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Chapter 6: Data Analysis and Interpretation of The AN ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE IMBIZO AS AN INSTRUMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA by SHANDUKANI FREDDY MATHAGU submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject POLITICS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Dr S. BOTHA CO-SUPERVISOR: Dr P.F.G. MTIMKULU February 2010 Abstract The imbizo was introduced in the light of the problems associated with indirect democracy, as well as attempts to bring democracy closer to the people in ways with which they are more familiar. The problem of the study was approached by putting the imbizo in perspective. Hence, a cybernetics model was used with the two information systems, namely the GCIS and the spider-web. They were used to describe the workings of the imbizo in the political system. A mixed method using both the quantitative and qualitative approaches investigated the problem by surveying students‟ understanding of the imbizo. A case study regarding service delivery and public participation was conducted at villages where the imbizo had been held. Generally, findings confirm the imbizo’s role as an instrument to enhance service delivery. The findings have some far-reaching implications for democracy: Unlike indirect democracy, the imbizo “takes the government closer to the people” through unmediated engagement of the people in order to realise direct democracy and accountability. KEY WORDS: Democracy, imbizo, direct democracy, participative democracy, indirect democracy, public participation, public consultation, public mobilisation, service delivery, responsive government. “Were there a people of gods, their government would be democratic. So perfect a government is not for men” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau in The Social Contract and Discourse (1762) in Rodee, Anderson, Christol and Greene, 1983:45 and in Thomson, 1969: 98). ii Acknowledgements I am grateful to both Dr S.Botha and Dr P.F.G Mtimkulu as supervisor and co-supervisor respectively for providing valuable guidance regarding the study. The supervision of the study was extremely thorough leaving no room for a theoretical lacuna. This study has involved painstaking research and a great deal of work. I am also indebted to the University of Venda‟s Professor D.T Ngobeli for allowing me to conduct a survey at the university. In addition, Professor A.K.A Amey, Miss Sia Mchau and Mrs Tshilidzi Mathabi are thanked for their assistance with the statistical analysis used in the study. I am also thankful to Mrs Carol Jansen from the Unit for Academic Literacy and the School of Graduate Studies at the University of Pretoria and Unisa respectively, who has not only edited the research, but also used her superb motivational skills to keep the researcher on his toes. Professors V.N Ralushai, I.P Matamba, A.E Nesamvuni and Dr M.H Nemudzivhadi; served as cardinal points by providing much-appreciated direction without whom the study would not have been a success. An equal measure of gratitude goes to Dr M.A Nemapate for providing strategic advice on maintaining a culture of discipline throughout the research. I also owe considerable appreciation to my colleagues in the fourth estate for their efforts, advice and encouragement regarding this study, namely, Mrs Pippa Green (SABC board member and former SABC news head), Messrs T. Gumani (the former MWASA President) and T.W Muhali (SABC news senior producer). The Cardiff- based Thomson Foundation in Wales and the Carter Center in Atlanta-Georgia, both sharpened my interest in research through their training projects. Approval to conduct the study from the following institutions is highly appreciated: Unisa, GCIS, Mutale municipality, Rambuda Tribal Authority, Muswodi-Tshisimani and Musunda communities. iii My special thanks goes to my wife Mbula and my children - Hangwelani, Mulweli, Mueletshedzi - for being responsible and understanding throughout the research project. The community of Mbilwi is also mentioned for providing an enabling environment, which nurtured my personal growth and maturity. Many thanks also go to Pastor E.M Livhebe of the Mbilwi King Jesus Baptist Church for his contribution in the study. Lastly, my praises go to the Almighty and Saviour Lord Jesus Christ, for giving me strength and wisdom. It is also in Him where I continue to be taught about His Assembly (Tshivhidzo) for His people. I am so humbled. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Abstract.................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................iii INTRODUCTION TO AN ANALYSIS AND APPRAISAL OF THE IMBIZO AS AN INSTRUMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA................................1 CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................1 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ................................................2 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY............................................................................3 1.4 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION.....................................................................4 1.5 CONTEXT AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY...........................................7 1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................12 1.6.1 Studies on indirect and direct democracy.............................................................12 1.6.2 Cybernetics model and related theories................................................................18 1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION........................19 1.7.1 Qualitative methodology......................................................................................22 1.7.2 Quantitative methodology....................................................................................23 1.7.3 Ethical considerations..........................................................................................25 1.8 DATA ANALYSIS.............................................................................................25 1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY......................................................................26 1.10 TIME DIMENSION............................................................................................27 v 1.11 RESEARCH LAYOUT.........................................................................................27 1.12 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................27 CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................29 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES.................................................................................29 2.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................29 2.2 THE CYBERNETICS MODEL..............................................................................29 2.2.1 Advantages of the cybernetics model.....................................................................31 2.2.2 The “spider web” analogy......................................................................................42 2.2.3 A comparison and synthesis of the three information systems.............................43 2.3 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................46 CHAPTER THREE………………………………………..…………………………….48 INDIRECT DEMOCRACY: PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS....48 3.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................48 3.2 THE CONCEPT OF „INDIRECT DEMOCRACY‟...............................................48 3.2.1 Characteristics of indirect democracy.....................................................................50 3.3 PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF INDIRECT DEMOCRACY.................53 3.3.1 Limitations on participation....................................................................................53 3.3.2 The nature of representation.....................................................................................55 3.3.3 Elections and electoral systems................................................................................59 3.3.4 Responsiveness.........................................................................................................61 3.3.5 Exclusion of interests................................................................................................63 vi 3.4 SOLUTIONS FOR THE PROBLEMS OF INDIRECT DEMOCRACY.............63 3.5 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS FOR INDIRECT DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA...........................................................................................68 3.6 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................84 CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................85 THE GOVERNMENT IMBIZO IN SOUTH AFRICA..................................................85 4.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................85 4.2 THE NATURE OF THE GOVERNMENT IMBIZO………………….................85 4.2.1 The rules and procedures of the imbizo................................................................86
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