team Implemented by Team Sociologist / Sociologist/ Engineer Sociologist/ Engineer Team Sociologist Sociologist Sociologist / Engineer Engineer
Community meeting - meeting with SMC, Quantitative - Community to identify SMC - Community meeting - check their data reports household meeting Method of members, train them Explaining the - meet with communities questionnaire on - Smaller focus Workshop implementation in responsibilities interventions - focus group discussions socio-economic groups (maybe and tasks, introduce - questionnaires situation women separately) idea of RCWMP - visit spring
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS – SHAKADZA, SOUTH AFRICA 51
Annex C Rural Community Water Management Plan Template RURAL COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN TEMPLATE
1. Introduction
2. Principles of the Plan
3. Goal and Objectives of the Plan
4. Community Overview taken from Planning Process document – abbreviated or newly gathered during community participation discussions
To include the following subheads: Location Community Characteristics Demography Community Amenities Community Economic Activities Water Management Structures Rural Water Supply Stakeholders Water Stakeholder Interactions Drought Awareness and Coping Mechanisms Community Perception of Drought Current Coping Mechanisms Future Drought Mitigation Measures Community Water Supply Existing Water Supply System Additional Drought Mitigation Water Supply Structures (Piloted)
5. Community Water Management Plan To include the following subheads: Plan Administration Plan Implementation and Monitoring Physical Monitoring Social Monitoring Awareness Training Feedback Mechanisms O and M Plan Plan Actions/Strategy
6. Plan Proponents and Signatories To include a list of persons who assembled the plan (community and project) plus a signature page for community ‘sign up’
British Geological Survey Wellfield Consulting Services Pty, CSIR, Wallingford, Oxon, Gaborone, Pretoria, UK Botswana South Africa